<-- p. 100 --> At�trac�tiv�i�ty (?), n. The quality or degree of attractive power. At�tract�or (?), n. One who, or that which, attracts. Sir T. Browne. At�tra�hent (?), a. [L. attrahens, p. pr. of attrahere. See Attract, v. t.] Attracting; drawing; attractive. At�tra�hent, n. 1. That which attracts, as a magnet. The motion of the steel to its attrahent. Glanvill. 2. (Med.) A substance which, by irritating the surface, excites action in the part to which it is applied, as a blister, an epispastic, a sinapism. At�trap� (?), v. t. [F. attraper to catch; � (L. ad + trappe trap. See Trap (for taking game).] To entrap; to insnare. [Obs.] Grafton. At�trap� , v. t. [Pref. ad + trap to adorn.] To adorn with trapping; to array. [Obs.] Shall your horse be attrapped . . . more richly? Holland. At�trec�ta�tion (?), n. [L. attrectatio; ad + tractare to handle.] Frequent handling or touching. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. At�trib�u�ta�ble (?), a. Capable of being attributed; ascribable; imputable. Errors . . . attributable to carelessness. J.D. Hooker. At�trib�ute (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attributed; p. pr. & vb. n. Attributing.] [L. attributus, p. p. of attribuere; ad + tribuere to bestow. See Tribute.] To ascribe; to consider (something) as due or appropriate (to); to refer, as an effect to a cause; to impute; to assign; to consider as belonging (to). We attribute nothing to God that hath any repugnancy or contradiction in it. Abp. Tillotson. The merit of service is seldom attributed to the true and exact performer. Shak. Syn. � See Ascribe. At�tri�bute (?), n. [L. attributum.] 1. That which is attributed; a quality which is considered as belonging to, or inherent in, a person or thing; an essential or necessary property or characteristic. But mercy is above this sceptered away; . . . It is an attribute to God himself. Shak. 2. Reputation. [Poetic] Shak. 3. (Paint. & Sculp.) A conventional symbol of office, character, or identity, added to any particular figure; as, a club is the attribute of Hercules. 4. (Gram.) Quality, etc., denoted by an attributive; an attributive adjunct or adjective. At�tri�bu�tion (?), n. [L. attributio: cf. F. attribution.] 1. The act of attributing or ascribing, as a quality, character, or function, to a thing or person, an effect to a cause. 2. That which is ascribed or attributed. At�trib�u�tive (?), a. [Cf. F. attributif.] Attributing; pertaining to, expressing, or assigning an attribute; of the nature of an attribute. At�trib�u�tive, n, (Gram.) A word that denotes an attribute; esp. a modifying word joined to a noun; an adjective or adjective phrase. At�trib�u�tive�ly, adv. In an attributive manner. At�trite� (?), a. [L. attritus, p. p. of atterere; ad + terere to rub. See Trite.] 1. Rubbed; worn by friction. Milton. 2. (Theol.) Repentant from fear of punishment; having attrition of grief for sin; � opposed to contrite. At�tri�tion (?), n. [L. attritio: cf. F. attrition.] 1. The act of rubbing together; friction; the act of wearing by friction, or by rubbing substances together; abrasion. Effected by attrition of the inward stomach. Arbuthnot. 2. The state of being worn. Johnson. 3. (Theol.) Grief for sin arising only from fear of punishment or feelings of shame. See Contrition. Wallis. At�try (?), a. [See Atter.] Poisonous; malignant; malicious. [Obs.] Chaucer. At�tune� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attuned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Attuning.] [Pref. ad� + tune.] 1. To tune or put in tune; to make melodious; to adjust, as one sound or musical instrument to another; as, to attune the voice to a harp. 2. To arrange fitly; to make accordant. Wake to energy each social aim, Attuned spontaneous to the will of Jove. Beattie. A�twain� (?), adv. [OE. atwaine, atwinne; pref. a� + twain.] In twain; asunder. [Obs. or Poetic] �Cuts atwain the knots.� Tennyson. A�tween� (?), adv. or prep. [See Atwain, and cf. Between.] Between. [Archaic] Spenser. Tennyson. A�twirl� (?), a. & adv. [Pref. a� + twist.] Twisted; distorted; awry. [R.] Halliwell. A�twite� (?), v. t. [OE. attwyten, AS. �tw�tan. See Twit.] To speak reproachfully of; to twit; to upbraid. [Obs.] A�twixt� (?), adv. Betwixt. [Obs.] Spenser. A�two� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + two.] In two; in twain; asunder. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�typ�ic (?), A�typ�ic�al,} a. [Pref. a� not + typic, typical.] That has no type; devoid of typical character; irregular; unlike the type. � Au�bade� (?), n. [F., fr. aube the dawn, fr. L. albus white.] An open air concert in the morning, as distinguished from an evening serenade; also, a pianoforte composition suggestive of morning. Grove. The crowing cock . . . Sang his aubade with lusty voice and clear. Longfellow. � Au�baine� (?), n. [F., fr. aubain an alien, fr. L. alibi elsewhere.] Succession to the goods of a stranger not naturalized. Littr�. Droit d'aubaine (?), the right, formerly possessed by the king of France, to all the personal property of which an alien died possessed. It was abolished in 1819. Bouvier. Aube (?), n. [See Ale.] An alb. [Obs.] Fuller. � Au�berge� (?), n. [F.] An inn. Beau. & Fl. � Au�bin (?), n. [F.] A broken gait of a horse, between an amble and a gallop; � commonly called a Canterbury gallop. Au�burn (?), a. [OE. auburne blonde, OF. alborne, auborne, fr. LL. alburnus whitish, fr. L. albus white. Cf. Alburn.] 1. Flaxen�colored. [Obs.] Florio. 2. Reddish brown. His auburn locks on either shoulder flowed. Dryden. � Au�che�ni�um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? the neck.] (Zo�l.) The part of the neck nearest the back. Auc�ta�ry (?), n. [L. auctarium.] That which is superadded; augmentation. [Obs.] Baxter. Auc�tion (?), n. [L. auctio an increasing, a public sale, where the price was called out, and the article to be sold was adjudged to the last increaser of the price, or the highest bidder, fr. L. augere, auctum, to increase. See Augment.] 1. A public sale of property to the highest bidder, esp. by a person licensed and authorized for the purpose; a vendue. 2. The things sold by auction or put up to auction. Ask you why Phryne the whole auction buys ? Pope. � In the United States, the more prevalent expression has been �sales at auction,� that is, by an increase of bids (Lat. auctione). This latter form is preferable. Dutch auction, the public offer of property at a price beyond its value, then gradually lowering the price, till some one accepts it as purchaser. P. Cyc. Auc�tion, v. t. To sell by auction. Auc�tion�a�ry (?), a. [L. auctionarius.] Of or pertaining to an auction or an auctioneer. [R.] With auctionary hammer in thy hand. Dryden. Auc�tion�eer� (?), n. A person who sells by auction; a person whose business it is to dispose of goods or lands by public sale to the highest or best bidder. Auc�tion�eer�, v. t. To sell by auction; to auction. Estates . . . advertised and auctioneered away. Cowper. Au�cu�pa�tion (?), n. [L. aucupatio, fr. auceps, contr. for aviceps; avis bird + capere to take.] Birdcatching; fowling. [Obs.] Blount. Au�da�cious (?), a. [F. audacieux, as if fr. LL. audaciosus (not found), fr. L. audacia audacity, fr. audax, �acis, bold, fr. audere to dare.] 1. Daring; spirited; adventurous. As in a cloudy chair, ascending rides Audacious. Milton. 2. Contemning the restraints of law, religion, or decorum; bold in wickedness; presumptuous; impudent; insolent. � Audacious traitor.� Shak. � Such audacious neighborhood.� Milton. 3. Committed with, or proceedings from, daring effrontery or contempt of law, morality, or decorum. �Audacious cruelty.� �Audacious prate.� Shak. Au�da�cious�ly, adv. In an audacious manner; with excess of boldness; impudently. Au�da�cious�ness, n. The quality of being audacious; impudence; audacity. Au�dac�i�ty (?), n. 1. Daring spirit, resolution, or confidence; venturesomeness. The freedom and audacity necessary in the commerce of men. Tatler. 2. Reckless daring; presumptuous impudence; � implying a contempt of law or moral restraints. With the most arrogant audacity. Joye. Au�di�bil�i�ty (?), n. The quality of being audible; power of being heard; audible capacity. Au�di�ble (?), a. [LL. audibilis, fr. L. audire, auditum, to hear: cf. Gr. ? ear, L. auris, and E. ear.] Capable of being heard; loud enough to be heard; actually heard; as, an audible voice or whisper. Au�di�ble, n. That which may be heard. [Obs.] Visibles are swiftlier carried to the sense than audibles. Bacon. Au�di�ble�ness, n. The quality of being audible. Au�di�bly, adv. So as to be heard. Au�di�ence (?), n. [F. audience, L. audientia, fr. audire to hear. See Audible, a.] 1. The act of hearing; attention to sounds. Thou, therefore, give due audience, and attend. Milton. 2. Admittance to a hearing; a formal interview, esp. with a sovereign or the head of a government, for conference or the transaction of business. According to the fair play of the world, Let me have audience: I am sent to speak. Shak. 3. An auditory; an assembly of hearers. Also applied by authors to their readers. Fit audience find, though few. Milton. He drew his audience upward to the sky. Dryden. Court of audience, or Audience court (Eng.), a court long since disused, belonging to the Archbishop of Canterbury; also, one belonging to the Archbishop of York. Mozley & W. � In general (or open) audience, publicly. � To give audience, to listen; to admit to an interview. Au�di�ent (?), a. [L. audiens, p. pr. of audire. See Audible, a.] Listening; paying attention; as, audient souls. Mrs. Browning. Au�di�ent, n. A hearer; especially a catechumen in the early church. [Obs.] Shelton. Au�di�om�e�ter (?), n. [L. audire to hear + �meter.] (Acous.) An instrument by which the power of hearing can be gauged and recorded on a scale. Au�di�phone (?), n. [L. audire to hear + Gr. ? sound.] An instrument which, placed against the teeth, conveys sound to the auditory nerve and enables the deaf to hear more or less distinctly; a dentiphone. Au�dit (?), n. [L. auditus a hearing, fr. audire. See Audible, a.] 1. An audience; a hearing. [Obs.] He appeals to a high audit. Milton. 2. An examination in general; a judicial examination. Specifically: An examination of an account or of accounts, with the hearing of the parties concerned, by proper officers, or persons appointed for that purpose, who compare the charges with the vouchers, examine witnesses, and state the result. 3. The result of such an examination, or an account as adjusted by auditors; final account. Yet I can make my audit up. Shak. 4. A general receptacle or receiver. [Obs.] It [a little brook] paid to its common audit no more than the revenues of a little cloud. Jer. Taylor. Audit ale, a kind of ale, brewed at the English universities, orig. for the day of audit. � Audit house, Audit room, an appendage to a cathedral, for the transaction of its business. Au�dit (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Audited; p. pr. & vb. n. Auditing.] To examine and adjust, as an account or accounts; as, to audit the accounts of a treasure, or of parties who have a suit depending in court. Au�dit, v. i. To settle or adjust an account. Let Hocus audit; he knows how the money was disbursed. Arbuthnot. � Au�di�ta que�re�la (?). [L., the complaint having been heard.] (Law) A writ which lies for a party against whom judgment is recovered, but to whom good matter of discharge has subsequently accrued which could not have been availed of to prevent such judgment. Wharton. Au�di�tion (?), n. [L. auditio.] The act of hearing or listening; hearing. Audition may be active or passive; hence the difference between listening and simple hearing. Dunglison. Au�di�tive (?), a. [Cf. F. auditif.] Of or pertaining to hearing; auditory. [R.] Cotgrave. Au�di�tor (?), n. [L. auditor, fr. audire. See Audible, a.] 1. A hearer or listener. Macaulay. 2. A person appointed and authorized to audit or examine an account or accounts, compare the charges with the vouchers, examine the parties and witnesses, allow or reject charges, and state the balance. 3. One who hears judicially, as in an audience court. � In the United States government, and in the State governments, there are auditors of the treasury and of the public accounts. The name is also applied to persons employed to check the accounts of courts, corporations, companies, societies, and partnerships. Au�di�to�ri�al (?), a. Auditory. [R.] Au�di�to�ri�um (?), n. [L. See Auditory, n.] The part of a church, theater, or other public building, assigned to the audience. � In ancient churches the auditorium was the nave, where hearers stood to be instructed; in monasteries it was an apartment for the reception of strangers. Au�di�tor�ship (?), n. The office or function of auditor. Au�di�to�ry (?), a. [L. auditorius.] Of or pertaining to hearing, or to the sense or organs of hearing; as, the auditory nerve. See Ear. Auditory canal (Anat.), the tube from the auditory meatus or opening of the ear to the tympanic membrane. Au�di�to�ry, n. [L. auditorium.] 1. An assembly of hearers; an audience. 2. An auditorium. Udall. Au�di�tress (?), n. A female hearer. Milton. Au�dit�u�al (?), a. Auditory. [R.] Coleridge. Auf (?), n. [OE. auph, aulf, fr. Icel. �lfr elf. See Elf.] [Also spelt oaf, ouphe.] A changeling or elf child, � that is, one left by fairies; a deformed or foolish child; a simpleton; an oaf. [Obs.] Drayton. � Au� fait� (?). [F. Lit., to the deed, act, or point. Fait is fr. L. factum. See Fact.] Expert; skillful; well instructed. Au�ge�an (?), a. 1. (Class. Myth.) Of or pertaining to Augeus, king of Elis, whose stable contained 3000 oxen, and had not been cleaned for 30 years. Hercules cleansed it in a single day. 2. Hence: Exceedingly filthy or corrupt. Augean stable (Fig.), an accumulation of corruption or filth almost beyond the power of man to remedy. Au�ger (?), n. [OE. augoure, nauger, AS. nafeg�r, fr. nafu, nafa, nave of a wheel + g�r spear, and therefore meaning properly and originally a nave�bore. See Nave (of a wheel) and 2d Gore, n.] 1. A carpenter's tool for boring holes larger than those bored by a gimlet. It has a handle placed crosswise by which it is turned with both hands. A pod auger is one with a straight channel or groove, like the half of a bean pod. A screw auger has a twisted blade, by the spiral groove of which the chips are discharge. 2. An instrument for boring or perforating soils or rocks, for determining the quality of soils, or the nature of the rocks or strata upon which they lie, and for obtaining water. Auger bit, a bit with a cutting edge or blade like that of an anger. � Au�get� (?), n. [F., dim. of auge trough, fr. L. alveus hollow, fr. alvus belly.] (Mining) A priming tube connecting the charge chamber with the gallery, or place where the slow match is applied. Knight. Aught (?), Aucht (?), n. [AS. ?ht, fr. �gan to own, p. p. �hte.] Property; possession. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. Aught (?), n. [OE. aught, ought, awiht, AS. �wiht, � ever + wiht. ?136. See Aye ever, and Whit, Wight.] Anything; any part. [Also written ought.] There failed not aught of any good thing which the Lord has spoken. Josh. xxi. 45 But go, my son, and see if aught be wanting. Addison. <-- p. 101 --> Aught (?), adv. At all; in any degree. Chaucer. Au�gite (?), n. [L. augites, Gr. ?, fr. ? brightness: cf. F. augite.] A variety of pyroxene, usually of a black or dark green color, occurring in igneous rocks, such as basalt; � also used instead of the general term pyroxene. Au�git�ic (?), a. Pertaining to, or like, augite; containing augite as a principal constituent; as, augitic rocks. Aug�ment� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Augmented; p. pr. & vb. n. Augmenting.] [L. augmentare, fr. augmentum an increase, fr. augere to increase; perh. akin to Gr. ?, ?, E. wax, v., and eke, v.: cf. F. augmenter.] 1. To enlarge or increase in size, amount, or degree; to swell; to make bigger; as, to augment an army by re�forcements; rain augments a stream; impatience augments an evil. But their spite still serves His glory to augment. Milton. 2. (Gram.) To add an ~ to. Aug�ment�, v. i. To increase; to grow larger, stronger, or more intense; as, a stream augments by rain. Aug�ment (?), n. [L. augmentum: cf. F. augment.] 1. Enlargement by addition; increase. 2. (Gram.) A vowel prefixed, or a lengthening of the initial vowel, to mark past time, as in Greek and Sanskrit verbs. � In Greek, the syllabic augment is a prefixed ?, forming an intial syllable; the temporal augment is an increase of the quantity (time) of an initial vowel, as by changing ? to ?. Aug�ment�a�ble (?), a. Capable of augmentation. Walsh. Aug�men�ta�tion (?), n. [LL. augmentatio: cf. F. augmentation.] 1. The act or process of augmenting, or making larger, by addition, expansion, or dilation; increase. 2. The state of being augmented; enlargement. 3. The thing added by way of enlargement. 4. (Her.) A additional charge to a coat of arms, given as a mark of honor. Cussans. 5. (Med.) The stage of a disease in which the symptoms go on increasing. Dunglison. 6. (Mus.) In counterpoint and fugue, a repetition of the subject in tones of twice the original length. Augmentation court (Eng. Hist.), a court erected by Stat. 27 Hen. VIII., to augment to revenues of the crown by the suppression of monasteries. It was long ago dissolved. Encyc. Brit. Syn. - Increase; enlargement; growth; extension; accession; addition. Aug�ment�a�tive (?), a. [Cf. F. augmentatif.] Having the quality or power of augmenting; expressing augmentation. � Aug�ment�a�tive�ly, adv. Aug�ment�a�tive, n. (Gram.) A word which expresses with augmented force the idea or the properties of the term from which it is derived; as, dullard, one very dull. Opposed to diminutive. Gibbs. Aug�ment�er (?), n. One who, or that which, augments or increases anything. Au�grim (?), n. See Algorism. [Obs.] Chaucer. � stones, pebbles formerly used in numeration. � Noumbres of ~, Arabic numerals. Chaucer. Au�gur (?), n. [L. Of uncertain origin: the first part of the word is perh. fr. L. avis bird, and the last syllable, gur, equiv. to the Skr. gar to call, akin to L. garrulus garrulous.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) An official diviner who foretold events by the singing, chattering, flight, and feeding of birds, or by signs or omens derived from celestial phenomena, certain appearances of quadrupeds, or unusual occurrences. 2. One who foretells events by omens; a soothsayer; a diviner; a prophet. Augur of ill, whose tongue was never found Without a priestly curse or boding sound. Dryden. Au�gur, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Augured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Auguring.] 1. To conjecture from signs or omens; to prognosticate; to foreshow. My auguring mind assures the same success. Dryden. 2. To anticipate, to foretell, or to indicate a favorable or an unfavorable issue; as, to augur well or ill. Au�gur, v. t. To predict or foretell, as from signs or omens; to betoken; to presage; to infer. It seems to augur genius. Sir W. Scott. I augur everything from the approbation the proposal has met with. J. F. W. Herschel. Syn. - To predict; forebode; betoken; portend; presage; prognosticate; prophesy; forewarn. Au�gu�ral (?), a. [L. auguralis.] Of or pertaining to augurs or to augury; betokening; ominous; significant; as, an augural staff; augural books. �Portents augural.� Cowper. Au�gu�rate (?), v. t. & i. [L. auguratus, p. p. of augurari to augur.] To make or take auguries; to augur; to predict. [Obs.] C. Middleton. Au�gu�rate (?), n. The office of an augur. Merivale. Au�gu�ra�tion (?), n. [L. auguratio.] The practice of augury. Au�gur�er (?), n. An augur. [Obs.] Shak. Au�gu�ri�al (?), a. [L. augurialis.] Relating to augurs or to augury. Sir T. Browne. Au�gu�rist (?), n. An augur. [R.] An�gur�ize (?), v. t. To augur. [Obs.] Blount. Au�gu�rous (?), a. Full of augury; foreboding. [Obs.] �Augurous hearts.� Chapman. Au�gur�ship (?), n. The office, or period of office, of an augur. Bacon. Au�gu�ry (?), n.; pl. Auguries (?). [L. aucurium.] 1. The art or practice of foretelling events by observing the actions of birds, etc.; divination. 2. An omen; prediction; prognostication; indication of the future; presage. From their flight strange auguries she drew. Drayton. He resigned himself... with a docility that gave little augury of his future greatness. Prescott. 3. A rite, ceremony, or observation of an augur. Au�gust� (?), a. [L. augustus; cf. augere to increase; in the language of religion, to honor by offerings: cf. F. auguste. See Augment.] Of a quality inspiring mingled admiration and reverence; having an aspect of solemn dignity or grandeur; sublime; majestic; having exalted birth, character, state, or authority. �Forms august.� Pope. �August in visage.� Dryden. �To shed that august blood.� Macaulay. So beautiful and so august a spectacle. Burke. To mingle with a body so august. Byron. Syn. - Grand; magnificent; majestic; solemn; awful; noble; stately; dignified; imposing. Au�gust (?), n. [L. Augustus. See note below, and August, a.] The eighth month of the year, containing thirty�one days. � The old Roman name was Sextilis, the sixth month from March, the month in which the primitive Romans, as well as Jews, began the year. The name was changed to August in honor of Augustus C�sar, the first emperor of Rome, on account of his victories, and his entering on his first consulate in that month. Au�gus�tan (?), a. [L. Augustanus, fr. Augustus. See August, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to Augustus C�sar or to his times. 2. Of or pertaining to the town of Augsburg. Augustan age of any national literature, the period of its highest state of purity and refinement; � so called because the reign of Augustus C�sar was the golden age of Roman literature. Thus the reign of Louis XIV. (b. 1638) has been called the Augustan age of French literature, and that of Queen Anne (b. 1664) the Augustan age of English literature. � Augustan confession (Eccl. Hist.), or confession of Augsburg, drawn up at Augusta Vindelicorum, or Augsburg, by Luther and Melanchthon, in 1530, contains the principles of the Protestants, and their reasons for separating from the Roman Catholic church. Au�gus�tine (?), Au�gus�tin�i�an (?), } n. (Eccl.) A member of one of the religious orders called after St. Augustine; an Austin friar. Au�gus�tin�i�an, a. Of or pertaining to St. Augustine, bishop of Hippo in Northern Africa (b. 354 � d. 430), or to his doctrines. � canons, an order of monks once popular in England and Ireland; � called also regular canons of. Austin, and black canons. � � hermits or Austin friars, an order of friars established in 1265 by Pope Alexander IV. It was introduced into the United States from Ireland in 1790. � � nuns, an order of nuns following the rule of St. Augustine. � � rule, a rule for religious communities based upon the 109th letter of St. Augustine, and adopted by the � orders. Au�gus�tin�i�an, n. One of a class of divines, who, following St. Augustine, maintain that grace by its nature is effectual absolutely and creatively, not relatively and conditionally. Au�gus�tin�i�an�ism (?), Au�gus�tin�ism, n. The doctrines held by Augustine or by the Augustinians. Au�gust�ly , adv. In an august manner. Au�gust�ness, n. The quality of being august; dignity of mien; grandeur; magnificence. Auk (?), n. [Prov. E. alk; akin to Dan. alke, Icel. & Sw. alka.] (Zo�l.) A name given to various species of arctic sea birds of the family Alcid�. The great ~, now extinct, is Alca (or Plautus) impennis. The razor�billed auk is A. torda. See Puffin, Guillemot, and Murre. Auk�ward (?), a. See Awkward. [Obs.] Au�la�ri�an (?), a. [L. aula hall. Cf. LL. aularis of a court.] Relating to a hall. Au�la�ri�an, n. At Oxford, England, a member of a hall, distinguished from a collegian. Chalmers. Auld (?), a. [See Old.] Old; as, Auld Reekie (old smoky), i. e., Edinburgh. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Auld� lang syne� (?). A Scottish phrase used in recalling recollections of times long since past. �The days of auld lang syne.� Au�let�ic (?), a. [L. auleticus, Gr. ?, fr. ? flute.] Of or pertaining to a pipe (flute) or piper. [R.] Ash. Au�lic , a. [L. aulicus, Gr. ?, fr. ? hall, court, royal court.] Pertaining to a royal court. Ecclesiastical wealth and aulic dignities. Landor. Aulic council (Hist.), a supreme court of the old German empire; properly the supreme court of the emperor. It ceased at the death of each emperor, and was renewed by his successor. It became extinct when the German empire was dissolved, in 1806. The term is now applied to a council of the war department of the Austrian empire, and the members of different provincial chanceries of that empire are called aulic councilors. P. Cyc. Au�lic, n. The ceremony observed in conferring the degree of doctor of divinity in some European universities. It begins by a harangue of the chancellor addressed to the young doctor, who then receives the cap, and presides at the disputation (also called the aulic). Auln (?), n. An ell. [Obs.] See Aune. Aul�nage (?), Aul�na�ger (?), } n. See Alnage and Alnager. Aum (?), n. Same as Aam. Au�mail� (?), v. t. [OE. for amel, enamel.] To figure or variegate. [Obs.] Spenser. Aum�bry (?), n. Same as Ambry. Au�me�ry (?), n. A form of Ambry, a closet; but confused with Almonry, as if a place for alms. Aun�cel (?), n. A rude balance for weighing, and a kind of weight, formerly used in England. Halliwell. Aun�cet�ry (?), n. Ancestry. [Obs.] Chaucer. � Aune (?), n. [F. See Alnage.] A French cloth measure, of different parts of the country (at Paris, 0.95 of an English ell); � now superseded by the meter. Aunt (?), n. [OF. ante, F. tante, L. amita father's sister. Cf. Amma.] 1. The sister of one's father or mother; � correlative to nephew or niece. Also applied to an uncle's wife. � Aunt is sometimes applied as a title or term of endearment to a kind elderly woman not thus related. 2. An old woman; and old gossip. [Obs.] Shak. 3. A bawd, or a prostitute. [Obs.] Shak. Aunt Sally, a puppet head placed on a pole and having a pipe in its mouth; also a game, which consists in trying to hit the pipe by throwing short bludgeons at it. Aunt�ter (?), n. Adventure; hap. [Obs.] In aunters, perchance. Aun�ter, Aun�tre } (?), v. t. [See Adventure.] To venture; to dare. [Obs.] Chaucer. Aunt�ie, Aunt�y } (?), n. A familiar name for an aunt. In the southern United States a familiar term applied to aged negro women. Aun�trous (?), a. Adventurous. [Obs.] Chaucer. � Au�ra (?), n.; pl. Aur� (?). [L. aura air, akin to Gr. ?.] 1. Any subtile, invisible emanation, effluvium, or exhalation from a substance, as the aroma of flowers, the odor of the blood, a supposed fertilizing emanation from the pollen of flowers, etc. 2. (Med.) The peculiar sensation, as of a light vapor, or cold air, rising from the trunk or limbs towards the head, a premonitory symptom of epilepsy or hysterics. Electric ~, a supposed electric fluid, emanating from an electrified body, and forming a mass surrounding it, called the electric atmosphere. See Atmosphere, 2. Au�ral (?), a. [L. aura air.] Of or pertaining to the air, or to an aura. Au�ral, a. [L. auris ear.] Of or pertaining to the ear; as, aural medicine and surgery. Au�ran�ti�a�ceous (?), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the Aurantiace�, an order of plants (formerly considered natural), of which the orange is the type. Au�rate (?), n. [L. auratus, p. p. of aurare to gild, fr. aurum gold: cf. F. aurate.] (Chem.) A combination of auric acid with a base; as, aurate or potassium. Au�ra�ted (?), a. [See Aurate.] 1. Resembling or containing gold; gold�colored; gilded. 2.�(Chem.) Combined with auric acid. Au�ra�ted (?), a. Having ears. See Aurited. Au�re�ate (?), a. [L. aureatus, fr. aureus golden, fr. aurum gold.] Golden; gilded. Skelton. � Au�re�li�a (?; 106), n. [NL., fr. L. aurum gold: cf. F. aur�lie. Cf. Chrysalis.] (Zo�l.) (a) The chrysalis, or pupa of an insect, esp. when reflecting a brilliant golden color, as that of some of the butterflies. (b) A genus of jellyfishes. See Discophora. Au�re�li�an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the aurelia. Au�re�li�an, n. An amateur collector and breeder of insects, esp. of butterflies and moths; a lepidopterist. � Au�re�o�la (?), Au�re�ole (?), } n. [F. aur�ole, fr. L. aureola, (fem adj.) of gold (sc. corona crown), dim. of aureus. See Aureate, Oriole.] 1. (R. C. Theol.) A celestial crown or accidental glory added to the bliss of heaven, as a reward to those (as virgins, martyrs, preachers, etc.) who have overcome the world, the flesh, and the devil. 2. The circle of rays, or halo of light, with which painters surround the figure and represent the glory of Christ, saints, and others held in special reverence. � Limited to the head, it is strictly termed a nimbus; when it envelops the whole body, an aureola. Fairholt. 3. A halo, actual or figurative. The glorious aureole of light seen around the sun during total eclipses. Proctor. The aureole of young womanhood. O. W. Holmes. 4.�(Anat.) See Areola, 2. Au�ric (?), a. [L. aurum gold.] 1. Of or pertaining to gold. 2. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, gold; � said of those compounds of gold in which this element has its higher valence; as, auric oxide; auric chloride. Au�ri�chal�ce�ous (?), a. [L. aurichalcum, for orichalcum brass.] (Zo�l.) Brass�colored. Au�ri�chal�cite (?), n. [See Aurichalceous.] (Min.) A hydrous carbonate of copper and zinc, found in pale green or blue crystalline aggregations. It yields a kind of brass on reduction. Au�ri�cle (?), n. [L. auricula, dim. of auris ear. See Ear.] 1.�(Anat.) (a) The external ear, or that part of the ear which is prominent from the head. (b) The chamber, or one of the two chambers, of the heart, by which the blood is received and transmitted to the ventricle or ventricles; � so called from its resemblance to the auricle or external ear of some quadrupeds. See Heart. 2.�(Zo�l.) An angular or ear�shaped lobe. 3. An instrument applied to the ears to give aid in hearing; a kind of ear trumpet. Mansfield. Au�ri�cled (?), a.�Having ear�shaped appendages or lobes; auriculate; as, auricled leaves. � Au�ric�u�la (?), n.; pl. L. Auricul� (?), E. Auriculas (?). [L. auricula. See Auricle.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A species of Primula, or primrose, called also, from the shape of its leaves, bear's�ear. (b) (b) A species of Hirneola (H. auricula), a membranaceous fungus, called also auricula Jud�, or Jew's�ear. P. Cyc. 2.�(Zo�l.) (a) A genus of air�breathing mollusks mostly found near the sea, where the water is brackish <-- p. 102 --> Au�ric�u�lar (?), a. [LL. auricularis: cf. F. auriculaire. See Auricle.] 1. Of or pertaining to the ear, or to the sense of hearing; as, auricular nerves. 2. Told in the ear, i. e., told privately; as, auricular confession to the priest. This next chapter is a penitent confession of the king, and the strangest... that ever was auricular. Milton. 3. Recognized by the ear; known by the sense of hearing; as, auricular evidence. �Auricular assurance.� Shak. 4. Received by the ear; known by report. �Auricular traditions.� Bacon. 5. (Anat.) Pertaining to the auricles of the heart. Auricular finger, the little finger; so called because it can be readily introduced into the ear passage. � Au�ric�u�la�ri�a (?), n. pl. [Neut. pl., fr. LL. auricularis.] (Zo�l.) A kind of holothurian larva, with soft, blunt appendages. See Illustration in Appendix. Au�ric�u�lar�ly, adv. In an auricular manner. Au�ric�u�lars (?), n. pl. (Zo�l.) A circle of feathers surrounding the opening of the ear of birds. Au�ric�u�late (?), Au�ric�u�la�ted (?), } a. [See Auricle.] (Biol.) Having ears or appendages like ears; eared. Esp.: (a) (Bot.) Having lobes or appendages like the ear; shaped like the ear; auricled. (b) (Zo�l.) Having an angular projection on one or both sides, as in certain bivalve shells, the foot of some gastropods, etc. Auriculate leaf, one having small appended leaves or lobes on each side of its petiole or base. Au�rif�er�ous (?), a. [L. aurifer; aurum gold + ferre to bear: cf. F. aurif�re.] Gold�bearing; containing or producing gold. Whence many a bursting stream auriferous plays. Thomson. � pyrites, iron pyrites (iron disulphide), containing some gold disseminated through it. Au�ri�flamme (?), n. See Oriflamme. Au�ri�form (?), a. [L. auris ear + �form.] Having the form of the human ear; ear�shaped. � Au�ri�ga (?), n. [L., charioteer.] (Anat.) The Charioteer, or Wagoner, a constellation in the northern hemisphere, situated between Perseus and Gemini. It contains the bright star Capella. Au�ri�gal (?), a. [L. aurigalis.] Of or pertaining to a chariot. [R.] Au�ri�ga�tion (?), n. [L. aurigatio, fr. aurigare to be a charioteer, fr. auriga.] The act of driving a chariot or a carriage. [R.] De Quincey. Au�rig�ra�phy (?), n. [L. aurum gold + �graphy.] The art of writing with or in gold. Au�rin (?), n. [L. aurum gold.] (Chem.) A red coloring matter derived from phenol; � called also, in commerce, yellow coralin. Au�ri�phryg�i�ate (?), a. [LL. auriphrigiatus; L. aurum gold + LL. phrygiare to adorn with Phrygian needlework, or with embroidery; perhaps corrupted from some other word. Cf. Orfrays.] Embroidered or decorated with gold. [R.] Southey. Au�ri�pig�ment (?), n. See Orpiment. [Obs.] Au�ri�scalp (?), n. [L. auris ear + scalpere to scrape.] An earpick. Au�ri�scope (?), n. [L. auris + �scope.] (Med.) An instrument for examining the condition of the ear. Au�ris�co�py (?), n. Examination of the ear by the aid of the auriscope. Au�rist (?), n. [L. auris ear.] One skilled in treating and curing disorders of the ear. Au�ri�ted (?), a. [L. auritus, fr. auris ear.] (Zo�l.) Having lobes like the ear; auriculate. Au�riv�o�rous (?), a. [L. aurum gold + vorare to devour.] Gold�devouring. [R.] H. Walpole. Au�ro�ceph�a�lous (?), a. [Aurum + cephalous.] (Zo�l.) Having a gold�colored head. Au�ro�chlo�ride (?), n. [Aurum + chloride.] (Chem.) The trichloride of gold combination with the chloride of another metal, forming a double chloride; � called also chloraurate. Au�rochs (?), n. [G. auerochs, OHG. ?rohso; ?r (cf. AS. ?r) + ohso ox, G. ochs. Cf. Owre, Ox.] (Zo�l.) The European bison (Bison bonasus, or Europ�us), once widely distributed, but now nearly extinct, except where protected in the Lithuanian forests, and perhaps in the Caucasus. It is distinct from the Urus of C�sar, with which it has often been confused. Au�ro�cy�a�nide (?), n. [Aurum + cyanide.] (Chem.) A double cyanide of gold and some other metal or radical; � called also cyanaurate. Au�ro�ra (?), n.; pl. E. Auroras (?), L. (rarely used) Auror� (?). [L. aurora, for ausosa, akin to Gr. ?, ?, dawn, Skr. ushas, and E. east.] 1. The rising light of the morning; the dawn of day; the redness of the sky just before the sun rises. 2. The rise, dawn, or beginning. Hawthorne. 3. (Class. Myth.) The Roman personification of the dawn of day; the goddess of the morning. The poets represented her a rising out of the ocean, in a chariot, with rosy fingers dropping gentle dew. 4. (Bot.) A species of crowfoot. Johnson. 5. The aurora borealis or ~ australis (northern or southern lights). Aurora borealis (?), i. e., northern daybreak; popularly called northern lights. A luminous meteoric phenomenon, visible only at night, and supposed to be of electrical origin. This species of light usually appears in streams, ascending toward the zenith from a dusky line or bank, a few degrees above the northern horizon; when reaching south beyond the zenith, it forms what is called the corona, about a spot in the heavens toward which the dipping needle points. Occasionally the ~ appears as an arch of light across the heavens from east to west. Sometimes it assumes a wavy appearance, and the streams of light are then called merry dancers. They assume a variety of colors, from a pale red or yellow to a deep red or blood color. The Aurora australis (?) is a corresponding phenomenon in the southern hemisphere, the streams of light ascending in the same manner from near the southern horizon. Au�ro�ral (?). a. Belonging to, or resembling, the aurora (the drawn or the northern lights); rosy. Her cheeks suffused with an auroral blush. Longfellow. Au�rous (?), a. 1. Containing gold. 2. