THE COMPLETE BOOK OF EXPLOSIVES
 
This book is a compilation of most of the explosive texts on the net.  DO NOT attempt to make any of these explosives if you are unfamilar with the basics of chemistry.  There are many safety items and/or procedures that are missing from this text.  The editor and provider of this publication accept no responsiblity if you lose a limb, become burned, or if you DIE.  


ACETONE PEROXIDE 	(Acetonetriperoxide)

DETONATION VELOCITY	                 	3750 M/sec @ 0.92 G/cc
                   			 		5300 M/sec @ 1.18 G/cc
FRICTION SENSITIVITY - Very sensitive.

Acetone peroxide is a powerful primary explosive. It, as with other explosive peroxides, seems to be very volatile. In standing 10 days at room temperature, 50% of the sample will completely volatilize. It is a powerful, brisant explosive. It's vaporizable nature makes it a explosive that would have to be used immediately after manufacture. However, this explosive is compatible with metals and  will not cause their corrosion and the subsequent dangers involved. It is also compatible with picric acid, R.D.X., T.N.T., P.E.T.N.,  Tetryl, potassium chlorate and antimony sulfide.   It is highly friction sensitive and extreme care should be taken to avoid this. Acetone peroxide is one of the most sensitive explosive known to man. Great care would be needed to handle this explosive carefully. It is a powerful primary base charge in the cap. Also mixtures of R.D.X. and Picric acid with acetone peroxide are reported to be used between primary explosive and the base charge. CAUTION: Acetone peroxide one of the most sensitive explosive known to man. this composition is dangerous and would need to be handled by someone with a lot of common sense. Mixtures such as picric acid /  acetone peroxide (40/60) or similar mixtures with R.D.X. and P.E.T.N. will give explosives greatly increased resistance to impact without losing much initiation performance.  Great care  could be needed to ensure the safety of the manufacturer due to the high sensitivity of the acetone peroxide. These dried crystals would be ready to load into detonators for immediate use as the storage stability is not very good.

        Acetone peroxide is formed when hydrogen peroxide 30% acts on acetone. The introduction of dilute sulfuric acid causes the reaction to go into completion. Procedure is as follows. 50 ml acetone is placed in a one pint jar or 500 ml beaker. To this is added  30 ml hydrogen peroxide (30%) This liquid is placed in an ice water bath and cooled to 5 degrees centigrade. To this cooled mixture is added 3 ml of sulfuric acid (20%). This addition is done at 5 degrees centigrade and done in a dropwise fashion. When the temperature begins to rise (10 degrees C.), slow the addition until the temperature falls again. With the completion of the addition stir the mixture. A flocculent precipitate will form. This is filtered out after the mixture stands for one hour. Wash the white product three times with water (distilled preferably). Let the material filtered out of the reaction liquids and washed and dry this solid. By spreading out the acetone peroxide this drying process can be speeded up. These dry crystals are now ready for loading into the caps as a primary explosives.


AMATEX

Amatex is a military explosive that is composed of 40% RDX, 40% TNT, and 20% ammonium nitrate.

AMATOL

Amatol is a mix of 60% Ammonium nitrate and 40% TNT

AMEX

AMEX is a form of ANFOS (ammonium nitrate fuel oil solution).  ANFOS solves one of the problems with ammonium nitrate, it's tendency to pick up water from the air. This results in the explosive failing to detonate when an attempt is made.  This is rectified by mixing 94% (by weight) ammonium nitrate with 6% fuel oil or kerosene.  AMEX required a large shock wave to set it off.

AMMONAL

Ammonal  is a military explosive that is a mix of  50% RDX , 48% Ammonium Nitrate, and 2% wax.

AMMONIUM NITRATE

Ammonium nitrate is a white compound, frequently in the form of small pellets. It is very stable, in fact it is very difficult to make it explode. It can be detonated under high pressure at high temperature. A ship full of it accidentally blew up on April 16, 1947 and wiped out Texas City. As I  understand it, a fire broke out in the cargo hold of a ship full of ammonium nitrate. The ship was equipped with a newfangled steam fire fighting system which works pretty well on the average fire. They sealed up the hatches and started pumping in steam to smother the flames. As I said, ammonium nitrate  can explode at high temperature and pressure. The sealed, steam pressurized cargo hold made a very effective bomb casing. Ammonium nitrate can be detonated by subjecting it to a large explosion. A stick of dynamite will do it. It is harder to detonate when it is densely packed. Addition of up to 8% carbonaceous material such as wood pulp, oil, or wax sensitizes ammonium nitrate. Adding 1 to 10% nitroglycerin  sensitizes ammonium nitrate considerably. Sometimes aluminum powder is added.


ASTROLITE  A / 1 / 5

To make Astrolite A mix (outside and in a large container) 2 parts , by weight, ammonium nitrate and 1 part by weight anhydrous hydrazine.  Take this 4 parts by weight of this mixture and mix it with 1 part by weight aluminum powder. This is the worlds most powerful non-nuclear explosive.  This explosive detonates at roughly twice as fast as TNT.

ASTROLITE  G

To make Astrolite G mix (outside and in a large container ) 2 parts by weight ammonium nitrate and 1 part by weight hydrazine.   

COMPOSITION A

Composition A is a pressed explosive that is a mix of 91% RDX and 9% beeswax.

COMPOSITION A-2

Composition A-2 is a pressed explosive that is a mix of 91% RDX and 9% candle wax. 

COMPOSITION A-3

Composition A-3 is a pressed explosive that is a mix of 91% RDX and 9% polyethylene.

COMPOSITION A-4

Composition A-4 is a pressed explosive that is a mix of 97% RDX and 3% stearic acid.  

COMPOSITION A-5

Composition A-5 is a pressed explosive that is a mix of 98% RDX and 2% stearic acid.

COMPOSITION A-6

Composition A-6 is a pressed explosive that is a mix of 86% RDX and 14% wax.
COMPOSITION  B

Composition B is a mix of  59% RDX, 40% TNT and 1% wax.  This is a great explosive for shaped charges.

COMPOSITION  C

Composition C was the first in the C family of military explosives.  This explosive may be made by simply kneading the plasticisors into the RDX. The proportions are by weight.	
			RDX		88.3%
			Mineral Oil l	11.1%
			Lecithin	00.6%

COMPOSITION C-2

 C-2 was the second in the C family of explosives and is less powerf[]ul than C-3 and C-4 and is TOXIC.  This explosives also unstable in storage and should not be made. The proportions of the explosive are in weight.
			RDX		 	80%
			Mononitrotolulene	 5%
			Dinitrotolulene	 5%
			Trinitrotoluene	 	 5%
			Dimethylformide	 5% 

COMPOSITION C-3

C-3 was developed to eliminate the undesirable aspects of C-2.  This explosive also does not have as much power as C-4 and is slightly TOXIC.  C-3 also is volatile and it loses 1.2% of it's weight.  C-3 is 133% as good of and explosive as TNT.  C-3 was standardized in the following proportions.
			RDX			77% 
			Mononitrotolulene	16%
			Dinitrotolulene	 5%
			Tetryl		 	 1%
			Trinitrotoluene	 1%





COMPOSITION C-4

Composition C-4 was standardized as the premier military plastic explosive  in 1957.  It was developed  because C-3 was not powerful enough and lost 1.2% of it's mass.  C-4 is still in use today. C-4 can be made by mixing 90% RDX with 10% polyisobutylen. It has the highest detonation velocity of the C family explosives.

D.D.N.P. 	(Diazodinitrophenol)

DETONATION VELOCITY  	4400 M/sec. @ 0.9 G/cc
                    				6600 M/sec. @ 1.5 G/cc
                   				6900 M/sec. @ 1.6 G/cc
FRICTION SENSITIVITY - Less sensitive than mercury fulminate and the same as lead azide.

D.D.N.P. is one of the highest in performance of nearly all the homemade primary explosive. It is stable and compatible with other explosives, but, lead azide. This is a good choice for manufacture as the precursor to this DDNP primary explosive is picric acid. Picric acid is more powerful than T.N.T.. with a detonation rate of 7200 M/sec. it becomes the base charge for your homemade caps. It is prepared by a diazotization reaction on picric acid. This is produced from picric acid, sodium hydroxide (lye) and sulfur. 

        In a pint glass jar place 90 ml warm water and 1.5 grams of lye (sodium hydroxide). Mix these with a "teflon" stirrer until all the lye had dissolved. Dissolve 9 grams of picric acid crystals in the lye-water solution by stirring. Label this jar solution #1. In a 500 ml beaker 3 ml of water is placed. Dissolve 7.5 grams of sulfur and 7.5 grams of lye (sodium hydroxide) by stirring the solution. Boil this solution over a heat source. When the solution turns dark red remove and allow the liquid to cool. Label this solution #2. Add this cooled solution #2 in three portions, to solution #1. Stir with a teflon rod while the liquid is being added. Again allow the solution mixture cool. Filter this mixture through filter papers (coffee filter, paper towels). Small red particles will gather on the paper. Discard the liquid. Dissolve these red particle in 180 ml of boiling water. Remove and filter this hot liquid through a filter paper (coffee filter, paper towels). Discard the particles left on the paper and label the liquid left #3. To Solution t#3 with an eyedropper slowly add sulfuric acid (Janitor supply, boiled battery acid) to the filtered solution until it turns orange brown. Add an additional 7.5 grams of acid to the liquid. In a separate pint jar, dissolve 5.4 grams of potassium or sodium nitrite in 240 ml of water. Label this solution #4. In one portion solution #4 is added with stirring to solution #3. Allow the solution to stand for 10 minutes. The mixture will turn light brown. CAUTION: At this point the brown color is the DDNP that has formed. Keep away from flame, avoid friction and keep from shock.  Filter the light brown solution through a filter paper (paper towel, coffee filter). Wash the particles left on the paper with 60 ml of
 water. Allow to completely dry for 24 hours. Drying time can be reduced to 2 hours if crystals are placed in a shallow pyrex dish and this placed in a hot (not boiling) water bath. CAUTION: DDNP is sensitive to shock, friction and flame. Expose to any of these will very likely detonate the compound prematurely.  This powder should be stored in small quantities in stoppered glass containers. More safety in storage leave 25% water in the powder and dry immediately prior to use.

DOUBLE SALTS

DETONATION VELOCITY	3600 M/sec. @ 3.96 G/cc

FRICTION SENSITIVITY	This primary explosive is on the same order of sensitivity as is lead azide.

These double salts are a basic acetylide group primary explosive. This explosive has good sensitivity, powder and performance. It is readily made from silver (coin), nitric acid and calcium carbide / water or acetylene. This is an easy compound to make. What I found interesting is the fact that this primary is not photo active. Most silver salts are light sensitive. This would be a good choice due to the wide availability to the main ingredients. DDNP, HMTD and mercury fulminate, are better primary explosives but this one has many possibilities. With this primary explosive suitable caps could be made and would be very usable and storage stable as some others in this publication could not.

        Dilute 10.1 ml of nitric acid (red fuming) with 6.75 ml of water. If reagent or technical grade acid is available (70% strength) this will not need any water mixed with it to reduce the strength. Simply use 17.5 ml of this 70% nitric acid. Place a silver dime or equivalent amount of silver metal in the acid. It will dissolve leaving a green solution. CAUTION: Avoid the brown gas (nitrogen dioxide) produced when dissolving the silver metal in the acid. This gas is a deadly poison and the immediate exposure to the gas and its subsequent damage will not show up for hours or even days! This should be done with good ventilation! It may be necessary to heat the liquid to get the coin or metal to completely dissolve. Pour this green solution into a tall slender glass jar such as an olive jar. Place this jar with the green solution in it in a hot water bath and heat. Crystals will form. The heating is continued until these crystals dissolve again. In another flask or even a "Coke" bottle, place ten teaspoons of calcium carbide into this flask with a cork with a hose passing through a hole in the cork. Place the other end of the hose in the tall jar with the solution in it. Remove the stopper from the flask or bottle and add one teaspoon of water. CAUTION: Acetylene gas is highly flammable and an explosion hazard. Keep away from heat and flame as much as possible. The gas should begin generating. Add one more teaspoon and place the stopper back into the container. The acetylene gas generated by the calcium carbide and water should be going through the hose and bubbling through the solution in the tall glass. Bubble this gas through the solution for 5-8 minutes. Brown vapor will be given off by the liquid as is absorbs acetylene and white flakes will begin to be formed in the silver solution. Remove the solution from the heat source and allow it to cool. Filter the liquid through a filter paper (paper towel, coffee filter) into a glass container. Green crystals will be caught on the filter paper. These green crystals would then be washed with 45 ml alcohol. The crystals will change from green to white in color and the methanol wash will turn green. Place these white crystals on a paper towel and allow to air dry. CAUTION: Handle this dry explosive with great care. Do not scrape or handle roughly. Keep away from flame or spark source or heat and store in a cool dry place.  These salts will perform well and are easy to make. Their stability is good, which is very important. A good choice of primary explosives.

DYNAMITE

Dynamite is very forgiving in the proportions mixed.  Here are 2
	Nitroglycerin		12%
	Ammonium nitrate	88%

	Nitroglycerin		15%
	Sawdust		85%

EXPLOSIVE "D"  (ammonium picrate)

Ammonium picrate is a safety explosive.  It requires a substantial shock to cause it to detonate, slightly less than the required amount to detonate ammonium nitrate. It is much safer than TNP since it has less tendency to form hazardous salts when placed in metal containers.  It is simple to make from TNP and household ammonia.  All that is needed to be done is to put the TNP crystals into a glass container and dissolve then in a great quantity of hot water.  Add clear household ammonia in excess, and allow  the excess ammonia to evaporate.  The powder that remains is ammonium picrate.

H.B.X		(High Blast Explosive)

HBX is a high performance military explosive that is a combination of 40% RDX, 50% TNT, and 10% aluminum powder.   This explosive is slightly plastic and is mainly used in blocks for cutting steel.



H.M.T.D.	 (Hexamethylenetriperoxidediamine)

DETONATION VELOCITY    4511 M/sec. @ 0.88 G/cc
                                                 5100 M/sec. @ 1.10 G/cc
FRICTION SENSITIVITY        Very Sensitive!!!

H.M.T.D. is a high performance initiating explosive. It is one of the better initiating explosives but has some definite drawbacks. HMTD is not stable at even slightly elevated temperatures. Room temperature will even cause a decrease in performance with storage time. As one would imagine, due to the extreme excess of oxygen, the corrosion of metals in contact with the peroxide is a problem. The metals that will cause problems are aluminum, zinc, antimony, brass, copper, lead and iron. These metals in contact with the HMTD even when dry, will cause corrosion. With water present, in the HMTD, the corrosion would more quickly disable an improvised blasting cap that could be made with this material. Spraying the inside of your copper tubing with urethane plastic would most likely reduce greatly, if not completely stop, this corrosion problem. To manufacture HMTD, use the process below.

        Obtain 6% hair bleaching peroxide which is available from any beauty salon or beauty supply store. This is a 20 volume hydrogen peroxide. Place 9 teaspoons of this 6% peroxide in a one pint canning jar or 500 ml beaker. In three portions dissolve by stirring 2-1/2 teaspoons of powdered hexamine.  This is stirred until all the hexamine dissolves. The solution should then be chilled in a ice water bath for 1/2 hour. To this chilled solution add, in four portions, 4-1/2 teaspoons of powdered citric acid. Citric acid is readily available and should be found with canning supplies or in a pharmacy. With each addition the solution should be stirred until the citric  acid dissolves in the liquid before another addition is made. When all the additions have been made continue stirring the liquid. The beaker or jar containing the solution should remain in the ice bath. The solution will become cloudy. With the completion of the 1/2 hour stirring the liquid is placed in a refrigerator. This will speed the process. If a refrigerator is not available let the solution stand for 24 hours. Filter the solution through a paper towel or coffee filter. The white substance is the explosive. CAUTION: HMTD is sensitive to shock, impact, friction, heat and open flame. Extreme care should be exercised. HMTD will detonate from any of these stimuli even when soaked with water. These white crystals are washed with 45 ml of distilled water. Tap water can be used if necessary, but will yield a compound of lesser purity. They are then washed with 75 ml methanol alcohol. These crystals are allowed to dry in a cool dry place. 