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, gold; � said of those compounds of gold in which this element has its lower valence; as, aurous oxide. � Au�rum (?), n. [L.] Gold. � fulminans (?). See Fulminate. � � mosaicum (?). See Mosaic. Aus�cult� (?), v. i. & t. To auscultate. Aus�cul�tate (?), v. i. & t. To practice auscultation; to examine by auscultation. Aus�cul�ta�tion (?), n. [L. ausculcatio, fr. auscultare to listen, fr. a dim. of auris, orig. ausis, ear. See Auricle, and cf. Scout, n.] 1. The act of listening or hearkening to. Hickes. 2. (Med.) An examination by listening either directly with the ear (immediate auscultation) applied to parts of the body, as the abdomen; or with the stethoscope (mediate ~), in order to distinguish sounds recognized as a sign of health or of disease. Aus�cul�ta�tor (?), n. One who practices auscultation. Aus�cul�ta�to�ry (?), a. Of or pertaining to auscultation. Dunglison. Au�so�ni�an (?), a. [L. Ausonia, poetic name for Italy.] Italian. Milton. Aus�pi�cate (?), a. [L. auspicatus, p. p. of auspicari to take auspices, fr. auspex a bird seer, an augur, a contr. of avispex; avis bird + specere, spicere, to view. See Aviary, Spy.] Auspicious. [Obs.] Holland. Aus�pi�cate (?), v. t. 1. To foreshow; to foretoken. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. To give a favorable turn to in commencing; to inaugurate; � a sense derived from the Roman practice of taking the auspicium, or inspection of birds, before undertaking any important business. They auspicate all their proceedings. Burke. Aus�pice (?), n.; pl. Auspices (?). [L. auspicium, fr. auspex: cf. F. auspice. See Auspicate, a.] 1. A divining or taking of omens by observing birds; an omen as to an undertaking, drawn from birds; an augury; an omen or sign in general; an indication as to the future. 2. Protection; patronage and care; guidance. Which by his auspice they will nobler make. Dryden. � In this sense the word is generally plural, auspices; as, under the auspices of the king. Aus�pi�cial (?), a. Of or pertaining to auspices; auspicious. [R.] Aus�pi�cious (?), a. [See Auspice.] 1. Having omens or tokens of a favorable issue; giving promise of success, prosperity, or happiness; predicting good; as, an auspicious beginning. Auspicious union of order and freedom. Macaulay. 2. Prosperous; fortunate; as, auspicious years. �Auspicious chief.� Dryden. 3. Favoring; favorable; propitious; � applied to persons or things. �Thy auspicious mistress.� Shak. �Auspicious gales.� Pope. Syn. - See Propitious. � Aus�pi�cious�ly, adv. � Aus�pi�cious�ness, n. � Aus�ter (?), n. [L. auster a dry, hot, south wind; the south.] The south wind. Pope. Aus�tere� (?), [F. aust�re, L. austerus, fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? to parch, dry. Cf. Sear.] 1. Sour and astringent; rough to the state; having acerbity; as, an austere crab apple; austere wine. 2. Severe in modes of judging, or living, or acting; rigid; rigorous; stern; as, an austere man, look, life. From whom the austere Etrurian virtue rose. Dryden. 3. Unadorned; unembellished; severely simple. Syn. - Harsh; sour; rough; rigid; stern; severe; rigorous; strict. Aus�tere�ly, adv. Severely; rigidly; sternly. A doctrine austerely logical. Macaulay. Aus�tere�ness, n. 1. Harshness or astringent sourness to the taste; acerbity. Johnson. 2. Severity; strictness; austerity. Shak. Aus�ter�i�ty (?), n.; pl. Austeries (?). [F. aust�rit�, L. austerias, fr. austerus. See Austere.] 1. Sourness and harshness to the taste. [Obs.] Horsley. 2. Severity of manners or life; extreme rigor or strictness; harsh discipline. The austerity of John the Baptist. Milton. 3. Plainness; freedom from adornment; severe simplicity. Partly owing to the studied austerity of her dress, and partly to the lack of demonstration in her manners. Hawthorne. Aus�tin (?), a. Augustinian; as, Austin friars. Aus�tral (?), a. [L. australis, fr. auster: cf. F. austral.] Southern; lying or being in the south; as, austral land; austral ocean. Austral signs (Astron.), the last six signs of the zodiac, or those south of the equator. Aus�tral�a�sian (?), a. Of or pertaining to Australasia; as, Australasian regions. � n. A native or an inhabitant of Australasia. Aus�tra�li�an (?), a. [From L. Terra Australis southern land.] Of or pertaining to Australia. � n. A native or an inhabitant of Australia. Aus�tral�ize (?), v. i. [See Austral.] To tend toward the south pole, as a magnet. [Obs.] They [magnets] do septentrionate at one extreme, and australize at another. Sir T. Browne. Aus�tri�an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Austria, or to its inhabitants. � n. A native or an inhabitant of Austria. Aus�trine (?), n. [L. austrinus, from auster south.] Southern; southerly; austral. [Obs.] Bailey. Aus�tro�Hun�ga�ri�an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the monarchy composed of Austria and Hungary. Aus�tro�man�cy (?), n. [L. auster south wind + �mancy.] Soothsaying, or prediction of events, from observation of the winds. Au�tar�chy (?), n. [Gr. ? independence; ? self + ? to sufficient.] Self�sufficiency. [Obs.] Milton. Au�then�tic (?), a. [OE. autentik, OF. autentique, F. authentique, L. authenticus coming from the real another, of original or firsthand authority, from Gr. ?, fr. ? suicide, a perpetrator or real author of any act, an absolute master; ? self + a form ? (not found), akin to L. sons and perh. orig. from the p. pr. of ? to be, root as, and meaning the one it really is. See Am, Sin, n., and cf. Effendi.] 1. Having a genuine original or authority, in opposition to that which is false, fictitious, counterfeit, or apocryphal; being what it purports to be; genuine; not of doubtful origin; real; as, an authentic paper or register. To be avenged On him who had stole Jove's authentic fire. Milton. 2. Authoritative. [Obs.] Milton. 3. Of approved authority; true; trustworthy; credible; as, an authentic writer; an authentic portrait; authentic information. 4. (Law) Vested with all due formalities, and legally attested. 5. (Mus.) Having as immediate relation to the tonic, in distinction from plagal, which has a correspondent relation to the dominant in the octave below the tonic. Syn. - Authentic, Genuine,. These words, as here compared, have reference to historical documents. We call a document genuine when it can be traced back ultimately to the author or authors from whom it professes to emanate. Hence, the word has the meaning, �not changed from the original, uncorrupted, unadulterated:� as, a genuine text. We call a document authentic when, on the ground of its being thus traced back, it may be relied on as true and authoritative (from the primary sense of �having an author, vouched for�); hence its extended signification, in general literature, of trustworthy, as resting on unquestionable authority or evidence; as, an authentic history; an authentic report of facts. A genuine book is that which was written by the person whose name it bears, as the author of it. An authentic book is that which relates matters of fact as they ?eally happened. A book may be genuine without being, authentic, and a book may be authentic without being genuine. Bp. Watson. It may be said, however, that some writers use authentic (as, an authentic document) in the sense of �produced by its professed author, not counterfeit.� Au�then�tic, n. An original (book or document). [Obs.] �Authentics and transcripts.� Fuller. Au�then�tic�al (?), a. Authentic. [Archaic] Au�then�tic�al�ly, adv. In an authentic manner; with the requisite or genuine authority. Au�then�tic�al�ness, n. The quality of being authentic; authenticity. [R.] Barrow. Au�then�ti�cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Authenticated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Authenticating (?).] [Cf. LL. authenticare.] 1. To render authentic; to give authority to, by the proof, attestation, or formalities required by law, or sufficient to entitle to credit. The king serves only as a notary to authenticate the choice of judges. Burke. 2. To prove authentic; to determine as real and true; as, to authenticate a portrait. Walpole. Au�then�tic�i�ty (?), n. [Cf. F. authenticit�.] 1. The quality of being authentic or of established authority for truth and correctness. 2. Genuineness; the quality of being genuine or not corrupted from the original. � In later writers, especially those on the evidences of Christianity, authenticity is often restricted in its use to the first of the above meanings, and distinguished from qenuineness. Au�then�tic�ly (?), adv. Authentically. Au�then�tic�ness, n The quality of being authentic; authenticity. [R.] Hammond. Au�then�tics (?), n. (Ciwil Law) A collection of the Novels or New Constitutions of Justinian, by an anonymous author; � so called on account of its authencity. Bouvier. Au�thor (?), n. [OE. authour, autour, OF. autor, F. auteur, fr. L. auctor, sometimes, but erroneously, written autor or author, fr. augere to increase, to produce. See Auction, n.] 1. The beginner, former, or first ???er of anything; hence, the efficient cause of a thing; a creator; an originator. <-- p. 103 --> Eternal King; thee, Author of all being. Milton. 2. One who composes or writers a book; a composer, as distinguished from an editor, translator, or compiler. The chief glory every people arises from its authors. Johnson. 3. The editor of a periodical. [Obs.] 4. An informant. [Archaic] Chaucer. Au�thor (?), v. t. 1. To occasion; to originate. [Obs.] Such an overthrow... I have authored. Chapman. 2. To tell; to say; to declare. [Obs.] More of him I dare not author. Massinger. Au�thor�ess, n. A female author. Glover. � The word is not very much used, author being commonly applied to a female writer as well as to a male. Au�tho�ri�al (?), a. Of or pertaining to an author. �The authorial ?we.'� Hare. Au�thor�ism (?), n. Authoriship. [R.] Au�thor�i�ta�tive (?), a. 1. Having, or proceeding from, due authority; entitled to obedience, credit, or acceptance; determinate; commanding. The sacred functions of authoritative teaching. Barrow. 2. Having an air of authority; positive; dictatorial; peremptory; as, an authoritative tone. The mock authoritative manner of the one, and the insipid mirth of the other. Swift. � Au�thor�i�ta�tive�ly, adv. � Au�thor�i�ta�tive�ness, n. Au�thor�i�ty (?), n.; pl. Authorities (?). [OE. autorite, auctorite, F. autorit�, fr. L. auctoritas, fr. auctor. See Author, n.] 1. Legal or rightful power; a right to command or to act; power exercised buy a person in virtue of his office or trust; dominion; jurisdiction; authorization; as, the authority of a prince over subjects, and of parents over children; the authority of a court. Thus can the demigod, Authority, Make us pay down for our offense. Shak. By what authority doest thou these things ? Matt. xxi. 23. 2. Government; the persons or the body exercising power or command; as, the local authorities of the States; the military authorities. [Chiefly in the plural.] 3. The power derived from opinion, respect, or esteem; influence of character, office, or station, or mental or moral superiority, and the like; claim to be believed or obeyed; as, an historian of no authority; a magistrate of great authority. 4. That which, or one who, is claimed or appealed to in support of opinions, actions, measures, etc. Hence: (a) Testimony; witness. �And on that high authority had believed.� Milton. (b) A precedent; a decision of a court, an official declaration, or an opinion, saying, or statement worthy to be taken as a precedent. (c) A book containing such a statement or opinion, or the author of the book. (d) Justification; warrant. Wilt thou be glass wherein it shall discern Authority for sin, warrant for blame. Shak. Au�thor�i�za�ble (?), a. [LL. authorisabilis.] Capable of being authorized. Hammond. Au�thor�i�za�tion (?), n. [Cf. F. autorisation.] The act of giving authority or legal power; establishment by authority; sanction or warrant. The authorization of laws. Motley. A special authorization from the chief. Merivale. Au�thor�ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Authorized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Authorizing.] [OE. autorize, F. autoriser, fr. LL. auctorizare, authorisare. See Author.] 1. To clothe with authority, warrant, or legal power; to give a right to act; to empower; as, to authorize commissioners to settle a boundary. 2. To make legal; to give legal sanction to; to legalize; as, to authorize a marriage. 3. To establish by authority, as by usage or public opinion; to sanction; as, idioms authorized by usage. 4. To sanction or confirm by the authority of some one; to warrant; as, to authorize a report. A woman's story at a winter's fire, Authorized by her grandam. Shak. 5. To justify; to furnish a ground for. Locke. To ~ one's self, to rely for authority. [Obs.] Authorizing himself, for the most part, upon other histories. Sir P. Sidney. Au�thor�ized (?), a. 1. Possessed of or endowed with authority; as, an authorized agent. 2. Sanctioned by authority. The Authorized Version of the Bible is the English translation of the Bible published in 1611 under sanction of King James I. It was �appointed to be read in churches,� and has been the accepted English Bible. The Revised Version was published in a complete form in 1855. Au�thor�i�zer (?), n. One who authorizes. Au�thor�less, a. Without an author; without authority; anonymous. Au�thor�ly, a. Authorial. [R.] Cowper. Au�thor�ship, n. 1. The quality or state of being an author; function or dignity of an author. 2. Source; origin; origination; as, the authorship of a book or review, or of an act, or state of affairs. Au�tho�type (?), n. A type or block containing a facsimile of an autograph. Knight. Au�to� (?). [Gr. ? self.] A combining form, with the meaning of self, one's self, one's own, itself, its own. Au�to�bi�og�ra�pher (?), n. [Auto� + biographer.] One who writers his own life or biography. Au�to�bi�o�graph�ic (?), Au�to�bi�o�graph�ic�al (?), } a. Pertaining to, or containing, autobiography; as, an autobiographical sketch. �Such traits of the autobiographic sort.� Carlyle. � Au�to�bi�o�graph�ic�al�ly, adv. Au�to�bi�og�ra�phist (?), n. One who writes his own life; an autobiographer. [R.] Au�to�bi�og�ra�phy (?), n. pl. Autobiographies (?). [Auto� + biography.] A biography written by the subject of it; memoirs of one's life written by one's self. Au�to�car�pous (?), Au�to�car�pi�an (?), } a. [Auto� + Gr. ? fruit.] (Bot.) Consisting of the pericarp of the ripened pericarp with no other parts adnate to it, as a peach, a poppy capsule, or a grape. Au�to�ceph�a�lous (?), a. [Gr. ? independent; ? self + ? head.] (Eccl. Hist.) Having its own head; independent of episcopal or patriarchal jurisdiction, as certain Greek churches. Au�to�chron�o�graph (?), n. [Auto� + chronograph.] An instrument for the instantaneous self�recording or printing of time. Knight. Au�toch�thon (?), n.; pl. E. Authochthons (?), L. Autochthones (?). [L., fr. Gr. ?, pl. ?, from the land itself; ? self + ? earth, land.] 1. One who is supposed to rise or spring from the ground or the soil he inhabits; one of the original inhabitants or aborigines; a native; � commonly in the plural. This title was assumed by the ancient Greeks, particularly the Athenians. 2. That which is original to a particular country, or which had there its origin. Au�toch�tho�nal (?), Au�thoch�thon�ic (?), Au�toch�tho�nous (?), } a. Aboriginal; indigenous; native. Au�toch�tho�nism (?), n. The state of being autochthonal. Au�toch�tho�ny, n. An aboriginal or autochthonous condition. Au�to�clave (?), n. [F., fr. Gr. ? self + L. clavis key.] A kind of French stewpan with a steamtight lid. Knight. Au�toc�ra�cy (?), n.; pl. Autocracies. [Gr. ?: cf. F. autocratie. See Autocrat.] 1. Independent or self�derived power; absolute or controlling authority; supremacy. The divine will moves, not by the external impulse or inclination of objects, but determines itself by an absolute autocracy. South. 2. Supreme, uncontrolled, unlimited authority, or right of governing in a single person, as of an autocrat. 3. Political independence or absolute sovereignty (of a state); autonomy. Barlow. 4. (Med.) The action of the vital principle, or of the instinctive powers, toward the preservation of the individual; also, the vital principle. [In this sense, written also autocrasy.] Dunglison. Au�to�crat (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? self + ? strength, ? strong: cf. F. autocrate. See Hard, a.] 1. An absolute sovereign; a monarch who holds and exercises the powers of government by claim of absolute right, not subject to restriction; as, Autocrat of all the Russias (a title of the Czar). 2. One who rules with undisputed sway in any company or relation; a despot. The autocrat of the breakfast table. Holmes. Au�to�crat�ic (?), Au�to�crat�ic�al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to autocracy or to an autocrat; absolute; holding independent and arbitrary powers of government. � Au�to�crat�ic�al�ly, adv. Au�toc�ra�tor (?), n. [Gr. ?.] An autocrat. [Archaic] Au�to�cra�tor�ic�al (?), a. Pertaining to an autocrator; absolute. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. � Au�toc�ra�trix (?), n. [NL.] A female sovereign who is independent and absolute; � a title given to the empresses of Russia. Au�to�crat�ship (?), n. The office or dignity of an autocrat. � Au�to�da�f�� (?), n.; pl. Autos�da�f? (?). [Pg., act of the faith; auto act, fr. L. actus + da of the + f� faith, fr. L. fides.] 1. A judgment of the Inquisition in Spain and Portugal condemning or acquitting persons accused of religious offenses. 2. An execution of such sentence, by the civil power, esp. the burning of a heretic. It was usually held on Sunday, and was made a great public solemnity by impressive forms and ceremonies. 3. A session of the court of Inquisition. � Au�to�de�fe� (?), n.; pl. Autos�de�fe. [Sp., act of faith.] Same as Auto�da�f?. Au�to�di�dact� (?), n. [Gr. ? self�taught.] One who is self�taught; an automath. Au�to�dy�nam�ic (?), a. [Auto� + dynamic.] Supplying its own power; � applied to an instrument of the nature of a water�ram. Au�to�fec�un�da�tion (?), n. [Auto� + fecundation.] (Biol.) Self�impregnation. Darwin. Au�tog�a�mous (?), a. (Bot.) Characterized by autogamy; self�fertilized. Au�tog�a�my (?), n. [Auto� + Gr. ? marriage.] (Bot.) Self�fertilization, the fertilizing pollen being derived from the same blossom as the pistil acted upon. Au�to�ge�ne�al (?), a. Self�produced; autogenous. � Au�to�gen�e�sis (?), n. [Auto� + genesis.] (Biol.) Spontaneous generation. Au�to�ge�net�ic (?), a. (Biol.) Relating to autogenesis; self�generated. Au�tog�e�nous (?), a. [Gr. ?; ? self + root of ? to be born.] 1. (Biol.) Self�generated; produced independently. 2. (Anat.) Developed from an independent center of ossification. Owen. Autogenous soldering, the junction by fusion of the joining edges of metals without the intervention of solder. Au�tog�e�nous�ly (?), adv. In an autogenous manner; spontaneously. Au�to�graph (?), n. [F. autographe, fr. Gr. ? autographic; ? self + ? to write.] That which is written with one's own hand; an original manuscript; a person's own signature or handwriting. Au�to�graph (?), a. In one's own handwriting; as, an autograph letter; an autograph will. Au�tog�ra�phal (?), a. Autographic. [Obs.] Au�to�graph�ic (?), Au�to�graph�ic�al (?), } a. 1. Pertaining to an autograph, or one's own handwriting; of the nature of an autograph. 2. Pertaining to, or used in, the process of autography; as, autographic ink, paper, or press. Au�tog�ra�phy (?), n. [Cf. F. autographie.] 1. The science of autographs; a person's own handwriting; an autograph. 2. A process in lithography by which a writing or drawing is transferred from paper to stone. Ure. Au�tol�a�try (?), n. [Auto� + Gr. ? worship.] Self�worship. Farrar. Au�to�math (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? self + ?, ?, to learn.] One who is self�taught. [R.] Young. Au�to�mat�ic (?), Au�to�mat�ic�al (?), } a. [Cf. F. automatique. See Automaton.] 1.�Having an inherent power of action or motion. Nothing can be said to be automatic. Sir H. Davy. 2. Pertaining to, or produced by, an automaton; of the nature of an automaton; self�acting or self�regulating under fixed conditions; � esp. applied to machinery or devices in which certain things formerly or usually done by hand are done by the machine or device itself; as, the automatic feed of a lathe; automatic gas lighting; an automatic engine or switch; an automatic mouse. 3. Not voluntary; not depending on the will; mechanical; as, automatic movements or functions. Unconscious or automatic reasoning. H. Spenser. Automatic arts, such economic arts or manufacture as are carried on by self�acting machinery. Ure. Au�to�mat�ic�al�ly, adv. In an automatic manner. Au�tom�a�tism (?), n. The state or quality of being automatic; the power of self�moving; automatic, mechanical, or involuntary action. (Metaph.) A theory as to the activity of matter. Au�tom�a�ton (?), n.; pl. L. Automata (?), E. Automatons (?). [L. fr. Gr. ?, neut. of ? self�moving; ? self + a root ma, man, to strive, think, cf. ? to strive. See Mean, v. i.] 1. Any thing or being regarded as having the power of spontaneous motion or action. Huxley. So great and admirable an automaton as the world. Boyle. These living automata, human bodies. Boyle. 2. A self�moving machine, or one which has its motive power within itself; � applied chiefly to machines which appear to imitate spontaneously the motions of living beings, such as men, birds, etc. Au�tom�a�tous (?), a. {l. automatus, Gr. ?. See Automaton.] Automatic. [Obs.] �Automatous organs.� Sir T. Browne. Au�to�mor�phic (?), a. [Auto� + Gr. ? for, shape.] Patterned after one's self. The conception which any one frames of another's mind is more or less after the pattern of his own mind, � is automorphic. H. Spenser. Au�to�mor�phism (?), n. Automorphic characterization. H. Spenser. Au�to�nom�a�sy (?), n. [Auto� + Gr. ? a name, fr. ? a name; or for E. antonomasia.] (Rhet.) The use of a word of common or general signification for the name of a particular thing; as, �He has gone to town,� for, �He has gone to London.� Au�to�nom�ic (?), a.�Having the power of self�government; autonomous. Hickok. Au�to�o�mist (?), n. [Cf. F. automiste. See Autonomy.] One who advocates autonomy. Au�ton�o�mous (?), a. [Gr. ?; ? self + ? to assign, hold, sway.] 1. Independent in government; having the right or power of self�government. 2. (Biol.) Having independent existence or laws. Au�ton�o�my (?), n. [Gr. ?: cf. F. autonomie. See Autonomous.] 1. The power or right of self�government; self�government, or political independence, of a city or a state. 2. (Metaph.) The sovereignty of reason in the sphere of morals; or man's power, as possessed of reason, to give law to himself. In this, according to Kant, consist the true nature and only possible proof of liberty. Fleming. � Au�toph�a�gi (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? self + ? to eat.] (Zo�l.) Birds which are able to run about and obtain their own food as soon as hatched. Au�toph�o�by (?), n. [Auto� + Gr. ? fear.] Fear of one's self; fear of being egotistical. [R.] Hare. Au�toph�o�ny (?), n. [Auto� + Gr. ? a sound.] (Med.) An auscultatory process, which consists in noting the tone of the observer's own voice, while he speaks, holding his head close to the patient's chest. Dunglison. Au�to�plas�tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to autoplasty. Au�to�plas�ty (?), n. [Auto� + �plasty.] (Surg.) The process of artificially repairing lesions by taking a piece of healthy tissue, as from a neighboring part, to supply the deficiency caused by disease or wounds. Au�top�sic (?), Au�top�sic�al (?), } a.�Pertaining to autopsy; autoptical. [Obs.] Au�top�so�rin (?), n. [Auto� + Gr. ? the itch.] (Med.) That which is given under the doctrine of administering a patient's own virus. Au�top�sy (?), n. [Gr. ?, fr. ? seen by one's self; ? self + ? seen: cf. F. autopsie. See Optic, a.] 1. Personal observation or examination; seeing with one's own eyes; ocular view. By autopsy and experiment. Cudworth. 2. (Med.) Dissection of a dead body, for the purpose of ascertaining the cause, seat, or nature of a disease; a post�mortem examination. Au�top�tic (?), Au�top�tic�al (?), } a. [Gr. ?: cf. F. autoptique.] Seen with one's own eyes; belonging to, or connected with, personal observation; as, autoptic testimony or experience. <-- p. 104 --> Au�top�tic�al�ly (?), adv. By means of ocular view, or one's own observation. Sir T. Browne. Au�to�sche�di�as�tic (?), Au�to�sche�di�as�tic�al (?), } a. [Auto� + Gr. ? to do hastily. See Schediasm.] Extemporary; offhand. [R.] Dean Martin. Au�to�styl�ic (?), a. [Auto� + Gr. ? pillar.] (Anat.) Having the mandibular arch articulated directly to the cranium, as in the skulls of the Amphibia. Au�to�the�ism (?), n. [Auto� + theism.] 1. The doctrine of God's self�existence. [R.] 2. Deification of one's self; self�worship. [R.] Au�to�the�ist, n. One given to self�worship. [R.] Au�to�type (?), n. [Auto� + �type: cf. F. autotype.] 1. A facsimile. 2. A photographic picture produced in sensitized pigmented gelatin by exposure to light under a negative; and subsequent washing out of the soluble parts; a kind of picture in ink from a gelatin plate. Au�to�ty�pog�ra�phy (?), n. [Auto� + typography.] A process resembling �nature printing,� by which drawings executed on gelatin are impressed into a soft metal plate, from which the printing is done as from copperplate. Au�tot�y�py (?), n. The art or process of making autotypes. Au�tumn (?), n. [L. auctumnus, autumnus, perh. fr. a root av to satisfy one's self: cf. F. automne. See Avarice.] 1. The third season of the year, or the season between summer and winter, often called �the fall.� Astronomically, it begins in the northern temperate zone at the autumnal equinox, about September 23, and ends at the winter solstice, about December 23; but in popular language, autumn, in America, comprises September, October, and November. � In England, according to Johnson, autumn popularly comprises August, September, and October. In the southern hemisphere, the autumn corresponds to our spring. 2. The harvest or fruits of autumn. Milton. 3. The time of maturity or decline; latter portion; third stage. Dr. Preston was now entering into the autumn of the duke's favor. Fuller. Life's autumn past, I stand on winter's verge. Wordsworth. Au�tum�nal (?), a. [L. auctumnalis, autumnalis: cf. F. automnal.] 1. Of, belonging to, or peculiar to, autumn; as, an autumnal tint; produced or gathered in autumn; as, autumnal fruits; flowering in autumn; as, an autumnal plant. Thick as autumnal leaves that strow the brooks In Vallombrosa. Milton. 2. Past the middle of life; in the third stage. An autumnal matron. Hawthorne. Autumnal equinox, the time when the sun crosses the equator, as it proceeds southward, or when it passes the ~ point. � � point, the point of the equator intersected by the ecliptic, as the sun proceeds southward; the first point of Libra. � � signs, the signs Libra, Scorpio, and Sagittarius, through which the sun passes between the ~ equinox and winter solstice. Aux�a�nom�e�ter (?), n. [Gr. ? to cause to increase + �meter.] An instrument to measure the growth of plants. Goodale. � Aux�e�sis (?), n. [NL., Gr. ? increase, fr. ?, ?, to increase.] (Rhet.) A figure by which a grave and magnificent word is put for the proper word; amplification; hyperbole. Aux�et�ic (?), a. [Gr. ?.] Pertaining to, or containing, auxesis; amplifying. Aux�il�iar (?; 106), a. [L. auxiliaris: cf. F. auxiliaire. See Auxiliary.] Auxiliary. [Archaic] The auxiliar troops and Trojan hosts appear. Pope. Aux�il�iar, n. An auxiliary. [Archaic] Milton. Aux�il�iar�ly, adv. By way of help. Harris. Aux�il�ia�ry (?; 106), a. [L. auxiliarius, fr. auxilium help, aid, fr. augere to increase.] Conferring aid or help; helping; aiding; assisting; subsidiary; as auxiliary troops. � scales (Mus.), the scales of relative or attendant keys. See under Attendant, a. � � verbs (Gram.). See Auxiliary, n., 3. Aux�il�ia�ry, n.; pl. Auxiliaries (?). 1. A helper; an assistant; a confederate in some action or enterprise. 2. (Mil.) pl. Foreign troops in the service of a nation at war; (rarely in sing.), a member of the allied or subsidiary force. 3. (Gram.) A verb which helps to form the voices, modes, and tenses of other verbs; � called, also, an auxiliary verb; as, have, be, may, can, do, must, shall, and will, in English; �tre and avoir, in French; avere and essere, in Italian; estar and haber, in Spanish. 4. (Math.) A quantity introduced for the purpose of simplifying or facilitating some operation, as in equations or trigonometrical formul�. Math. Dict. Aux�il�ia�to�ry (?), a. Auxiliary; helping. [Obs.] � A�va (?), n. Same as Kava. Johnston. Av�a�da�vat� (?), n. Same as Amadavat. A�vail� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Availed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Availing.] [OE. availen, fr. F. ? (L. ad) + valoir to be worth, fr. L. valere to be strong, to be worth. See Valiant.] 1. To turn to the advantage of; to be of service to; to profit; to benefit; to help; as, artifices will not avail the sinner in the day of judgment. O, what avails me now that honor high ! Milton. 2. To promote; to assist. [Obs.] Pope. To avail one's self of, to make use of; take advantage of. Then shall they seek to avail themselves of names. Milton. I have availed myself of the very first opportunity. Dickens. A�vail�, v. i. To be of use or advantage; to answer the purpose; to have strength, force, or efficacy sufficient to accomplish the object; as, the plea in bar must avail, that is, be sufficient to defeat the suit; this scheme will not avail; medicines will not avail to check the disease. �What signs avail ?� Milton. Words avail very little with me, young man. Sir W. Scott. A�vail� (?), n. 1. Profit; advantage toward success; benefit; value; as, labor, without economy, is of little avail. The avail of a deathbed repentance. Jer. Taylor. 2. pl. Proceeds; as, the avails of a sale by auction. The avails of their own industry. Stoddard. Syn. - Use; benefit; utility; profit; service. A�vail�, v. t. & i. See Avale, v. [Obs.] Spenser. A�vail�a�bil�i�ty (?), n.; pl. Availabilities (?). 1. The quality of being available; availableness. � The word is sometimes used derogatively in the sense of �mere availableness,� or capability of success without regard to worthiness. He was... nominated for his availability. Lowell. 2. That which is available. A�vail�a�ble (?), a. 1. Having sufficient power, force, or efficacy, for the object; effectual; valid; as, an available plea. [Obs.] Laws human are available by consent. Hooker. 2. Such as one may avail one's self of; capable of being used for the accomplishment of a purpose; usable; profitable; advantageous; convertible into a resource; as, an available measure; an available candidate. Struggling to redeem, as he did, the available months and days out of so many that were unavailable. Carlyle. Having no available funds with which to pay the calls on new shares. H. Spenser. A�vail�a�ble�ness, n. 1. Competent power; validity; efficacy; as, the availableness of a title. [Obs.] 2. Quality of being available; capability of being used for the purpose intended. Sir M. Hale. A�vai�a�bly, adv. In an available manner; profitably; advantageously; efficaciously. A�vail�ment (?), n. Profit; advantage. [Obs.] Av�a�lanche� (?; 277), n. [F. avalanche, fr. avaler to descend, to let down, from aval down, downward; ? (L. ad) + val, L. vallis, valley. See Valley.] 1. A large mass or body of snow and ice sliding swiftly down a mountain side, or falling down a precipice. 2. A fall of earth, rocks, etc., similar to that of an avalanche of snow or ice. 3. A sudden, great, or irresistible descent or influx of anything. A�vale� (?), v. t. & i. [F. avaler to descend, to let down. See Avalanche.] 1. To cause to descend; to lower; to let fall; to doff. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To bring low; to abase. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. 3. (v. i.) To descend; to fall; to dismount. [Obs.] And from their sweaty courses did avale. Spenser. A�vant� (?), n. [For avant�guard. Cf. Avaunt, Van.] The front of an army. [Obs.] See Van. A�vant��cou�ri�er (?), n. [F., fr. avant before + courrier. See Avaunt, and Courier.] A person dispatched before another person or company, to give notice of his or their approach. A�vant��guard� (?; 277), n. [F. avant before + E. guard, F. avant�garde. See Avaunt.] The van or advanced body of an army. See Vanguard. Av�a�rice (?), n. [F. avaritia, fr. avarus avaricious, prob. fr. av?re to covert, fr. a root av to satiate one's self: cf. Gr. ?, ?, to satiate, Skr. av to satiate one's self, rejoice, protect.] 1. An excessive or inordinate desire of gain; greediness after wealth; covetousness; cupidity. To desire money for its own sake, and in order to hoard it up, is avarice. Beattie. 2. An inordinate desire for some supposed good. All are taught an avarice of praise. Goldsmith. Av�a�ri�cious (?), a. [Cf. F. avaricieux.] Actuated by avarice; greedy of gain; immoderately desirous of accumulating property. Syn. - Greedy; stingy; rapacious; griping; sordid; close. � Avaricious, Covetous, Parsimonious, Penurious, Miserly, Niggardly. The avaricious eagerly grasp after it at the expense of others, though not of necessity with a design to save, since a man may be covetous and yet a spendthrift. The penurious, parsimonious, and miserly save money by disgraceful self�denial, and the niggardly by meanness in their dealing with others. We speak of persons as covetous in getting, avaricious in retaining, parsimonious in expending, penurious or miserly in modes of living, niggardly in dispensing. � Av�a�ri�cious�ly, adv. � Av�a�ri�cious�ness, n. Av�a�rous (?), a. [L. avarus.] Avaricious. [Obs.] A�vast� (?), interj. [Corrupted from D. houd vast hold fast. See Hold, v. t., and Fast, a.] (Naut.) Cease; stop; stay. �Avast heaving.� Totten. Av�a�tar� (?), n. [Skr. avat�ra descent; ava from + root t? to cross, pass over.] 1. (Hindoo Myth.) The descent of a deity to earth, and his incarnation as a man or an animal; � chiefly associated with the incarnations of Vishnu. 2. Incarnation; manifestation as an object of worship or admiration. A�vaunce� (?), v. t. & i. [See Advance.] To advance; to profit. Chaucer. A�vaunt� (?), interj. [F. avant forward, fr. L. ab + ante before. Cf. Avant, Advance.] Begone; depart; � a word of contempt or abhorrence, equivalent to the phrase �Get thee gone.� A�vaunt�, v. t. & i. 1. To advance; to move forward; to elevate. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To depart; to move away. [Obs.] Coverdale. A�vaunt�, v. t. & i. [OF. avanter; ? (L. ad) + vanter. See Vaunt.] To vaunt; to boast. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�vaunt�, n. A vaunt; to boast. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�vaunt�our (?), n. [OF. avanteur.] A boaster. [Obs.] Chaucer. � A�ve (?), n. [L., hail.] 1. An ave Maria. He repeated Aves and Credos. Macaulay. 2. A reverential salutation. Their loud applause and aves vehement. Shak. A�vel (?), v. t. [L. avellere.] To pull away. [Obs.] Yet are not these parts avelled. Sir T. Browne. A�vel�lane (?), a. [Cf. It. avellana a filbert, fr. L. Avella or Abella a city of Campania.] (Her.) In the form of four unhusked filberts; as, an avellane cross. � A�ve Ma�ri�a (?), A�ve Ma�ry (?). } [From the first words of the Roman Catholic prayer to the Virgin Mary; L. ave hail, Maria Mary.] 1. A salutation and prayer to the Virgin Mary, as mother of God; � used in the Roman Catholic church. To number Ave Maries on his beads. Shak. 2. A particular time (as in Italy, at the ringing of the bells about half an hour after sunset, and also at early dawn), when the people repeat the Ave Maria. Ave Maria ! blessed be the hour ! Byron. � A�ve�na (?), n. [L.] (Bot.) A genus of grasses, including the common oat (Avena sativa); the oat grasses. Av�e�na�ceous (?), a. [L. avenaceus, fr. avena oats.] Belonging to, or resembling, oats or the oat grasses. Av�e�nage (?), n. [F. avenage, fr. L. avena oats.] (Old Law) A quantity of oats paid by a tenant to a landlord in lieu of rent. Jacob. Av�e�ner (?), n. [OF. avenier, fr. aveine, avaine, avoine, oats, F. avoine, L. avena.] (Feud. Law) An officer of the king's stables whose duty it was to provide oats for the horses. [Obs.] A�venge� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Avenged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Avenging (?).] [OF. avengier; L. ad + vindicare to lay claim to, to avenge, revenge. See Vengeance.] 1. To take vengeance for; to exact satisfaction for by punishing the injuring party; to vindicate by inflicting pain or evil on a wrongdoer. He will avenge the blood of his servants. Deut. xxxii. 43. Avenge, O Lord, thy slaughtered saints, whose bones Lie scattered on the Alpine mountains cold. Milton. He had avenged himself on them by havoc such as England had never before seen. Macaulay. 2. To treat revengefully; to wreak vengeance on. [Obs.] Thy judgment in avenging thine enemies. Bp. Hall. Syn. - To Avenge, Revenge. To avenge is to inflict punishment upon evil doers in behalf of ourselves, or others for whom we act; as, to avenge one's wrongs; to avenge the injuries of the suffering and innocent. It is to inflict pain for the sake of vindication, or retributive justice. To revenge is to inflict pain or injury for the indulgence of resentful and malicious feelings. The former may at times be a duty; the latter is one of the worst exhibitions of human character. I avenge myself upon another, or I avenge another, or I avenge a wrong. I revenge only myself, and that upon another. C. J. Smith. A�venge�, v. i. To take vengeance. Levit. xix. 18. A�venge�, n. Vengeance; revenge. [Obs.] Spenser. A�venge�ance (?), n. Vengeance. [Obs.] A�venge�ful (?), a. Vengeful. [Obs.] Spenser. A�venge�ment (?), n. The inflicting of retributive punishment; satisfaction taken. [R.] Milton. A�ven�ger (?), n. 1. One who avenges or vindicates; as, an avenger of blood. 2. One who takes vengeance. [Obs.] Milton. A�ven�ger�ess, n. A female avenger. [Obs.] Spenser. A�ve�ni�ous (?), a. [Pref. a� + L. vena a vein.] (Bot.) Being without veins or nerves, as the leaves of certain plants. Av�e�nor (?), n. See Avener. [Obs.] Av�ens (?), n. [OF. avence.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Geum, esp. Geum urbanum, or herb bennet. Av�en�tail (?), n. [OF. esventail. Cf. Ventail.] The movable front to a helmet; the ventail. Av�en�tine (?), a. Pertaining to Mons Aventinus, one of the seven hills on which Rome stood. Bryant. Av�en�tine, n. A post of security or defense. [Poetic] Into the castle's tower, The only Aventine that now is left him. Beau. & Fl. A�ven�tre (?), v. t. To thrust forward (at a venture), as a spear. [Obs.] Spenser. A�ven�ture (?; 135), n. [See Adventure, n.] 1. Accident; chance; adventure. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Old Law) A mischance causing a person's death without felony, as by drowning, or falling into the fire. A�ven�tu�rine (?), n. [F. aventurine: cf. It. avventurino.] 1. A kind of glass, containing gold�colored spangles. It was produced in the first place by the accidental (par aventure) dropping of some brass filings into a pot of melted glass. 2. (Min.) A variety of translucent quartz, spangled throughout with scales of yellow mica. � feldspar, a variety of oligoclase with internal firelike reflections due to the presence of minute crystals, probably of hematite; sunstone. Av�e�nue (?), n. [F. avenue, fr. avenir to come to, L. advenire. See Advene.] 1. A way or opening for entrance into a place; a passage by which a place may by reached; a way of approach or of exit. �The avenues leading to the city by land.� Macaulay. On every side were expanding new avenues of inquiry. Milman. 2. The principal walk or approach to a house which is withdrawn from the road, especially, such approach bordered on each side by trees; any broad passageway thus bordered. An avenue of tall elms and branching chestnuts. W. Black. 3. A broad street; as, the Fifth Avenue in New York. A�ver (?), n. [OF. aver domestic animal, whence LL. averia, pl. cattle. See Habit, and cf. Average.] A work horse, or working ox. [Obs. or Dial. Eng.] <-- p. 105 --> A�ver� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Averred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Averring.] [F. av�rer, LL. adverare, averare; L. ad + versus true. See Verity.] 1. To assert, or prove, the truth of. [Obs.] 2. (Law) To avouch or verify; to offer to verify; to prove or justify. See Averment. 3. To affirm with confidence; to declare in a positive manner, as in confidence of asserting the truth. It is sufficient that the very fact hath its foundation in truth, as I do seriously aver is the case. Fielding. Then all averred I had killed the bird. Coleridge. Syn. - To assert; affirm; asseverate. See Affirm. Av�er�age (?), n. [OF. average, LL. averagium, prob. fr. OF. aver, F. avoir, property, horses, cattle, etc.; prop. infin., to have, from L. habere to have. Cf. F. av�rage small cattle, and avarie (perh. of different origin) damage to ship or cargo, port dues. The first meaning was pe??? the service of carting a feudal lord's wheat, then charge for carriage, the contribution towards loss of things carried, in proportion to the amount of each person's property. Cf. Aver, n., Avercorn, Averpenny.] 1. (OLd Eng. Law) That service which a tenant owed his lord, to be done by the work beasts of the tenant, as the carriage of wheat, turf, etc. 2. [Cf. F. avarie damage to ship or cargo.] (Com.) (a) A tariff or duty on goods, etc. [Obs.] (b) Any charge in addition to the regular charge for freight of goods shipped. (c) A contribution to a loss or charge which has been imposed upon one of several for the general benefit; damage done by sea perils. (d) The equitable and proportionate distribution of loss or expense among all interested. General ~, a contribution made, by all parties concerned in a sea adventure, toward a loss occasioned by the voluntary sacrifice of the property of some of the parties in interest for the benefit of all. It is called general average, because it falls upon the gross amount of ship, cargo, and freight at risk and saved by the sacrifice. Kent. � Particular ~ signifies the damage or partial loss happening to the ship, or cargo, or freight, in consequence of some fortuitous or unavoidable accident; and it is borne by the individual owners of the articles damaged, or by their insurers. � Petty averages are sundry small charges, which occur regularly, and are necessarily defrayed by the master in the usual course of a voyage; such as port charges, common pilotage, and the like, which formerly were, and in some cases still are, borne partly by the ship and partly by the cargo. In the clause commonly found in bills of lading, �primage and average accustomed,� average means a kind of composition established by usage for such charges, which were formerly assessed by way of average. Arnould. Abbott. Phillips. 3. A mean proportion, medial sum or quantity, made out of unequal sums or quantities; an arithmetical mean. Thus, if A loses 5 dollars, B 9, and C 16, the sum is 30, and the average 10. 4. Any medial estimate or general statement derived from a comparison of diverse specific cases; a medium or usual size, quantity, quality, rate, etc. �The average of sensations.� Paley. 5. pl. In the English corn trade, the medial price of the several kinds of grain in the principal corn markets. On an average, taking the mean of unequal numbers or quantities. Av�er�age (?), a. 1. Pertaining to an ~ or mean; medial; containing a mean proportion; of a mean size, quality, ability, etc.; ordinary; usual; as, an average rate of profit; an average amount of rain; the average Englishman; beings of the average stamp. 2. According to the laws of ~; as, the loss must be made good by average contribution. Av�er�age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Averaged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Averaging.] 1. To find the mean of, when sums or quantities are unequal; to reduce to a mean. 2. To divide among a number, according to a given proportion; as, to average a loss. 3. To do, accomplish, get, etc., on an ~. Av�er�age, v. i. To form, or exist in, a mean or medial sum or quantity; to amount to, or to be, on an ~; as, the losses of the owners will average twenty five dollars each; these spars average ten feet in length. A�ver�corn� (?), n. [Aver, n. + corn.] (Old Eng. Law) A reserved rent in corn, formerly paid to religious houses by their tenants or farmers. Kennet. A�ver�ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. averement, LL. averamentum. See Aver, v. t.] 1. The act of averring, or that which is averred; affirmation; positive assertion. Signally has this averment received illustration in the course of recent events. I. Taylor. 2. Verification; establishment by evidence. Bacon. 3. (Law) A positive statement of facts; an allegation; an offer to justify or prove what is alleged. � In any stage of pleadings, when either party advances new matter, he avers it to be true, by using this form of words: �and this he is ready to verify.� This was formerly called an averment. It modern pleading, it is termed a verification. Blackstone. A�ver�nal (?), A�ver�ni�an (?), } a. Of or pertaining to Avernus, a lake of Campania, in Italy, famous for its poisonous vapors, which ancient writers fancied were so malignant as to kill birds flying over it. It was represented by the poets to be connected with the infernal regions. Av�er�pen�ny (?), n. [Aver, n. + penny.] (Old Eng. Law) Money paid by a tenant in lieu of the service of average. A�ver�ro�ism (?), n. The tenets of the Averroists. A�ver�ro�ist, n. One of a sect of peripatetic philosophers, who appeared in Italy before the restoration of learning; so denominated from Averroes, or Averrhoes, a celebrated Arabian philosopher. He held the doctrine of monopsychism. Av�er�run�cate (?), v. t. [L. averruncare to avert; a, ab, off + verruncare to turn; formerly derived from ab and eruncare to root out. Cf. Aberuncate.] 1. To avert; to ward off. [Obs.] Hudibras. 2. To root up. [Obs.] Johnson. Av�er�run�ca�tion (?), n. [Cf. OF. averroncation.] 1. The act of averting. [Obs.] 2. Eradication. [R.] De Quincey. Av�er�run�ca�tor (?), n. [Cf. Aberuncator.] An instrument for pruning trees, consisting of two blades, or a blade and a hook, fixed on the end of a long rod. Av�er�sa�tion (?), n. [L. aversatio, fr. aversari to turn away, v. intens. of avertere. See Avert.] A turning from with dislike; aversion. [Obs.or Archaic] Some men have a natural aversation to some vices or virtues, and a natural affection to others. Jer. Taylor. A�verse� (?), a. [L. aversus, p. p. of avertere. See Avert.] 1. Turned away or backward. [Obs.] The tracks averse a lying notice gave, And led the searcher backward from the cave. Dryden. 2. Having a repugnance or opposition of mind; disliking; disinclined; unwilling; reluctant. Averse alike to flatter, or offend. Pope. Men who were averse to the life of camps. Macaulay. Pass by securely as men averse from war. Micah ii. 8. � The prevailing usage now is to employ to after averse and its derivatives rather than from, as was formerly the usage. In this the word is in agreement with its kindred terms, hatred, dislike, dissimilar, contrary, repugnant, etc., expressing a relation or an affection of the mind to an object. Syn. - Averse, Reluctant, Adverse. Averse expresses an habitual, though not of necessity a very strong, dislike; as, averse to active pursuits; averse to study. Reluctant, a term of the of the will, implies an internal struggle as to making some sacrifice of interest or feeling; as, reluctant to yield; reluctant to make the necessary arrangements; a reluctant will or consent. Adverse denotes active opposition or hostility; as, adverse interests; adverse feelings, plans, or movements; the adverse party. A�verse�, v. t. & i. To turn away. [Obs.] B. Jonson. A�verse�ly, adv. 1. Backward; in a backward direction; as, emitted aversely. 2. With repugnance or aversion; unwillingly. A�verse�ness, n. The quality of being averse; opposition of mind; unwillingness. A�ver�sion (?), n. [L. aversio: cf. F. aversion. See Avert.] 1. A turning away. [Obs.] Adhesion to vice and aversion from goodness. Bp. Atterbury. 2. Opposition or repugnance of mind; fixed dislike; antipathy; disinclination; reluctance. Mutual aversion of races. Prescott. His rapacity had made him an object of general aversion. Macaulay. � It is now generally followed by to before the object. [See Averse.] Sometimes towards and for are found; from is obsolete. A freeholder is bred with an aversion to subjection. Addison. His aversion towards the house of York. Bacon. It is not difficult for a man to see that a person has conceived an aversion for him. Spectator. The Khasias... have an aversion to milk. J. D. Hooker. 3. The object of dislike or repugnance. Pain their aversion, pleasure their desire. Pope. Syn. - Antipathy; dislike; repugnance; disgust. See Dislike. A�vert� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Averted; p. pr. & vb. n. Averting.] [L. avertere; a, ab + vertere to turn: cf. OF. avertir. See Verse, n.] To turn aside, or away; as, to a???t the eyes from an object; to ward off, or prevent, the occurrence or effects of; as, how can the danger be averted? �To avert his ire.� Milton. When atheists and profane persons do hear of so many discordant and contrary opinions in religion, it doth avert them from the church. Bacon. Till ardent prayer averts the public woe. Prior. A�vert�, v. i. To turn away. [Archaic] Co?? and averting from our neighbor's good. Thomson. A�vert�ed, a. Turned away, esp. as an expression of feeling; also, offended; unpropitious. Who scornful pass it with averted eye. Keble. A�vert�er (?), n. One who, or that which, averts. A�vert�i�ble (?), a.�Capable of being averted; preventable. A�ver�ti�ment (?), n. Advertisement. [Obs.] � A�ves (?), n. pl. [L., pl. of avis bird.] (Zo�l.) The class of Vertebrata that includes the birds. � Aves, or birds, have a complete double circulation, oviparous, reproduction, front limbs peculiarly modified as wings; and they bear feathers. All existing birds have a horny beak, without teeth; but some Mesozoic fossil birds (Odontornithes) had conical teeth inserted in both jaws. The principal groups are: Carinat�, including all existing flying birds; Ratit�, including the ostrich and allies, the apteryx, and the extinct moas; Odontornithes, or fossil birds with teeth. The ordinary birds are classified largely by the structure of the beak and feet, which are in direct relating to their habits. See Beak, Bird, Odontonithes. � A�ves�ta (?), n. The Zoroastrian scriptures. See Zend�Avesta. A�vi�an (?), a. Of or instrument to birds. A�vi�a�ry (?), n.; pl. Aviaries (?). [L. aviarium, fr. aviarius pertaining to birds, fr. avis bird, akin to Gr, ?, Skr. vi.] A house, inclosure, large cage, or other place, for keeping birds confined; a bird house. Lincolnshire may be termed the aviary of England. Fuller. A�vi�a�tion (?), n. The art or science of flying. A�vi�a�tor (?), n. (a) An experimenter in aviation. (b) A flying machine. � A�vic�u�la (?), n. [L., small bird.] (Zo�l.) A genus of marine bivalves, having a pearly interior, allied to the pearl oyster; � so called from a supposed resemblance of the typical species to a bird. A�vic�u�lar (?), a. [L. avicula a small bird, dim. of avis bird.] Of or pertaining to a bird or to birds. � A�vic�u�la�ri�a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Avicular.] (Zo�l.) See prehensile processes on the cells of some Bryozoa, often having the shape of a bird's bill. A�vi�cul�ture (?; 135), n. [L. avis bird + cultura culture.] (Zo�l.) Rearing and care of birds. Av�id (?), a. [L. avidus, fr. av?re to long: cf. F. avide. See Avarice.] Longing eagerly for; eager; greedy. �Avid of gold, yet greedier of renown.� Southey. A�vid�i�ous (?), a. Avid. A�vid�i�ous�ly, adv. Eagerly; greedily. A�vid�i�ty (?), n. [L. aviditas, fr. avidus: cf. F. avidit�. See Avid.] Greediness; strong appetite; eagerness; intenseness of desire; as, to eat with avidity. His books were received and read with avidity. Milward. A�vie� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + vie.] Emulously. [Obs.] � A�vi�fau�na (?), n. [NL., fr. L. avis bird + E. fauna.] (Zo�l.) The birds, or all the kinds of birds, inhabiting a region. Av�i�ga�to (?), n. See Avocado. A�vignon� ber�ry (?). (Bot.) The fruit of the Rhamnus infectorius, eand of other species of the same genus; � so called from the city of Avignon, in France. It is used by dyers and painters for coloring yellow. Called also French berry. A�vile� (?), v. t. [OF. aviler, F. avilir; a (L. ad) + vil vile. See Vile.] To abase or debase; to vilify; to depreciate. [Obs.] Want makes us know the price of what we avile. B. Jonson. A�vis� (?), n. [F. avis. See Advice.] Advice; opinion; deliberation. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�vise� (?), v. t. [F. aviser. See Advise, v. t.] 1. To look at; to view; to think of. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To advise; to counsel. [Obs.] Shak. To ~ one's self, to consider with one's self, to reflect, to deliberate. [Obs.] Chaucer. Now therefore, if thou wilt enriched be, Avise thee well, and change thy willful mood. Spenser. A�vise�, v. i. To consider; to reflect. [Obs.] A�vise�ful (?), a. Watchful; circumspect. [Obs.] With sharp, aviseful eye. Spenser. A�vise�ly, adv. Advisedly. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�vise�ment (?), n. Advisement; observation; deliberation. [Obs.] A�vi�sion (?), n. Vision. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�vi�so (?), n. [Sp.] 1. Information; advice. 2. An advice boat, or dispatch boat. � Av�o�ca�do (?), n. [Corrupted from the Mexican ahuacatl: cf. Sp. aguacate, F. aguacat�, avocat, G. avogadobaum.] The pulpy fruit of Persea gratissima, a tree of tropical America. It is about the size and shape of a large pear; � called also avocado pear, alligator pear, midshipman's butter. � Av�o�cat (?), n. [F.] An advocate. Av�o�cate (?), v. t. [L. avocatus, p. p. of avocare; a, ab + vocare to call. Cf. Avoke, and see Vocal, a.] To call off or away; to withdraw; to transfer to another tribunal. [Obs. or Archaic] One who avocateth his mind from other occupations. Barrow. He, at last,... avocated the cause to Rome. Robertson. Av�o�ca�tion (?), n. [L. avocatio.] 1. A calling away; a diversion. [Obs. or Archaic] Impulses to duty, and powerful avocations from sin. South. 2. That which calls one away from one's regular employment or vocation. Heaven is his vocation, and therefore he counts earthly employments avocations. Fuller. By the secular cares and avocations which accompany marriage the clergy have been furnished with skill in common life. Atterbury. � In this sense the word is applied to the smaller affairs of life, or occasional calls which summon a person to leave his ordinary or principal business. Avocation (in the singular) for vocation is usually avoided by good writers. 3. pl. Pursuits; duties; affairs which occupy one's time; usual employment; vocation. There are professions, among the men, no more favorable to these studies than the common avocations of women. Richardson. In a few hours, above thirty thousand men left his standard, and returned to their ordinary avocations. Macaulay. <-- p. 106 --> An irregularity and instability of purpose, which makes them choose the wandering avocations of a shepherd, rather than the more fixed pursuits of agriculture. Buckle. A�vo�ca�tive (?), a. Calling off. [Obs.] A�vo�ca�tive, n. That which calls aside; a dissuasive. Av�o�cet, Av�o�set (?), n. [F. avocette: cf. It. avosetta, Sp. avoceta.] (Zo�l.) A grallatorial bird, of the genus Recurvirostra; the scooper. The bill is long and bend upward toward the tip. The American species is R. Americana. [Written also avocette.] A�void� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Avoided; p. pr. & vb. n. Avoiding.] [OF. esvuidier, es (L. ex) + vuidier, voidier, to empty. See Void, a.] 1. To empty. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. To emit or throw out; to void; as, to avoid excretions. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 3. To quit or evacuate; to withdraw from. [Obs.] Six of us only stayed, and the rest avoided the room. Bacon. 4. To make void; to annul or vacate; to refute. How can these grants of the king's be avoided? Spenser. 5. To keep away from; to keep clear of; to endeavor no to meet; to shun; to abstain from; as, to avoid the company of gamesters. What need a man forestall his date of grief. And run to meet what he would most avoid ? Milton. He carefully avoided every act which could goad them into open hostility. Macaulay. 6. To get rid of. [Obs.] Shak. 7. (Pleading) To defeat or evade; to invalidate. Thus, in a replication, the plaintiff may deny the defendant's plea, or confess it, and avoid it by stating new matter. Blackstone. Syn. - To escape; elude; evade; eschew. � To Avoid, Shun. Avoid in its commonest sense means, to keep clear of, an extension of the meaning, to withdraw one's self from. It denotes care taken not to come near or in contact; as, to avoid certain persons or places. Shun is a stronger term, implying more prominently the idea of intention. The words may, however, in many cases be interchanged. No man can pray from his heart to be kept from temptation, if the take no care of himself to avoid it. Mason. So Chanticleer, who never saw a fox, Yet shunned him as a sailor shuns the rocks. Dryden. A�void�, v. i. 1. To retire; to withdraw. [Obs.] David avoided out of his presence. 1 Sam. xviii. 11. 2. (Law) To become void or vacant. [Obs.] Ayliffe. A�void�a�ble (?), a. 1. Capable of being vacated; liable to be annulled or made invalid; voidable. The charters were not avoidable for the king's nonage. Hale. 2. Capable of being avoided, shunned, or escaped. A�void�ance (?), n. 1. The act of annulling; annulment. 2. The act of becoming vacant, or the state of being vacant; � specifically used for the state of a benefice becoming void by the death, deprivation, or resignation of the incumbent. Wolsey,... on every avoidance of St. Peter's chair, was sitting down therein, when suddenly some one or other clapped in before him. Fuller. 3. A dismissing or a quitting; removal; withdrawal. 4. The act of avoiding or shunning; keeping clear of. �The avoidance of pain.� Beattie. 5. The courts by which anything is carried off. Avoidances and drainings of water. Bacon. A�void�er (?), n. 1. The person who carries anything away, or the vessel in which things are carried away. Johnson. 2. One who avoids, shuns, or escapes. A�void�less, a. Unavoidable; inevitable. Av�oir�du�pois� (?), n. & a. [OE. aver de peis, goods of weight, where peis is fr. OF. peis weight, F. poids, L. pensum. See Aver, n., and Poise, n.] 1. Goods sold by weight. [Obs.] 2. Avoirdupois weight. 3. Weight; heaviness; as, a woman of much avoirdupois.�[Colloq.] � weight, a system of weights by which coarser commodities are weighed, such as hay, grain, butter, sugar, tea. � The standard ~ pound of the United States is equivalent to the weight of 27.7015 cubic inches of distilled water at 620 Fahrenheit, the barometer being at 30 inches, and the water weighed in the air with brass weights. In this system of weights 16 drams make 1 ounce, 16 ounces 1 pound, 25 pounds 1 quarter, 4 quarters 1 hundred weight, and 20 hundred weight 1 ton. The above pound contains 7,000 grains, or 453.54 grams, so that 1 pound avoirdupois is equivalent to 1 31�144 pounds troy. (See Troy weight.) Formerly, a hundred weight was reckoned at 112 pounds, the ton being 2,240 pounds (sometimes called a long ton). A�voke� (?), v. t. [Cf. Avocate.] To call from or back again. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet. Av�o�late (?), v. i. [L. avolare; a (ab) + volare to fly.] To fly away; to escape; to exhale. [Obs.] Av�o�la�tion (?), n. [LL. avolatio.] The act of flying; flight; evaporation. [Obs.] Av�o�set (?), n. Same as Avocet. A�vouch� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Avouched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Avouching.] [OF. avochier, LL. advocare to recognize the existence of a thing, to advocate, fr. L. advocare to call to; ad + vocare to call. Cf. Avow to declare, Advocate, and see Vouch, v. t.] 1. To appeal to; to cite or claim as authority. [Obs.] They avouch many successions of authorities. Coke. 2. To maintain a just or true; to vouch for. We might be disposed to question its authencity, it if were not avouched by the full evidence. Milman. 3. To declare or assert positively and as matter of fact; to affirm openly. If this which he avouches does appear. Shak. Such antiquities could have been avouched for the Irish. Spenser. 4. To acknowledge deliberately; to admit; to confess; to sanction. Thou hast avouched the Lord this day to be thy God. Deut. xxvi. 17. A�vouch� (?), n. Evidence; declaration. [Obs.] The sensible and true avouch Of mine own eyes. Shak. A�vouch�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being avouched. A�vouch�er (?), n. One who avouches. A�vouch�ment (?), n. The act of avouching; positive declaration. [Obs.] Milton. A�vou�trer (?), n. See Advoutrer. [Obs.] A�vou�trie (?), n. [OF.] Adultery. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�vow� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Avowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Avowing.] [F. avouver, fr. L. advocare to call to (whence the meanings, to call upon as superior; recognize as lord, own, confess); ad + vocare to call. See Advocate, Avouch.] 1. To declare openly, as something believed to be right; to own or acknowledge frankly; as, a man avows his principles or his crimes. Which I to be the of Israel's God Avow, and challenge Dagon to the test. Milton. 2. (Law) To acknowledge and justify, as an act done. See Avowry. Blackstone. Syn. - To acknowledge; own; confess. See Confess. A�vow�, n, [Cf. F. aveu.] Avowal. [Obs.] Dryden. A�vow�, v. t. & i. [OF. avouer, fr. LL. votare to vow, fr. L. votun. See Vote, n.] To bind, or to devote, by a vow. [Obs.] Wyclif. A�vow�, n. A vow or determination. [Archaic] A�vow�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being avowed, or openly acknowledged, with confidence. Donne. A�vow�al (?), n. An open declaration; frank acknowledgment; as, an avowal of such principles. Hume. A�vow�ance (?), n. 1. Act of avowing; avowal. 2. Upholding; defense; vindication. [Obs.] Can my avowance of king�murdering be collected from anything here written by me? Fuller. A�vow�ant (?), n. (Law) The defendant in replevin, who avows the distress of the goods, and justifies the taking. Cowell. A�vowed� (?), a. Openly acknowledged or declared; admitted. � A�vow�ed�ly (?), adv. A�vow�ee� (?), n. [F. avou�. Cf. Advowee, Advocate, n.] The person who has a right to present to a benefice; the patron; an advowee. See Advowson. A�vow�er (?), n. One who avows or asserts. A�vow�ry (?), n. [OE. avouerie protection, authority, OF. avouerie. See Avow to declare.] 1. An advocate; a patron; a patron saint. [Obs.] Let God alone be our avowry. Latimer. 2. The act of the distrainer of goods, who, in an action of replevin, avows and justifies the taking in his own right. Blackstone. � When an action of replevin is brought, the distrainer either makes avowry, that is, avours taking the distress in his own right, or the right of his wife, and states the reason if it, as for arrears of rent, damage done, or the like; or makes cognizance, that is, acknowledges the taking, but justifies in an another's right, as his bailiff or servant. A�vow�try, v. t. Adultery. See Advoutry. A�voy�er (?), n. [F.] A chief magistrate of a free imperial city or canton of Switzerland. [Obs.] A�vulse� (?), v. t. [L. avulsus, p. p. of avellere to tear off; a (ab) + vellere to pluck.] To pluck or pull off. Shenstone. A�vul�sion (?), n. [L. avulsio.] 1. A tearing asunder; a forcible separation. The avulsion of two polished superficies. Locke. 2. A fragment torn off. J. Barlow. 3. (Law) The sudden removal of lands or soil from the estate of one man to that of another by an inundation or a current, or by a sudden change in the course of a river by which a part of the estate of one man is cut off and joined to the estate of another. The property in the part thus separated, or cut off, continues in the original owner. Wharton. Burrill. A�vun�cu�lar (?), a. [L. avunculus uncle.] Of or pertaining to an uncle. In these rare instances, the law of pedigree, whether direct or avuncular, gives way. I. Taylor. A�wait� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Awaited; p. pr. & vb. n. Awaiting.] [OF. awaitier, agaitier; ? (L. ad) + waitier, gaitier to watch, F. guetter. See Wait.] 1. To watch for; to look out for. [Obs.] 2. To wait on, serve, or attend. [Obs.] 3. To wait for; to stay for; to expect. See Expect. Betwixt these rocky pillars Gabriel sat, Chief of the angelic guards, awaiting night. Milton. 4. To be in store for; to be ready or in waiting for; as, a glorious reward awaits the good. O Eve, some farther change awaits us night. Milton. A�wait�, v. i. 1. To watch. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To wait (on or upon). [Obs.] 3. To wait; to stay in waiting. Darwin. A�wait�, n. A waiting for; ambush; watch; watching; heed. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�wake� (?), v. t. [imp. Awoke (?), Awaked (?); p. p. Awaked; Obs. Awaken, Awoken; p. pr. & vb. n. Awaking. The form Awoke is sometimes used as a p. p.] [AS. �w�cnan, v. i. (imp. aw?c), and �wacian, v. i. (imp. awacode). See Awaken, Wake.] 1. To rouse from sleep.; to wake; to awaken. Where morning's earliest ray... awake her. Tennyson. And his disciples came to him, and awoke him, saying, Lord, save us; we perish. Matt. viii. 25. 2. To rouse from a state resembling sleep, as from death, stupidity., or inaction; to put into action; to give new life to; to stir up; as, to awake the dead; to awake the dormant faculties. I was soon awaked from this disagreeable reverie. Goldsmith. It way awake my bounty further. Shak. No sunny gleam awakes the trees. Keble. A�wake� (?), v. i. To cease to sleep; to come out of a state of natural sleep; and, figuratively, out of a state resembling sleep, as inaction or death. The national spirit again awoke. Freeman. Awake to righteousness, and sin not. 1 Cor. xv. 34. A�wake�, a. [From awaken, old p. p. of awake.] Not sleeping or lethargic; roused from sleep; in a state of vigilance or action. Before whom awake I stood. Milton. She still beheld, Now wide awake, the vision of her sleep. Keats. He was awake to the danger. Froude. A�wak�en (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Awakened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Awakening.] [OE. awakenen, awaknen, AS. �w�cnan, �w�cnian, v. i.; pref. on� + w�cnan to wake. Cf. Awake, v. t.] To rouse from sleep or torpor; to awake; to wake. [He] is dispatched Already to awaken whom thou nam'st. Cowper. Their consciences are thoroughly awakened. Tillotson. Syn. - To arouse; excite; stir up; call forth. A�wak�en�er (?), n. One who, or that which, awakens. A�wak�en�ing, a. Rousing from sleep, in a natural or a figurative sense; rousing into activity; exciting; as, the awakening city; an awakening discourse; the awakening dawn. � A�wak�en�ing�ly, adv. A�wak�en�ing, n. The act of awaking, or ceasing to sleep. Specifically: A revival of religion, or more general attention to religious matters than usual. A�wak�en�ment (?), n. An awakening. [R.] A�want�ing (?), a. [Pref. a� + wanting.] Missing; wanting. [Prov. Scot. & Eng.] Sir W. Hamilton. A�ward� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Awarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Awarding.] [OF. eswarder to look at, consider, decide, judge; es (L. ex) + warder, garder, to observe, take heed, keep, fr. OHG. wart?n to watch, guard. See Ward.] To give by sentence or judicial determination; to assign or apportion, after careful regard to the nature of the case; to adjudge; as, the arbitrators awarded damages to the complainant. To review The wrongful sentence, and award a new. Dryden. A�ward�, v. i. To determine; to make an ~. A�ward�, n. [Cf. OF. award, awart, esgart. See Award, v. t.] 1. A judgment, sentence, or final decision. Specifically: The decision of arbitrators in a case submitted.�Impatient for the award.� Cowper. An award had been given against. Gilpin. 2. The paper containing the decision of arbitrators; that which is warded. Bouvier. A�ward�er (?), n. One who awards, or assigns by sentence or judicial determination; a judge. A�ware� (?), a. [OE. iwar, AS. gew�r, fr. w�r wary. The pref. ge� orig. meant together, completely. ?. See Wary.] 1. Watchful; vigilant or on one's guard against danger or difficulty. 2. Apprised; informed; cognizant; conscious; as, he was aware of the enemy's designs. Aware of nothing arduous in a task They never undertook. Cowper. A�warn� (?), v. t. [Pref. a� + warn, AS. gewarnian. See Warn, v. t.] To warn. [Obs.] Spenser. A�wash� (?), a. [Pref. a� + wash.] Washed by the waves or tide; � said of a rock or strip of shore, or (Naut.) of an anchor, etc., when flush with the surface of the water, so that the waves break over it. A�way� (?), adv. [AS. aweg, anweg, onweg; on on + weg way.] 1. From a place; hence. The sound is going away. Shak. Have me away, for I am sore wounded. 2 Chron. xxxv. 23. 2. Absent; gone; at a distance; as, the master is away from home. 3. Aside; off; in another direction. The axis of rotation is inclined away from the sun. Lockyer. 4. From a state or condition of being; out of existence. Be near me when I fade away. Tennyson. 5. By ellipsis of the verb, equivalent to an imperative: Go or come ~; begone; take ~. And the Lord said... Away, get thee down. Exod. xix. 24. 6. On; in continuance; without intermission or delay; as, sing away. [Colloq.] � It is much used in phrases signifying moving or going from; as, go away, run away, etc.; all signifying departure, or separation to a distance. Sometimes without the verb; as, whither away so fast ? �Love hath wings, and will away.� Waller. It serves to modify the sense of certain verbs by adding that of removal, loss, parting with, etc.; as, to throw away; to trifle away; to squander away, etc. Sometimes it has merely an intensive force; as, to blaze away. Away with, bear, abide. [Obs. or Archaic] �The calling of assemblies, I can not away with.� (Isa. i. 13), i. e., �I can not bear or endure [it].� � Away with one, signifies, take him away. �Away with, crucify him.� John xix. 15. � To make away with. (a) To kill or destroy. (b) To carry off. <-- p. 107 --> A�way��go�ing (?), a. (Law) Sown during the last years of a tenancy, but not ripe until after its expiration; � said of crops. Wharton. A�way�ward (?), adv. Turned away; away. [Obs.] Chaucer. Awe (?), n. [OE. a?e, aghe, fr. Icel. agi; akin to AS. ege, ?ga, Goth. agis, Dan. ave chastisement, fear, Gr. ? pain, distress, from the same root as E. ail. ?3. Cf. Ugly.] 1. Dread; great fear mingled with respect. [Obs. or Obsolescent] His frown was full of terror, and his voice Shook the delinquent with such fits of awe. Cowper. 2. The emotion inspired by something dreadful and sublime; an undefined sense of the dreadful and the sublime; reverential fear, or solemn wonder; profound reverence. There is an awe in mortals' joy, A deep mysterious fear. Keble. To tame the pride of that power which held the Continent in awe. Macaulay. The solitude of the desert, or the loftiness of the mountain, may fill the mind with awe � the sense of our own littleness in some greater presence or power. C. J. Smith. To stand in awe of, to fear greatly; to reverence profoundly. Syn. � See Reverence. Awe (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Awed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Awing.] To strike with fear and reverence; to inspire with awe; to control by inspiring dread. That same eye whose bend doth awe the world. Shak. His solemn and pathetic exhortation awed and melted the bystanders. Macaulay. A�wea�ried (?), p. p. Wearied. [Poetic] A�wea�ry (?), a. [Pref. a� + weary.] Weary. [Poetic] �I begin to be aweary of thee.� Shak. A�weath�er (?), adv. [Pref. a� + weather.] (Naut.) On the weather side, or toward the wind; in the direction from which the wind blows; � opposed to alee; as, helm aweather ! Totten. A�weigh� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + weigh.] (Naut.) Just drawn out of the ground, and hanging perpendicularly; atrip; � said of the anchor. Totten. Awe�less (?), a. See Awless. Awe�some (?), a. 1. Causing awe; appalling; awful; as, an awesome sight. Wright. 2. Expressive of awe or terror. An awesome glance up at the auld castle. Sir W. Scott. Awe�some�ness, n. The quality of being awesome. Awe��strick�en (?), a. Awe�struck. Awe��struck� (?), a. Struck with awe. Milton. Aw�ful (?), a. 1. Oppressing with fear or horror; appalling; terrible; as, an awful scene. �The hour of Nature's awful throes.