H.M.X.		(High Melting Explosive)

HMX is a military explosive that stand for High Melting Explosive. It can be made by the following procedure.

      To a 6-10 liter flask equipped with a stirrer and three dropping  funnels add 785g acetic acid, 13g acetic anhydride and 17g of paraformaldehyde keeping the temperature at 44C + or - one degree.  Add over 15 minutes a solution of 101g of hexamine in 165g of acetic acid, 320g of acetic anhydride and 180g of ammonium nitrate / nitric acid (prepared by dissolving 840g of Ammonium nitrate in 900g  99% nitric acid).  The hexamine and nitric acid are added continuously in the correct proportions.  The mixture is stirred for 15 minutes.  After that add: 320g of acetic anhydride and 271g of the  ammonium nitrate / nitric acid solution, then 160g of acetic anhydride is added rapidly.  The mixture is stirred for one hour.  Next 350g of hot  water is added, and the mixture refluxed for 30 minutes, when the temperature is reduced to 20C by adding ice.  The precipitate is collected and washed with cold water.  The HMX is of about 90%  purity, and the yield is 95%, if the procedure is carefully   carried out. 

LEAD AZIDE

 Pure lead azide is colorless crystals.  Dextrinated lead azide is yellowish white. It is a sensitive high explosive like mercury fulminate, but it is easier to make, and safer. It is used in detonators, as are fulminates, and it is a more effective detonator even though it has less explosive power. It can be stored for 15 months at up to 80¬ without decomposition. It is sensitive to heat, impact, friction, and stab action, but less so than fulminates. Crystalline lead azide is made by slow addition of dilute sodium azide to dilute lead acetate or lead nitrate with constant stirring. Rapid mixing of more concentrated solutions makes amorphous lead azide, which is more stable. Dextrinated lead azide is made by adding a solution of sodium azide containing a little sodium hydroxide to a  solution to a solution of lead nitrate or acetate and dextrin. The precipitated lead azide is washed with water and stored like mercury fulminate. It should contain at least 20% water when it is stored

LEAD STYPHNATE 

DETONATION VELOCITY	Not given

FRICTION SENSITIVITY	Slightly less sensitive to friction than mercury fulminate

Lead styphnate is a fine orange or reddish brown material. It is less sensitive to impact or friction than lead azide or mercury fulminate but more sensitive to heat. It explodes loudly when you hit it or throw a spark on it.  Basic lead styphnate can be made by mixing solutions of lead acetate and sodium or magnesium styphnate. This is pretty worthless as an explosive, but it can be made into the normal salt by treatment with dilute nitric acid. The normal salt can also be made by treating a solution of lead nitrate with sodium styphnate in the presence of acetic acid. The normal salt is used in blasting caps. It can be stored under water or under a mixture of water and alcohol.

MERCURY FULMINATE

DETONATION VELOCITY 	 	3500 M/sec. @2.0 G/cc.
                      				4250 M/sec. @3.0 G/cc.
                      				5000 M/sec. @4.0 G/cc.

FRICTION SENSITIVITY - Sensitive to friction and shocks

Mercury fulminate had it's industrial beginnings in 1867. Alfred Nobel took out a British patent on the blasting cap, its use and make-up. His first blasting caps were simple ones very similar in many ways to the one in this book. Mercury fulminate was chosen out of a field of explosive fulminating compositions. This was mainly due to the stability that could be obtained and the ability to lend it's self to commercial manufacture at that time. Of course, the primary explosives used today are much superior to mercury fulminate. Mercury fulminate is not good for storage at elevated temperatures over 6-12 months. Five years in the magazine could disable caps. It is a good choice for clandestine manufacture. It would also be a very good choice for electric cap manufacture. The drawbacks would be the poor elevated temperature storage and the toxic nature of mercury and subsequent problems in loading.

        In a pint large mouth fruit jar or 500 ml beaker place either 2 ml water and 10 ml 90%+ nitric acid. Water first of course. If 70% nitric  acid is available then place 11.5 ml of it instead of the 90% in the pint jar. Add 1 1/4 gram of mercury. Mercury should be available in thermometers, mercury switches and in old radio tubes. CAUTION: Mercury fulminate manufacture generates fumes that are poisonous and this whole procedure should be done with very good ventilation. The metal in the bottom of the jar should begin to bubble. If not add water dropwise to the solution until it does. A vigorous effervescent reaction takes place and red fumes are produces. They should be avoided as they are very poisonous. The mercury will all dissolve in the solution. If not heat gently but from a remote position until it does. After it is dissolved let it cool somewhat. Warm 90 cc of ethanol (90%+, "Everclear") in a quart jar. Add the metal / acid to this ethyl alcohol. The reaction should start within 5 minutes. The fumes put off by this mixture should be avoided. When the reaction is complete the fumes will have subsided and a gray powder will have settled to the bottom. CAUTION: The fumes produced are poisonous and flammable and they should be  avoided as well as flame should be kept away as fumes are highly flammable too! Filter the gray powder out of the liquid. CAUTION: The gray powder is the explosive and shock, friction and flame or   heat should be avoided! Contact with the crystals should be avoided as the free mercury still poses a health problem!  These gray mercury fulminate crystals should be washed with 60 ml ethyl alcohol. Allow the crystals to dry by spreading them out gently.  These dry mercury fulminate crystals are then ready to use. This explosive can safely be stored under water and these crystals could be mixed with 200 ml distilled water and stored until needed.

M.M.A.N. 		(Monomethylamine nitrate)

DETONATION VELOCITY 	 	6100 M/sec. @ 1.2 G/cc
                      		 		6600 M/sec. @ 1.4 G / cc

FRICTION SENSITIVITY	Very insensitive. Similar to T.N.T..

M.M.A.N. is a powerful explosive with 112-120% the power of T.N.T. with a greater detonation rate. This explosive is not as sensitive as others in this publication to primary explosive requiring 2 G. mercury fulminate or 1.25 grams of H.M.T.D. Methylamine is a basic building block of modern chemistry. It is an intermediary for hundreds of more common chemicals. It is easily obtained or purchased cheaply. Nitric acid does not require highly concentrations with as low as 20% acid strength working perfectly. This is a good feature as requirements for explosives made with concentrated acids take time to produce and cannot be produced as fast or cheaply. This explosive is simple enough that it would require little experience and few setups in a lab. This explosive is very hygroscopic. It will absorb its weight in water at a relative humidity of 50% in 21 days. The other drawback of this explosive is the fact that it requires larger quantities of primary explosive as other base explosives. Both are acceptable and the hygroscopic nature of the salt can be controlled by loading caps on "dry days" of low humidity. These caps should also be dipped into molten wax to ensure their "waterproofness". This explosive is best used in a cap made with 3/8" tubing because 5 grams of this explosive are required. This will give a detonator 3/8" x 2-3/4". This cap should have the primary loaded first as the base explosive does not need the high density that the primary needs for maximum performance. Load this base charge explosive to a density of 1.2 G/cc. Higher densities will cause the explosive to become insensitive to the primary explosive. This cap should detonate most explosives and will be a great deal more powerful than a #10 blasting cap.
  