� Hemans. 2. Inspiring awe; filling with profound reverence, or with fear and admiration; fitted to inspire reverential fear; profoundly impressive. Heaven's awful Monarch. Milton. 3. Struck or filled with awe; terror�stricken. [Obs.] A weak and awful reverence for antiquity. I. Watts. 4. Worshipful; reverential; law�abiding. [Obs.] Thrust from the company of awful men. Shak. 5. Frightful; exceedingly bad; great; � applied intensively; as, an awful bonnet; an awful boaster. [Slang] Syn. � See Frightful. Aw�ful�ly, adv. 1. In an awful manner; in a manner to fill with terror or awe; fearfully; reverently. 2. Very; excessively. [Slang] Aw�ful�ness, n. 1. The quality of striking with awe, or with reverence; dreadfulness; solemnity; as, the awfulness of this sacred place. The awfulness of grandeur. Johnson. 2. The state of being struck with awe; a spirit of solemnity; profound reverence. [Obs.] Producing in us reverence and awfulness. Jer. Taylor. A�whape� (?), v. t. [Cf. whap blow.] To confound; to terrify; to amaze. [Obs.] Spenser. A�while� (?), adv. [Adj. a + while time, interval.] For a while; for some time; for a short time. A�wing� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + wing.] On the wing; flying; fluttering. Wallace. Awk (?), a. [OE. auk, awk (properly) turned away; (hence) contrary, wrong, from Icel. �figr, �fugr, afigr, turning the wrong way, fr. af off, away; cf. OHG. abuh, Skr. ap�c turned away, fr. apa off, away + a root ak, a?k, to bend, from which come also E. angle, anchor.] 1. Odd; out of order; perverse. [Obs.] 2. Wrong, or not commonly used; clumsy; sinister; as, the awk end of a rod (the but end). [Obs.] Golding. 3. Clumsy in performance or manners; unhandy; not dexterous; awkward. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Awk, adv. Perversely; in the wrong way. L'Estrange. Awk�ly, adv. 1. In an unlucky (left�handed) or perverse manner. [Obs.] Holland. 2. Awkwardly. [Obs.] Fuller. Awk�ward (?), a. [Awk + �ward.] 1. Wanting dexterity in the use of the hands, or of instruments; not dexterous; without skill; clumsy; wanting ease, grace, or effectiveness in movement; ungraceful; as, he was awkward at a trick; an awkward boy. And dropped an awkward courtesy. Dryden. 2. Not easily managed or effected; embarrassing. A long and awkward process. Macaulay. An awkward affair is one that has gone wrong, and is difficult to adjust. C. J. Smith. 3. Perverse; adverse; untoward. [Obs.] �Awkward casualties.� �Awkward wind.� Shak. O blind guides, which being of an awkward religion, do strain out a gnat, and swallow up a cancel. Udall. Syn. � Ungainly; unhandy; clownish; lubberly; gawky; maladroit; bungling; ?nelegant; ungraceful; unbecoming. � Awkward, Clumsy, Uncouth. Awkward has a special reference to outward deportment. A man is clumsy in his whole person, he is awkward in his gait and the movement of his limbs. Clumsiness is seen at the first view. Awkwardness is discovered only when a person begins to move. Hence the expressions, a clumsy appearance, and an awkward manner. When we speak figuratively of an awkward excuse, we think of a want of ease and grace in making it; when we speak of a clumsy excuse, we think of the whole thing as coarse and stupid. We apply the term uncouth most frequently to that which results from the want of instruction or training; as, uncouth manners; uncouth language. � Awk�ward�ly (?), adv. � Awk�ward�ness, n. Awl (?), n. [OE. aul, awel, al, AS. ?l, awel; akin to Icel. alr, OHG. �la, G. ahle, Lith. yla, Skr. �r�.] A pointed instrument for piercing small holes, as in leather or wood; used by shoemakers, saddlers, cabinetmakers, etc. The blade is differently shaped and pointed for different uses, as in the brad awl, saddler's awl, shoemaker's awl, etc. Aw�less (?), a. 1. Wanting reverence; void of respectful fear. �Awless insolence.� Dryden. 2. Inspiring no awe. [Obs.] �The awless throne.� Shak. [Written also aweless.] Aw�less�ness, n. The quality of being awless. Awl��shaped� (?), a. 1. Shaped like an awl. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Subulate. See Subulate. Gray. Awl�wort� (?), n. [Awl + wort.] (Bot.) A plant (Subularia aquatica), with awl�shaped leaves. Awm (?m), n. See Aam. Awn (?), n. [OE. awn, agune, from Icel. �gn, pl. agnir; akin to Sw. agn, Dan. avne, Goth. ahana, OHG. agana, G. agen, ahne, chaff, Gr. ?, AS. egla; prob. from same root as E. acute. See 3d Ear. ?1.] (Bot.) The bristle or beard of barley, oats, grasses, etc., or any similar bristlelike appendage; arista. Gray. Awned (?), a. (Bot.) Furnished with an awn, or long bristle�shaped tip; bearded. Gray. Awn�ing (?), n. [Origin uncertain: cf. F. auvent awing, or Pers. �wan, �wang, anything suspended, or LG. havening a place sheltered from wind and weather, E. haven.] 1. A rooflike cover, usually of canvas, extended over or before any place as a shelter from the sun, rain, or wind. 2. (Naut.) That part of the poop deck which is continued forward beyond the bulkhead of the cabin. Awn�inged (?), a. Furnished with an awning. Awn�less, a. Without awns or beard. Awn�y (?), a. Having awns; bearded. A�work� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + work.] At work; in action. �Set awork.� Shak. A�work�ing, adv. [Pref. a� + working.] At work; in action. [Archaic or Colloq.] Spenser. A�wreak�, A�wreke�,} (?), v. t. & i. To avenge. [Obs.] See Wreak. A�wrong� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + wrong.] Wrongly. Ford. A�wry� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + wry.] 1. Turned or twisted toward one side; not in a straight or true direction, or position; out of the right course; distorted; obliquely; asquint; with oblique vision; as, to glance awry. �Your crown's awry.� Shak. Blows them transverse, ten thousand leagues awry. Into the devious air. Milton. 2. Aside from the line of truth, or right reason; unreasonable or unreasonably; perverse or perversely. Or by her charms Draws him awry, enslaved. Milton. Nothing more awry from the law of God and nature than that a woman should give laws to men. Milton. Aw�some (?), a. Same as Awesome. Ax, Axe,} (?), n. [OE. ax, axe, AS. eax, �x, acas; akin to D. akse, OS. accus, OHG. acchus, G. axt, Icel. �x, �xi, Sw. yxe, Dan. �kse, Goth. aqizi, Gr. ?, L. ascia; not akin to E. acute.] A tool or instrument of steel, or of iron with a steel edge or blade, for felling trees, chopping and splitting wood, hewing timber, etc. It is wielded by a wooden helve or handle, so fixed in a socket or eye as to be in the same plane with the blade. The broadax, or carpenter's ax, is an ax for hewing timber, made heavier than the chopping ax, and with a broader and thinner blade and a shorter handle. The ancient battle�ax had sometimes a double edge. � The word is used adjectively or in combination; as, axhead or ax head; ax helve; ax handle; ax shaft; ax�shaped; axlike. This word was originally spelt with e, axe; and so also was nearly every corresponding word of one syllable: as, flaxe, taxe, waxe, sixe, mixe, pixe, oxe, fluxe, etc. This superfluous e is not dropped; so that, in more than a hundred words ending in x, no one thinks of retaining the e except in axe. Analogy requires its exclusion here. �The spelling ax is better on every ground, of etymology, phonology, and analogy, than axe, which has of late become prevalent.� New English Dict. (Murray). Ax (?), v. t. & i. [OE. axien and asken. See Ask.] To ask; to inquire or inquire of. � This word is from Saxon, and is as old as the English language. Formerly it was in good use, but now is regarded as a vulgarism. It is still dialectic in England, and is sometimes heard among the uneducated in the United States. �And Pilat axide him, Art thou kyng of Jewis?� �Or if he axea fish.� Wyclif. �The king axed after your Grace's welfare.� Pegge. Ax�al (?), a. [See Axial.] [R.] Axe (?), Axe�man (?), etc. See Ax, Axman. Ax�i�al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to an axis; of the nature of, or resembling, an axis; around an axis. To take on an axial, and not an equatorial, direction. Nichol. 2. (Anat.) Belonging to the axis of the body; as, the axial skeleton; or to the axis of any appendage or organ; as, the axial bones. Axial line (Magnetism), the line taken by the magnetic force in passing from one pole of a horseshoe magnet to the other. Faraday. Ax�i�al�ly (?), adv. In relation to, or in a line with, an axis; in the axial (magnetic) line. Ax�il (?), n. [L. axilla. Cf. Axle.] (Bot.) The angle or point of divergence between the upper side of a branch, leaf, or petiole, and the stem or branch from which it springs. Gray. Ax�ile (?), a. Situated in the axis of anything; as an embryo which lies in the axis of a seed. Gray. � Ax�il�la (?), n.; pl. Axillae (?). [L.] (Anat.) The armpit, or the cavity beneath the junction of the arm and shoulder. 2. (Bot.) An axil. Ax�il�lar (?), a. Axillary. Ax�il�la�ries (?), Ax�il�lars (?),} n. pl. (Zo�l.) Feathers connecting the under surface of the wing and the body, and concealed by the closed wing. Ax�il�la�ry (?), a. [See Axil.] 1. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the axilla or armpit; as, axillary gland, artery, nerve. 2. (Bot.) Situated in, or rising from, an axil; of or pertaining to an axil. �Axillary buds.� Gray. Ax�i�nite (?), n. [Named in allusion to the form of the crystals, fr. Gr. ? an ax.] (Min.) A borosilicate of alumina, iron, and lime, commonly found in glassy, brown crystals with acute edges. Ax�in�o�man�cy (?), n. [L. axinomantia, Gr. ? ax + �mancy.] A species of divination, by means of an ax or hatchet. Ax�i�om (?), n. [L. axioma, Gr. ? that which is thought worthy, that which is assumed, a basis of demonstration, a principle, fr. ? to think worthy, fr. ? worthy, weighing as much as; cf. ? to lead, drive, also to weigh so much: cf F. axiome. See Agent, a.] 1. (Logic & Math.) A self�evident and necessary truth, or a proposition whose truth is so evident as first sight that no reasoning or demonstration can make it plainer; a proposition which it is necessary to take for granted; as, �The whole is greater than a part;� �A thing can not, at the same time, be and not be.� 2. An established principle in some art or science, which, though not a necessary truth, is universally received; as, the axioms of political economy. Syn. � Axiom, Maxim, Aphorism, Adage. An axiom is a self�evident truth which is taken for granted as the basis of reasoning. A maxim is a guiding principle sanctioned by experience, and relating especially to the practical concerns of life. An aphorism is a short sentence pithily expressing some valuable and general truth or sentiment. An adage is a saying of long�established authority and of universal application. Ax�i�o�mat�ic (?), Ax�i�o�mat�ic�al,} a. [Gr. ?.] Of or pertaining to an axiom; having the nature of an axiom; self�evident; characterized by axioms. �Axiomatical truth.� Johnson. The stores of axiomatic wisdom. I. Taylor. Ax�i�o�mat�ic�al�ly, adv. By the use of axioms; in the form of an axiom. � Ax�is (?), n. [L.] (Zo�l.) The spotted deer (Cervus axis or Axis maculata) of India, where it is called hog deer and parrah (Moorish name). Ax�is (?), n.; pl. Axes (?). [L. axis axis, axle. See Axle.] 1. A straight line, real or imaginary, passing through a body, on which it revolves, or may be supposed to revolve; a line passing through a body or system around which the parts are symmetrically arranged. 2. (Math.) A straight line with respect to which the different parts of a magnitude are symmetrically arranged; as, the axis of a cylinder, i. e., the axis of a cone, that is, the straight line joining the vertex and the center of the base; the axis of a circle, any straight line passing through the center. 3. (Bot.) The stem; the central part, or longitudinal support, on which organs or parts are arranged; the central line of any body. Gray. 4. (Anat.) (a) The second vertebra of the neck, or vertebra dentata. (b) Also used of the body only of the vertebra, which is prolonged anteriorly within the foramen of the first vertebra or atlas, so as to form the odontoid process or peg which serves as a pivot for the atlas and head to turn upon. 5. (Crystallog.) One of several imaginary lines, assumed in describing the position of the planes by which a crystal is bounded. 6. (Fine Arts) The primary of secondary central line of any design. Anticlinal axis (Geol.), a line or ridge from which the strata slope downward on the two opposite sides. � Synclinal axis, a line from which the strata slope upward in opposite directions, so as to form a valley. � Axis cylinder (Anat.), the neuraxis or essential, central substance of a nerve fiber; � called also axis band, axial fiber, and cylinder axis. � Axis in peritrochio, the wheel and axle, one of the mechanical powers. � Axis of a curve (Geom.), a straight line which bisects a system of parallel chords of a curve; called a principal axis, when cutting them at right angles, in which case it divides the curve into two symmetrical <-- p. 108 --> portions, as in the parabola, which has one such axis, the ellipse, which has two, or the circle, which has an infinite number. The two axes of the ellipse are the major axis and the minor axis, and the two axes of the hyperbola are the transverse axis and the conjugate axis. � Axis of a lens, the straight line passing through its center and perpendicular to its surfaces. � Axis of a telescope or microscope, the straight line with which coincide the axes of the several lenses which compose it. � Axes of co�rdinates in a plane, to straight lines intersecting each other, to which points are referred for the purpose of determining their relative position: they are either rectangular or oblique. � Axes of co�rdinates in space, the three straight lines in which the co�rdinate planes intersect each other. � Axis of a balance, that line about which it turns. � Axis of oscillation, of a pendulum, a right line passing through the center about which it vibrates, and perpendicular to the plane of vibration. � Axis of polarization, the central line around which the prismatic rings or curves are arranged. Brewster. � Axis of revolution (Descriptive Geom.), a straight line about which some line or plane is revolved, so that the several points of the line or plane shall describe circles with their centers in the fixed line, and their planes perpendicular to it, the line describing a surface of revolution, and the plane a solid of revolution. � Axis of symmetry (Geom.), any line in a plane figure which divides the figure into two such parts that one part, when folded over along the axis, shall coincide with the other part. � Axis of the equator, ecliptic, horizon (or other circle considered with reference to the sphere on which it lies), the diameter of the sphere which is perpendicular to the plane of the circle. Hutton. � Axis of the Ionic capital (Arch.), a line passing perpendicularly through the middle of the eye of the volute. � Neutral axis (Mech.), the line of demarcation between the horizontal elastic forces of tension and compression, exerted by the fibers in any cross section of a girder. � Optic ~ of a crystal, the direction in which a ray of transmitted light suffers no double refraction. All crystals, not of the isometric system, are either uniaxial or biaxial. � Optic ~, Visual ~ (Opt.), the straight line passing through the center of the pupil, and perpendicular to the surface of the eye. � Radical ~ of two circles (Geom.), the straight line perpendicular to the line joining their centers and such that the tangents from any point of it to the two circles shall be equal to each other. � Spiral ~ (Arch.), the ~ of a twisted column drawn spirally in order to trace the circumvolutions without. � Axis of abscissas and Axis of ordinates. See Abscissa. Ax�le (?), n. [OE. axel, exel, shoulder, AS. ?axl; akin to AS. eax axle, Sw. & Dan. axel shoulder, ~, G. achse axle, achsel shoulder, L. axis axle, Gr. ?, Skr. aksha, L. axilla�shoulder joint: cf. F. essieu, axle, OF. aissel, fr. dim. of L. axis. ?. Cf. 2d Axis.] 1. The pin or spindle on which a wheel revolves, or which revolves with a wheel. 2. A transverse bar or shaft connecting the opposite wheels of a car or carriage; an axletree. 3. An axis; as, the sun's axle. Had from her axle torn The steadfast earth. Milton. � Railway axles are called leading and trailing from their position in the front or in the rear of a car or truck respectively. Ax�le box� (?). 1. A bushing in the hub of a wheel, through which the axle passes. 2. The journal box of a rotating axle, especially a railway axle. � In railway construction, the axle guard, or pedestal, with the superincumbent weight, rests on the top of the box (usually with a spring intervening), and holds it in place by flanges. The box rests upon the journal bearing and key, which intervene between the inner top of the box and the axle. Ax�led (?), a. Having an axle; � used in composition. Merlin's agate�axled car. T. Warton. Ax�le guard� (?). The part of the framing of a railway car or truck, by which an axle box is held laterally, and in which it may move vertically; � also called a jaw in the United States, and a housing in England. Ax�le�tree� (?), n. [Cf. Icel. �xultr?.] 1. A bar or beam of wood or iron, connecting the opposite wheels of a carriage, on the ends of which the wheels revolve. 2. A spindle or axle of a wheel. [Obs.] Ax�man (?), n.; pl. Axmen (?). One who wields an ax. Ax�min�ster (?), n. An � carpet, ?n imitation Turkey carpet, noted for its thick and soft pile; � so called from Axminster, Eng. � Ax�o�lotl (?), n. [The native name.] (Zo�l.) An amphibian of the salamander tribe found in the elevated lakes of Mexico; the siredon. � When it breeds in captivity the young develop into true salamanders of the genus Amblystoma. This also occurs naturally under favorable conditions, in its native localities; although it commonly lives and breeds in a larval state, with persistent external gills. See Siredon. Ax�stone� (?), n. (Min.) A variety of jade. It is used by some savages, particularly the natives of the South Sea Islands, for making axes or hatchets. Ax�tree (?), n. Axle or axletree. [Obs.] Drayton. Ax�unge (?), n. [F. axonge, L. axungia; axis wheel + ungere to grease.] Fat; grease; esp. the fat of pigs or geese; usually (Pharm.), lard prepared for medical use. Ay (?), interj. Ah! alas! �Ay me! I fondly dream ? Had ye been there.'� Milton. Ay (?), adv. Same as Aye. � A�yah (?), n. [Pg. aia, akin to Sp. aya a governess, ayo a tutor.] A native nurse for children; also, a lady's maid. [India] Aye, Ay } (?), adv. [Perh. a modification of yea, or from the interjection of admiration or astonishment, OE. ei, ey, why, hey, ay, well, ah, ha. Cf. MHG. & G. ei, Dan. ej. Or perh. akin to aye ever.] Yes; yea; � a word expressing assent, or an affirmative answer to a question. It is much used in viva voce voting in legislative bodies, etc. � This word is written I in the early editions of Shakespeare and other old writers. Aye (?), n. An affirmative vote; one who votes in the affirmative; as, �To call for the ayes and noes;� �The ayes have it.� Aye, Ay } (?), adv. [Icel. ei, ey; akin to AS. �, �wa, always, Goth. aiws an age, Icel. �fi, OHG, ?wa, L. aevum, Gr. ? an age, ?, ?, ever, always, G. je, Skr. ?va course. ?,?. Cf. Age, v., Either, a., Or, conj.] Always; ever; continually; for an indefinite time. For his mercies aye endure. Milton. For aye, always; forever; eternally. Aye��aye� (?), n. [From the native name, prob. from its cry.] (Zo�l.) A singular nocturnal quadruped, allied to the lemurs, found in Madagascar (Cheiromys Madagascariensis), remarkable for its long fingers, sharp nails, and rodent�like incisor teeth. Aye�green� (?), n. [Aye ever + green.] (Bot.) The houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum). Halliwell. A�yen�, A�yein� (?), A�yeins� (?), adv. & prep. [OE. ?, ?. See Again.] Again; back against. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�yen�ward (?), adv. Backward. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ayle (?), n. [OE. ayel, aiel, OF. aiol, aiel, F. a�eul, a dim. of L. avus grandfather.] A grandfather. [Obs.] Writ of Ayle, an ancient English writ which lay against a stranger who had dispossessed the demandant of land of which his grandfather died seized. Ay�me� (?), n. [Cf. F. ahi interj.] The utterance of the ejaculation �Ay me !� [Obs.] See Ay, interj. �Aymees and hearty heigh�hoes.� J. Fletcher. A�yond� (?), prep. & adv. Beyond. [North of Eng.] A�yont� (?), prep. & adv. Beyond. [Scot.] A�y�rie, A�y�ry (?), n. See Aerie. Drayton. Ayr�shire (?), n. (Agric.) One of a superior breed of cattle from Ayrshire, Scotland. Ayrshires are notable for the quantity and quality of their milk. � A�yun�ta�mi�en�to (?), n. [Sp., fr. OSp. ayuntar to join.] In Spain and Spanish America, a corporation or body of magistrates in cities and towns, corresponding to mayor and aldermen. A�za�le�a (?; 97), h.; pl. Azaleas (?). [NL., fr. Gr. ? dry, � so called because supposed to grow best in dry ground.] (Bot.) A genus of showy flowering shrubs, mostly natives of China or of North America; false honeysuckle. The genus is scarcely distinct from Rhododendron. Az�a�role (?), n. [F. azerole, the name of the fruit, fr. Ar. az�zo'r?r: cf. It. azzeruolo, Sp. acerolo.] (Bot.) The Neapolitan medlar (Crat�gus azarolus), a shrub of southern Europe; also, its fruit. A�zed�a�rach (?), n. [F. az�darac, Sp. acederaque, Pers. �z�ddirakht noble tree.] 1. (Bot.) A handsome Asiatic tree (Melia azedarach), common in the southern United States; � called also, Pride of India, Pride of China, and Bead tree. 2. (Med.) The bark of the roots of the azedarach, used as a cathartic and emetic. Az�i�muth (?), n. [OE. azimut, F. azimut, fr. Ar. as�sum?t, pl. of as�samt a way, or perh., a point of the horizon and a circle extending to it from the zenith, as being the Arabic article: cf. It. azzimutto, Pg. azimuth, and Ar. samt�al�r�'s the vertex of the heaven. Cf. Zenith.] (Astron. & Geodesy) (a) The quadrant of an ~ circle. (b) An arc of the horizon intercepted between the meridian of the place and a vertical circle passing through the center of any object; as, the azimuth of a star; the azimuth or bearing of a line surveying. � In trigonometrical surveying, it is customary to reckon the azimuth of a line from the south point of the horizon around by the west from 00 to 3600. Azimuth circle, or Vertical circle, one of the great circles of the sphere intersecting each other in the zenith and nadir, and cutting the horizon at right angles. Hutton. � Azimuth compass, a compass resembling the mariner's compass, but having the card divided into degrees instead of rhumbs, and having vertical sights; used for taking the magnetic ~ of a heavenly body, in order to find, by comparison with the true ~, the variation of the needle. � Azimuth dial, a dial whose stile or gnomon is at right angles to the plane of the horizon. Hutton. � Magnetic ~, an arc of the horizon, intercepted between the vertical circle passing through any object and the magnetic meridian. This is found by observing the object with an ~ compass. Az�i�muth�al (?), a. Of or pertaining to the azimuth; in a horizontal circle. � error of a transit instrument, its deviation in azimuth from the plane of the meridian. Az�o� (?). [See Azote.] (Chem.) A combining form of azote; (a) Applied loosely to compounds having nitrogen variously combined, as in cyanides, nitrates, etc. (b) Now especially applied to compounds containing a two atom nitrogen group uniting two hydrocarbon radicals, as in azobenzene, azobenzoic, etc. These compounds furnish many artificial dyes. See Diazo�. Az�o�ben�zene (?), n. [Azo� + benzene.] (Chem.) A substance (C6H5.H2.C6H5) derived from nitrobenzene, forming orange red crystals which are easily fusible. A�zo�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? life, from ? to live.] Destitute of any vestige of organic life, or at least of animal life; anterior to the existence of animal life; formed when there was no animal life on the globe; as, the azoic. rocks. � age (Geol.), the age preceding the existence of animal life, or anterior to the paleozoic tome. Azoic is also used as a noun, age being understood. See Arch�an, and Eozoic. Az�o�le�ic (?), a. [Azo� + oleic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to an acid produced by treating oleic with nitric acid. [R.] A�zon�ic (?), a. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? zone, region.] Confined to no zone or region; not local. A�zo�ri�an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Azores. � n. A native of the Azores. Az�ote (?; 277), n. [F. azote, fr. Gr. ? priv. + ? life; � so named by Lavoisier because it is incapable of supporting life.] Same as Nitrogen. [R.] Az�oth (?), n. [LL. azoch, azoth, fr. Ar. az�zauq mercury.] (Alchemy) (a) The first principle of metals, i. e., mercury, which was formerly supposed to exist in all metals, and to be extractable from them. (b) The universal remedy of Paracelsus. A�zot�ic (?), a.�(Chem.) Pertaining to azote, or nitrogen; formed or consisting of azote; nitric; as, azotic gas; azotic acid. [R.] Carpenter. Az�o�tite (?), n.�(Chem.) A salt formed by the combination of azotous, or nitrous, acid with a base; a nitrite. [R.] Az�o�tize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Azotized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Azotizing (?).] To impregnate with azote, or nitrogen; to nitrogenize. Az�o�tom�e�ter (?), n. [Azote + �meter.] (Chem.) An apparatus for measuring or determining the proportion of nitrogen; a nitrometer. A�zo�tous (?), a: Nitrous; as, azotous acid. [R.] Az�tec (?), a. Of or relating to one of the early races in Mexico that inhabited the great plateau of that country at the time of the Spanish conquest in 1519. � n. One of the Aztec race or people. Az�ure (?; 277), a. [F. & OSp. azur, Sp. azul, through Ar. from Per. l�jaward, or l�juward, lapis lazuli, a blue color, l�jaward�, l�juward�, azure, cerulean, the initial l having been dropped, perhaps by the influence of the Ar. azr�aq azure, blue. Cf. G. lasur, lasurstein, azure color, azure stone, and NL. lapis lazuli.] Sky�blue; resembling the clear blue color of the unclouded sky; cerulean; also, cloudless. � stone (Min.), the lapis lazuli; also, the lazulite. Az�ure, n. 1. The lapis lazuli. [Obs.] 2. The clear blue color of the sky; also, a pigment or dye of this color. �In robes of azure.� Wordsworth. 3. The blue vault above; the unclouded sky. Not like those steps On heaven's azure. Milton. 4. (Her.) A blue color, represented in engraving by horizontal parallel lines. Az�ure, v. t. To color blue. Az�ured (?), a. Of an azure color; sky�blue. �The azured harebell.� Shak. A�zu�re�ous (?), a. (Zo�l.) Of a fine blue color; azure. Az�u�rine (?), a. [Cf. Azurn.] Azure. Az�u�rine, n. (Zo�l.) The blue roach of Europe (Leuciscus c�ruleus); � so called from its color. Az�u�rite (?), n. (Min.) Blue carbonate of copper; blue malachite. Az�urn (?), a. [Cf. OF. azurin, asurin, LL. azurinus. See Azure, a.] Azure. [Obs.] Thick set with agate, and the azurn sheen Of turkis blue, and emerald green. Milton. Az�y�gous (?), a. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? yoke.] Odd; having no fellow; not one of a pair; single; as, the azygous muscle of the uvula. Az�ym, Az�yme (?), n. [F. azyme unleavened, L. azymus, fr. Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? leaven.] Unleavened bread. A�zym�ic (?), a. Azymous. Az�y�mite (?), n. [Cf. F. azymite.] (Eccl. Hist.) One who administered the Eucharist with unleavened bread; � a name of reproach given by those of the Greek church to the Latins. Az�y�mous (?), a. [See Azym.] Unleavened; unfermented. �Azymous bread.� Dunglison. <-- p. 109 --> <-- p. 109 --> B (?) is the second letter of the English alphabet. (See Guide to Pronunciation,  196,220.) It is etymologically related to �p�,�v�,�f�,�w� and �m�, letters representing sounds having a close organic affinity to its own sound; as in Eng. bursar and�purser;�Eng. �bear and Lat. �pear; Eng. silver and Ger. �silber; Lat. cubitum and It. gomito; Eng. seven, Anglo-Saxon seofon, Ger. sieben, Lat. septem, Gr.?, Sanskrit saptan. The form of letter B is Roman, from Greek B (Beta), of Semitic origin. The small �b� was formed by gradual change from the capital B. In �Music, B is the nominal of the sevens tone in the model major scale �(the scale of C major�), or of the second tone in it's relative minor scale (that of A minor�)�. B? stands for B flat, the tone a half step , or semitone, lower than B. In German, B stands for our B?, while our B natural is called H (pronounced h�). Ba (?), v.i. [Cf. OF. �baer to open mouth, F. baer.] To kiss. [Obs.] Chaucer. Baa (?), v.i. [Cf. G. b�en; an imitative word.] To cry baa, or bleat as a sheep. He treble baas for help, but none can get. Sir P.Sidney. Baa (?), n.; pl.�Baas. [Cf. G. �b�.] The cry or bleating of a sheep; a bleat. Baa�ing, n. The bleating of a sheep. Marryat. Ba�al (?), n.; Heb.pl. �Baalim (?). [Heb. ba'al lord.] 1. (Myth.) The supreme male divinity of the Ph?nitian and Canaanitish nations. � The name of this god occurs in the Old Testament and elsewhere with qualifying epithets subjoined, answering to the different ideas of his character; as, �Baal-berith (the Covenant Baal), Baal-zebub (Baal of the fly). 2. pl. The whole class of divinities to whom the name Baal was applied. Judges x. 6. Ba�al�ism (?), n. Worship of Baal; idolatry. Ba�al�ist (?), Ba�al�ite (?), } n. A worshiper of Baal; a devotee of any false religion; an idolater. �Ba�ba (?), n. [F.] A kind of plum cake. Bab�bitt (?), v.t. To line with Babbitt metal. Bab�bitt met�al (?). [From the inventor, Isaac Babbitt� of Massachusetts.] A soft white alloy of variable composition (as a none parts of tin to one of copper, or of fifty parts of tin to five of antimony and one of copper) used in bearings to diminish friction. Bab�ble, v.i. [imp. & p.p. Babbled (?);p. pr. & vb. n. Babbling.] [Cf.LG. babbeln, D. babbelen, G. bappeln, bappern, F. babiller, It. babbolare; prob. orig., to keep saying ba�0, imitative of a child learning to talk.] 1. To utter words indistinctly or unintelligibly; to utter inarticulate sounds; as a child babbles. 2. To talk incoherently; to utter unmeaning words. 3. To talk much; to chatter; to prate. 4. To make a continuous murmuring noise, as shallow water running over stones. In every babbling he finds a friend. Wordsworth. � Hounds are said to babble, or to be babbling, when they are too noisy after having found a good scent. Syn. - To prate; prattle; chatter; gossip. Bab�ble, v.i. 1. To utter in an indistinct or incoherent way; to repeat,as words, in a childish way without understanding. These [words] he used to babble in all companies. Arbuthnot. 2. To disclose by too free talk, as a secret. Bab�ble, n. 1. Idle talk; senseless prattle; gabble;twaddle. �This is mere moral babble.� Milton. 2. Inarticulate speech; constant or confused murmur. The babble of our young children. Darwin. The babble of the stream. Tennyson. Bab�ble�ment (?), n. Babble. Hawthorne. Bab�bler (?), n. 1. An idle talker; an irrational prater;a teller of secrets. Great babblers, or talkers, are not fit for trust. L'Estrange. 2. A hound too noisy on finding a good scent. 3. (Zo�l.) A name given to any one of family (Timalin�) of thrushlike birds, having a chattering note. Bab�ble�ry (?), n. Babble. [Obs.] Sir T. More Babe (?), n. [Cf. Ir. bab, baban, W. baban, maban.] 1. An infant; a young child of either sex; a baby. 2. A doll for children. Spenser. Babe�hood (?), n. Babyhood. [R.] Udall. Ba�bel (?), n. [Heb. B�bel, the name of the capital of Babylonia; in Genesis associated with the idea of �confusion�] 1. The city and tower in the land of Shinar, where the confusion of languages took place. Therefore is the name of it called Babel. Gen.xi.9. 2. Hence: A place or scene of noise and confusion; a confused mixture of sounds, as of voices or languages. That babel of strange heathen languages. Hammond. The grinding babel of the street. R.L.Stevenson. Bab�er�y (?), n. [Perh. orig. for baboonery. Cf. Baboon, and also Babe.] Finery of a kind to please a child. [Obs.] �Painted �babery.� Sir P.Sidney. Ba�bi�an (?), Ba�bi�on (?), n. [ See Baboon] A baboon. [Obs.] B.Jonson. �Bab�il�lard (?), n. [F., a babbler.] (Zo�l.) The lesser whitethroat of Europe; - called also �babbling warbler. Bab�ing�ton�ite (?), n. [From Dr. Babbington.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in triclinic crystals approaching pyroxene in angle, and of a greenish black color.It is a silicate of iron, manganese, and lime. �Bab�i�rous�sa, �Bab�i�rus�sa (?), n. [F. babiroussa, fr.Malay �b�b� hog + r?sa deer.] (Zo�l.) A large hoglike quadruped (Sus, or Porcus, babirussa) of the East Indies, sometimes domesticated; the Indian hog. Its upper canine teeth or tusks are large and recurved. Bab�ish (?), a. Like a babe; a childish; babyish. [R.] �Babish imbecility.� Drayton. - Bab�ish�ly, adv. - Bab�ish�ness, n. [R.] Bab�ism (?), n. [From Bab (Pers.�bab a gate), the title assumed by the founder, Mirza Ali Mohammed.] The doctrine of a modern religious sect, which originated in Persia in 1843, being a mixture of Mohammedan, Christian,Jewish and Parsee elements. Bab�ist, n. A believer in Babism. �Bab�lah (?), n. [Cf. Per. bab?l a species of mimosa yielding gum arabic.] The ring of the fruit of several East Indian species of acacia; neb-neb. It contains gallic acid and tannin, and is used for dyeing drab. �Ba�boo, �Ba�bu (?), n. [Hind. b�b?�] A Hindoo gentleman; native clerk who writes English; also, a Hindoo title answering to Mr.� or Esquire. Whitworth. Bab�oon� (?), n. [OE. babewin, baboin, fr.F. babouin, or LL.�babewynus. Of unknown origin; cf. D. baviaan, G. pavian, baboon, F. babin lip of ape, dogs, etc., dial. G. b�ppe mouth.] (Zo�l.) One of the Old World Quadrumana, of the genera Cynocephalus and Papio; the dog-faced ape. Baboons have dog-like muzzles and large canine teeth, cheek pouches, a short tail, and naked callosities on the buttocks. They are mostly African. See Mandrill, and Chacma, and Drill an ape. Bab�oon�ery (?), n. Baboonish behavior. Marryat. Bab�oon�ish, a. Like a baboon. Ba�by (?), n.; pl. Babies. [Dim. of babe] 1. An infant or young child of either sex; a babe. 2. A small image of an infant; a doll. Babies in the eyes, the minute reflection which one sees of one's self in the eyes of another. She clung about his neck, gave him ten kisses, Toyed with his locks, looked babies in his eyes. Heywood. Ba�by, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, an infant; young or little; as, �baby swans. �Baby figure� Shak. Ba�by, v.i. [imp. & p.p. Babied (?); p. pr. & vb. n.Babying.] To treat like a young child; to keep dependent; to humor; to fondle. Young. Ba�by farm� (?). A place where the nourishment and care of babies are offered for hire. Ba�by farm�er (?). One who keeps a baby farm. Ba�by farm�ing. The business of keeping a baby farm. Ba�by�hood (?), n. The state or period of infancy. Ba�by�house� (?), a. A place for children's dolls and dolls' furniture. Swift. Ba�by�ish, a. Like a baby; childish; puerile; simple. - Ba�by�ish�ly, adv. - Ba�by�ish�ness, n. Ba�by�ism (?), n. 1. The state of being a baby. 2. A babyish manner of acting or speaking. Ba�by jump�er (?). A hoop suspended by an elastic strap, in which a young child may be held secure while amusing itself by jumping on the floor. Bab�y�lo�ni�an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the real or to the mystical Babylon, or to the ancient kingdom of Babylonia; Chaldean. Bab�y�lo�ni�an, n. 1. An inhabitant of Babylonia (which included Chaldea); a Chaldean. 2. An astrologer; - so called because the Chaldeans were remarkable for the study of astrology. Bab�y�lon�ic (?), Bab�y�lon�ic�al (?), } a. 1. Pertaining to Babylon, or made there; as Babylonic garments,carpets, or hangings. 2. Tumultuous; disorderly. [Obs.] Sir J.Harrington. Bab�y�lo�nish (?), n. 1. Of or pertaining to, or made in, Babylon or Babylonia. �A Babylonish�garment.� Josh. vii.21. 2. Pertaining to the Babylon of Revelation xiv.8. 3. Pertaining to Rome and papal power. [Obs.] The... injurious nickname of Babylonish. Gape. 4.Confused; Babel-like. �Bab�y�rous�sa, �Bab�y�rus�sa (?), n. (Zo�l.) See Babyroussa. Ba�by�ship (?), n. The quality of being a baby; the personality of an infant. Bac (?), n. [F. See Back a vat] 1. A broad, flatbottomed ferryboat, usually worked by a rope. 2. A vat or cistern. See 1st Back. Bac�ca�lau�re�ate (?), n. [NL. baccalaureatus, fr.LL. baccalaureus a bachelor of arts, fr. baccalarius, but as if fr L. bacca lauri bayberry, from the practice of the bachelor's wearing a garland of bayberries. See Bachelor.] 