     Place 250 ml of 33% methylamine aqueous solution in a stainless bowl or beaker. Add in four portions either 832 G. 70% nitric acid, 971 G. 60% nitric acid or 583 G.100% nitric acid + 25 ml water. A good deal of heat will be generated by this neutralization. The solution will boil due to the heat. Allow the heat from the previous additions to subside before the next addition is made. After the additions have been made check the solution with pH paper (e. mark brand) from your lab supply store. If the PH is above 7 add acid 1/4 teaspoon at a time until the PH is between 6 and 7. If when checked the PH is 6 or below then add methylamine solution until the PH rises to between 6 and 7. This liquid is then put in a vacuum flask with a stopper. This will be placed in a hot oil bath (frying pan filled with good cooking oil). The oil bath should be 75 degrees C. (167 degrees F.). The flask is hooked up to a vacuum source and the vacuum applied. The vacuum will allow the waters removal in a much quicker amount of time. The vacuum source can be an aspirator type (cost around $5.00). This is the ideal source of vacuum. A gauge is placed in the line and the vacuum drawn at first recorded. This vacuum will remain the same until the water is all evaporated. At this point the vacuum suddenly will increase greatly. This signifies the end point. The crystals in the flask are scraped out in a dry (atmospheric humidity) room. This is placed in a sealed container to keep moisture our of the solutions. This is the explosive. It could be toxic if eaten in large quantities but at worst, prolonged handling of this explosive will give only a rash. The only thing to remember is to keep away from moisture and keep in a sealed container. Load large 3/8" diameter caps with 4-6 grams of M.M.A.N. as a base charge with large charges of primary explosives. Seal the caps immediately by dipping in hot molten wax. These caps are powerful and will take most of a forearm off a foolish person. 

NITROCELLULOSE

DETONATION VELOCITY	 Varies on the type and size of the container used.

FRICTION SENSITIVITY	Fairly sensitive to friction, sparks and shock.

Nitrocellulose is a fibrous white solid resembling the cotton or wood pulp cellulose from which it was made. It is used in manufacturing lacquers,  plastics, gunpowder, and gelatin type dynamites. I would not tend to trust homemade nitrocellulose because it's stability is very dependent on purity. Impure nitrocellulose explodes whenever it takes notion, not just when you tell it to.   There are different grades of nitrocellulose, depending on the degree of nitration. The biggest and baddest is guncotton, made with 25% nitric acid, 64% sulfuric acid, and 11% water. A lesser degree of nitration is achieved with 35% nitric, 45% sulfuric, and 20% water. About five parts of mixed acid is used for every part cellulose. The cellulose, as dry as possible, is rapidly dunked under the acid and stirred for about  30 minutes to prevent local overheating. Then the product is separated in a centrifuge and dumped into a tub of water. It is purified by washing and boiling it in several changes of water and dilute sodium carbonate until it doesn't turn blue litmus paper pink.  An alternate method is to mix 125 grams of potassium nitrate with 160 mL of 98% sulfuric acid. When this is cooled, add 120 grams of cotton. Then proceed as in the previous synthesis. The ingredients in both syntheses should be as pure as possible. Impure nitrocellulose has been known to explode during storage. It is much safer if it is stored wet with water or alcohol. It will work when it is wet, but it is harder to detonate when it contains water.   Most smokeless powder contains nitrocellulose. One might use this powder with nitroglycerin to make blasting gelatin. Smokeless powders usually consist of high nitrated cellulose (guncotton) whereas low nitrated cellulose is preferable for gelatinizing nitroglycerin. You can buy smokeless powder at sporting goods stores for about $24 a pound. You don't  usually need any kind of license.   Small unconfined quantities of nitrocellulose can burn quietly, but it can be easily detonated with a blasting cap. According to Abbie Hoffman, black powder is superior to smokeless powder for making bombs. This is generally  true, but he really doesn't know  anything about the technology of explosives. I heard of one guy who pressed smokeless powder into a pipe with a hydraulic jack. I believe he used a cherry bomb as a primer in this pipe bomb. The  results were reportedly spectacular.

NITROGEN TRI-IODIDE

DETONATION VELOCITY	Not given

FRICTION SENSITIVITY	Very sensitive and extremely unstable! A fly has been known to set off this explosive

This reddish brown or black compound is the least stable explosive in this book. Sometimes it can be detonated by brushing it with a feather.   It is made by adding iodine crystals very slowly to ammonia solution. The precipitated nitrogen tri- iodide is filtered on filter paper. Then it should be dissolved in ether so that it will be relatively safe. Be sure it all dissolves because any residue may explode at the slightest touch.    This solution can be painted on things so that the ether will evaporate, leaving the explosive behind. I heard of a plot in the Evabaton, Illinois high school to paint the faculty johns with this explosive. I don't believe the plan was executed. A more acceptable trick is to paint a door casing so that it will bang ferociously when the door is shut.

NITROGLYCERIN

DETONATION VELOCITY  	4500 M/sec. @ 1.0 G/cc

FRICTION SENSITIVITY	This explosive is very sensitive to friction as well as heat, sparks, and shock.

Nitroglycerin, a dearly beloved explosive to many, is a clear oily liquid. It is frequently yellow because of impurities. It generally fumes when it's container is opened. The fumes can cause headaches. It is very unstable to heat and shock. It is more stable at low temperatures and most stable when frozen, however while in the process of thawing it is most unstable. Under some conditions it may freeze in a liable form at 2.2 degrees. This form will gradually change to the more stabile form.  Nitro is miscible with acetone, ther, benzene, chloroform, nitrobenzene, acetic acid, and methanol. It mixes very well with nitrocellulose as in some flashless gunpowders. Nitro can be carried much more safely by mixing 30 parts nitro with 70 parts acetone. Acetone can be evaporated in the air to recover the nitro, or adding lots of water will make nitro separate.    
	Nitro is made by slowly adding 1 part of glycerine to 4.3 parts mixed acid. Do this real slow: a drop at a time. This anhydrous acid is half nitric and  half sulfuric. It is constantly stirred and cooled to 25¬ or less. This reaction liberates lots of heat. White fumes may be given off. This is OK, but if red fumes are evolved the whole charge should be immediately dumped into a large drowning tank full of water. Mistakes are expensive. Keep the acid in an ice bath while you add the glycerine. If the temperature rises to 30¬, dump it in the drowning tank. After the addition is complete the mixture is stirred  and cooled to 15¬. The nitro will float to the top and can be removed (carefully).  It contains about 10% acid. Mixing it with water removes most of the acid. After settling out the nitroglycerin is washed additional times with water and 2% sodium carbonate solution until the nitro is neutral to litmus. That is, if it turns blue litmus paper pink, keep washing. The purified product looks milky because of water content. It should turn clear in storage. If it gives off red fumes, it should be dumped immediately, if not sooner.    Nitro is mixed with materials such as kieselguhr to make dynamite. 40% dynamite is equivalent to 40% nitro and 60% inert material like kieselguhr. Dynamite is relatively safe when it is in good condition, but if it decomposes it may become very dangerous. Common signs of deterioration are excessive hardness or softness, discoloration, leakiness, or crystals forming on the outside of the casing. Nitroglycerin as such is easily detonated with a fuse if it is confined. Dynamite is not so easily detonated and requires a detonator of lead azide or something. When dynamite is simply lit, it ordinarily will burn quietly with a bluish flame.  Blasting gelatin is made of 88 to 92 parts nitroglycerin and 12 to 8 parts nitrocellulose mixed together and warmed to form a jelly-like mass  I know of a couple friends who made nitro once. I suspect their mistake was in adding the glycerine too fast, and in not purifying the product. They soaked up the nitroglycerin with cotton and put it in a cardboard tube. Then one of the pair took it out in the country where he could safely test it. I suspect that the excess acid in the product may have nitrated the cotton cellulose to make impure unstable nitrocellulose. Actually, the explosive worked very well and it went off in the guy's car when he drove over the railroad tracks. He was only slightly burned, but I hear he is out of the bomb business now.