1. The degree of bachelor of arts. (B.A. or A.B.), the first or lowest academical degree conferred by universities and colleges. 2. A baccalaureate sermon. [U.S.] Bac�ca�lau�re�ate, a. Pertaining to a bachelor of arts. Baccalaureate sermon, in some American colleges, a sermon delivered as a farewell discourse graduating class. �Bac�ca�ra�, Bac�ca�rat� (?), n. [F.] A French game of cards, played by a banker and punters. Bac�ca�re, Bac�ka�re } (?), interj. Stand back! give place! - a cant word of the Elizabethan writers, probably in ridicule of some person who pretended to a knowledge of Latin which he did not possess. Baccare! you are marvelous forward. Shak. Bac�cate (?), a. [L. baccatus, fr. L. bacca berry.] (Bot.) Pulpy throughout, like a berry; - said of fruits. Gray. Bac�ca�ted (?), a. 1. Having many berries. 2. Set or adorned with pearls. [Obs.] Bac�cha�nal (?), a.�[L. Bacchanalis. See Bacchanalia.] 1. Relating to Bacchus or his festival. 2. Engaged in drunken revels; drunken and riotous or noisy. Bac�cha�nal (?), n. 1. A devotee of Bacchus; one who indulges in drunken revels; one who is noisy and riotous when intoxicated; a carouser. �Tipsy bacchanals.� Shak. 2. pl. The festival of Bacchus; the bacchanalia. 3. Drunken revelry; an orgy. 4. A song or dance in honor of Bacchus. �Bac�cha�na�li�a (?), n. pl. [L. Bacchanal�a place devoted to Bacchus; in the pl. Bacchanalia a feast of Bacchus, fr. Bacchus�the god of wine, Gr. ?] 1. (Myth.) A feast or an orgy in honor of Bacchus. 2. Hence: A drunken feast; drunken reveler. Bac�cha�na�li�an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the festival of Bacchus; relating to or given to reveling and drunkenness. Even bacchanalian madness has its charms. Cowper. Bac�aha�na�li�an, n. A bacchanal; a drunken reveler. Bac�cha�na�li�an�ism (?), n. The practice of bacchanalians; bacchanals; drunken revelry. Bac�chant (?), n.; pl. E. Bacchants, L. Bacchantes. [L. bacchans, -antis, p. pr. of bacchari� to celebrate the festival of Bacchus.] 1. A priest of Bacchus. 2. A bacchanal; a reveler. Croly. Bac�chant, a. Bacchanalian; fond of drunken revelry; wine-loving; reveling; carousing. Byron. Bac�chante (?), n.; L. pl. Bacchantes 1. A priestess of Bacchus. 2. A female bacchanal. Bac�chan�tic (?), a. Bacchanalian. Bac�chic (?), Bac�chic�al (?) }, a. [L. Bacchicus, Gr. ?] Of or relating to Bacchus; hence, jovial, or riotous,with intoxication. �Bac�chi�us (?), n.; pl. Bacchii. [L. Bacchius�pes, Gr. ? (sc. ? foot).] (Pros.) A metrical foot composed of a short syllable and two long ones; according to some, two long and a short. Bac�chus (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?] (Myth.) The god of wine, son of Jupiter and Semele. Bac�cif�er�ous (?), a. [L.�baccifer;�bacca�berry + ferre to bear] Producing berries. ��Bacciferous�trees.� Ray. Bac�ci�form (?), a. [L. bacca berry + -form. ] Having the form of a berry. Bac�civ�o�rous (?), a. [L. bacca berry + varare to devour.] (Zo�l.) Eating, or subsisting on, berries; as,�baccivorous birds. Bace (?), n., a., &v. See Base. [Obs.] Spenser. Bach�a�rach, Back�a�rack } (?), n. A kind of wine made at Bacharach on the Rhine. Bache�e�lor (?), n. [OF. bacheler young man, F. bachelier� (cf.Pr. bacalar, Sp.bachiller, Pg. bacharel, It. baccalare), LL. baccalarius the tenant of a kind of farm called baccalaria, a soldier not old or rich enough to lead his retainers into battle with a banner, person of an inferior academical degree aspiring to a doctorate. In the latter sense, it was afterward changed to baccalaureus. See Baccalaureate, n.] 1. A man of any age who has not been married. As merry and mellow an old bachelor as ever followed a hound. W.Irving. 2. An unmarried woman. [Obs.] B.Jonson. <-- p. 110 --> 3. A person who has taken the first or lowest degree in the liberal arts, or in some branch of science, at a college or university; as, a bachelor�of arts. 4. A knight who had no standard of his own, but fought under the standard of another in the field; often, a young knight. 5. In the companies of London tradesmen, one not yet admitted to wear the livery; a junior member. [Obs.] 6. (Zo�l.) A kind of bass, an edible fresh-water fish (Pomoxys annularis) of the southern United States. Bach�e�lor�dom (?), n. The state of bachelorhood; the whole body of bachelors. Bach�e�lor�hood (?), n. The state or condition of being a bachelor; bachelorship. Bach�e�lor�ism (?), n. Bachelorhood; also, a manner or peculiarity belonging to bachelors. W.Irving. Bach�e�lor's but�ton (?), (Bot.) A plant with flowers shaped like buttons; especially, several species of Ranunculus, and the cornflower (�Centaures cyanus) and globe amaranth (Gomphrena). � Bachelor's buttons, a name given to several flowers �from their similitude to the jagged cloathe buttons, anciently worne in this kingdom�, according to Johnson's Gerarde, p.472(1633); but by other writers ascribed to " a habit of country fellows to carry them in their pockets to divine their success with their sweethearts.� Dr.Prior. Bach�e�lor�ship , n. The state of being a bachelor. Bach�el�ry (?), n. [OF. bachelerie.] The body of young aspirants for knighthood. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ba�cil�lar (?), a. [L. bacillum little staff.] (Biol.) Shaped like a rod or staff. �Bac�il�la�riϑ (?), n. pl. [ NL., fr.L. bacillum, dim. of baculum stick.] (Biol.) See �Diatom. Bac�il�la�ry (?), a. Of or pertaining to little rods; rod-shaped. Ba�cil�li�form (?), a. [L. bacillum little staff + �form.] Rod-shaped. Ba�cil�lus (?), n.; pl. Bacilli (?). [NL., for L. bacillum. See Bacillarle.] (Biol.) A variety of bacterium; a microscopic, rod-shaped vegetable organism. Back (?), n. [F. bac: cf. Arm. bak tray, bowl.] 1. A large shallow vat; a cistern, tub, or trough, used by brewers, distillers, dyers, picklers, gluemakers, and others, for mixing or cooling wort, holding water, hot glue, etc. Hop back, Jack back, the cistern which receives the infusion of malt and hops from the copper.- Wash back, a vat in which distillers ferment the wort to form wash. - Water back, a cistern to hold a supply of water; esp. a small cistern at the back of a stove, or a group of pipes set in the fire box of a stove or furnace, through which water circulates and is heated. 2. A ferryboat. See Bac, 1 Back (?), n. [As b�c, bac; akin to Icel., Sw., & LG. bak, Dan. bag; cf. OHG. bahho ham, Skr. bhaj to turn, OSlav. b?g? flight. Cf. Bacon.] 1. In human beings, the hinder part of the body, extending from the neck to the end o the spine; in other animals, that part of the body which corresponds most nearly to such part of a human being; as, the �back of a horse, fish, or lobster. 2. An extended upper part, as of a mountain or ridge. [The mountains] their broad bare backs upheave Into the clouds. Milton. 3. The outward or upper part of a thing, as opposed to the inner or lower part; as, the back of the hand, the back of the foot, the back of a hand rail. Methought Love pitying me, when he saw this, Gave me your hands, the �backs�and palms to kiss. Donne. 4. The part opposed to the front; the hinder or rear part of a thing; as, the back of a book; the back of an army; the �back of a chimney. 5. The part opposite to, or most remote from, that which fronts the speaker or actor; or the part out of sight, or not generally seen; as, the back of an island, of a hill, or of a village. 6. The part of a cutting tool on the opposite side from its edge; as, the back of a knife, or of a saw. 7. A support or resource in reserve. This project Should have a back or second, that might hold, If this should blast in proof. Shak. 8. (Naut.) The keel and keelson of a ship. 9. (Mining) The upper part of a lode, or the roof of a horizontal underground passage. 10. A garment for the back; hence, clothing. A bak to walken inne by daylight. Chaucer. Behind one's back, when one is absent; without one's knowledge;as, to ridicule a person behind his back. - Full back, Half back, Quarter back (Football), players stationed behind those in the front line. - To be or lie on one's back, to be helpless. - To put, or get, one's back up, to assume an attitude of obstinate resistance (from the action of a cat when attacked.). [Colloq.] - To see the back of, to get rid of. - To turn the back, to go away; to flee. - To turn the back on one, to forsake or neglect him. Back, a. 1. Being at the back or in the rear; distant; remote; as, the back door; back settlements. 2. Being in arrear; overdue; as, back rent. 3. Moving or operating backward; as, back action. Back charges, charges brought forward after an account has been made up. - Back filling (Arch.), the mass of materials used in filling up the space between two walls, or between the inner and outer faces of a wall, or upon the haunches of an arch or vault. - Back pressure. (Steam Engine) See under Pressure.�- Back rest, a guide attached to the slide rest of a lathe, and placed in contact with the work, to steady it in turning.- Back slang, a kind of slang in which every word is written or pronounced backwards; as, nam for �man. - Back stairs, stairs in the back part of a house; private stairs. Also used adjectively. See �Back stairs, Backstairs, and Backstair, in the Vocabulary. - Back step (Mil.), the retrograde movement of a man or body of men, without changing front. - Back stream, a current running against the main current of a stream; an eddy. - To take the back track, to retrace one's steps; to retreat. [Colloq.] Back (?), v.i.�[imp. & p.p. Backed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Backing.] 1. To get upon the back of; to mount. I will back him [a horse] straight. Shak. 2. To place or seat upon the back. [R.] Great Jupiter, upon his eagle backed, Appeared to me. Shak. 3. To drive or force backward; to cause to retreat or recede; as, to back oxen. 4. To make a back for; to furnish with a back; as, to back books. 5. To adjoin behind; to be at the back of. A garden ... with a vineyard backed. Shak. The chalk cliffs which back the beach. Huxley. 6. To write upon the back of; as, to back a letter; to indorse; as, to back a note or legal document. 7. To support; to maintain; to second or strengthen by aid or influence; as, to back� a friend. �Parliament would be backed by the people.� Macaulay. Have still found it necessary to back and fortify their laws with rewards and punishments. South. The mate backed the captain manfully. Blackw. Mag. 8. To bet on the success of; - as, to back a race horse. To back an anchor (Naut.), to lay down a small anchor ahead of a large one, the cable of the small one being fastened to the crown of the large one. - To back the field, in horse racing, to bet against a particular horse or horses, that some one of all the other horses, collectively designated �the field�, will win. - To back the oars, to row backward with the oars. - To back a rope, to put on a preventer. - To back the sails, to arrange them so as to cause the ship to move astern. - To back up, to support; to sustain; as, to back up one's friends. - To back a warrant (Law), is for a justice of the peace, in the county where the warrant is to be executed, to sign or indorse a warrant, issued in another county, to apprehend an offender. - To back water (Naut.), to reverse the action of the oars, paddles, or propeller, so as to force the boat or ship backward.} Back, v.i. 1. To move or go backward; as, the horse refuses to back. 2. (Naut.) To change from one quarter to another by a course opposite to that of the sun; - used of the wind. 3. (Sporting) To stand still behind another dog which has pomted; - said of a dog. [Eng.] To back and fill, to manage the sails of a ship so that the wind strikes them alternately in front and behind, in order to keep the ship in the middle of a river or channel while the current or tide carries the vessel against the wind. Hence: (Fig.) To take opposite positions alternately; to assert and deny. [Colloq.] - To back out, To back down, to retreat or withdraw from a promise, engagement, or contest; to recede. [Colloq.] Cleon at first ... was willing to go; but, finding that he [Nicias] was in earnest, he tried to �back out. Jowett (Thucyd.) Back, adv. [Shortened from aback.] 1. In, to, or toward, the rear; as, to stand back; to step �back. 2. To the place from which one came; to the place or person from which something is taken or derived; as, to go back for something left behind; to go �back to one's native place; to put a book back after reading it. 3. To a former state, condition, or station; as, to go back to private life; to go back to barbarism. 4. ( Of time) In times past; ago. �Sixty or seventy years back.� Gladstone. 5. Away from contact; by reverse movement. The angel of the Lord ... came, and rolled back the stone from the door. Matt. xxvii.2. 6. In concealment or reserve; in one's own possession; as, to keep �back the truth; to keep back part of the money due to another. 7. In a state of restraint or hindrance. The Lord hath kept thee back from honor. Numb. xxiv.11. 8. In return, repayment, or requital. What have I to give you �back! Shak. 9. In withdrawal from a statement, promise, or undertaking; as, he took back0 the offensive words. 10. In arrear; as, to be back in one's rent. [Colloq.] Back and forth, backwards and forwards; to and fro. - To go back on, to turn back from; to abandon; to betray;as, to go back on a friend; to go back on one's professions. [Colloq.] Bac�a�rack (?), n. See Bacharach. Bac�ka�re (?), interj. Same as Baccare. Back�band� (?),n. [2nd back�, n. + band.] (Saddlery) The band which passes over the back of a horse and holds up the shafts of a carriage. Back�bite�, v.i. [2nd back, n., + bite] To wound by clandestine detraction; to censure meanly or spitefully (as absent person); to slander or speak evil of (one absent). Spenser. Back�bite�, v.i. To censure or revile the absent. They are arrant knaves, and will �backbite. Shak. Back�bit�er (?), n. One who backbites; a secret calumniator or detractor. Back�bit�ing (?), n. Secret slander; detraction. Backbiting, and bearing of false witness. Piers Plowman. Back�board� (?), n. [2nd �back�,n. + board.] 1. A board which supports the back wen one is sitting; specifically, the board athwart the after part of a boat. 2. A board serving as the back part of anything, as of a wagon. 3. A thin stuff used for the backs of framed pictures, mirrors, etc. 4. A board attached to the rim of a water wheel to prevent the water from running off the floats or paddies into the interior of the wheel. W.Nicholson. 5. A board worn across the back to give erectness to the figure. Thackeray. Back�bond� (?), n. [Back, adv. + �bond.] (Scots Law) An instrument which, in conjunction with another making an absolute disposition, constitutes a trust. Back�bone�, n. [2d back, n. + bone.�] 1. The column of bones in the back which sustains and gives firmness to the frame; the spine; the vertebral or spinal column. 2. Anything like , or serving the purpose of, a backbone. The lofty mountains on the north side compose the granitic axis, or backbone of the country. Darwin. We have now come to the backbone of our subject. Earle. 3. Firmness; moral principle; steadfastness. Shelley's thought never had any �backbone. Shairp. To the backbone, through and through; thoroughly; entirely. �Staunch to �the backbone.� Lord Lytton. Back�boned� (?), a. Vertebrate. Back�cast� (?), n. [ Back, adv.+ �cast.] Anything which brings misfortune upon one, or causes failure in an effort or enterprise; a reverse. [Scot.] Back� door� (?). A door in the back part of a building; hence, an indirect way. Atterbury. Back�door�, a. Acting from behind and in concealment; as backdoor intrigues. Back�down� (?), n. A receding or giving up; a complete surrender. [Colloq.] Backed (?), a. Having a back; fitted with a back; as, a backed electrotype or stereotype plate. Used in composition; as, broad-�backed; hump-backed. Back�er (?), n. One who, or that which, backs; especially one who backs a person or thing in a contest. Back�fall� (?), n. [2nd back ,n. + fall] A fall or throw on the back in wrestling. Back�friend� (?), n. [Back, n. or adv. + friend] A secret enemy. [Obs.] South. Back�gam�mon (?), n. [ Origin unknown; perhaps fr.Dan. bakke tray + E.�game; or very likely the first part is from E.back, adv., and the game is so called because the men are often set back.] A game of chance and skill, played by two persons on a �board� marked off into twenty-four spaces called �points�. Each player has fifteen pieces, or �men�, the movements of which from point to point are determined by throwing dice. Formerly called �tables. Backgammon board , a board for playing backgammon, often made in the form of two rectangular trays hinged together, each tray containing two �tables�. Back�gam�mon, v.i. In the game of backgammon, to beat by ending the game before the loser is clear of his first �table�. Back�ground� (?), n. [�Back, a. + ground.] 1. Ground in the rear or behind, or in the distance, as opposed to the foreground, or the ground in front. 2. (Paint.) The space which is behind and subordinate to a portrait or group of figures. � The distance in a picture is usually divided into foreground, middle distance, and background. Fairholt. 3. Anything behind, serving as a foil; as, the statue had a background of red hangings. 4. A place in obscurity or retirement, or out of sight. I fancy there was a background of grinding and waiting before Miss Torry could produce this highly finished ... performance. Mrs.Alexander. A husband somewhere in the background. Thackeray. Back�hand� (?), n. [Back, adv. + �hand.] A kind of handwriting in which the downward slope of the letters is from left to right. Back�hand�, a. 1. Sloping from left to right; - said of handwriting. 2. Backhanded; indirect; oblique. [R.] Back�hand�ed, a. 1. With the hand turned backward; as, a �backhanded blow. 2. Indirect; awkward; insincere; sarcastic; as, a �backhanded� compliment. 3.Turned back, or inclining to the left; as, a backhanded letters. Back�hand�ed�ness, n. State of being backhanded; the using of backhanded or indirect methods. Back�hand�er (?), n. A backhanded blow. Back�house� (?), n. [�Back, a. + house.] A building behind the main building. Specifically: A privy; a necessary. Back�ing, n. 1. The act of moving backward, or of putting or moving anything backward. 2. That which is behind, and forms the back of, anything, usually giving strength or stability. 3. Support or aid given to a person or cause. 4. (Bookbinding) The preparation of the back of a book with glue, etc., before putting on the cover. Back�joint� (?), n. [Back�, a. or adv. + joint.] (a) A rebate or chase in masonry left to receive a permanent slab or other filling. Back�lash� (?), n. [�Back�, adv. + lash.] (Mech.) The distance through which one part of connected machinery, as a wheel, piston, or screw, can be moved without moving the connected parts, resulting from looseness in fitting or from wear; also, the jarring or reflex motion caused in badly fitting machinery by irregularities in velocity or a reverse of motion. Back�less, a. Without a back. Back�log�(?), n. [�Back, a. + log.] A large stick of wood, forming the of a fire on the hearth. [U.S.] There was first a backlog, from fifteen to four and twenty inches in diameter and five feet long, imbedded in the ashes. S.G. Goodrich. Back�piece� (?), Back�plate� (?),} n. [�Back, n. or a. + �piece, plate.�] A piece, or plate which forms the back of anything, or which covers the back; armor for the back. <-- p. 111 --> Back�rack (?), Back�rag (?),} n. See Bacharach. Backs (?), n. pl. Among leather dealers, the thickest and stoutest tanned hides. Back�saw� (?), n. [2d back,n.+ saw.] A saw (as a tenon saw) whose blade is stiffened by an added metallic back. Back�set� (?), n. [�Back, adv. + �set.] 1. A check; a relapse; a discouragement; a setback. 2. Whatever is thrown back in its course, as water. Slackwater, or the �backset caused by the overflow. Harper's Mag. Back�set�, v.i. To plow again, in the fall; - said of prairie land broken up in the spring. [Western U.S.] Back�set�tler (?), n. [Back, a. + settler.] One living in the back or outlying districts of a community. The English backsettlers of Leinster and Munster. Macaulay. �Back�sheesh�, �Back�shish�} (?), n. [Pers.�bakhsh�sh, fr. �bakhsh�dan to give.] In Egypt and the Turkish empire, a gratuity; a �tip�. Back�side� (?), n. [�Back, a. + side.�] The hinder part, posteriors, or rump of a person or animal. �Backside (one word) was formerly used of the rear part or side of any thing or place, but in such senses is now two words. Back�sight� (?), n. [Back, adv. + sight.�] (Surv.) The reading of the leveling staff in its unchanged position when the leveling instrument has been taken to a new position; a sight directed backwards to a station previously occupied. Cf. Foresight,�n., 3. Back�slide� (?), v.i. [ imp. Backslid�(?); p.p. Backslidden (?), Backslid; p.pr.&vb.n. �Backsliding.�] [Back�, adv.+ slide.] To slide back; to fall away; esp. to abandon gradually the faith and practice of a religion that has been professed. Back�slid�er (?), n. One who backslides. Back�slid�ing, a. Slipping back; falling back into sin or error; sinning. Turn, O backsliding children, saith the Lord. Jer. iii. 14. Back�slid�ing, n. The act of one who backslides; abandonment of faith or duty. Our backslidings are many. Jer. xiv.7. Back�staff� (?), n. An instrument formerly used for taking the altitude of the heavenly bodies, but now superseded by the quadrant and sextant; - so called because the observer turned his back to the body observed. Back� stairs�. Stairs in the back part of a house, as distinguished from the front stairs; hence, a private or indirect way. Back�stairs�, Back�stair�, a. Private; indirect; secret; intriguing; as if finding access by the back stairs. A backstairs influence. Burke. Female caprice and �backstairs influence. Trevelyan. Back�stay� (?), n. [�Back, a. or n. + stay.] 1.(Naut.) A rope or stay extending from the masthead to the side of a ship, slanting a little aft, to assist the shrouds in supporting the mast. [ Often used in the plural.] 2. A rope or strap used to prevent excessive forward motion. Back�ster (?), n. [See Baxter.] A backer. [Obs.] Back�stitch� (?), n. [�Back, adv. + �stitch.] A stitch made by setting the needle back of the end of the last stitch, and bringing it out in front of the end. Back�stitch�, v.i. To sew with backstitches; as, to backstitch a seam. Back�stress (?), n. A female baker. [Obs.] Back�sword� (?), n. [2d back, n. + sword.] 1. A sword with one sharp edge. 2. In England, a stick with a basket handle, used in rustic amusements; also, the game in which the stick is used. Also called �singlestick. Halliwell. Back�ward (?), Back�wards (?),} adv. [�Back, �adv. + �ward.] 1. With the back in advance or foremost; as, to ride backward. 2. Toward the back; toward the rear; as, to throw the arms �backward. 3. On the back, or with the back downward. Thou wilt fall �backward.� Shak. 4. Toward, or in, past time or events; ago. Some reigns �backward. � Locke. 5. By way of reflection; reflexively. Sir J.Davies. 6. From a better to a worse state, as from honor to shame, from religion to sin. The work went �backward.� Dryden. 7. In a contrary or reverse manner, way, or direction; contrarily; as, to read �backwards. We might have ... beat them �backward home. Shak. Back�ward, a. 1. Directed to the back or rear; as, backward glances. 2. Unwilling; averse; reluctant; hesitating; loath. For wiser brutes were �backward� to be slaves. Pope. 3. Not well advanced in learning; not quick of apprehension; dull; inapt; as, a �backward �child. �The backward learner.� South. 4. Late or behindhand; as, a �backward season. 5. Not advanced in civilization; undeveloped; as, the country or region is in a backward �state. 6. Already past or gone; bygone. [R.] And flies unconscious o'er each �backward� year. Byron. Back�ward, n. The state behind or past. [Obs.] In the dark �backward� and abysm of time. Shak. Back�ward, v.i. To keep back; to hinder. [Obs.] Back�war�da�tion (?), n. [Backward, v.i.+ �ation.] (Stock Exchange) The seller's postponement of delivery of stock or shares, with the consent of the buyer, upon payment of a premium to the latter; - also, the premium so paid. See �Contango. Biddle. Back�ward�ly (?), adv. 1. Reluctantly; slowly; aversely. [Obs.] Sir P.Sidney. 2. Perversely; ill.[Obs.] And does he think so �backwardly� of me? Shak. Back�ward�ness, n. The state of being backward. Back�wash� (?), v.i. To clean the oil from (wood) after combing. Back�wa�ter (?), n. [�Back, a. or adv. + ��ward.�] 1. Water turned back in its course by an obstruction, an opposing current , or the flow of the tide, as in a sewer or river channel, or across a river bar. 2. An accumulation of water overflowing the low lands, caused by an obstruction. 3. Water thrown back by the turning of a waterwheel, or by the paddle wheels of a steamer. Back�woods� (?), n. pl. [Back,� a. + �woods.] The forests or partly cleared grounds on the frontiers. Back�woods�man (?), n.; pl. Backwoodsmen (?). A men living in the forest in or beyond the new settlements, especially on the western frontiers of the older portions of the United States. Fisher Ames. Back�worm� (?), n. [2d �back, n. + worm.�] A disease of hawks. See Filanders. Wright. Ba�con (?), n. [OF. bacon, fr. OHG. bacho, bahho, flitch of bacon, ham; akin to E. back. �Cf. �Back the back side.] The back and sides of a pig salted and smoked; formerly, the flesh of a pig salted or fresh. Bacon beetle (Zo�l.), a beetle (Dermestes lardarius) which, especially in the larval state, feeds upon bacon, woolens, furs, etc. See Dermestes. - To save one's bacon, to save one's self or property from harm or less. [Colloq.] Ba�co�ni�an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Lord Bacon, or to his system of philosophy. Baconian method, the inductive method. See Induction. Bac�te�ri�a (?), n.p. See �Bacterium. Bac�te�ri�al (?), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to bacteria. Bac�te�ri�ci�dal (?), a. Destructive of bacteria. Bac�te�ri�cide (?), n. [�Bacterium �+ L. �caedere to kill] (Biol.) Same as Germicide. Bac�te�ri�o�log�ic�al (?), a. Of or pertaining to bacteriology; as, �bacteriological �studies. Bac�te�ri�ol�o�gist, n. One skilled in bacteriology. Bac�te�ri�ol�o�gy (?), n. [�Bacterium + �logy.�] (Biol.) The science relating to bacteria. Bac�te�ri�o�scop�ic (?), a. (Biol.) Relating to bacterioscopy; as, a �bacterioscopic examination. Bac�te�ri�os�co�pist (?), n. (Biol.) One skilled in bacterioscopic examinations. Bac�te�ri�os�co�py (?), n. [�Bacterium + �scopy�] (Biol.) The application of a knowledge of bacteria for their detection and identification, as in the examination of polluted water. Bac�te�ri�um (?), n.; pl. �Bacteria (?). [NL., fr. Gr.?, ?, a staff: cf. F. bact�rie.�] (Biol.) A microscopic vegetable organism, belonging to the class Alg�, usually in the form of a jointed rodlike filament, and found in putrefying organic infusions. Bacteria are destitute of chlorophyll, and are the smallest of microscopic organisms. They are very widely diffused in nature, and multiply with marvelous rapidity, both by fission and by spores. Certain species are active agents in fermentation, while others appear to be the cause of certain infectious diseases. See �Bacillus. Bac�te�roid (?), Bac�te�roid�al (?),} a. [�Bacterium + �oid.] (Biol.) Resembling bacteria; as, bacteroid particles. Bac�tri�an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Bacteria in Asia. - n. A native of Bacteria. Bactrian camel, the two-humped camel. Bac�ule (?), n. [F.] (Fort.) See �Bascule. Bac�u�line (?), a. [L. baculum staff.] Of or pertaining to the rod or punishment with the rod. Bac�u�lite (?), n. [L. baculune stick, staff; cf. F. baculite.] (Paleon.) A cephalopod of the extinct genus Baculites, found fossil in the Cretaceous rocks. It is like an uncoiled ammonite. Bac�u�lom�e�try (?), n. [L. baculum staff + �metry] Measurement of distance or altitude by a staff or staffs. Bad (?), imp. of Bid.� Bade. [Obs.] Dryden. Bad (?), a. [Compar. Worse (?); �superl. �Worst (?).�] [Probably fr. AS. �b�ddel hermaphrodite; cf. b�dling effeminate fellow.] Wanting good qualities, whether physical or moral; injurious, hurtful, inconvenient, offensive, painful, unfavorable, or defective, either physically or morally; evil; vicious; wicked; - the opposite of good; as a �bad man; �bad conduct; bad habits; bad soil; �bad health; bad crop; bad news. Sometimes used substantively. The strong antipathy of good to �bad.� Pope. Syn. - Pernicious; deleterious; noxious; baneful; injurious; hurtful; evil; vile; wretched; corrupt; wicked; vicious; imperfect. Bad�der (?), compar. of �Bad, a.[Obs.] Chaucer. Bad�der�locks (?), n. [Perh. for Balderlocks, �fr. Balder the Scandinavian deity.] (Bot.) A large black seaweed (Alaria esculenta) sometimes eaten in Europe; - also called �murlins, honeyware, �and henware. Bad�dish, a. Somewhat bad; inferior. Jeffrey. Bade (?). A form of the pat tense of �Bid. Badge (?), n. [LL. bagea, bagia, �sign, prob. of German origin; cf. AS. be�g, be�h, bracelet, collar, crown, OS �b?g- in comp., AS. b?gan �to bow, bend, G. �biegen. See Bow to bend.] 1. A distinctive mark, token, sign, or cognizance, worn on the person; as, the �badge of a society; the �badge of a policeman. �Tax gatherers, recognized by their official �badges.�� Prescott. 2. Something characteristic; a mark; a token. Sweet mercy is nobility's true �badge.� Shak. 3. (Naut.) A carved ornament on the stern of a vessel, containing a window or the representation of one. Badge (?), v.t. To mark or distinguish with a badge. Badge�less, a. Having no badge. Bp. Hall. Badg�er (?), n. [Of uncertain origin; perh. fr. an old verb �badge to lay up provisions to sell again.] An itinerant licensed dealer in commodities used for food; a hawker; a huckster; - formerly applied especially to one who bought grain in one place and sold it in another. [Now dialectic, Eng.] Badg�er, n. [OE. bageard, prob. fr. badge + �ard, in reference to the white mark on its forehead. See Badge,n.] 1. A carnivorous quadruped of the genus �Meles or of an allied genus. It is a burrowing animal, with short, thick legs, and long claws on the fore feet. One species (M. vulgaris), called also brock, inhabits the north of Europe and Asia; another species (Taxidea Americana or Labradorica) inhabits the northern parts of North America. See �Teledu. 2. A brush made of badgers' hair, used by artists. Badger dog. (Zo�l.) See �Dachshund. Badg�er, v.t. [imp. & p.p. Badgered (?);p. pr. & vb. n. Badgering.] [For sense 1, see 2d �Badger; for 2, see 1st Badger.] 1. To tease or annoy, as a badger when baited; to worry or irritate persistently. 2. To beat down; to cheapen; to barter; to bargain. Badg�er�er (?), n. 1. One who badgers. 2. A kind of dog used in badger baiting. Badg�er�ing, n. 1. The act of one who badgers. 2. The practice of buying wheat and other kinds of food in one place and selling them in another for a profit. [Prov. Eng.] Badg�er�legged� (?), a. Having legs of unequal length, as the badger was thought to have. Shak. �Bad�i�a�ga (?), n. [Russ. badiaga.] (Zo�l.) A fresh�water sponge (Spongilla), common in the north of Europe, the powder of which is used to take away the livid marks of bruises. �Ba�di�an (?), n. [F.badiane, fr. Per. b�di�n anise.] [Bot.] An evergreen Chinese shrub of the Magnolia family (Illicium anisatum), and its aromatic seeds; Chinese anise; star anise. Ba�di�geon (?), n. [F.] A cement or paste (as of plaster and freestone, or of sawdust and glue or lime) used by sculptors, builders, and workers in wood or stone, to fill holes, cover defects, or finish a surface. �Ba�di�nage� (?),n. [F., fr. badiner to joke, OF. to trifle, be silly, fr. badin silly.] Playful raillery; banter. �He ...indulged himself only in an elegant badinage.� Warbur?on. Bad� lands� (?). Barren regions, especially in the western United States, where horizontal strata (Tertiary deposits) have been often eroded into fantastic forms, and much intersected by canons, and where lack of wood, water, and forage increases the difficulty of traversing the country, whence the name, first given by the Canadian French, Mauvaises Terres (bad lands). Bad�ly, adv. In a bad manner; poorly; not well; unskillfully; imperfectly; unfortunately; grievously; so as to cause harm; disagreeably; seriously. � Badly is often used colloquially for very much or very greatly, with words signifying to want or need. Bad�min�ton (?), n. [From the name of the seat of the Duke of Beaufort in England.] 1. A game, similar to lawn tennis, played with shuttlecocks. 2. A preparation of claret, spiced and sweetened. Bad�ness, n. The state of being bad. �B��no�mere (?), n. [Gr. ? to walk + �mere.] (Zo�l.) One of the somites (arthromeres) that make up the thorax of Arthropods. Packard. B��no�pod (?), n. [Gr. ? to walk + �pod.] (Zo�l.) One of the thoracic legs of Arthropods. �B��no�some (?), n. [Gr. ? to walk + �some body.] (Zo�l.) The thorax of Arthropods. Packard. Baff (?), n. A blow; a stroke. [Scot.] H.Miller. Baf�fle (?), v.i. [imp. & p.p. Baffled (?); p.pr. & vb.n. Baffling (?).] [Cf. Lowland Scotch bauchle to treat contemptuously, bauch tasteless, abashed, jaded, Icel. b�gr uneasy, poor, or b�gr, n., struggle, b�gja to push, treat harshly, OF. beffler, beffer, to mock, deceive, dial. G. b�ppe mouth, beffen to bark, chide.] 1. To cause to undergo a disgraceful punishment, as a recreant knight. [Obs.] He by the heels him hung upon a tree, And baffled so, that all which passed by The picture of his punishment might see. Spenser. 2. To check by shifts and turns; to elude; to foil. The art that baffles time's tyrannic claim. Cowper. 3. To check by perplexing; to disconcert, frustrate, or defeat; to thwart. �A baffled purpose.� De Quincey. A suitable scripture ready to repel and baffle them all. South. Calculations so difficult as to have baffled, until within a ... recent period, the most enlightened nations. Prescott. The mere intricacy of a question should not baffle us. Locke. Baffling wind (Naut.), one that frequently shifts from one point to another. Syn. � To balk; thwart; foil; frustrate; defeat. Baf�fle, v.i. 1. To practice deceit. [Obs.] Barrow. 2. To struggle against in vain; as, a ship baffles with the winds. [R.] Baf�fle, n. A defeat by artifice, shifts, and turns; discomfiture. [R.] �A baffle to philosophy.� South. Baf�fle�ment (?), n. The process or act of baffling, or of being baffled; frustration; check. Baf�fler (?), n. One who, or that which, baffles. <-- p. 112 --> Baf�fling (?), a. Frustrating; discomfiting; disconcerting; as, baffling currents, winds, tasks, � ? Baft (?). n. Same as Bafta. Baf�ta (?), n. [Cf. Per. baft. woven, wrought.] A coarse stuff, usually of cotton, originally made in India. Also, an imitation of this fabric made for export. Bag (?), n. [OE. bagge; cf. Icel. baggi, and also OF. bague, bundle, LL. baga.] 1. A sack or pouch, used for holding anything; as, a bag of meal or of money. 2. A sac, or dependent gland, in animal bodies, containing some fluid or other substance; as, the bag of poison in the mouth of some serpents; the bag of a cow. 3. A sort of silken purse formerly tied about men's hair behind, by way of ornament. [Obs.] 4. The quantity of game bagged. 5. (Com.) A certain quantity of a commodity, such as it is customary to carry to market in a sack; as, a bag of pepper or hops; a bag of coffee. Bag and baggage, all that belongs to one. � To give one the bag, to disappoint him. [Obs.] Bunyan. Bag, v.t. [imp. & p.p. Bagged(?); p.pr. & vb.n. Bagging] 1. To put into a bag; as, to bag hops. 2. To seize, capture, or entrap; as, to bag an army; to bag game. 3. To furnish or load with a bag or with a well filled bag. A bee bagged with his honeyed venom. Dryden. Bag, v.i. 1. To swell or hang down like a full bag; as, the skin bags from containing morbid matter. 2. To swell with arrogance. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. To become pregnant. [Obs.] Warner.(Alb.Eng.). �Ba�gasse� (?), n. [F.] Sugar cane, as it ?omes crushed from the mill. It is then dried and used as fuel. Also extended to the refuse of beetroot sugar. �Bag�a�telle� (?), n. [F., fr. It. bagatella; cf. Prov. It. bagata trifle, OF. bague, Pr. bagua, bundle. See Bag, n.] 1. A trifle; a thing of no importance. Rich trifles, serious bagatelles. Prior. 