NITROGUANIDINE

DETONATION VELOCITY 	 	5630 M/sec. @ 1.0 G/cc.
                      		 		7650 M/sec. @ 1.5 G/cc.

FRICTION SENSITIVITY - Very insensitive

Nitroguanidine is a powerful explosive. First made from bat guano, by extraction and formation of guanidine nitrate and subsequent treatment of this nitrate with sulfuric acid (95% +) and filtration of the product. This explosive is similar in performance to picric acid and T.N.T.. While not being quite as brisant as these two explosives the ease of manufacture and lack of friction sensitivity make nitroguanidine an attractive choice for a blasting cap base charge explosive. It is a cool explosive and does not give a high temperature of detonation but gives a larger volume of gases upon detonation. This base charge explosive, should be loaded in the caps with the density not exceeding 1.35 G/cc. Excess loading densities will render the base charge undetonatable with 1.5 G. charges of H.M.T.D.. This explosive will work and work well and is very storage stable. Larger diameter cap containers (3/8" +) should be used to ensure propagation of the detonation through the entire cap. Given below is the manufacture techniques for production of nitroguanidine. This procedure will work well but is rather lengthy and labor intensive.

Obtain two clay flower pots with a small hole in their bottoms. Fitted to one of these is stainless steel tubing. A refractory made from "firebrick" and fired by charcoal should be built. The flower pots will need to fit into this refractory and have ample room around them to pack the charcoal. An air blower (e.g. hair dryer, vacuum cleaner is hooked up to blow air through the coal to generate the heat needed. In the bottom flowerpot, a stainless steel screen will be needed to keep from clogging the stainless steel tubing from the ammonia inlet tube. Place 200 grams of calcium carbonate (Limestone, chalk) in the bottom flower pot, with the stainless tubing attached. Place the other flowerpot upside down directly on top of the bottom pot. Place this in the refractory furnace and place a pyrometer or high temperature thermometer into the hole in the top clay flower pot. Start the furnace and blow air through the burning charcoal until the temperature inside the pots reaches 700 degrees C.. At this time begin to pass ammonia gas through the stainless tubing into the lime inside. The temperature should never go over 820 degrees C. as the lime will decompose. The ammonia generator the gas generator in the TACC section. The amounts needed in the generator are 170 G. ammonium nitrate fertilizer, 100 G. sodium hydroxide and adding 100 ml water to the mixture. This water addition would be done in small portions to ensure the absorption of the gas by the calcium carbonate. This gas needs to be generated slowly! When all the ammonium nitrate has been added and the gas ceases to generate from the generator deprive the charcoal of oxygen to extinguish the flame. Let the refractory furnace cool and remove the flowerpots from it. The black material in the bottom is calcium cyanamide. Place 216 grams of urea in a stainless steel pan. Heat until it begins to melt. Add in small portions 1300 grams ammonium nitrate. CAUTION: This is dangerous and extreme care should be used in this step.    This mixture could explode if allowed to burn. Water should be. used if a fire does break out by immediate dilution and quenching    of the reaction mixture!!   Keep the temperature of the melt at 120 degrees centigrade. When the addition of the ammonium nitrate is complete and the mixture is liquid and at 120 degrees C. the calcium cyanamide from above is added in portions over a twenty minute period. This mixtures temperature is held at 120 degrees C. for two hours and then diluted with 720 ml water. This liquid is heated to 95 degrees C. and then filtered through several coffee filters or a "fast" filter paper. The liquid thus obtained is allowed to cool to 25 degrees C. and then the crystals formed are filtered out. The liquid is reduced to 1/2 its volume by boiling. It is cooled and filtered and the crystals obtained are added to those from the first filtration. These crystals are washed with 40 ml cold water. They are then dried in a shallow pyrex dish while heated in a hot oil bath at 110 degrees C. for two hours. These crystals are guanidine nitrate (90% purity).  Immerse a one liter flask, containing 500 ml. concentrated sulfuric acid, in cracked ice. This acid is stirred until the temperature drops to 10 degrees C. or less. In small portions, add 400 grams of dry guanidine nitrate to the acid with stirring to keep the temperature below 11 degrees C.. When all the guanidine nitrate is dissolved, pour the now milky liquid into three liters of cracked ice and water. Let this stand until the nitroguanidine is completely crystallized out of the liquid. Filter these crystals out and dissolve in four liters of boiling water (distilled if  possible). Allow to cool by standing overnight and filter the crystals out. Dry these crystals by heating gently in a .container placed in a pan of boiling water. This dried material is then ready to store in a plastic container or to load into finished caps.

NITROMANNITE	 	(Mannite hexanitrate)

DETONATION VELOCITY	 7000 m/sec. @1.50 G/cc

FRICTION SENSITIVITY 	 As sensitive as nitroglycerin. The sensitivity is  greater when 				between two hard surfaces.

Mannite is a simple sugar. It finds wide use as a baby laxative, in artificial resins and as a pharmaceutical dilutant. It can, through nitration, become a superb base charge for blasting caps. This explosive is attractive because of it's power and performance characteristics. It has a high detonation rate, good brisance and initiation properties. It has several bad points. It requires concentrated acid (90%+) which is harder to prepare. It has elevated temperature storage problems with greatly increased sensitivity. This instability is brought on by storage at 75 degrees C. for two days. The mixture of tetracene and nitromannite (40/60) will give a powerful brisant primary explosive that detonates from moderate heat. Nitromannite is usually used straight as a base charge for blasting caps with  0.75 gram charge weights giving 100% reliability. 
        
One hundred grams of nitric acid (Specific Gravity 1.51 G/cc) is placed in a quart jar or 800-1000 ml beaker. This is cooled by surrounding with a salted ice bath. 20.2 G. mannite is added in very small portions with gentle stirring. The temperature should be kept below 0 degrees C. This is done by controlling the amount of time between the additions of the mannite. When the temperature approaches 0 degrees C. stop additions until the temperature has fallen some. After all the mannite has be added 200 G. 98% sulfuric acid is added dropwise to the solution. This is done while the mixture is stirred and with the temperature below 0 degrees C, temperature is again maintained by the speed of the addition. When the temperature rises close to 0 degrees stop the addition and allow the liquid reaction mass to cool before addition is resumed. Completing the addition of sulfuric acid the porridge-like mixture is stirred for 5 minutes and then filtered. This filtering can be done through hardened filter paper or 10 drip coffee filters (simultaneously). This product is washed with water and then washed with 5% sodium bicarbonate / water solution. Then the crystals are washed again with water. This crude product is then dissolved in boiling alcohol with as much dissolved as possible. Place this container in a refrigerator and when chilled filter through one drip coffee filter. The liquid remaining is reheated and water is added until a turbidity is seen (churning of the solution). Allow to cool and filter the crystals out of this solution. Completely dry the material and it is ready to use. Could be kept under water for safety until ready to use.
                  
OCTATOL

Octatol is a high performance military high explosive that is mainly used in special purpose bombs.  Octatol is a combination of 70% HMX and 30% TNT.  This explosive cannot be cast.

PENTOLITE

Pentolite is a military explosive that is used for shaped charges.  Pentolite can be made by mixing  PETN and TNT in a 50/50 ratio.


PETN 	(Pentaerythrite Tetranitrate)

DETONATION VELOCITY	 	5830 M/sec. @ 1.09 G/cc.
                      		 		7490 M/sec. @ 1.51 G/cc.
                      		 		8300 M/sec. @ 1.77 G/cc

FRICTION SENSITIVITY - Sensitive to friction between two hard surfaces

PETN is a powerful explosive. It's power is slightly greater than R.D.X. and it is slightly more sensitive to initiation. It is powerful, stable, safe and efficient for the manufacture of improvised blasting caps. PETN is found, in it's common form, as the filler in detonating cord (E-cord etc.). If a person had access to this detonating cord he could salvage the PETN out of the cord by splitting it and simply scraping out the filler with a pocket knife or similar tool. The larger primer cord could yield as much as 1.7 lb. (771 grams) of the powder per hundred feet of cord. If access was available this method would be much better and easier than actual manufacture. This manufacture requires the acquisition of fuming nitric acid. This can be bought or made.  Then the pentaerythrite must be obtained. It is available and is used in the paint and varnish industries as well as in the manufacture of synthetic resins. It is cheap, but could raise a few questions in it's acquisition. Sulfuric acid is available from cleaning supply houses and as some generic drain openers. This is one of the best choices for cap base charge explosives. It has great power and will, in a properly constructed cap, give super reliable detonation initiation.

        In a quart jar or a 1000 ml beaker place 400 ml 99% strong white nitric acid. This fuming red acid will need to have the excess nitrogen dioxide purged until it is clear. This is done by adding 2-3 grams urea (45-0-0 fertilizer will work) to the acid. The mixture should clear up and loose the red tint. If not, warm the acid in the beaker and bubble dry air through the mixture. With the clear, white acid in the beaker place this beaker in a salted ice bath. Let it cool to below 0 degrees C.. Add with stirring 100 grams of pentaerythrite in small portions to the acid. The addition is done as such a speed that the temperature of the solution does not rise to more than 5 degrees C. When the addition is complete stir the acid / pentaerythrite solution for 15 more minutes. The crystals of the product will probably already have formed somewhat in the liquid. CAUTION: At this point the crystals are a high explosive and should be  treated with respect. This solution is then poured into a previously prepared gallon jar with 2 1/2 quarts of cracked ice and water. PETN will immediately form and should be filtered out of the solution through a paper towel or drip coffee filters. This should yield 220 grams. This product needs purification. Wash these crystals 3 times with water and then wash 1 time with a 5% sodium bicarbonate solution. Wash once more with water and then dissolve the crystals in hot acetone. Let this cool and the crystals will begin to fall out of solution. Add an equal volume of water to the acetone and the crystals will fall out of solution. Filter these crystals out and wash with methanol and let them dry. This PETN can be dried by either simply air drying for 24 hours or by drying in a hot water bath. These dried crystals are ready to use.
                        
R.D.X. 	(Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine)

DETONATION VELOCITY	 	5830 M/sec. @1.00 G/cc
                      		 		8360 M/sec. @1.67 G/cc

FRICTION SENSITIVITY     Slightly less sensitive than T.N.T. but with 180%  the actual 					power. Particle size reduction should be done while wet.

R.D.X. is a powerful explosive. It is very stable and has good storage properties. It is widely used commercially as a base explosive charge in detonators and blasting caps. One gram of R.D.X. in a cap with a primary charge will detonate anything a #8 cap will detonate. For the process to make R.D.X. from camp stove fuel.  This process while not simple will produce a good product. This is a superb explosive and can find many uses. P.E.T.N. is the only explosive that really is close to being as good a base charge explosive as R.D.X. 

RDX is manufactured in bulk by the nitration of hexamine with strong red nitric acid.  You may buy the hexamine in camping stores as a fuel  but this may be expensive.  The hexamine may also be made by the following process.  Take 185 grams of clear 30% ammonia water and mix it with 500 ml of 36% formaldehyde solution.  Allow  the solution  to evaporate and then drive off the remaining water by heating the crystals in an oven on low for a few seconds.   To make the strong red nitric acid, buy a retort with a glass stopper.   In the retort place 32 grams 98% sulfuric acid and either 68 grams potassium nitrate or 58 grams sodium nitrate. Gently heat the retort and a red gas called nitrogen trioxide. THIS GAS IS HIGHLY POISONOUS!!!!!  ALL OF THESE STEPS SHOULD BE DONE WITH GOOD VENTILATION OR OUTDOORS.  The nitric acid that is formed will collect in the neck of the retort and form droplets that will run down the inside of the neck of the retort and should be caught in a beaker being cooled with ice water. the retort should be heated until no more drops collect on the inside of the retort.   To make RDX  place 550 grams of nitric acid in a beaker that is  in an ice bath.  Chill the nitric acid until it gets below 15 degrees C.  Slowly add 50 grams, in small portions, hexamine, making sure the temperature does not get above 30 degrees C and while maintaining  content
stirring.  If the temperature approached 30 degree immediately stop adding the hexamine to the solution.  After the addition of the hexamine is complete continue the stirring and allow the temperature to fall to 0 degrees C . and keep it there for at least 20 minutes. After the 20 minutes are up take the mixture and pour it into 1 L of finely crushed ice and water.  The crystals that are formed are RDX and will have to have all traces of   acid removed.  This can be done by placing them in crushed ice and water and shaking.  BE CAREFUL. Filter out the crystals and if acid remains place then in some boiling water and then filtered again. Continue this until you get a pH of 7 (then they are neutral)  These crystals are sensitive and should be stored wet until used or until desensitized.

SEMTEX

Semtex is the Slovacian plastic explosive.  It is essentially the same explosive as Composition C.  Semtex can be made by mixing 89% RDX with 11% mineral oil.

T.A.C.C. 	(Tetraminecopper (II) Chlorate)

DETONATION VELOCITY 	 Not given

FRICTION SENSITIVITY 	 This primary explosive is as sensitive as is lead  azide

Tetramine copper chlorate is a very interesting primary explosive. While it has these good properties it is also easily made. It's  drawbacks are the tendency to "deadpress" or become so packed that it will not detonate the base charge in the cap and water  contamination problems. For this primary explosive to detonate it must be loose in the detonator shell. It would be best used in caps where the base charge is pressed in first. Rifle shell improvised blasting caps would not work well with this explosive due to this  property. In this reaction the sodium chlorate and the copper sulfate are heated together with methanol. This reaction produced  copper chlorate. This copper chlorate dissolved in methanol. It then has ammonia gas bubbled through the solution. The tetramine group  is added in this step. So the main actors in this chemical play are copper sulfate other wise known as "blue vitriol". Copper sulfate is available from feed stores or electroplating chemical supplier. Sodium chlorate is also a chemical required and would be available from  matches, dyes, textiles manufacture and as a weed killer.  Ammonia is the last building block. This can be generated in one of two ways which will be explained in the manufacture section. The methanol used is just a reaction liquid and a carrier, as it does not actually enter into the reaction. One problem with this process is the contamination of the methanol with water. This allows the sodium sulfate to become soluble in the first reaction and will remove the ability to separate the products of the reaction. The process is longer than others but is simple and produced a good purity, stable product. This primary explosive should be kept dry, as it could begin to decompose in the presence of moisture. 

        Measure 15 grams of sodium chlorate into a large mouth pint bottle. Sodium chlorate is the oxidizer in matches. It is also available as a weed killer. Add 360 ml of methanol or ethanol to the sodium chlorate in the pint jar. To this add 24 grams of copper sulfate. Place this liquid in a hot water bath. Heat at the boiling point for 30 minutes with occasionally stirring the liquid during the reaction.  CAUTION: Remember methanol is very flammable and great care should be taken   to ensure the lack of open flame in its proximity. Avoid   breathing the vapors of methanol. Keep the volume constant by continually adding alcohol to replace what is being boiled  away. After 30 minutes remove the jar from the water bath. The color of the solution should change from blue to light green. Filter the solution into a jar through a paper towel or drip coffee filter. The filtrate (liquid) should be caught in a jar similar to the one used in the first step. Label this liquid #1. In a narrow necked gallon jar or flask and a stopper (one hole) place 1500 ml clear ammonia water in the solution This is available from the grocery store in a clear non-soapy form. In the mouth of this is placed a stopper with one hole and a plastic or rubber hose. This is placed into a hot water bath. Ammonia will begin to generate out of the gallon jug. A better ammonia generator could be made by filling a long necked bottle or flask with 250 grams lye (sodium hydroxide). 500 grams of dry ammonium nitrate fertilizer or ammonium sulfate fertilizer is added. Addition of small quantities of water and closing with a stopper hose set up could generate greater quantities of ammonia and it would be drier ammonia due to the nature of its generation. Generation would be maintained by the addition of more water. But with either method the hose should be placed in the liquid in the liquid #1. The ammonia gas should be bubbled through the liquid. It will begin to absorb ammonia turn light blue. Continue bubbling for 10 minutes. CAUTION: The ammonia gas generated will kill or cause grave damage if    exposure is severe. Use with good ventilation. The solution will turn dark blue. Bubble the ammonia gas through solution #1 for ten more minutes and remove the hose from the solution. Reduce the volume of the liquid by pouring into a shallow pyrex dish. Set this dish under a fan and allow 1/2 the alcohol to evaporate. Filter (paper towel or drip coffee filters) the crystals that remain in the liquid and wash them with 50 ml very cold methanol. Set these aside to dry for 16-24 hours. CAUTION: Explosive is shock and flame sensitive and great care should be  exercised during handling.