2. A game played on an oblong board, having, at one end, cups or arches into or through which balls are to be driven by a rod held in the hand of the player. Bag�gage (?), n. [F. bagage, from OF. bague bungle. In senses 6 and 7 cf. F. bagasse a prostitute. See Bag, n.] 1. The clothes, tents, utensils, and provisions of an army. � �The term itself is made to apply chiefly to articles of clothing and to small personal effects.� Farrow. 2. The trunks, valises, satchels, etc., which a traveler carries with him on a journey; luggage. The baronet's baggage on the roof of the coach. Thackeray. We saw our baggage following below. Johnson. � The English usually call this luggage. 3. Purulent matter. [Obs.] Barrough. 4. Trashy talk. [Obs.] Ascham. 5. A man of bad character. [Obs.] Holland. 6. A woman of loose morals; a prostitute. A disreputable, daring, laughing, painted French baggage. Thackeray. 7. A romping, saucy girl. [Playful] Goldsmith. Bag�gage mas�ter (?). One who has charge of the baggage at a railway station or upon a line of public travel. [U.S.] Bag�ga�ger (?), n. One who takes care of baggage; a camp follower. [Obs.] Sir W.Raleigh. �Bag�ga�la (?), n. [Ar. �fem. of baghl a mule.� Balfour.] (Naut.) A two�masted Arab or Indian trading vessel, used in Indian Ocean. Bag�gi�ly (?), adv. In a loose, baggy way. Bag�ging, n. 1. Cloth or other material for bags. 2. The act of putting anything into, or as into, a bag. 3. The act of swelling; swelling. Bag�ging, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Reaping peas, beans, wheat, etc., with a chopping stroke. [Eng.] Bag�gy (?), a. Resembling a bag; loose or puffed out, or pendent, like a bag; flabby; as, baggy trousers; baggy cheeks. Bag�man (?), n.; pl. Bagmen (?). A commercial traveler; one employed to solicit orders for manufacturers and tradesmen. Thackeray. Bag� net� (?). A bag�shaped net for catching fish. Bagn�io (?), n. [It. bagno, fr. L. balneum. Cf. Bain.] 1. A house for bathing, sweating, etc.; � also, in Turkey, a prison for slaves. [Obs.] 2. A brothel; a stew; a house of prostitution. Bag�pipe (?), n. A musical wind instrument, now used chiefly in the Highlands of Scotland. � It consists of a leather bag, which receives the air by a tube that is stopped by a valve; and three sounding pipes, into which the air is pressed by the performer. Two of these pipes produce fixed tones, namely, the bass, or key tone, and its fifth, and form together what is called the drone; the third, or chanter, gives the melody. Bag�pipe, v.t. To make to look like a bagpipe. To bagpipe the mizzen (Naut.), to lay it aback by bringing the sheet to the mizzen rigging. Totten. Bag�pip�er (?), n. One who plays on a bagpipe; a piper. Shak. Bag�reef� (?), n. [Bag + reef.] (Naut.) The lower reef of fore and aft sails; also, the upper reef of topsails. Ham. Nav. Encyc. �Bague (?), n. [F., a ring] (Arch.) The annular molding or group of moldings dividing a long shaft or clustered column into two or more parts. Ba�guet�, Ba�guette� } (?), n. [F. baguette, prop. a rod? It. bacchetta, fr. L. baculum, baculu? stick, staff.] 1. (Arch.) A small molding, like the astragal, but smaller; a bead. 2. (Zo�l) One of the minute bodies seen in the divided nucleoli of some Infusoria after conjugation. Bag�wig� (?), n. A wig, in use in the 18th century, with the hair at the back of the head in a bag. Bag�worm� (?), n. (Zo�l.) One of several lepidopterous insects which construct, in the larval state, a baglike case which they carry about for protection. One species (Plat?ceticus Gloveri) feeds on the orange tree. See Basket worm. Bah�(?), interj. An exclamation expressive of extreme contempt. Twenty�five years ago the vile ejaculation, Bah! was utterly unknown to the English public. De Quincey. �Ba�har� (?), n. [Ar. bah�r, from bahara to charge with a load.] A weight used in certain parts of the East Indies, varying considerably in different localities, the range being from 223 to 625 pounds. Baigne (?), v.i. [F. baigner to bathe, fr. L. balneum bath.] To soak or drench. [Obs.] Bail (?), n. [F. baille a bucket, pail; cf. LL. bacula, dim. of bacca a sort of vessel. Cf. Bac.] A bucket or scoop used in bailing water out of a boat. [Obs.] The bail of a canoe ... made of a human skull. Capt. Cook. Bail, v.t. [imp. & p.p. Bailed (?); p. pr. & vb.n. Bailing.] 1. To lade; to dip and throw; � usually with out; as, to bail water out of a boat. Buckets ... to bail out the water. Capt. J. Smith. 2. To dip or lade water from; � often with out to express completeness; as, to bail a boat. By the help of a small bucket and our hats we bailed her out. R.H.Dana, Jr. Bail, v.?t. [OF. bailler to give, to deliver, fr. L. bajulare to bear a burden, keep in custody, fr. bajulus ? who bears burdens.] 1. To deliver; to release. [Obs.] Ne none there was to rescue her, ne none to bail. Spenser. 2. (Law) (a) To set free, or deliver from arrest, or out of custody, on the undertaking of some other person or persons that he or they will be responsible for the appearance, at a certain day and place, of the person bailed. � The word is applied to the magistrate or the surety. The magistrate bails (but admits to bail is commoner) a man when he liberates him from arrest or imprisonment upon bond given with sureties. The surety bails a person when he procures his release from arrest by giving bond for his appearance. Blackstone. (b) To deliver, as goods in trust, for some special object or purpose, upon a contract, expressed or implied, that the trust shall be faithfully executed on the part of the bailee, or person intrusted; as, to bail cloth to a tailor to be made into a garment; to bail goods to a carrier. Blackstone. Kent. Bail, n. [OF. bail guardian, administrator, fr. L. bajulus. See Bail to deliver.] 1. Custody; keeping. [Obs.] Silly Faunus now within their bail. Spenser. 2. (Law) (a) The person or persons who procure the release of a prisoner from the custody of the officer, or from imprisonment, by becoming surely for his appearance in court. The bail must be real, substantial bondsmen. Blackstone. A. and B. were bail to the arrest in a suit at law. Kent. (b) The security given for the appearance of a prisoner in order to obtain his release from custody of the officer; as, the man is out on bail; to go bail for any one. Excessive bail ought not to be required. Blackstone. Bail, n. [OE. beyl; cf. Dan. b�ile an bending, ring, hoop, Sw. b�gel, bygel, and Icel. beyla hump, swelling, akin to E. bow to bend.] 1. The arched handle of a kettle, pail, or similar vessel, usually movable. Forby. 2. A half hoop for supporting the cover of a carrier's wagon, awning of a boat, etc. Bail, n. [OF. bail, baille. See Bailey.] 1. (Usually pl.) A line of palisades serving as an exterior defense. [Written also bayle.] [Obs.] 2. The outer wall of a feudal castle. Hence: The space inclosed by it; the outer court. Holinshed. 3. A certain limit within a forest. [Eng.] 4. A division for the stalls of an open stable. 5. (Cricket) The top or cross piece ( or either of the two cross pieces) of the wicket. Bail�a�ble (?), a. 1. Having the right or privilege of being admitted to bail, upon bond with sureties; � used of persons. �He's bailable, I'm sure.� Ford. 2. Admitting of bail; as, a bailable offense. 3. That can be delivered in trust; as, bailable goods. Bail� bond� (?). (Law) (a) A bond or obligation given by a prisoner and his surety, to insure the prisoner's appearance in court, at the return of the writ. (b) Special bail in court to abide the judgment. Bouvier. Bail�ee� (?), n. [OF. baill�, p.p. of bailler. See Bail to deliver.] (Law) The person to whom goods are committed in trust, and who has a temporary possession and a qualified property in them, for the purposes of the trust. Blackstone. � In penal statutes the word includes those who receive goods for another in good faith. Wharton. Bail�er�(?), n. (Law) See Bailor. Bail�er, n. 1. One who bails or lades. 2. A utensil, as a bucket or cup, used in bailing; a machine for bailing water out of a pit. Bai�ley (?), n. [The same word as bail line of palisades; cf. LL. ballium bailey, OF. bail, baille, a palisade, baillier to inclose, shut.] 1. The outer wall of a feudal castle. [Obs.] 2. The space immediately within the outer wall of a castle or fortress. [Obs.] 3. A prison or court of justice; � used in certain proper names; as, the Old Bailey in London; the New Bailey in Manchester. [Eng.] Oxf. Gloss. Bail�ie (?), n. [See Bailiff.] An officer in Scotland, whose office formerly corresponded to that of sheriff, but now corresponds to that of an English alderman. Bail�iff (?), n. [OF. baillif, F. bailli, custodia? magistrate, fr. L. bajulus porter. See Bail to deliver.] 1. Originally, a person put in charge of something especially, a chief officer, magistrate, or keeper, as of a county, town, hundred, or castle; one to whom power? of custody or care are intrusted. Abbott. Lausanne is under the canton of Berne, governed by a bailiff sent every three years from the senate. Addison. 2. (Eng. Law) A sheriff's deputy, appointed to make arrests, collect fines, summon juries, etc. � In American law the term bailiff is seldom used except sometimes to signify a sheriff's officer or constable, or a party liable to account to another for the rent and profits of real estate. Burrill. 3. An overseer or under steward of an estate, who directs husbandry operations, collects rents, etc. [Eng.] Bail�iff�wick (?), n. See Bailiwick. [Obs.] Bail�i�wick (?), n. [Bailie, bailiff + wick a village.] (Law) The precincts within which a bailiff has jurisdiction; the limits of a bailiff's authority. Bail�lie (?), n. 1. Bailiff. [Obs.] 2. Same as Bailie. [Scot.] Bail�ment (?), n. 1. (Law) The action of bailing a person accused. Bailment ...is the saving or delivery of a man out of prison before he hath satisfied the law. Dalton. 2. (Law) A delivery of goods or money by one person to another in trust, for some special purpose, upon a contract, expressed or implied, that the trust shall be faithfully executed. Blackstone. � In a general sense it is sometimes used as comprehending all duties in respect to property. Story. Bail�or� (?), n. (Law) One who delivers goods or money to another in trust. Bail�piece� (?), n. (Law) A piece of parchment, or paper, containing a recognizance or bail bond. Bain (?), n. [F. bain, fr. L. balneum. Cf. Bagnio.] A bath; a bagnio. [Obs.] Holland. �Bain��ma�rie� (?), n. [F.] A vessel for holding hot water in which another vessel may be heated without scorching its contents; � used for warming or preparing food or pharmaceutical preparations. �Bai�ram (?), n. [Turk. ba�r�m.] The name of two Mohammedan festivals, of which one is held at the close of the fast called Ramadan, and the other seventy days after the fast. Bairn (?), n. [Scot. bairn, AS. bearn, fr. beran to bear; akin to Icel., OS., &Goth. barn. See Bear to support.] A child. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Has he not well provided for the bairn ! Beau. & Fl. Baise�mains� (?), n. pl. [F., fr. baiser to kiss + mains hands.] Respects; compliments. [Obs.] Bait (?), n. [Icel. beita food, beit pasture, akin to AS. b�t food, Sw. bete. See Bait, v.i.] 1. Any substance, esp. food, used in catching fish, or other animals, by alluring them to a hook, snare, inclosure, or net. 2. Anything which allures; a lure; enticement; temptation. Fairfax. 3. A portion of food or drink, as a refreshment taken on a journey; also, a stop for rest and refreshment. 4. A light or hasty luncheon. Bait bug (Zo�l), a crustacea? of the genus Hippa found burrowing in sandy beaches. See Anomura. Bait, v.t. [imp. & p.p. Baited; p. pr. & vb. n. Baiting.] [OE. baiten, beit?n, to feed, harass, fr. Icel. beita, orig. to cause to bite, fr. b�ta. ?87. See Bite.] 1. To provoke and harass; esp., to harass or torment for sport; as, to bait a bear with dogs; to bait a bull. 2. To give a portion of food and drink to, upon the road; as, to bait horses. Holland. 3. To furnish or cover with bait, as a trap or hook. A crooked pin ... bailed with a vile earthworm. W.Irving. Bait, v.i. To stop to take a portion of food and drink for refreshment of one's self or one's beasts, on a journey. Evil news rides post, while good news baits. Milton. My lord's coach conveyed me to Bury, and thence baiting a? Newmarket. Evelyn. Bait, v.i. [F. battre de l'aile (or des ailes), to flap o? flutter. See Batter, v.i.] To flap the wings; to flutter as if to fly; or to hover, as a hawk when she stoops to her prey. �Kites that bait and beat.� Shak. Bait�er (?), n. One who baits; a tormentor. Baize (?), n. [For bayes, pl. fr. OF. baie; cf. F. bai bay�colored. See Bay a color.] A coarse woolen stuff with a long nap; � usually dyed in plain colors. A new black baize waistcoat lined with silk. Pepys. �Ba�joc�co (?), n. [It., fr. bajo brown, bay, from its color.] A small cooper coin formerly current in the Roman States, worth about a cent and a half. Bake (?), v. t. [imp.& p.p. Baked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Baking.] [ AS. bacan; akin to D. bakken, OHG. bacchan, G. backen, Icel. & Sw. baca, Dan. bage, Gr. ? to roast.] 1. To prepare, as food, by cooking in a dry heat, either in an oven or under coals, or on heated stone or metal; as, to bake bread, meat, apples. � Baking is the term usually applied to that method of cooking which exhausts the moisture in food more than roasting or broiling; but the distinction of meaning between roasting and baking is not always observed. 2. To dry or harden (anything) by subjecting to heat, as, to bake bricks; the sun bakes the ground. 3. To harden by cold. The earth ... is baked with frost. Shak. They bake their sides upon the cold, hard stone. Spenser. Bake, v.i. 1. To do the work of baking something; as, she brews, washes, and bakes. Shak. 2. To be baked; to become dry and hard in heat; as, the bread bakes; the ground bakes in the hot sun. Bake, n. The process, or result, of baking. Bake�house��(?), n. [AS. b�ch?s. See Bak?, v.i., and House.] A house for baking; a bakery. <-- p. 113 --> Bake�meat� (?), Baked��meat� (?), } n. A pie; baked food. [Obs.] Gen. xl.17. Shak. Bak�en (?), p.p. of Bake. [Obs. or. Archaic] Bak�er (?), n. [AS. b�cere. See Bake, v.i.] 1. One whose business it is to bake bread, biscuit, etc. 2. A portable oven in which baking is done. [U.S.] A baker's dozen, thirteen. � Baker foot, a distorted foot. [Obs.] Jer.Taylor. � Baker's itch, a rash on the back of the hand, caused by the irritating properties of yeast. � Baker's salt, the subcarbonate of ammonia, sometimes used instead of soda, in making bread. Bak�er�legged� (?), a. Having legs that bend inward at the knees. Bak�er�y (?), n. 1. The trade of a baker. [R.] 2. The place for baking bread; a bakehouse. Bak�ing, n. 1. The act or process of cooking in an oven, or of drying and hardening by heat or cold. 2. The quantity baked at once; a batch; as, a baking of bread. Baking powder, a substitute for yeast, usually consisting of an acid, a carbonate, and a little farinaceous matter. Bak�ing�ly, adv. In a hot or baking manner. Bak�is�tre (?), n. [See Baxter.] A baker. [Obs.] Chaucer. �Bak�sheesh�, Bak�shish� (?), n. Same as Backsheesh. Ba�laam (?), n. A paragraph describing something wonderful, used to fill out a newspaper column; � an allusion to the miracle of Balaam's ass speaking. Numb. xxii.30. [Cant] Balaam basket or box (Print.), the receptacle for rejected articles. Black?. Mag. �Bal�a�chong (?), n. [Malay b�lach�n.] A condiment formed of small fishes or shrimps, pounded up with salt and spices, and then dried. It is much esteemed in China. �Bal���noi�de�a (?), n. [NL., from L. balaena whale + �oid.] (Zo�l) A division of the Cetacea, including the right whale and all other whales having the mouth fringed with baleen. See Baleen. Bal�ance (?), n. [OE. balaunce, F. balance, fr. L. bilan?, bilancis, having two scales; bis twice (akin to E. two) + lanx plate, scale.] 1. An apparatus for weighing. � In its simplest form, a balance consists of a beam or lever supported exactly in the middle, having two scales or basins of equal weight suspended from its extremities. Another form is that of the Roman balance, our steelyard, consisting of a lever or beam, suspended near one of its extremities, on the longer arm of which a counterpoise slides. The name is also given to other forms of apparatus for weighing bodies, as to the combinations of levers making up platform scales; and even to devices for weighing by the elasticity of a spring. 2. Act of weighing mentally; comparison; estimate. A fair balance of the advantages on either side. Atterbury. 3. Equipoise between the weights in opposite scales. 4. The state of being in equipoise; equilibrium; even adjustment; steadiness. And hung a bottle on each side To make his balance true. Cowper. The order and balance of the country were destroyed. Buckle. English workmen completely lose their balance. J. S. Mill. 5. An equality between the sums total of the two sides of an account; as, to bring one's accounts to a balance; � also, the excess on either side; as, the balance of an account. � A balance at the banker's. � Thackeray. I still think the balance of probabilities leans towards the account given in the text. J. Peile. 6. (Horol.) A balance wheel, as of a watch, or clock. See Balance wheel (in the Vocabulary). 7. (Astron.) (a) The constellation Libra. (b) The seventh sign in the Zodiac, called Libra, which the sun enters at the equinox in September. 8. A movement in dancing. See Balance, v. i., S. Balance electrometer, a kind of balance, with a poised beam, which indicates, by weights suspended from one arm, the mutual attraction of oppositely electrified surfaces. Knight. � Balance fish. (Zo�l) See Hammerhead. � Balance knife, a carving or table knife the handle of which overbalances the blade, and so keeps it from contact with the table. � Balance of power. (Politics), such an adjustment of power among sovereign states that no one state is in a position to interfere with the independence of the others; international equilibrium; also, the ability ( of a state or a third party within a state) to control the relations between sovereign states or between dominant parties in a state. � Balance sheet (Bookkeeping), a paper showing the balances of the open accounts of a business, the debit and credit balances footing up equally, if the system of accounts be complete and the balances correctly taken. � Balance termometer, a termometer mounted as a balance so that the movement of the mercurial column changes the indication of the tube. With the aid of electrical or mechanical devices adapted to it, it is used for the automatic regulation of the temperature of rooms warmed artificially, and as a fire alarm. � Balance of torsion. See Torsion Balance. � Balance of trade (Pol. Econ.), an equilibrium between the money values of the exports and imports of a country; or more commonly, the amount required on one side or the other to make such an equilibrium. � Balance valve, a valve whose surfaces are so arranged that the fluid pressure tending to seat, and that tending to unseat the valve, are nearly in equilibrium; esp., a puppet valve which is made to operate easily by the admission of steam to both sides. See Puppet valve. � Hydrostatic balance. See under Hydrostatic. � To lay in balance, to put up as a pledge or security. [Obs.] Chaucer. � To strike a balance, to find out the difference between the debit and credit sides of an account. Bal�ance (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Balanced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Balancing (?).] [From Balance, n.: cf. F. balancer. ] 1. To bring to an equipoise, as the scales of a balance by adjusting the weights; to weigh in a balance. 2. To support on a narrow base, so as to keep from falling; as, to balance a plate on the end of a cane; to balance one's self on a tight rope. 3. To equal in number, weight, force, or proportion; to counterpoise, counterbalance, counteract, or neutralize. One expression ... must check and balance another. Kent. 4. To compare in relative force, importance, value, etc.; to estimate. Balance the good and evil of things. L'Estrange. 5. To settle and adjust, as an account; to make two accounts equal by paying the difference between them. I am very well satisfied that it is not in my power to balance accounts with my Maker. Addison. 6. To make the sums of the debits and credits of an account equal; � said of an item; as, this payment, or credit, balances the account. 7. To arrange accounts in such a way that the sum total of the debits is equal to the sum total of the credits; as, to balance a set of books. 8. (Dancing) To move toward, and then back from, reciprocally; as, to balance partners. 9. (Naut.) To contract, as a sail, into a narrower compass; as, to balance the boom mainsail. Balanced valve. See Balance valve, under Balance, n. Syn. � To poise; weigh; adjust; counteract; neutralize; equalize. Bal�ance, v.i. 1. To have equal weight on each side; to be in equipoise; as, the scales balance. 2. To fluctuate between motives which appear of equal force; to waver; to hesitate. He would not balance or err in the determination of his choice. Locke. 3. (Dancing) To move toward a person or couple, and then back. Bal�ance�a�ble (?), a. Such as can be balanced. Bal�ance�ment (?), n. The act or result of balancing or adjusting; equipoise; even adjustment of forces. [R.] Darwin. Bal�an�cer�(?), n. 1. One who balances, or uses a balance. 2. (Zo�l.) In Diptera, the rudimentary posterior wing. Bal�ance�reef� (?), n. (Naut.) The last reef in a fore�and�aft sail, taken to steady the ship. Bal�ance wheel� (?). 1. (Horology) (a) A wheel which regulates the beats or pulses of a watch or chronometer, answering to the pendulum of a clock; � often called simply a balance. (b) A ratchet�shaped scape wheel, which in some watches is acted upon by the axis of the balance wheel proper (in those watches called a balance). 2. (Mach.) A wheel which imparts regularity to the movements of any engine or machine; a fly wheel. Bal�a�nif�er�ous (?), a. [L. balanus acorn + �ferous.] Bearing or producing acorns. Bal�a�nite (?), n. [L. balanus acorn: cf. F. balanite.] (Paleon.) A fossil balanoid shell. �Bal�a�no�glos�sus�(?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? acorn + ? tongue.] (Zo�l) A peculiar marine worm. See Enteropneusta, and Tornaria. Bal�a�noid (?), a. [Gr. ? acorn + �oid.] (Zo�l.) Resembling an acorn; � applied to a group of barnacles having shells shaped like acorns. See Acornshell, and Barnacle. Bal�as ru�by (?). [OE. bales, balais, F. balais, LL. balascus, fr. Ar. balakhsh, so called from Badakhshan, Balashan, or Balaxiam, a place in the neighborhood of Samarcand, where this ruby is found.] (Min.) A variety of spinel ruby, of a pale rose red, or inclining to orange. See Spinel. Ba�laus�tine�(?), n. [L. balaustium, Gr. ?.] (Bot.) The pomegranate tree (Punica granatum). The bark of the root, the rind of the fruit, and the flowers are used medicinally. Bal�bu�ti�ate (?), Bal�bu�ci�nate�(?),} v.i. [L. balbutire, fr. balbus stammering: cf. F. balbutier.] To stammer. [Obs.] �Bal�bu�ti�es�(?), n. (Med.) The defect of stammering; also, a kind of incomplete pronunciation. Bal�con�(?), n. A balcony. [Obs.] Pepys. Bal�co�nied�(?), a. Having balconies. Bal�co�ny (?), n.; pl. Balconies (?). [It. balcone; cf. It. balco, palco, scaffold, fr. OHG. balcho, pa?cho, beam, G. balken. See Balk beam.] 1. (Arch.) A platform projecting from the wall of a building, usually resting on brackets or consoles, and inclosed by a parapet; as, a balcony in front of a window. Also, a projecting gallery in places of amusement; as, the balcony in a theater. 2. A projecting gallery once common at the stern of large ships. � �The accent has shifted from the second to the first syllable within these twenty years.� Smart (1836). Bald (?), a. [OE. balled, ballid, perh. the p.p. of ball to reduce to the roundness or smoothness of a ball, by removing hair. ?85. But cf. W. bali whiteness in a horse's forehead.] 1. Destitute of the natural or common covering on the head or top, as of hair, feathers, foliage, trees, etc.; as, a bald head; a bald oak. On the bald top of an eminence. Wordsworth. 2. Destitute of ornament; unadorned; bare; literal. In the preface to his own bald translation. Dryden. 3. Undisguised. � Bald egotism.� Lowell. 4. Destitute of dignity or value; paltry; mean. [Obs.] 5. (Bot.) Destitute of a beard or awn; as, bald wheat. 6. (Zo�l.) (a) Destitute of the natural covering. (b) Marked with a white spot on the head; bald�faced. Bald buzzard (Zo�l.), the fishhawk or osprey. � Bald coot (Zo�l.), a name of the European coot (Fulica atra), alluding to the bare patch on the front of the head. Bal�da�chin (?), n. [LL. baldachinus, baldechinus, a canopy of rich silk carried over the host; fr. Bagdad, It. Baldacco, a city in Turkish Asia from whence these rich silks came: cf. It. baldacchino. Cf. Baudekin.] 1. A rich brocade; baudekin. [Obs.] 2. (Arch.) A structure in form of a canopy, sometimes supported by columns, and sometimes suspended from the roof or projecting from the wall; generally placed over an altar; as, the baldachin in St. Peter's. 3. A portable canopy borne over shrines, etc., in procession. [Written also baldachino, baldaquin, etc.] Bald� ea�gle (?). (Zo�l.) The white�headed eagle (Hali�etus ?eucocephalus) of America. The young, until several years old, lack the white feathers on the head. � The bald eagle is represented in the coat of arms, and on the coins, of the United States. Bal�der (?), n. [Icel. Baldr, akin to E. bold.] (Scan. Myth.) The most beautiful and beloved of the gods; the god of peace; the son of Odin and Freya. [Written also Baldur.] Bal�der�dash (?), n. [Of uncertain origin: cf. Dan. balder noise, clatter, and E. dash; hence, perhaps, unmeaning noise, then hodgepodge, mixture; or W. baldorduss a prattling, baldordd, baldorddi, to prattle.] 1. A worthless mixture, especially of liquors. Indeed beer, by a mixture of wine, hath lost both name and nature, and is called balderdash. Taylor (Drink and Welcome). 2. Senseless jargon; ribaldry; nonsense; trash. Bal�der�dash (?), v.t. To mix or adulterate, as liquors. The wine merchants of Nice brew and balderdash, and even mix it with pigeon's dung and quicklime. Smollett. Bald��faced� (?), a. Having a white face or a white mark on the face, as a stag. Bald�head��(?), n. 1. A person whose head is bald. 2 Kings ii. 23. 2. (Zo�l.) A white�headed variety of pigeon. Bald�head�ed, a. Having a bald head. Bald�ly, adv. Nakedly; without reserve; inelegantly. Bald�ness, n. The state or condition of being bald; as, baldness of the head; baldness of style. This gives to their syntax a peculiar character of simplicity and baldness. W.D. Whitney. Bald�pate� (?), n. 1. A baldheaded person. Shak. 2. (Zo�l.) The American widgeon (Anas Americana). Bald�pate� (?), Bald�pat�ed (?), } a. Destitute of hair on the head; baldheaded. Shak. Bald�rib� (?),n. A piece of pork cut lower down than the sparerib, and destitute of fat. [Eng.] Southey. Bal�dric (?), n. [OE. baudric, bawdrik, through OF. (cf. F. baudrier and LL. baldringus, baldrellus), from OHG. balderich, cf. balz, palz, akin to E. belt. See Belt, n.] A broad belt, sometimes richly ornamented, worn over one shoulder, across the breast, and under the opposite arm; less properly, any belt. [Also spelt bawdrick.] A radiant baldric o'er his shoulder tied Sustained the sword that glittered at his side. Pope. Bald�win (?), n. (Bot.) A kind of reddish, moderately acid, winter apple. [U.S.] Bale (?), n. [OE. bale, OF. bale, F. balle, LL. bala, fr. OHG. balla, palla, pallo, G. ball, balle, ballen, ball round pack; cf. D. baal. Cf. Ball a round body.] A bundle or package of goods in a cloth cover, and corded for storage or transportation; also, a bundle of straw ? hay, etc., put up compactly for transportation. Bale of dice, a pair of dice. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Bale, v.t. [imp. & p.p. Baled (?); p.pr. & vb.n. Baling.] To make up in a bale. Goldsmith. Bale, v.t. See Bail, v.t., to lade. <-- p. 114 --> Bale (?), n. [AS. bealo, bealu, balu; akin to OS. ?alu, OHG. balo, Icel. b�l, Goth. balweins.] 1. Misery; ?alamity; misfortune; sorrow. Let now your bliss be turned into bale. Spenser. 2. Evil; an evil, pernicious influence; something causing great injury. [Now chiefly poetic] Bal�e�ar�ic (?), a. [L. Balearicus, fr. Gr. ? the Balearic Islands.] Of or pertaining to the isles of Majorca, Minorca, Ivica, etc., in the Mediterranean Sea, off the coast of Valencia. Balearic crane. (Zo�l.) See Crane. Ba�leen� (?), n. [F. baleine whale and whalibone, L. balaena a whale; cf. Gr. ?. ] (Zo�l. & Com.) Plates or blades of �whalebone,� from two to twelve feet long, and sometimes a foot wide, which in certain whales (Bal�noidea) are attached side by side along the upper jaw, and form a fringelike sieve by which the food is retained in the mouth. Bale�fire� (?), n. [AS. b?lj?r the fire of the ?uneral pile; b?l fire, flame (akin to Icel. b�l, OSlav. b?l?, white, Gr. ? bright, white, Skr. bh�la brightness) + f?r, E. fire.] A signal fire; an alarm fire. Sweet Teviot! on thy silver tide The glaring balefires blaze no more. Sir W. Scott. Bale�ful (?), a. [AS. bealoful. See Bale misery.] 1. Full of deadly or pernicious influence; destructive. �Baleful enemies.� Shak. Four infernal rivers that disgorge Into the burning lake their baleful streams. Milton. 2. Full of grief or sorrow; woeful; sad. [Archaic] Bale�ful�ly, adv. In a baleful manner; perniciously. Bale�ful�ness, n. The quality or state of being baleful. �Bal�i�sa�ur (?), n. [Hind.] (Zo�l.) A badgerlike animal of India (Arcionyx collaris). Bal�is�ter (?), n. [OF. balestre. See Ballista.] A crossbow. [Obs.] Blount. Bal�is�toid (?), a. (Zo�l.) Like a fish of the genus Balistes; of the family Balistid�. See Filefish. �Bal�is�tra�ri�a (?), n. [LL.] (Anc. Fort.) A narrow opening, often cruciform, through which arrows might be discharged. �Ba�lize� (?), n. [F. balise; cf. Sp. balisa.] A pole or a frame raised as a sea beacon or a landmark. Balk (?), n. [AS. balca beam, ridge; akin to Icel. b�lkr partition, bj�lki beam, OS. balko, G. balken; cf. Gael. balc ridge of earth between two furrows. Cf. Balcony, Balk, v.i., 3d Bulk.] 1. A ridge of land left unplowed between furrows, or at the end of a field; a piece missed by the plow slipping aside. Bad plowmen made balks of such ground. Fuller. 2. A great beam, rafter, or timber; esp., the tie�beam ?f a house. The loft above was called �the balks.� Tubs hanging in the balks. Chaucer. 3. (Mil.) One of the beams connecting the successive supports of a trestle bridge or bateau bridge. 4. A hindrance or disappointment; a check. A balk to the confidence of the bold undertaker. South. 5. A sudden and obstinate stop; a failure. 6. (Baseball) A deceptive gesture of the pitcher, as if to deliver the ball. Balk line (Billiards), a line across a billiard table near one end, marking a limit within which the cue balls are placed in beginning a game; also, a line around the table, parallel to the sides, used in playing a particular game, called the balk line game. Balk, v.t. [imp. & p.p. Balked (?); p.pr. & vb.n. Balking.] [From Balk a beam; orig. to put a balk or beam in one's way, in order to stop or hinder. Cf., for sense 2, AS. on balcan legan to lay in heaps.] 1. To leave or make balks in. [Obs.] Gower. 2. To leave heaped up; to heap up in piles. [Obs.] Ten thousand bold Scots, two and twenty knights, Balk'd in their own blood did Sir Walter see. Shak. 3. To omit, miss, or overlook by chance. [Obs.] 4. To miss intentionally; to avoid; to shun; to refuse; to let go by; to shirk. [Obs. or Obsolescent] By reason of the contagion then in London, we balked the ?nns. Evelyn. Sick he is, and keeps his bed, and balks his meat. Bp. Hall. Nor doth he any creature balk, But lays on all he meeteth. Drayton. 5. To disappoint; to frustrate; to foil; to baffle; to ?hwart; as, to balk expectation. They shall not balk my entrance. Byron. Balk, v.i. 1. To engage in contradiction; to be in opposition. [Obs.] In strifeful terms with him to balk. Spenser. 2. To stop abruptly and stand still obstinately; to jib; to stop short; to swerve; as, the horse balks. � This has been regarded as an Americanism, but it occurs in Spenser's �Fa�rie Queene,� Book IV., 10, xxv. Ne ever ought but of their true loves talkt, Ne ever for rebuke or blame of any balkt. Balk, v.i. [Prob. from D. balken to bray, bawl.] To indicate to fishermen, by shouts or signals from shore, the direction taken by the shoals of herring. Balk�er (?), n. [See 2d Balk.] One who, or that which balks. Balk�er (?), n. [See last Balk.] A person who stands on a rock or eminence to espy the shoals of herring, etc., and to give notice to the men in boats which way they pass; a conder; a huer. Bale�ing�ly, adv. In manner to balk or frustrate. Balk�ish, a. Uneven; ridgy. [R.] Holinshed. Balk�y (?), a. Apt to balk; as, a balky horse. Ball (?), n. [OE. bal, balle; akin to OHG. balla, palla, G. ball, Icel. b�llr, ball; cf. F. balle. Cf. 1st Bale, n., Pallmall.] 1. Any round or roundish body or mass; a sphere or globe; as, a ball of twine; a ball of snow. 2. A spherical body of any substance or size used to play with, as by throwing, knocking, kicking, etc. 3. A general name for games in which a ball is thrown, kicked, or knocked. See Baseball, and Football. 4. Any solid spherical, cylindrical, or conical projectile of lead or iron, to be discharged from a firearm; as, a cannon ball; a rif?e ball; � often used collectively; as, powder and ball. Spherical balls for the smaller firearms are commonly called bullets. 5. (Pirotechnics & Mil.) A flaming, roundish body shot into the air; a case filled with combustibles intended to burst and give light or set fire, or to produce smoke or stench; as, a fire ball; a stink ball. 6. (Print.) A leather�covered cushion, fastened to a handle called a ballstock; � formerly used by printers for inking the form, but now superseded by the roller. 7. A roundish protuberant portion of some part of the body; as, the ball of the thumb; the ball of the foot. 8. (Far.) A large pill, a form in which medicine is commonly given to horses; a bolus. White. 9. The globe or earth. Pope. Move round the dark terrestrial ball. Addison. Ball and socket joint, a joint in which a ball moves within a socket, so as to admit of motion in every direction within certain limits. � Ball bearings, a mechanical device for lessening the friction of axle bearings by means of small loose metal balls. � Ball cartridge, a cartridge containing a ball, as distinguished from a blank cartridge, containing only powder. � Ball cock, a faucet or valve which is opened or closed by the fall or rise of a ball floating in water at the end of a lever. � Ball gudgeon, a pivot of a spherical form, which permits lateral deflection of the arbor or shaft, while retaining the pivot in its socket. Knight. � Ball lever, the lever used in a ball cock. � Ball of the eye, the eye itself, as distinguished from its lids and socket; � formerly, the pupil of the eye. � Ball valve (Mach.), a contrivance by which a ball, placed in a circular cup with a hole in its bottom, operates as a valve. � Ball vein (Mining), a sort of iron ore, found in loose masses of a globular form, containing sparkling particles. � Three balls, or Three golden balls, a pawnbroker's sign or shop. Syn.� See Globe. Ball, v.i. [imp. & p.p. Balled (?); p.pr. & vb.n. Balling.] To gather balls which cling to the feet, as of damp snow or clay; to gather into balls; as, the horse balls; the snow balls. Ball, v.t. 1. (Metal.) To heat in a furnace and form into balls for rolling. 2. To form or wind into a ball; as, to ball cotton. Ball, n. [F. bal, fr. OF. baler to dance, fr. LL. ballare. Of uncertain origin; cf. Gr. ? to toss or throw, or ?, ?, to leap, bound, ? to dance, jump about; or cf. 1st Ball, n.] A social assembly for the purpose of dancing. Bal�lad (?), n. [OE. balade, OF. balade, F. ballade, fr. Pr. ballada a dancing song, fr. ballare to dance; cf. It. ballata. See 2d Ball, n., and Ballet.] A popular kind of narrative poem, adapted for recitation or singing; as, the ballad of Chevy Chase; esp., a sentimental or romantic poem in short stanzas. Bal�lad, v.i. To make or sing ballads. [Obs.] Bal�lad, v.t. To make mention of in ballads. [Obs.] Bal�lade� (?), n. [See Ballad, n.] A form of French versification, sometimes imitated in English, in which three or four rhymes recur through three stanzas of eight or ten lines each, the stanzas concluding with a refrain, and the whole poem with an envoy. Bal�lad�er (?), n. A writer of ballads. Bal�lad mon�ger (?). [See Monger.] A seller or maker of ballads; a poetaster. Shak. Bal�lad�ry (?), n. [From Ballad, n. ] Ballad poems; the subject or style of ballads. �Base balladry is so beloved.