T.E.N.N.      (tetranitronapthalene)

DETONATION VELOCITY	 7000 M/sec. @ 1.6 G/cc
 
FRICTION SENSITIVITY	 Similar to T.N.T.

These yellow crystals are prepared by the nitration of naphthalene flakes in a two stage nitration. The product of the first stage is the dinitronapthalene. This "di" product is nitrated to the "tetra". This is done in two different nitration steps. This product can be considered the equivalent of T.N.T. in power with a slightly greater detonation rate. This tetra compound is stable even at elevated "magazine" temperatures and is an explosive of greater power and brisance than T.N.T.. Has been proposed an artillery shell filler. T.N.T. has been cheaper due to continuous manufacture processes. It is however a powerful explosive with detonator usage promise. It has the same impact properties as does Tetryl with the same potential. It is easily made from naphthalene, nitric acid and sulfuric acid. These compounds are easy to come by and thus would make this a easily manufactured product. Naphthalene flakes, balls or powder are used as insecticides and are familiarly known as "Moth balls". Sulfuric acid is easily obtained from plumbing and janitorial supplies. Nitric acid can be made.  Recovery of spent acids in both steps will reduce acid demand and can be done by heating the spent acid until white fumes are produced. CAUTION: Care should be taken to avoid all fumes from heated acid mixtures and that this spent acid being recovered is free of nitronapthalene products. Failure to do this could result in a very violent explosion! Great care should be used to ensure the lack of remaining nitro compounds in the spent acid solutions. Caps should have a 1.5 G.+ charge of TENN for best performance. This explosive should be loaded to a density of 1.6 G/cc. This explosive will melt around 200-210 C. CAUTION: This meltable explosive should be used in its crystalline form. The melt loading should only be attempted by someone with chemistry lab experience. Rapid heating will most likely cause a high order detonation and fatalities! This heating would be done slowly as rapid heating could cause detonation. This melted compound could then be cast into the detonator case prior to loading the primary explosive. This could produce charges that required greater amounts of primary explosive to ensure detonation!

        Tetranitronapthalene is produced by nitration of naphthalene. Naphthalene is a coal tar or synthetic petrochemical. It is readily available in the form of moth balls, moth flakes or moth crystals. Place 64 grams in a 2 liter beaker of "pyrex" container. 'To this add 105 cc distilled water. Slowly add 287 grams (160 cc) concentrated sulfuric acid of a concentration of greater than 90% strength (Specific gravity 1.8). CAUTION: Addition should always be acid to water and never water to acid. The acids used in this process are very dangerous and should be used with great care. Goggles and full protective gear should be worn. Fumes produced should be avoided at all costs. This whole process should be done under a vent hood or in a very well ventilated place! The temperature of this acid mixture will rise immediately. To this is added 115 grams (81 cc) of 70% nitric acid. This mixed acid is allowed to cook to room temperature. 150 grams of naphthalene is added slowly with stirring in small portions over a three hour period while the temperature is allowed to rise to 50 degrees C. When all the naphthalene is added, the beaker or "Pyrex" container is heated to 55 degrees in a oil bath, which melts the crude mononitronapthalene. The stirring is then stopped and the MNN allowed to solidify. This solid MNN is broken up off the top and placed in a second acid mixture. This acid mixture is prepared by placing 130 cc water in a 1000 cc beaker or "Pyrex" container. To it is slowly, carefully added 293 G. sulfuric acid (162 ml) density 1.8 G/ cc. (95% +). This mixture will heat up when mixed and should be cooled to 25 degrees C. by placing in an ice bath. When the acid mixture is at 25 degrees 152 grams of potassium nitrate is added. The mixture is stirred vigorously and the addition of the MNN from above is begun. It is added in small quantities keeping the temperature between 38-45 degrees C. by the speed of the addition. During this addition (1 hour +), the temperature is not allowed to rise to over 45 degrees C. After one hour, the temperature is allowed to rise to 55 degrees C. and the stirring is continued. This is continued until the emulsion is replaced by the formation of DNN crystals. These crystals are then filtered out by a glass fiber filter (Fiberglas). These crystals are washed six times with cold water and allowed to dry. These are then dissolved in boiling acetone. Not all will dissolve. Filter this solution while hot and allow to cool. Chill this solution and crystals will form. Filter out the crystals that form. Reduce the volume of the acetone by 1/2 and chill again and filter. Add the crystals together from these acetone recrystallization steps and allow to dry. These crystals will be a good grade of 1.8 Dinitrotapthalene. These crystals will be nitrated, in the process below, to the tetro form.  Place 750 ml fuming nitric acid, of 90% or greater strength, in a two liter "pyrex" container or
a 2000 ml beaker. Add to this very slowly and carefully 750 ml concentrated sulfuric acid. This acid mixture is stirred and cooled in a ice bath until the temperature drops below 20 degrees C. The 1.8, DNN from above is added in small quantities while the temperature is not allowed to rise above 20 degrees C. When all the DNN has been added, the temperature is allowed to rise slowly. Heat will need to be applied. This heating should be done such that the temperature rises from 20 to 80 degrees C. for three hours and then allowed to cool. The solid formed is filtered out and the filtrate (liquid remaining after filtering) drowned in twice it's volume of ice water. This step will drop more crystals out of the filtrate. These are filtered out and added to the crystals filtered out of the reaction mixture. These are then washed three times with water and then dissolved in hot from 95% ethanol. This alcohol is chilled and then the crystals formed are filtered out. This last step is not necessary, but highly desirable to give a very storage stable product.  These crystals are 1,3,6,8-tetranitronapthalene. They should be
dried by heating in a shallow pyrex dish by the way of a hot water bath.                            

TETRANITROMETHANE

DETONATION VELOCITY	Not given

FRICTION SENSITIVITY	Very sensitive 

Tetranitromethane is an ultra-hairy compound. The pure compound is colorless. It is volatile, and the fumes are poisonous. It is stable and considerably safer than nitroglycerin. It is not so stable in the presence of moisture or even damp air, and it should be kept high and dry in a tightly closed bottle. As one can see from the formula, it has lots of extra oxygen. When it is mixed with a fuel such as alcohol, toluene, or ether, it becomes a very powerful and hazardous explosive. 40 grams of tet and and 10 grams of dry alcohol will make a lot of noise. Once 15 grams of tetranitromethane-toluene mixture exploded in a lab, killing 10 people and injuring 20. These compounds are stable before they are mixed, however.   Tet can be made like this:   Put 150 mL of ice cold fuming nitric acid (specific gravity 1.52; this is super strong acid) in a flask with glass chips in the bottom. Pack the flask in ice and add 325 mL of acetic anhydride slowly while keeping the temperature at 15-20¬. Let the stuff sit for a long time; up to a couple weeks. Keep it on ice all the time. Then add 1.5 liters of cold water and separate the oily goo from the bottom. This is crude tet. This should be washed with cold 5% sodium carbonate solution and then with cold water. Then it should be dried with  sodium sulfate.

TETRYL 	    (trinitrophenylmethylnitramine)

DETONATION VELOCITY 	7260 M/sec. @ 1.6 G/cc

FRICTION SENSITIVITY	 Comparable to T.N.T.

This is one of the better base charge explosives. This is still used in the military but R.D.X. and P.E.T.N. are replacing it. Generating 4.4 million P.S.I. upon detonation this is a good choice. The corrosiveness of the salt to brass limits it's use to copper tubing caps manufacture. It also is not made of the most common ingredients but these could be found if the desire was great enough. Very sensitive to primary explosives but not sensitive to normal handling. More powerful than picric acid. Could be an interesting possibility for improvised blasting caps. 

       Sixty grams of dimethylaniline is dissolved in 850 grams sulfuric acid (janitorial supply) in a quart jar or 600 ml beaker in cool water bath. The temperature of the liquid during this addition should be kept below 25 degrees C. This liquid (solution # 1) is added by pouring into a separatory funnel or similar container equipped with a valve. This is done so solution #1 can be metered out drop by drop.  Solution # 1 is added drop by drop into 515 grams of 70% nitric acid in a two liter beaker or pyrex equivalent heated in an oil bath to 55 to 60 degrees C. Solution #2 is stirred vigorously, while the temperature is kept at 65 to 70 degrees C.. This addition will require approximately one hour. After all solution #1 has been added to solution #2, the stirring is continued and the temperature is kept at between 65 and 70 degrees C. for an hour longer. The solution is allowed to cool and then filtered with an asbestos filter or Fiberglas filter. The solid material is boiled with water for one hour and filtered again on a paper filter. Water will need to be added from time to time to keep the water level constant. This is then ground while wet and dissolved in benzene (industrial solvent) and the solution filtered. The filtrate (liquid) is saved and the liquid allowed to evaporate. The resulting crystals are tetryl and will be yellow in color. These crystals should be of sufficient quality and particle size.


TETRYTOL

Tetrytol is a shaped charge explosive that is a combination of 75% tetryl and 25% TNT.

T.N.P.	(trinitrophenol or picric acid)

DETONATION VELOCITY	 	4965 M/sec. @0.97 G/cc
                      		 		6510 M/sec. @1.4 G/cc
                       		 		7480 M/sec. @1.7 G/cc

FRICTION SENSITIVITY       More sensitive than T.N.T. but not substantially.  Metals should be coated to ensure the formation of picrate salts. Coating copper tubing or rifle cases  with urethane plastic spray could prevent this form happening.

Picric acid is a good choice of explosive base charges in caps. Relative performance would be 120% (T.N.T. = 100%). Nitrophenols have been with us for a while. Their creation from nitric acid and animal horn was the first of these discoveries. Nearly 100 years passed before researchers found out it could be made to explode. It is this relative insensitivity of the material and it's good primary sensitivity yield many used for this explosive. It is very stable in storage with samples from late 1800's showing little signs of deterioration. The only reason that we do not use PA as an explosive in modern ordinance is mostly from a cost standpoint. PA can be reacted with ammonium hydroxide to form "Explosive D". This is a superb shaped charge explosive and does find some demolition and specialized munition loading. Brisance is very high for picric acid and it will detonate easily from the primary explosives in the primary section of the publication. Picric acid is poisonous and all contact should be avoided. This process uses the phenol by-product used everyday as an analgesic. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) in it's purified form, sulfuric acid (98%) and sodium or potassium nitrate are the ingredients. Aspirin is available in any drug store or supermarket. Sulfuric acid is available at janitorial supply houses and plumbing suppliers. Battery acid that has been boiled until white fumes appear will also work. Sodium or potassium nitrate should be available from hobby stores and as stump remover in garden stores. The methanol carrier can be found at hardware stores and from janitorial supplies. Caution should be used in handling the product of the
process below. Contact should be avoided. Contact includes breathing dust and exposure of the skin or any other part of the body. Liver and kidney failure could result. Use gloves and retire any utensil that will be used in the process.

        Crush 100 aspirin tablets. Powder these crushed aspirin tablets. To them add 500 ml alcohol (95%) This alcohol will dissolve the acetylsalicylic acid in the aspirin and leave all the pill fillers in solid form in the bottom. Stir this aspirin / alcohol liquid for five minutes while warming it gently. Filter the warm liquid and keep the filtrate (liquid) and discard the remainder. Evaporate this liquid in a shallow pan in a hot water or oil bath. Collect the dried acetylsalicylic acid crystals. Place 700 ml sulfuric acid in the bottom of a gallon jar. To this acid is added the acetylsalicylic acid crystals from above. This gallon jar is placed in an oil bath (electric frying pan would be easiest but flame heat will work). This is heated with stirring until all the crystals are dissolved in the hot acid. The crystals having dissolved will allow you to begin the addition of sodium or potassium nitrate. This addition is done in three portions, allowing the acid mixture to cool some between additions. CAUTION: The addition of the nitrate to the hot acid will generate nitrogen dioxide which is a deadly poison. This step should be carried out with excellent ventilation!  This liquid will react vigorously, as the 75 grams of either of the nitrates are added to the solution in this three part addition. The solution should turn red and then back to the yellow-orange color. After the additions let the solution cool to room temperature while stirring occasionally. Pour this room temperature solution into 1500 ml of cracked ice and water (1/4 ice). The product will precipitate out immediately as a brilliant yellow compound. Filter through a paper towel or 5 drip coffee filters in a funnel. Wash these crystals with 450 ml cold water. Discard the filtrate (liquid remaining after filtering). The yellow crystals are trinitrophenol. These crystals need to be dried for 3 hours on a boiling water bath or on a 1O5 degree C. oil bath. They are then ready to load into a detonator as a base explosive. Avoid contact with the yellow composition as it is highly poisonous. Wear gloves (vital) when working with this explosive. 

T.N.T.   (Trinitrotoluene)

DETONATION VELOCITY	6500 M/sec. @ 1.6 G/cc

FRICTION SENSITIVITY	Not to sensitive but still should be handled with respect

 TNT is a very stable explosive yellow crystalline compound. If an unconfined pile of TNT is lit it will burn with a hot and smoky flame, but won't explode. As much as a ton of TNT has been known to burn away quietly. You can fire a  rifle bullet through it or hit it with a hammer without detonating it. It can be detonated with other explosives such as lead azide or mercury fulminate. Crystals of TNT are more sensitive than cast TNT. It is about equivalent to 40% dynamite in power. TNT melts at about 75¬, so TNT or amatol can be melted and cast into
casings. Whereas TNT is oxygen deficient and produces a lot of smoke, amatol is smokeless.   TNT is generally made by the three stage nitration of toluene. First, mononitrotoluene is made by mixing 100 parts toluene with 170 parts acid. This acid is 2 parts nitric (70% concentration) and 3 parts sulfuric (100%). They are mixed gradually and stirred below 30¬. When the temperature no longer tends to rise, the mixture sets for 30 minutes and separates. The mononitrotoluene is separated and 100 parts of it is mixed with 215 parts of acid. (1 part pure nitric and 2 parts pure sulfuric) The temperature is kept at 60 to 70¬ while they are slowly mixed. The temperature is raised to 90-100¬ and it is stirred at this temperature for half an hour. Then the mixture is separated. 100 parts of the separated dinitotoluene is added to 225 parts of 20% oleum (pure  sulfuric acid with 20% extra dissolved sulfur trioxide) and 65 parts pure  nitric acid. They are heated to 95 degrees for an hour and then to 120 degrees  for 1¥ hours. After sitting a while, the TNT is separated and sloshed around in hot water to remove acid, and then it is dried. It can be purified by soaking the powder in alcohol or benzene or a similar solvent to dissolve  impurities or by recrystallizing it from the same solvents. TNT and other insensitive explosives should not be stored with sensitive explosives which may detonate then.