� Drayton. Bal�la�hoo, Bal�la�hou } (?), n. A fast�sailing schooner, used in the Bermudas and West Indies. Bal�la�rag (?), v.i. [Corrupted fr. bullirag.] To bully; to threaten. [Low] T. Warton. Bal�last (?), n. [D. ballast; akin to Dan. baglast, ballast, OSw. barlast, Sw. ballast. The first part is perh. the same word as E. bare, adj.; the second is last a burden, and hence the meaning a bare, or mere, load. See Bare, a., and Last load.] 1. (Naut.) Any heavy substance, as stone, iron, etc., put into the hold to sink a vessel in the water to such a depth as to prevent capsizing. 2. Any heavy matter put into the car of a balloon to give it steadiness. 3. Gravel, broken stone, etc., laid in the bed of a railroad to make it firm and solid. 4. The larger solids, as broken stone or gravel, used in making concrete. 5. Fig.: That which gives, or helps to maintain, uprightness, steadiness, and security. It [piety] is the right ballast of prosperity. Barrow. Ballast engine, a steam engine used in excavating and for digging and raising stones and gravel for ballast. � Ship in ballast, a ship carring only ballast. Bal�last, v.t. [imp. & p.p. Ballasted; p.pr. & vb.n. Ballasting.] 1. To steady, as a vessel, by putting heavy substances in the hold. 2. To fill in, as the bed of a railroad, with gravel, stone, etc., in order to make it firm and solid. 3. To keep steady; to steady, morally. 'T is charity must ballast the heart. Hammond. Bal�last�age (?), n. (Law) A toll paid for the privilege of taking up ballast in a port or harbor. Bal�last�ing, n. That which is used for steadying anything; ballast. Bal�la�try (?), n. See Balladry. [Obs.] Milton. �Bal�let� (?), n. [F., a dim. of bal dance. See 2d Ball, n.] 1. An artistic dance performed as a theatrical entertainment, or an interlude, by a number of persons, usually women. Sometimes, a scene accompanied by pantomime and dancing. 2. The company of persons who perform the ballet. 3. (Mus.) A light part song, or madrigal, with a fa la burden or chorus, � most common with the Elizabethan madrigal composers. 4. (Her.) A bearing in coats of arms, representing one or more balls, which are denominated bezants, plates, etc., according to color. Ball��flow�er (?), n. (Arch.) An ornament resembling a ball placed in a circular flower, the petals of which form a cup round it, � usually inserted in a hollow molding. �Bal�lis�ta�(?), n.; pl. Ballist?e (?). [L. ballista, balista, fr. Gr. ? to throw.] An ancient military engine, in the form of a crossbow, used for hurling large missiles. Bal�lis�ter (?), n. [L. ballista. Cf. Balister.] A crossbow. [Obs.] Bal�lis�tic (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the ballista, or to the art of hurling stones or missile weapons by means of an engine. 2. Pertaining to projection, or to a projectile. Ballistic pendulum, an instrument consisting of a mass of wood or other material suspended as a pendulum, for measuring the force and velocity of projectiles by means of the arc through which their impact impels it. Bal�lis�tics (?), n. [Cf. F. balistique. See Ballista.] The science or art of hurling missile weapons by the use of an engine. Whewell. �Bal�li�um�(?),n. [LL.] See Bailey. Bal�loon��(?), n. [F. ballon, aug. of balle ball: cf. It. ballone. See 1st Ball, n., and cf. Pallone.] 1. A bag made of silk or other light material, and filled with hydrogen gas or heated air, so as to rise and float in the atmosphere; especially, one with a car attached for a�rial navigation. 2. (Arch.) A ball or globe on the top of a pillar, church, etc., as at St. Paul's, in London. [R.] 3. (Chem.) A round vessel, usually with a short neck, to hold or receive whatever is distilled; a glass vessel of a spherical form. 4. (Pyrotechnics) A bomb or shell. [Obs.] 5. A game played with a large inf?ated ball. [Obs.] 6. (Engraving) The outline inclosing words represented as coming from the mouth of a pictured figure. Air balloon, a balloon for a�rial navigation. � Balloon frame (Carp.), a house frame constructed altogether of small timber. � Balloon net, a variety of woven lace in which the weft threads are twisted in a peculiar manner around the warp. Bal�loon�, v.t. To take up in, or as if in, a balloon. Bal�loon�, v.i. 1. To go up or voyage in a balloon. 2. To expand, or puff out, like a balloon. Bal�looned� (?),a. Swelled out like a balloon. Bal�loon�er (?), n. One who goes up in a balloon; an a�ronaut. Bal�loon� fish� (?). (Zo�l.) A fish of the genus Diodon or the genus Tetraodon, having the power of distending its body by taking air or water into its dilatable esophagus. See Globefish, and Bur fish. Bal�loon�ing, n. 1. The art or practice of managing balloons or voyaging in them. 2. (Stock Exchange) The process of temporarily raising the value of a stock, as by fictitious sales. [U.S.] Bal�loon�ing spi�der (?). (Zo�l.) A spider which has the habit of rising into the air. Many kinds ( esp. species of Lycosa) do this while young by ejecting threads of silk until the force of the wind upon them carries the spider aloft. Bal�loon�ist, n. An a�ronaut. Bal�loon�ry�(?), n. The art or practice of ascending in a balloon; a�ronautics. Bal�lot (?), n. [F. ballotte, fr. It. ballotta. See Ball round body.] 1. Originally, a ball used for secret voting. Hence: Any printed or written ticket used in voting. 2. The act of voting by balls or written or printed ballots or tickets; the system of voting secretly by balls or by tickets. The insufficiency of the ballot. Dickens. <-- p. 115 --> 3. The whole number of votes cast at an election, or in a given territory or electoral district. Ballot box, a box for receiving ballots. Bal�lot (?), v.i. [imp. & p.p. Balloted; p.pr. & vb. n. Balloting.] [F. ballotter to toss, to ballot, or It. ballottare. See Ballot, n.] To vote or decide by ballot; as, to ballot for a candidate. Bal�lot, v.t. To vote for or in opposition to. None of the competitors arriving to a sufficient number of balls, they fell to ballot some others. Sir H. Wotton. Bal�lo�tade� (?), n. [F. ballottade, fr. ballotter to toss. See Ballot, v.i.] (Man.) A leap of a horse, as between two pillars, or upon a straight line, so that when his four feet are in the air, he shows only the shoes of his hind feet, without jerking out. Bal�lo�ta�tion (?), n. Voting by ballot. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. Bal�lot�er (?), n. One who votes by ballot. Bal�lo�tin (?),n. [F.] An officer who has charge of a ballot box. [Obs.] Harrington. Bal�low (?),n. A cudgel. [Obs.] Shak. Ball�proof� (?), a. Incapable of being penetrated by balls from firearms. Ball�room� (?), n. A room for balls or dancing. Balm (?), n. [OE. baume, OF. bausme, basme, F. baume, L. balsamum balsam, from Gr. ?; perhaps of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. b�s�m. Cf. Balsam.] 1. (Bot.) An aromatic plant of the genus Melissa. 2. The resinous and aromatic exudation of certain trees or shrubs. Dryden. 3. Any fragrant ointment. Shak. 4. Anything that heals or that mitigates pain. �Balm for each ill.� Mrs. Hemans. Balm cricket (Zo�l.), the European cicada. Tennyson. � Balm of Gilead (Bot.), a small evergreen African and Asiatic tree of the terebinthine family (Balsamodendron Gileadense). Its leaves yield, when bruised, a strong aromatic scent; and from this tree is obtained the balm of Gilead of the shops, or balsam of Mecca. This has a yellowish or greenish color, a warm, bitterish, aromatic taste, and a fragrant smell. It is valued as an unguent and cosmetic by the Turks. The fragrant herb Dracocephalum Canariense is familiarly called balm of Gilead, and so are the American trees, Populus balsamifera, variety candicans (balsam poplar), and Abies balsamea (balsam fir). Balm, v.i. To anoint with balm, or with anything medicinal. Hence: To soothe; to mitigate. [Archaic] Shak. Balm�i�fy (?), v. t. [Balm + �fy.] To render balmy. [Obs.] Cheyne. Balm�i�ly, adv. In a balmy manner. Coleridge. Bal�mor�al (?), n. [From Balmoral Castle, in Aberdeenshire, Scotland.] 1. A long woolen petticoat, worn immediately under the dress. 2. A kind of stout walking shoe, laced in front. A man who uses his balmorals to tread on your toes. George Eliot. Balm�y (?), a. 1. Having the qualities of balm; odoriferous; aromatic; assuaging; soothing; refreshing; mild. �The balmy breeze.� Tickell. Tired nature's sweet restorer, balmy sleep ! Young. 2. Producing balm. �The balmy tree.� Pope. Syn. � Fragrant; sweet�scented; odorous; spicy. Bal�ne�al�(?), a. [L. balneum bath.] Of or pertaining to a bath. Howell. Bal�ne�a�ry (?), n. [L. balnearium, fr. balneum bath.] A bathing room. Sir T. Browne. Bal�ne�a�tion (?), n. [LL. balneare to bathe, fr. L. balneum bath.] The act of bathing. [R.] Bal�ne�a�to�ry (?), a. [L. balneatorius.] Belonging to a bath. [Obs.] Bal�ne�og�ra�phy (?), n. [L. balneum bath + �graphy.] A description of baths. Bal�ne�ol�o�gy (?), n. [L. balneum bath + �logy.] A treatise on baths; the science of bathing. Bal�ne�o�ther�a�py (?), n. [L. balneum bath + Gr. ? to heal.] The treatment of disease by baths. Bal�o�tade� (?), n. See Ballotade. �Bal�sa (?), n. [Sp. or Pg. balsa.] (Naut.) A raft or float, used principally on the Pacific coast of South America. Bal�sam (?), n. [L. balsamum the balsam tree or its resin, Gr. ?. See Balm, n.] 1. A resin containing more or less of an essential o? volatile oil. � The balsams are aromatic resinous substances, flowing spontaneously r by incision from certain plants. A great variety of substances pass under this name, but the term is now usually restricted to resins which, in addition to a volatile oil, contain benzoic and cinnamic acid. Among the true balsams are the balm of Gilead, and the balsams of copaiba, Peru, and Tolu. There are also many pharmaceutical preparations and resinous substances, possessed of a balsamic smell, to which the name balsam has been given. 2. (Bot.) (a) A species of tree (Abies balsamea). (b) An annual garden plant (Impatiens balsamina) with beautiful flowers; balsamine. 3. Anything that heals, soothes, or restores. Was not the people's blessing a balsam to thy blood? Tennyson. Balsam apple (Bot.), an East Indian plant ( Momordica balsamina), of the gourd family, with red or orange�yellow cucumber�shaped fruit of the size of a walnut, used as a vulnerary, and in liniments and poultices. �Balsam fir (Bot.), the American coniferous tree, Abies balsamea, from which the useful Canada balsam is derived. � Balsam of copaiba. See Copaiba. � Balsam of Mecca, balm of Gilead. � Balsam of Peru, a reddish brown, syrupy balsam, obtained from a Central American tree ( Myroxylon Pereir� and used as a stomachic and expectorant, and in the treatment of ulcers, etc. It was long supposed to be a product of Peru. � Balsam of Tolu, a reddish or yellowish brown semisolid or solid balsam, obtained from a South American tree ( Myxoxylon toluiferum.). It is highly fragrant, and is used as a stomachic and expectorant. � Balsam tree, any tree from which balsam is obtained, esp. the Abies balsamea. � Canada balsam, Balsam of fir, Canada turpentine, a yellowish, viscid liquid, which, by time and exposure, becomes a transparent solid mass. It is obtained from the balm of Gilead (or balsam) fir (Abies balsamea) by breaking the vesicles upon the trunk and branches. See Balm. Bal�sam (?), v.t. To treat or anoint with balsam; to relieve, as with balsam; to render balsamic. Bal�sam�a�tion�(?), n. 1. The act of imparting balsamic properties. 2. The art or process of embalming. Bal�sam�ic�(?), Bal�sam�ic�al�(?), } a. [Cf. F. balsamique.] Having the qualities of balsam; containing, or resembling, balsam; soft; mitigative; soothing; restorative. Bal�sam�if�er�ous (?), a. [Balsam + �ferous.] Producing balsam. Bal�sam�ine�(?), n. [Cf. F. balsamine, fr. Gr. ? balsam plant.] (Bot.) The Impatiens balsamina, or garden balsam. Bal�sam�ous (?), a. Having the quality of balsam; containing balsam. �A balsamous substance.� Sterne. Bal�ter�(?), v. t. [Etymol. uncertain. Cf. Bloodboltered.] To stick together.[Obs.] Holland. Bal�tic (?), a. [NL. mare Balticum, fr. L. balteus belt, from certain straits or channels surrounding its isles, called belts. See Belt.] Of or pertaining to the sea which separates Norway and Sweden from Jutland, Denmark, and Germany; situated on the Baltic Sea. Bal�ti�more bird� (?). Bal�ti�more o�ri�ole�(?). } (Zo�l.) A common American bird (Icterus galbula), named after Lord Baltimore, because its colors (black and orange red) are like those of his coat of arms; � called also golden robin. Bal�us�ter (?), n. [F. balustre, It. balaustro, fr. L. balaustium the flower of the wild pomegranate, fr. Gr. ?; � so named from the similarity of form.] (Arch.) A row of balusters topped by a rail, serving as an open parapet, as along the edge of a balcony, terrace, bridge, staircase, or the eaves of a building. Bam (?), n. [Prob. a contr. of bamboozle.] An imposition; a cheat; a hoax. Garrick. To relieve the tedium? he kept plying them with all manner of bams. Prof. Wilson. Bam, v.t. To cheat; to wheedle. [Slang] Foote. �Bam�bi�no�(?), n. [It., a little boy, fr. bambo silly; cf. Gr. ?, ?, to chatter.] A child or baby; esp., a representation in art of the infant Christ wrapped in swaddling clothes. Bam�boc�ci�ade��(?), n. [It. bambocciata, fr. Bamboccio a nickname of Peter Van Laer, a Dutch genre painter; properly, a child, simpleton, puppet, fr. bambo silly.] (Paint.) A representation of a grotesque scene from common or rustic life. Bam�boo� (?), n. [Malay bambu, mambu.] (Bot.) A plant of the family of grasses, and genus Bambusa, growing in tropical countries. � The most useful species is Bambusa arundinacea, which has a woody, hollow, round, straight, jointed stem, and grows to the height of forty feet and upward. The flowers grow in large panicles, from the joints of the stalk, placed three in a parcel, close to their receptacles. Old stalks grow to five or six inches in diameter, and are so hard and durable as to be used for building, and for all sorts of furniture, for water pipes, and for poles to support palanquins. The smaller stalks are used for walking sticks, flutes, etc. Bam�boo�, v.t. To flog with the bamboo. Bam�boo�zle (?), v.t. [Imp. & p.p. Bamboozled (?); p.pr. & vb.n. Bamboozling�(?).] [Said to be of Gipsy origin.] To deceive by trickery; to cajole by confusing the senses; to hoax; to mystify; to humbug. [Colloq.] Addison. What oriental tomfoolery is bamboozling you? J.H.Newman. Bam�boo�zler (?), n. A swindler; one who deceives by trickery. [Colloq.] Arbuthnot. �Ban (?), n. [AS. bann command, edict; akin to D. ban, Icel. bann, Dan. band, OHG. ban, G. bann, a public proclamation, as of interdiction or excommunication, Gr. ? to say, L. fari to speak, Skr. bhan to speak; cf. F. ban, LL. bannum, of G. origin. ?. Cf. Abandon, Fame.] 1. A public proclamation or edict; a public order or notice, mandatory or prohibitory; a summons by public proclamation. 2. (Feudal & Mil.) A calling together of the king's (esp. the French king's) vassals for military service; also, the body of vassals thus assembled or summoned. In present usage, in France and Prussia, the most effective part of the population liable to military duty and not in the standing army. 3. pl. Notice of a proposed marriage, proclaimed in church. See Banns (the common spelling in this sense). 4. An interdiction, prohibition, or proscription. �Under ban to touch.� Milton. 5. A curse or anathema. �Hecate's ban.� Shak. 6. A pecuniary mulct or penalty laid upon a delinquent for offending against a ban; as, a mulct paid to a bishop by one guilty of sacrilege or other crimes. Ban of the empire (German Hist.), an imperial interdict by which political rights and privileges, as those of a prince, city, or district, were taken away. Ban, v.t. [imp. & p.p. Banned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Banning.] [OE. bannen, bannien, to summon, curse, AS. bannan to summon; akin to Dan. bande, forbande, to curse, Sw. banna to revile, bannas to curse. See Ban an edict, and cf. Banish.] 1. To curse; to invoke evil upon. Sir W. Scott. 2. To forbid; to interdict. Byron. Ban, v.i. To curse; to swear. [Obs.] Spenser. Ban, n. [Serv. ban; cf. Russ. & Pol. pan a master? lord, Per. ban.] An ancient title of the warden of the eastern marches of Hungary; now, a title of the viceroy of Croatia and Slavonia. Ban�al�(?), a. [F., fr. ban an ordinance.] Commonplace; trivial; hackneyed; trite. Ba�nal�i�ty (?), n.; pl. Banalities (?). [F. banalit�. See Banal.] Something commonplace, hackneyed, or trivial; the commonplace, in speech. The highest things were thus brought down to the banalities of discourse. J. Morley. Ba�na�na (?), n. [Sp. banana, name of the fruit.] (Bot.) A perennial herbaceous plant of almost treelike size (Musa sapientum); also, its edible fruit. See Musa. � The banana has a soft, herbaceous stalk, with leaves of great length and breadth. The flowers grow in bunches, covered with a sheath of a green or purple color; the fruit is five or six inches long, and over an inch in diameter; the pulp is soft, and of a luscious taste, and is eaten either raw or cooked. This plant is a native of tropical countries, and furnishes an important article of food. Banana bird (Zo�l.), a small American bird (Icterus leucopteryx), which feeds on the banana. � Banana quit (Zo�l.), a small bird of tropical America, of the genus Certhiola, allied to the creepers. Ban�at (?), n. [Cf. F. & G. banat. See Ban a warden.] The territory governed by a ban. Banc (?), �Ban�cus (?), Bank (?), } n. [OF. banc, LL. bancus. See Bank, n.] A bench; a high seat, or seat of distinction or judgment; a tribunal or court. In banc, In banco (the ablative of bancus), In bank, in full court, or with full judicial authority; as, sittings in banc (distinguished from sittings at nini prius). �Ban�co (?), n. [It. See Bank.] A bank, especially that of Venice. � This term is used in some parts of Europe to indicate bank money, as distinguished from the current money, when this last has become depreciated. Band�(?), n. [OE. band, bond, Icel. band; akin to G., Sw., & D. band, OHG. bant, Goth. banti, Skr. bandha a binding, bandh to bind, for bhanda, bhandh, also to E. bend, bind. In sense 7, at least, it is fr. F. bande, from OHG. bant. ? See Bind, v.t., and cf. Bend, Bond, 1st Bandy.] 1. A fillet, strap, or any narrow ligament with which a thing is encircled, or fastened, or by which a number of things are tied, bound together, or confined; a fetter. Every one's bands were loosed. Acis xvi 26. 2. (Arch.) (a) A continuous tablet, stripe, or series of ornaments, as of carved foliage, of color, or of brickwork, etc. (b) In Gothic architecture, the molding, or suite of moldings, which encircles the pillars and small shafts. 3. That which serves as the means of union or connection between persons; a tie. �To join in Hymen's bands.� Shak. 4. A linen collar or ruff worn in the 16th and 17th centuries. 5. pl. Two strips of linen hanging from the neck in front as part of a clerical, legal, or academic dress. 6. A narrow strip of cloth or other material on any article of dress, to bind, strengthen, ornament, or complete it. �Band and gusset and seam.� Hood. <-- p. 116 --> 7. A company of persons united in any common design, especially a body of armed men. Troops of horsemen with his bands of foot. Shak. 8. A number of musicians who play together upon portable musical instruments, especially those making a loud sound, as certain wind instruments (trumpets, clarinets, etc.), and drums, or cymbals. 9. (Bot.) A space between elevated lines or ribs, as of the fruits of umbelliferous plants. 10. (Zo�l.) A stripe, streak, or other mark transverse to the axis of the body. 11. (Mech.) A belt or strap. 12. A bond [Obs.] �Thy oath and band.� Shak. 13. Pledge; security. [Obs.] Spenser. Band saw, a saw in the form of an endless steel belt, with teeth on one edge, running over wheels. Band (?), v.t. [imp. & p.p. Banded; p.pr. & vb.n. Banding.] 1. To bind or tie with a band. 2. To mark with a band. 3. To unite in a troop, company, or confederacy. �Banded against his throne.� Milton. Banded architrave, pier, shaft, etc. (Arch.), an architrave, pier, etc., of which the regular profile is interrupted by blocks or projections crossing it at right angles. Band, v.i. To confederate for some common purpose; to unite; to conspire together. Certain of the Jews banded together. Acts xxiii. 12. Band, v.t. To bandy; to drive away. [Obs.] Band, imp. of Bind. [Obs.] Band�age (?), n. [F. bandage, fr. bande. See Band.] 1. A fillet or strip of woven material, used in dressing and binding up wounds, etc. 2. Something resembling a bandage; that which is bound over or round something to cover, strengthen, or compress it; a ligature. Zeal too had a place among the rest, with a bandage over her eyes. Addison. Band�age, v.t. [imp. & p.p. Bandaged (?); p.pr. & vb.n. Bandaging (?).] To bind, dress, or cover, with a bandage; as, to bandage the eyes. �Ban�da�la (?), n. A fabric made in Manilla from the older leaf sheaths of the abaca (Musa textilis). Ban�dan�na, Ban�dan�a } (?), n. [Hind. b�ndhn? a mode of dyeing in which the cloth is tied in different places so as to prevent the parts tied from receiving the dye. Cf. Band, n.] 1. A species of silk or cotton handkerchief, having a uniformly dyed ground, usually of red or blue, with white or yellow figures of a circular, lozenge, or other simple form. 2. A style of calico printing, in which white or bright spots are produced upon cloth previously dyed of a uniform red or dark color, by discharging portions of the color by chemical means, while the rest of the cloth is under pressure. Ure. Band�box��(?), n. A light box of pasteboard or thin wood, usually cylindrical, for holding ruffs (the bands of the 17th century), collars, caps, bonnets, etc. �Ban�deau�(?), n.; pl. Bandeaux�(?). [F.] A narrow band or fillet; a part of a head�dress. Around the edge of this cap was a stiff bandeau of leather. Sir W.Scott. Band�e�let (?), Band�let�(?), n. [F. bandelette, dim. of bande. See Band, n., and ch. Bendlet.] (Arch.) A small band or fillet; any little band or flat molding, compassing a column, like a ring. Gwilt. Band�er (?), n. One banded with others. [R.] Band�e�role (?), Band�rol�(?), n. [F. banderole, dim. of bandi�re, banni�re, banner; cf. It. banderuola a little banner. See Banner.] A little banner, flag, or streamer. [Written also bannerol.] From the extremity of which fluttered a small banderole or streamer bearing a cross. Sir W. Scott. Band� fish� (?). (Zo�l.) A small red fish of the genus Cepola; the ribbon fish. Ban�di�coot (?), n. [A corruption of the native name.] (Zo�l.) (a) A species of very large rat (Mus giganteus), found in India and Ceylon. It does much injury to rice fields and gardens. (b) A ratlike marsupial animal (genus Perameles) of several species, found in Australia and Tasmania. Band�ing plane� (?). A plane used for cutting out grooves and inlaying strings and bands in straight and circular work. Ban�dit (?), n.; pl.Bandits (?), or Banditti (?). [It. bandito outlaw, p.p. of bandire to proclaim, to banish, to proscribe, LL. bandire, bannire. See Ban an edict, and cf. Banish.] An outlaw; a brigand. No savage fierce, bandit, or mountaineer. Milton. � The plural banditti was formerly used as a collective noun. Deerstealers are ever a desperate banditti. Sir W. Scott. Ban�dle (?),n. [Ir. bannlamh cubit, fr. bann a measure + lamh hand, arm.] An Irish measure of two feet in length. Band�let (?),n. Same as Bandelet. Band�mas�ter (?), n. The conductor of a musical band. Ban�dog� (?),n. [Band + dog, i.e., bound dog.] A mastiff or other large and fierce dog, usually kept chained or tied up. The keeper entered leading his bandog, a large bloodhound, tied in a leam, or band, from which he takes his name. Sir W. Scott. Ban�do�leer�, Ban�do�lier� (?), n. [ F. bandouli�re (cf.It. bandoliera, Sp.bandolera), fr.F. bande band, Sp.&It. banda. See Band, n.] 1. A broad leather belt formerly worn by soldiers over the right shoulder and across the breast under the left arm. Originally it was used for supporting the musket and twelve cases for charges, but later only as a cartridge belt. 2. One of the leather or wooden cases in which the charges of powder were carried. [Obs.] Ban�do�line (?), n. [Perh. allied to band.] A glutinous pomatum for the fair. Ban�don (?), n. [OF. bandon. See Abandon.] Disposal; control; license. [Obs.] Rom. of R. Ban�dore (?), n. [Sp. bandurria, fr. L. pandura, pandurium, a musical instrument of three strings, fr. Gr. ?. Cf. Pandore, Banjo, Mandolin.] A musical stringed instrument, similar in form to a guitar; a pandore. Band�rol (?), n. Same as Banderole. Ban�dy (?), n. [Telugu bandi.] A carriage or cart used in India, esp. one drawn by bullocks. Ban�dy, n. pl. Bandies (?). [Cf. F. band�, p.p. of bander to bind, to bend (a bow), to bandy, fr. bande. See Band, n.] 1. A club bent at the lower part for striking a ball at play; a hockey stick. Johnson. 2. The game played with such a club; hockey; shinney; bandy ball. Ban�dy, v.t. [imp. & p.p. Bandied (?); p.pr. & vb.n. Bandying.] 1. To beat to and fro, as a ball in playing at bandy. Like tennis balls bandied and struck upon us ... by rackets from without. Cudworth. 2. To give and receive reciprocally; to exchange. �To bandy hasty words.� Shak. 3. To toss about, as from man to man; to agitate. Let not obvious and known truth be bandied about in a disputation. I. Watts. Ban�dy, v.i. To content, as at some game in which each strives to drive the ball his own way. Fit to bandy with thy lawless sons. Shak. Ban�dy, a. Bent; crooked; curved laterally, esp. with the convex side outward; as, a bandy leg. Ban�dy�legged� (?), a. Having crooked legs. Bane (?), n. [OE. bane destruction, AS. bana murderer; akin to Icel. bani death, murderer, OHG. bana murder, bano murderer, ? murder, OIr. bath death, benim I strike. ?.] 1. That which destroys life, esp. poison of a deadly quality. [Obs. except in combination, as in ratsbane, henbane, etc.] 2. Destruction; death. [Obs.] The cup of deception spiced and tempered to their bane. Milton. 3. Any cause of ruin, or lasting injury; harm; woe. Money, thou bane of bliss, and source of woe. Herbert. 4. A disease in sheep, commonly termed the rot. Syn. � Poison; ruin; destruction; injury; pest. Bane, v.t. To be the bane of; to ruin. [Obs.] Fuller. Bane�ber�ry (?), n.(Bot.) A genus (Act�a) of plants, of the order Ranunculace�, native in the north temperate zone. The red or white berries are poisonous. Bane�ful (?), a. Having poisonous qualities; deadly; destructive; injurious; noxious; pernicious. �Baneful hemlock.� Garth. �Baneful wrath.� ? Chapman. ?�Bane�ful�ly, adv.�Bane�ful�ness, n. Bane�wort (?), n. (Bot.) Deadly nightshade. Bang (?), v.t. [imp. & p.p. Banged; p.pr. & vb.n. Banging.] [Icel. banga to hammer; akin to Dan. banke to beat, Sw.b�ngas to be impetuous, G. bengel club, clapper of a bell.] 1. To beat, as with a club or cudgel; to treat with violence; to handle roughly. The desperate tempest hath so banged the Turks. Shak. 2. To beat or thump, or to cause ( something) to hit or strike against another object, in such a way as to make a loud noise; as, to bang a drum or a piano; to bang a door (against the doorpost or casing) in shutting it. Bang, v.i. To make a loud noise, as if with a blow or succession of blows; as, the window blind banged and waked me; he was banging on the piano. Bang, n. 1. A blow as with a club; a heavy blow. Many a stiff thwack, many a bang. Hudibras. 2. The sound produced by a sudden concussion. Bang, v.t. To cut squarely across, as the tail of a hors, or the forelock of human beings; to cut (the hair). His hair banged even with his eyebrows. The Century Mag. Bang, n. The short, front hair combed down over the forehead, esp. when cut squarely across; a false front of hair similarly worn. His hair cut in front like a young lady's bang. W. D. Howells. Bang, Bangue (?), n. See Bhang. Bang�ing, a. Huge; great in size. [Colloq.] Forby. Ban�gle (?), v.t. [From 1st Bang.] To waste by little and little; to fritter away. [Obs.] Ban�gle, n. [Hind. bangr� bracelet, bangle.] An ornamental circlet, of glass, gold, silver, or other material, worn by women in India and Africa, and in some other countries, upon the wrist or ankle; a ring bracelet. Bangle ear, a loose hanging ear of a horse, like that of a spaniel. Ban�ian (?),n. [Skr. banij merchant. The tree was so named by the English, because used as a market place by the merchants.] 1. A Hindoo trader, merchant, cashier, or money changer. [Written also banyan.] 2. A man's loose gown, like that worn by the Banians. 3. (Bot.) The Indian fig. See Banyan. Banian days (Naut.), days in which the sailors have no flesh meat served out to them. This use seems to be borrowed from the Banians or Banya race, who eat no flesh. Ban�ish (?), v.t. [imp. & p.p. Banished(?); p.pr. & vb.n. Banishing.] [OF. banir, F. bannir, LL. bannire, fr. OHG. bannan to summon, fr. ban ban. See Ban an edict, and Finish, v.t.] 1. To condemn to exile, or compel to leave one's country, by authority of the ruling power. �We banish you our territories.� Shak. 2. To drive out, as from a home or familiar place; � used with from and out of. How the ancient Celtic tongue came to be banished from the Low Countries in Scotland. Blair. 3. To drive away; to compel to depart; to dispel. �Banish all offense.� Shak. Syn. � To Banish, Exile, Expel. The idea of a coercive removal from a place is common to these terms. A man is banished when he is forced by the government of a country (be he a foreigner or a native) to leave its borders. A man is exiled when he is driven into banishment from his native country and home. Thus to exile is to banish, but to banish is not always to exile. To expel is to eject or banish, summarily or authoritatively, and usually under circumstances of disgrace; as, to expel from a college; expelled from decent society. Ban�ish�er (?), n. One who banishes. Ban�ish�ment (?), n. [Cf. F. bannissement.] The act of banishing, or the state of being banished. He secured himself by the banishment of his enemies. Johnson. Round the wide world in banishment we roam. Dryden. Syn. � Expatriation; ostracism; expulsion; proscription; exile; outlawry. Ban�is�ter (?),n. [Formerly also banjore and banjer; corrupted from bandore, through negro slave pronunciation.] A stringed musical instrument having a head and neck like the guitar, and its body like a tambourine. It has five strings, and is played with the fingers and hands. Bank (?), n. [OE. banke; akin to E. bench, and prob. of Scand. origin.; cf. Icel. bakki. See Bench.] 1. A mound, pile, or ridge of earth, raised above the surrounding level; hence, anything shaped like a mound or ridge of earth; as, a bank of clouds; a bank of snow. They cast up a bank against the city. 2 Sam. xx. 15. 2. A steep acclivity, as the slope of a hill, or the side of a ravine. 3. The margin of a watercourse; the rising ground bordering a lake, river, or sea, or forming the edge of a cutting, or other hollow. Tiber trembled underneath her banks. Shak. 4. An elevation, or rising ground, under the sea; a shoal, shelf, or shallow; as, the banks of Newfoundland. 5. (Mining) (a) The face of the coal at which miner? are working. (b) A deposit of ore or coal, worked by excavations above water level. (c) The ground at the top of a shaft; as, ores are brought to bank. Bank beaver (Zo�l.), the otter. [Local, U.S.] � Bank swallow, a small American and European swallow (Clivicola riparia) that nests in a hole which it excavates in a bank. Bank, v.t. [imp. & p.p. Banked(?); p.pr. & vb.n. Banking.] 1. To raise a mound or dike about; to inclose, defend, or fortify with a bank; to embank. �Banked well with earth.� Holland. 2. To heap or pile up; as, to bank sand. 3. To pass by the banks of. [Obs.] Shak. To bank a fire, To bank up a fire, to cover the coals or embers with ashes or cinders, thus keeping the fire low but alive. Bank, n. [Prob. fr. F. banc. Of German origin, and akin to E. bench. See Bench.] 1. A bench, as for rowers in a galley; also, a tier of oars. Placed on their banks, the lusty Trojan sweep Neptune's smooth face, and cleave the yielding deep. Waller. 2. (Law) (a) The bench or seat upon which the judges sit. (b) The regular term of a court of law, or the full court sitting to hear arguments upon questions of law, as distinguished from a sitting at Nisi Prius, or a court held for jury trials. See Banc. Burrill. 3. (Printing) A sort of table used by printers. 4. (Music) A bench, or row of keys belonging to a keyboard, as in an organ. Knight. Bank, n. [F. banque, It. banca, orig. bench, table, counter, of German origin, and akin to E. bench; cf. G. bank bench, OHG. banch. See Bench, and cf. Banco, Beach.] 1. An establishment for the custody, loan, exchange, or issue, of money, and for facilitating the transmission of funds by drafts or bills of exchange; an institution incorporated for performing one or more of such functions, or the stockholders (or their representatives, the directors), acting in their corporate capacity. 2. The building or office used for banking purposes. 3. A fund from deposits or contributions, to be used in transacting business; a joint stock or capital. [Obs.] Let it be no bank or common stock, but every man be master of his own money. Bacon. 4. (Gaming) The sum of money or the checks which the dealer or banker has as a fund, from which to draw his stakes and pay his losses. 5. In certain games, as dominos, a fund of pieces from which the players are allowed to draw. Bank credit, a credit by which a person who has give? the required security to a bank has liberty to draw to ? certain extent agreed upon. � Bank of deposit, a bank which receives money for safe keeping. � Bank of issue, a bank which issues its own notes payable to bearer. Bank, v.t. To deposit in a bank. Bank, v.i. 1. To keep a bank; to carry on the business of a banker. <-- p. 117 --> 2. To deposit money in a bank; to have an account with a banker. Bank�a�ble (?), a. Receivable at a bank. Bank� bill�(?). 1. In America ( and formerly in England), a promissory note of a bank payable to the bearer on demand, and used as currency; a bank note. 2. In England, a note, or a bill of exchange, of a bank, payable to order, and usually at some future specified time. Such bills are negotiable, but form, in the strict sense of the term, no part of the currency. Bank� book� (?). A book kept by a depositor, in which an officer of a bank enters the debits and credits of the depositor's account with the bank. Bank�er (?), n.[ See the nouns Bank and the verbs derived from them.] 1. One who conducts the business of banking; one who, individually, or as a member of a company, keeps an establishment for the deposit or loan of money, or for traffic in money, bills of exchange, etc. 2. A money changer. [Obs.] 3. The dealer, or one who keeps the bank in a gambling house. 4. A vessel employed in the cod fishery on the banks of Newfoundland. Grabb. J.Q. Adams. 5. A ditcher; a drain digger. [Prov. Eng.] 6. The stone bench on which masons cut or square their work. Weale. Bank�er�ess (?), n. A female banker. Thackeray. Bank�ing, n. The business of a bank or of a banker. Banking house, an establishment or office in which, or a firm by whom, banking is done. Bank� note� (?). 1. A promissory note issued by a bank or banking company, payable to bearer on demand. � In the United States popularly called a bank bill. 2. Formerly, a promissory note made by a banker, or banking company, payable to a specified person at a fixed date; a bank bill. See Bank bill, 2. [Obs.] 3. A promissory note payable at a bank. Bank�rupt�(?), n. [F. banqueroute, fr. It. bancarotta bankruptcy; banca bank (fr. OHG. banch, G. bank, bench) + rotta broken, fr. L. ruptus, p.p. of rumpere to break. At Florence, it is said, the bankrupt had his bench ( i.e., money table) broken. See 1st Bank, and Rupture, n.] 1. (Old Eng. Low) A trader who secretes himself, or does certain other acts tending to defraud his creditors. Blackstone. 2. A trader who becomes unable to pay his debts; an insolvent trader; popularly, any person who is unable to pay his debts; an insolvent person. M?Culloch. 3. (Law) A person who, in accordance with the terms of a law relating to bankruptcy, has been judicially declared to be unable to meet his liabilities. � In England, until the year 1861 none but a �trader� could be made a bankrupt; a non�trader failing to meet his liabilities being an �insolvent�. But this distinction was abolished by the Bankruptcy Act of 1861. The laws of 1841 and 1867 of the United States relating to bankruptcy applied this designation bankrupt to others besides those engaged in trade. Bank�rupt, a. 1. Being a bankrupt or in a condition of bankruptcy; unable to pay, or legally discharged from paying, one's debts; as, a bankrupt merchant. 2. Depleted of money; not having the means of meeting pecuniary liabilities; as, a bankrupt treasury. 3. Relating to bankrupts and bankruptcy. 4. Destitute of, or wholly wanting (something once possessed, or something one should possess). �Bankrupt in gratitude.� Sheridan. Bankrupt law, a law by which the property of a person who is unable or unwilling to pay his debts may be taken and distributed to his creditors, and by which a person who has made a full surrender of his property, and is free from fraud, may be discharged from the legal obligation of his debts. See Insolvent, a. Bank�rupt, v.t. [imp. & p. p. Bankrupted; p. pr. & vb.n. Bankrupting.] To make bankrupt; to bring financial ruin upon; to impoverish. Bank�rupt�cy (?), n.; pl. Bankruptcies(?). 1. The state of being actually or legally bankrupt. 2. The act or process of becoming a bankrupt. 3. Complete loss; � followed by of. Bank�side�(?), n. The slope of a bank, especially of the bank of a steam. Bank��sid�ed(?), a. (Naut.) Having sides inclining inwards, as a ship; � opposed to wall�sided. Bank� swal�low (?). See under 1st Bank, n. �Ban�li�eue� (?), n. [F., fr. LL. bannum leucae, banleuca; bannum jurisdiction + leuca league.] The territory without the walls, but within the legal limits, of a town or city. Brande & C. Ban�ner (?), n. [OE. banere, OF. baniere, F. banni�re, bandi�re, fr. LL. baniera, banderia, fr. bandum banner, fr. OHG. bant band, strip of cloth; cf. bindan to bind, Goth. bandwa, bandwo, a sign. See Band, n.] 1. A kind of flag attached to a spear or pike by a crosspiece, and used by a chief as his standard in battle. Hang out our banners on the outward walls. Shak. 2. A large piece of silk or other cloth, with a device or motto, extended on a crosspiece, and borne in a procession, or suspended in some conspicuous place. 3. Any flag or standard; as, the star�spangled banner. Banner fish (Zo�l.), a large fish of the genus Histiophorus, of the Swordfish family, having a broad bannerlike dorsal fin; the sailfish. One species (H. Americanus) inhabits the North Atlantic. Ban�nered (?), a. Furnished with, or bearing, banners. �A bannered host.� Milton. Ban�ner�et (?), n.[ OE. baneret, OF. baneret, F. banneret; properly a dim. of OF. baniere. See Banner.] 1. Originally, a knight who led his vassals into the field under his own banner; � commonly used as a title of rank. 2. A title of rank, conferred for heroic deeds, and hence, an order of knighthood; also, the person bearing such title or rank. � The usual mode of conferring the rank on the field of battle was by cutting or tearing off the point of the pennon or pointed flag on the spear of the candidate, thereby making it a banner. 3. A civil officer in some Swiss cantons. 4. A small banner. Shak. Ban�ner�ol (?), n. A banderole; esp. a banner displayed at a funeral procession and set over the tomb. See Banderole. Ban�ni�tion (?), n. [LL. bannitio. See Banish.] The act of expulsion.[Obs.] Abp. Laud. Ban�nock (?), n. [Gael. bonnach.] A kind of cake or bread, in shape flat and roundish, commonly made of oatmeal or barley meal and baked on an iron plate, or griddle; � used in Scotland and the northern counties of England. Jamieson. Bannock fluke, the turbot. [Scot.] Banns (?), n. pl. [See Ban.] Notice of a proposed marriage, proclaimed in a church, or other place prescribed by law, in order that any person may object, if he knows of just cause why the marriage should not take place. Ban�quet (?), n. [F., a feast, prop. a dim. of banc bench; cf. It. banchetto, dim. of banco a bench, counter. See Bank a bench, and cf. Banquette.] 1. A feast; a sumptuous entertainment of eating and drinking; often, a complimentary or ceremonious feast, followed by speeches. 2. A dessert; a course of sweetmeats; a sweetmeat or sweetmeats. [Obs.] We'll dine in the great room, but let the music And banquet be prepared here. Massinger. Ban�quet,v.t. [imp. & p.p. Banqueted; p. pr. & vb.n. Banqueting.] To treat with a banquet or sumptuous entertainment of food; to feast. Just in time to banquet The illustrious company assembled there. Coleridge. Ban�quet, v.i. 1. To regale one's self with good eating and drinking; to feast. Were it a draught for Juno when she banquets, I would not taste thy treasonous offer. Milton. 2. To partake of a dessert after a feast. [Obs.] Where they did both sup and banquet. Cavendish. Ban�quet�ter (?), n. One who banquets; one who feasts or makes feasts. Ban�quette� (?), n. [F. See Banquet, n.] 1. (Fort.) A raised way or foot bank, running along the inside of a parapet, on which musketeers stand to fire upon the enemy. 2. (Arch.) A narrow window seat; a raised shelf at the back or the top of a buffet or dresser. Ban�shee, Ban�shie (?), n. [ Gael. bean�shith fairy; Gael. & Ir. bean woman + Gael. sith fairy.] A supernatural being supposed by the Irish and Scotch peasantry to warn a family of the speedy death of one of its members, by wailing or singing in a mournful voice under the windows of the house. Ban�stic�kle (?), n. [OE. ban, bon, bone + stickle prickle, sting. See Bone, n., Stickleback.] (Zo�l.) A small fish, the three�spined stickleback. Ban�tam (?), n. A variety of small barnyard fowl, with feathered legs, probably brought from Bantam, a district of Java. Ban�tam work�. Carved and painted work in imitation of Japan ware. �Ban�teng (?), n. (Zo�l.) The wild ox of Java (Bibos Banteng). Ban�ter (?), v.t. [ imp. & p.p. Bantered(?); p. pr. & vb.n. Bantering.] [Prob. corrupted fr. F. badiner to joke, or perh. fr. E. bandy to beat to and fro. See Badinage, and cf. Barter fr. OF. barater.] 1. To address playful good�natured ridicule to, � the person addressed, or something pertaining to him, being the subject of the jesting; to rally; as, he bantered me about my credulity. Hag�ridden by my own fancy all night, and then bantered on my haggard looks the next day. W. Irving. 2. To jest about; to ridicule in speaking of, as some trait, habit, characteristic, and the like. [Archaic] If they banter your regularity, order, and love of study, banter in return their neglect of them. Chatham. 3. To delude or trick, � esp. by way of jest. [Obs.] We diverted ourselves with bantering several poor scholars with hopes of being at least his lordship's chaplain. De Foe. 4. To challenge or defy to a match. [Colloq. Southern and Western U.S.] Ban�ter, n. The act of bantering; joking or jesting; humorous or good�humored raillery; pleasantry. Part banter, part affection. Tennyson. Ban�ter�er (?), n. One who banters or rallies. Ban�ting�ism (?), n. A method of reducing corpulence by avoiding food containing much farinaceous, saccharine, or oily matter; � so called from William Banting of London. Bant�ling (?), n. [Prob. for bandling, from band, and meaning a child wrapped in swaddling bands; or cf. G. b�ntling a bastard, fr. bank bench. Cf. Bastard, n.] A young or small child; an infant. [Slightly contemptuous or depreciatory.] In what out of the way corners genius produces her bantlings. W. Irving. Banx�ring (?), n.(Zo�l.) An East Indian insectivorous mammal of the genus Tupaia. Ban�yan (?), n. [See Banian.] (Bot.) A tree of the same genus as the common fig, and called the Indian fig ( Ficus Indica), whose branches send shoots to the ground, which take root and become additional trunks, until it may be the tree covers some acres of ground and is able to shelter thousands of men. Ba�o�bab (?), n. [The native name.] (Bot.) A gigantic African tree ( Adansonia digitata), also naturalized in India. See Adansonia. Baph�o�met (?), n.[ A corruption of Mahomet or Mohammed, the Arabian prophet: cf. Pr. Bafomet, OSp. Mafomat, OPg. Mafameda.] An idol or symbolical figure which the Templars were accused of using in their mysterious rites. Bap�tism (?), n. [OE. baptim, baptem, OE. baptesme, batisme, F. bapt�me, L. baptisma, fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? to baptize, fr. ? to dip in water, akin to ? deep, Skr. g�h to dip, bathe, v.i.] The act of baptizing; the application of water to a person, as a sacrament or religious ceremony, by which he is initiated into the visible church of Christ. This is performed by immersion, sprinkling, or pouring. Bap�tis�mal (?), a. [Cf. F. baptismal.] Pertaining to baptism; as, baptismal vows. Baptismal name, the Christian name, which is given at baptism. Bap�tis�mal�ly, adv. In a baptismal manner. Bap�tist (?), n. [L. baptista, G. ?] 1. One who administers baptism; � specifically applied to John, the forerunner of Christ. Milton. 2. One of a denomination of Christians who deny the validity of infant baptism and of sprinkling, and maintain that baptism should be administered to believers alone, and should be by immersion. See Anabaptist. ? In doctrine the Baptists of this country [the United States] are Calvinistic, but with much freedom and moderation. Amer. Cyc. Freewill Baptists, a sect of Baptists who are Arminian in doctrine, and practice open communion. � Seventh�day Baptists, a sect of Baptists who keep the seventh day of the week, or Saturday, as the Sabbath. See Sabbatarian. The Dunkers and Campbellites are also Baptists. Bap�tis�ter�y (?),Bap�tis�try(?), n.; pl. Baptisteries (?), �tries (?). [L. baptisterium, Gr. ?: cf. F. baptist�re.] (Arch.) (a) In early times, a separate building, usually polygonal, used for baptismal services. Small churches were often changed into baptisteries when larger churches were built near. (b) A part of a church containing a font and used for baptismal services. Bap�tis�tic (?), a. [Gr. ?] Of or for baptism; baptismal. Bap�tis�tic�al(?), a. Baptistic. [R.] Bap�tiz�a�ble(?), a. Capable of being baptized; fit to be baptized. Baxter. Bap�ti�za�tion(?), n. Baptism. [Obs.] Their baptizations were null. Jer. Taylor. Bap�tize� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Baptized (?); p. pr. & vb.n. Baptizing.] [F. baptiser, L. baptizare, fr.Gr. ?. See Baptism.] 1.To administer the sacrament of baptism to. 2. To christen ( because a name is given to infants at their baptism); to give a name to; to name. I'll be new baptized; Henceforth I never will be Romeo. Shak. 3. To sanctify; to consecrate. Bap�tize�ment (?),n. The act of baptizing.[R.] Bap�tiz�er(?), n. One who baptizes. Bar (?), n. [OE. barre, F. barre, fr. LL. barra, W. bar the branch of a tree, bar, baren branch, Gael. & Ir. barra bar. ? 91.] 1. A piece of wood, metal, or other material, long in proportion to its breadth or thickness, used as a lever and for various other purposes, but especially for a hindrance, obstruction, or fastening; as, the bars of a fence or gate; the bar of a door. Thou shalt make bars of shittim wood. Ex. xxvi. 26. 2. An indefinite quantity of some substance, so shaped as to be long in proportion to its breadth and thickness; as, a bar of gold or of lead; a bar of soap. 3. Anything which obstructs, hinders, or prevents; an obstruction; a barrier. Must I new bars to my own joy create? Dryden. <-- p. 118 --> 4. A bank of sand, gravel, or other matter, esp. at the mouth of a river or harbor, obstructing navigation. 5. Any railing that divides a room, or office, or hall of assembly, in order to reserve a space for those having special privileges; as, the bar of the House of Commons. 6. (Law) (a) The railing that incloses the place which counsel occupy in courts of justice. Hence, the phrase at the bar of the court signifies in open court. (b) The place in court where prisoners are stationed for arraignment, trial, or sentence. (c) The whole body of lawyers licensed in a court or district; the legal profession. (d) A special plea constituting a sufficient answer to plaintiff's action. 7. Any tribunal; as, the bar of public opinion; the bar of God. 8. A barrier or counter, over which liquors and food are passed to customers; hence, the portion of the room behind the counter where liquors for sale are kept. 9. (Her.) An ordinary, like a fess but narrower, occupying only one fifth part of the field. 10. A broad shaft, or band, or stripe; as, a bar of light; a bar of color. 11. (Mus.) A vertical line across the staff. Bars divide the staff into spaces which represent measures, and are themselves called measures. � A double bar marks the end of a strain or main division of a movement, or of a whole piece of music; in psalmody, it marks the end of a line of poetry. The term bar is very often loosely used for measure, i.e., for such length of music, or of silence, as is included between one bar and the next; as, a passage of eight bars; two bars' rest. 12. (Far.) pl. (a) The space between the tusks and grinders in the upper jaw of a horse, in which the bit is placed. (b) The part of the crust of a horse's hoof which is bent inwards towards the frog at the heel on each side, and extends into the center of the sole. 13. (Mining) (a) A drilling or tamping rod. (b) A vein or dike crossing a lode. 14. (Arch.) (a) A gatehouse of a castle or fortified town. (b) A slender strip of wood which divides and supports the glass of a window; a sash bar. Bar shoe (Far.), a kind of horseshoe having a bar across the usual opening at the heel, to protect a tender frog from injury. � Bar shot, a double headed shot, consisting of a bar, with a ball or half ball at each end; �formerly used for destroying the masts or rigging in naval combat. � Bar sinister (Her.), a term popularly but erroneously used for baton, a mark of illegitimacy. See Baton. � Bar tracery (Arch.), ornamental stonework resembling bars of iron twisted into the forms required. � Blank bar (Law). See Blank. � Case at bar (Law), a case presently before the court; a case under argument. � In bar of, as a sufficient reason against; to prevent. � Matter in bar, or Defence in bar, a plea which is a final defense in an action. � Plea in bar, a plea which goes to bar or defeat the plaintiff's action absolutely and entirely. � Trial at bar ( Eng. Law), a trial before all the judges of one the superior courts of Westminster, or before a quorum representing the full court. Bar (?), v.t. [imp. & p.p. Barred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Barring.] [ F. barrer. See Bar, n.] 1. To fasten with a bar; as, to bar a door or gate. 2. To restrict or confine, as if by a bar; to hinder; to obstruct; to prevent; to prohibit; as, to bar the entrance of evil; distance bars our intercourse; the statute bars my right; the right is barred by time; a release bars the plaintiff's recovery; � sometimes with up. He barely looked the idea in the face, and hastened to bar it in its dungeon. Hawthorne. 3. To except; to exclude by exception. Nay, but I bar to�night: you shall not gauge me By what we do to�night. Shak. 4. To cross with one or more stripes or lines. For the sake of distinguishing the feet more clearly, I have barred them singly. Burney. Barb(?), n. [F. barbe, fr. L. barba beard. See Beard, n.] 1. Beard, or that which resembles it, or grows in the place of it. The barbel, so called by reason of his barbs, or wattles in his mouth. Walton. 2. A muff?er, worn by nuns and mourners. [Obs.] 3. pl. Paps, or little projections, of the mucous membrane, which mark the opening of the submaxillary glands under the tongue in horses and cattle. The name is mostly applied when the barbs are inflamed and swollen. [Written also barbel and barble.] 4. The point that stands backward in an arrow, fishhook, etc., to prevent it from being easily extracted. Hence: Anything which stands out with a sharp point obliquely or crosswise to something else. �Having two barbs or points.� Ascham. 5. A bit for a horse. [Obs.] Spenser. 6. (Zo�l.) One of the side branches of a feather, which collectively constitute the vane. See Feather. 7. (Zo�l.) A southern name for the kingfishes of the eastern and southeastern coasts of the United States; � also improperly called whiting. 8. (Bot.) A hair or bristle ending in a double hook. Barb, v.t. [imp. & p.p. Barbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Barbing.] 1. To shave or dress the beard of. [Obs.] 2. To clip; to mow. [Obs.] Marston. 3. To furnish with barbs, or with that which will hold or hurt like barbs, as an arrow, fishhook, spear, etc. But rattling storm of arrows barbed with fire. Milton. Barb, n. [F. barbe, fr. Barbarie.] 1. The Barbary horse, a superior breed introduces from Barbary into Spain by the Moors. 2. (Zo�l.) A blackish or dun variety of the pigeon, originally brought from Barbary. Barb, n. [Corrupted fr. bard.] Armor for a horse. Same as 2d Bard, n., 1. Bar�ba�can (?), n. See Barbican. Bar�ba�can�age (?), n. See Barbicanage. Bar�ba�di�an�(?), a. Of or pertaining to Barbados. � n. A native of Barbados. Bar�ba�dos or Bar�ba�does (?), n. A West Indian island, giving its name to a disease, to a cherry, etc. Barbados cherry (Bot.), a genus of trees of the West Indies (Malpighia) with an agreeably acid fruit resembling a cherry. � Barbados leg (Med.), a species of elephantiasis incident to hot climates. � Barbados nuts, the seeds of the Jatropha curcas, a plant growing in South America and elsewhere. The seeds and their acrid oil are used in medicine as a purgative. See Physic nut. �Bar�ba�ra (?), n. [Coined by logicians.] (Logic) The first word in certain mnemonic lines which represent the various forms of the syllogism. It indicates a syllogism whose three propositions are universal affirmatives. Whately. Bar�ba�resque� (?), a. Barbaric in form or style; as, barbaresque architecture. De Quincey. Bar�ba�ri�an (?), n. [See Barbarous.] 1. A foreigner. [Historical] Therefore if I know not the meaning of the voice, I shall be unto him that speaketh a barbarian, and he that speaketh shall be a barbarian unto me. ? Cor. xiv. 11. 2. A man in a rule, savage, or uncivilized state. 3. A person destitute of culture. M. Arnold. 4. A cruel, savage, brutal man; one destitute of pity or humanity. �Thou fell barbarian.� Philips. Bar�ba�ri�an, a. Of, or pertaining to, or resembling, barbarians; rude; uncivilized; barbarous; as, barbarian governments or nations. Bar�ba�ic (?), a. [L. barbaricus foreign, barbaric, Gr. ?.] 1. Of, or from, barbarian nations; foreign; � often with reference to barbarous nations of east. �Barbaric pearl and gold.� Milton. 2. Of or pertaining to, or resembling, an uncivilized person or people; barbarous; barbarian; destitute of refinement. �Wild, barbaric music.� Sir W. Scott. Bar�ba�rism (?), n. [L. barbarismus, Gr.?; cf. F. barbarisme.] 1. An uncivilized state or condition; rudeness of manners; ignorance of arts, learning, and literature; barbarousness. Prescott. 2. A barbarous, cruel, or brutal action; an outrage. A heinous barbarism ... against the honor of marriage. Milton. 3. An offense against purity of style or language; any form of speech contrary to the pure idioms of a particular language. See Solecism. The Greeks were the first that branded a foreign term in any of their writers with the odious name of barbarism. G. Campbell. Bar�bar�i�ty (?), n.; pl. Barbarities (?). [From Barbarous.] 1. The state or manner of a barbarian; lack of civilization. 2. Cruelty; ferociousness; inhumanity. Treating Christians with a barbarity which would have shocked the very Moslem. Macaulay. 3. A barbarous or cruel act. 4. Barbarism; impurity of speech. [Obs.] Swift. Bar�ba�rize (?), v.i. [imp. & p.p. Barbarized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Barbarizing (?).] 1. To become barbarous. The Roman empire was barbarizing rapidly from the time of Trajan. De Quincey. 2. To adopt a foreign or barbarous mode of speech. The ill habit ... of wretched barbarizing against the Latin and Greek idiom, with their untutored Anglicisms. Milton. Bar�ba�rize (?),v.t. [Cf. F. barbariser, LL. barbarizare.] To make barbarous. The hideous changes which have barbarized France. Burke. Bar�ba�rous (?), a. [L. barbarus, Gr. ?, strange, foreign; later, slavish, rude, ignorant; akin to L. balbus stammering, Skr. barbara stammering, outlandish. Cf. Brave, a.] 1. Being in the state of a barbarian; uncivilized; rude; peopled with barbarians; as, a barbarous people; a barbarous country. 2. Foreign; adapted to a barbaric taste.[Obs.] Barbarous gold. Dryden. 3. Cruel; ferocious; inhuman; merciless. By their barbarous usage he died within a few days, to the grief of all that knew him. Clarendon. 4. Contrary to the pure idioms of a language. A barbarous expression G. Campbell. Syn. � Uncivilized; unlettered; uncultivated; untutored; ignorant; merciless; brutal. See Ferocious. Bar�ba�rous�ly, adv. In a barbarous manner. Bar�ba�rous�ness, n. The quality or state of being barbarous; barbarity; barbarism. Bar�ba�ry(?), n. [Fr. Ar. Barbar the people of Barbary.] The countries on the north coast of Africa from Egypt to the Atlantic. Hence: A Barbary horse; a barb. [Obs.] Also, a kind of pigeon. Barbary ape (Zo�l.), an ape (Macacus innus) of north Africa and Gibraltar Rock, being the only monkey inhabiting Europe. It is very commonly trained by showmen. Bar�ba�stel� (?),n. [F. barbastelle.] (Zo�l.) A European bat (Barbastellus communis), with hairy lips. Bar�bate (?), a. [ L. barbatus, fr. barba beard. See Barb beard.] (Bot.) Bearded; beset with long and weak hairs. Bar�ba�ted (?), a. Having barbed points. A dart uncommonly barbated. T. Warton. Bar�be�cue (?), n. [In the language of Indians of Guiana, a frame on which all kinds of flesh and fish are roasted or smoke�dried.] 1. A hog, ox, or other large animal roasted or broiled whole for a feast. 2. A social entertainment, where many people assemble, usually in the open air, at which one or more large animals are roasted or broiled whole. 3. A floor, on which coffee beans are sun�dried. Bar�be�cue (?), v.t. [imp. & p.p. Barbecued(?); p. pr. & vb. n. Barbecuing.] 1. To dry or cure by exposure on a frame or gridiron. They use little or no salt, but barbecue their game and fish in the smoke. Stedman. 2. To roast or broil whole, as an ox or hog. Send me, gods, a whole hog barbecued. Pope. Barbed (?), a. [See 4th Bare.] Accoutered with defensive armor; � said of a horse. See Barded ( which is the proper form.) Sir W. Raleigh. Barbed, a. Furnished with a barb or barbs; as, a barbed arrow; barbed wire. Barbed wire, a wire, or a strand of twisted wires, armed with barbs or sharp points. It is used for fences. Bar�bel (?), n.[OE. barbel, F. barbeau, dim. of L. barbus barbel, fr. barba beard. See 1st Barb.] 1. (Zo�l.) A slender tactile organ on the lips of certain fished. 2. (Zo�l.) A large fresh�water fish ( Barbus vulgaris) found in many European rivers. Its upper jaw is furnished with four barbels. 3. pl. Barbs or paps under the tongued of horses and cattle. See 1st Barb,3. Bar�bel�late (?),a. [See 1st Barb.] (Bot.) Having short, stiff hairs, often barbed at the point. Gray. Bar�bel�lu�late (?), a. (Bot.) Barbellate with diminutive hairs or barbs. Bar�ber (?), n. [OE. barbour, OF. barbeor, F. barbier, as if fr. an assumed L. barbator, fr. barba beard. See 1st Barb.] One whose occupation it is to shave or trim the beard, and to cut and dress the hair of his patrons. Barber's itch. See under Itch. � Formerly the barber practiced some offices of surgery, such as letting blood and pulling teeth. Hence such terms as barber surgeon ( old form barber chirurgeon), barber surgery, etc. Bar�ber, v.t. [imp. & p.p. Barbered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Barbering.] To shave and dress the beard or hair of. Shak. Bar�ber fish. (Zo�l.) See Surgeon fish. Bar�ber�mon�ger (?), n. A fop. [Obs.] Bar�ber�ry (?),n. [OE. barbarin, barbere, OF. berbere.] (Bot.) A shrub of the genus Berberis, common along roadsides and in neglected fields. B. vulgaris is the species best known; its oblong red berries are made into a preserve or sauce, and have been deemed efficacious in fluxes and fevers. The bark dyes a fine yellow, esp. the bark of the root. [Also spelt berberry.] Bar�bet (?),n. [F. barbet, fr.barbe beard, long hair of certain animals. See Barb beard.] (Zo�l.) (a) A variety of small dog, having long curly hair. (b) A bird of the family Bucconid�, allied to the Cuckoos, having a large, conical beak swollen at the base, and bearded with five bunches of stiff bristles; the puff bird. It inhabits tropical America and Africa. (c) A larva that feeds on aphides. Bar�bette� (?), n. [F. Cf. Barbet.] ( Fort.) A mound of earth or a platform in a fortification, on which guns are mounted to fire over the parapet. En barbette, In barbette, said of guns when they are elevated so as to fire over the top of a parapet, and not through embrasures. � Barbette gun, or Barbette battery,a single gun, or a number of guns, mounted in barbette, or partially protected by a parapet or turret. � Barbette carriage, a gun carriage which elevates guns sufficiently to be in barbette. [See Illust. of Casemate.] Bar�bi�can (?), Bar�ba�can(?), n. [OE. barbican, barbecan, F. barbacane, LL. barbacana, barbicana, of uncertain origin: cf. Ar. barbakh aqueduct, sewer. F. barbacane also means, an opening to let out water, loophole.] 1. ( Fort.) A tower or advanced work defending the entrance to a castle or city, as at a gate or bridge. It was often large and strong, having a ditch and drawbridge of its own. 2. An opening in the wall of a fortress, through which missiles were discharged upon an enemy. Bar�bi�can�age (?), Bar�ba�can�age (?),n. [LL. barbicanagium. See Barbican.] Money paid for the support of a barbican. [Obs.] Bar�bi�cel (?), n. [NL. barbicella, dim. of L. barba. See 1st Barb.] (Zo�l.) One of the small hooklike processes on the barbules of feathers. �Bar�biers (?), n. (Med.) A variety of paralysis, peculiar to India and the Malabar coast; � considered by many to be the same as beriberi in chronic form. Bar�big�er�ous (?), a. [L. barba a beard + gerous.] Having a beard; bearded; hairy. �Bar�bi�ton (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?.] (Mus.) An ancient Greek instrument resembling a lyre. Bar�bi�tu�ric ac�id (?). (Chem.) A white, crystalline substance, ?, derived <-- p. 119 --> from alloxantin, also from malonic acid and urea, and regarded as a substituted urea. Bar�ble (?), n. See Barbel. Bar�bo�tine (?), n. [F.] A paste of clay used in decorating coarse pottery in relief. Bar�bre (?), a. Barbarian. [Obs.] Chaucer. Bar�bule (?), n. [L. barbula, fr. barba beard.] 1. A very minute barb or beard. Booth. 2. (Zo�l.) One of the processes along the edges of the barbs of a feather, by which adjacent barbs interlock. See Feather. Bar�ca�rolle (?), n. [F. barcarolle, fr. It. barcaruola, fr. barca bark, barge.] (Mus.) (a) A popular song or melody sung by Venetian gondoliers. (b) A piece of music composed in imitation of such a song. Bar�con (?), n. [It. barcone, fr. barca a bark.] A vessel for freight; � used in Mediterranean. Bard (?), n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. bardd, Arm. barz, Ir. & Gael. bard, and F. barde.] 1. A professional poet and singer, as among the ancient Celts, whose occupation was to compose and sing verses in honor of the heroic achievements of princes and brave men. 2. Hence: A poet; as, the bard of Avon. Bard, Barde (?), n. [F. barde, of doubtful origin.] 1. A piece of defensive (or, sometimes, ornamental) armor for a horse's neck, breast, and flanks; a barb. [Often in the pl.] 2. pl. Defensive armor formerly worn by a man at arms. 3. (Cookery) A thin slice of fat bacon used to cover any meat or game. Bard, v.t. (Cookery) To cover (meat or game) with a thin slice of fat bacon. Bard�ed, p.a. [See Bard horse armor.] 1. Accoutered with defensive armor; � said of a horse. 2. (Her.) Wearing rich caparisons. Fifteen hundred men ... barded and richly trapped. Stow. Bard�ic, a. Of or pertaining to bards, or their poetry. �The bardic lays of ancient Greece.� G.P. Marsh. Bard�ish, a. Pertaining to, or written by, a bard or bards. �Bardish impostures.� Selden. Bard�ism (?), n. The system of bards; the learning and maxims of bards. Bard�ling (?), n. An inferior bard. J. Cunningham. Bard�ship, n. The state of being a bard. Bare (?), a. [OE. bar, bare, AS. b�r; akin to D. & G. baar, OHG. par, Icel. berr, Sw. & Dan. bar, OSlav. bos? barefoot, Lith. basas; cf. Skr. bh�s to shine ?.] 1. Without clothes or covering; stripped of the usual covering; naked; as, his body is bare; the trees are bare. 2. With head uncovered; bareheaded. When once thy foot enters the church, be bare. Herbert. 3. Without anything to cover up or conceal one's thoughts or actions; open to view; exposed. Bare in thy guilt, how foul must thou appear ! Milton. 4. Plain; simple; unadorned; without polish; bald; meager. �Uttering bare truth.� Shak. 5. Destitute; indigent; empty; unfurnished or scantily furnished; � used with of (rarely with in) before the thing wanting or taken away; as, a room bare of furniture. �A bare treasury.� Dryden. 6. Threadbare; much worn. It appears by their bare liveries that they live by your bare words. Shak. 7. Mere; alone; unaccompanied by anything else; as, a bare majority. �The bare necessaries of life.� Addison. Nor are men prevailed upon by bare of naked truth. South. Under bare poles (Naut.), having no sail set. Bare, n. 1. Surface; body; substance. [R.] You have touched the very bare of naked truth. Marston. 2. (Arch.) That part of a roofing slate, shingle, tile, or metal plate, which is exposed to the weather. Bare, v.t. [imp. & p.p. Bared(?); p. pr. & vb. n. Baring.] [AS. barian. See Bare, a.] To strip off the covering of; to make bare; as, to bare the breast. Bare. Bore; the old preterit of Bear, v. Bare�back� (?), adv. On the bare back of a horse, without using a saddle; as, to ride bareback. Bare�backed� (?), a. Having the back uncovered; as, a barebacked horse. Bare�bone� (?), n. A very lean person; one whose bones show through the skin. Shak. Bare�faced� (?), a. 1. With the face uncovered; not masked. �You will play barefaced.� Shak. 2. Without concealment; undisguised. Hence: Shameless; audacious. �Barefaced treason.� J. Baillie. Bare�faced�ly, adv. Openly; shamelessly. Locke. Bare�faced�ness, n. The quality of being barefaced; shamelessness; assurance; audaciousness. Bare�foot (?), a. & adv. With the feet bare; without shoes or stockings. Bare�foot�ed, a. Having the feet bare. �Ba�r�ge� (?), n. [F. bar�ge, so called from Bar�ges, a town in the Pyrenees.] A gauzelike fabric for ladies' dresses, veils, etc. of worsted, silk and worsted, or cotton and worsted. Bare�hand�ed (?), n. Having bare hands. Bare�head�ed (?), Bare�head, a. & adv. Having the head uncovered; as, a bareheaded girl. Bare�legged� (?), a. Having the legs bare. Bare�ly, adv. 1. Without covering; nakedly. 2. Without concealment or disguise. 3. Merely; only. R. For now his son is duke. W. Barely in title, not in revenue. Shak. 4. But just; without any excess; with nothing to spare ( of quantity, time, etc.); hence, scarcely; hardly; as, there was barely enough for all; he barely escaped. Bare�necked� (?), a. Having the neck bare. Bare�ness, n. The state of being bare. Bare�sark (?), n. [Literally, bare sark or shirt.] A Berserker, or Norse warrior who fought without armor, or shirt of mail. Hence, adverbially: Without shirt of mail or armor. Bar�fish� (?), n. (Zo�l.) Same as Calico bass. Bar�ful (?), a. Full of obstructions. [Obs.] Shak. Bar�gain (?), n. [OE. bargayn, bargany, OF. bargaigne, bargagne, prob. from a supposed LL. barcaneum, fr. barca a boat which carries merchandise to the shore; hence, to traffic to and fro, to carry on commerce in general. See Bark a vessel. ] 1. An agreement between parties concerning the sale of property; or a contract by which one party binds himself to transfer the right to some property for a consideration, and the other party binds himself to receive the property and pay the consideration. A contract is a bargain that is legally binding. Wharton. 2. An agreement or stipulation; mutual pledge. And whon your honors mean to solemnize The bargain of your faith. Shak. 3. A purchase; also ( when not qualified), a gainful transaction; an advantageous purchase; as, to buy a thing at a bargain. 4. The thing stipulated or purchased; also, anything bought cheap. She was too fond of her most filthy bargain. Shak. Bargain and sale (Law), a species of conveyance, by which the bargainor contracts to convey the lands to the bargainee, and becomes by such contract a trustee for and seized to the use of the bargainee. The statute then completes the purchase; i.e., the bargain vests the use, and the statute vests the possession. Blackstone. � Into the bargain, over and above what is stipulated; besides. � To sell bargains, to make saucy ( usually indelicate) repartees. [Obs.] Swift. � To strike a bargain, to reach or ratify an agreement. �A bargain was struck.� Macaulay. Syn. � Contract; stipulation; purchase; engagement. Bar�gain, v.i. [OE. barganien, OF. bargaigner, F. barguigner, to hesitate, fr. LL. barcaniare. See Bargain, n.] To make a bargain; to make a contract for the exchange of property or services; � followed by with and for; as, to bargain with a farmer for a cow. So worthless peasants bargain for their wives. Shak. Bar�gain, v.t. [imp. & p.p. Bargained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bargaining.] To transfer for a consideration; to barter; to trade; as, to bargain one horse for another. To bargain away, to dispose of in a bargain; � usually with a sense of loss or disadvantage; as, to bargain away one's birthright. �The heir ... had somehow bargained away the estate.� G.Eliot. Bar�fain�ee� (?), n. [OF. bargaign�, p.p. See Bargain, v.i.] (Law) The party to a contract who receives, or agrees to receive, the property sold. Blackstone. Bar�gain�er (?), n. One who makes a bargain; � sometimes in the sense of bargainor. Bar�gain�or� (?), n. (Law) One who makes a bargain, or contracts with another; esp., one who sells, or contracts to sell, property to another. Blackstone. Barge (?), n. [OF. barge, F. berge, fr. LL. barca, for barica (not found), prob. fr. L. baris an Egyptian rowboat, fr. Gr. ?, prob. fr. Egyptian: cf. Coptic bari a boat. Cf. Bark a vessel.] 1. A pleasure boat; a vessel or boat of state, elegantly furnished and decorated. 2. A large, roomy boat for the conveyance of passengers or goods; as, a ship's barge; a charcoal barge. 3. A large boat used by flag officers. 4. A double�decked passenger or freight vessel, towed by a steamboat. [U.S.] 5. A large omnibus used for excursions. [Local, U.S.] Barge�board� (?), n. [Perh. corrup. of vergeboard; or cf. LL. bargus a kind of gallows.] A vergeboard. Barge�course� (?), n. [See Bargeboard.] (Arch.) A part of the tiling which projects beyond the principal rafters, in buildings where there is a gable. Gwilt. Bar�gee� (?), n. A bargeman. [Eng.] Barge�man (?), n. The man who manages a barge, or one of the crew of a barge. Barge�mast�ter (?), n. The proprietor or manager of a barge, or one of the crew of a barge. Bar�ger (?),n. The manager of a barge. [Obs.] Bar�ghest� (?), n. [Perh. G. berg mountain + geist demon, or b�r a bear + geist.] A goblin, in the shape of a large dog, portending misfortune. [Also written barguest.] Ba�ri�a (?), n. [Cf. Barium.] (Chem.) Baryta. Bar�ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to barium; as, baric oxide. Bar�ic, a. [Gr. ? weight.] (Physics) Of or pertaining to weight, esp. to the weight or pressure of the atmosphere as measured by the barometer. Ba�ril�la (?), n. [Sp. barrilla.] 1. (Bot.) A name given to several species of Salsola from which soda is made, by burning the barilla in heaps and lixiviating the ashes. 2. (Com.) (a) The alkali produced from the plant, being an impure carbonate of soda, used for making soap, glass, etc., and for bleaching purposes. (b) Impure soda obtained from the ashes of any seashore plant, or kelp. Ure. Copper barilla (Min.), native copper in granular form mixed with sand, an ore brought from Bolivia; � called also Barilla de cobre. �Bar�il�let (?), n. [F., dim. of baril barrel.] A little cask, or something resembling one. Smart. Bar� i�ron (?). See under Iron. Ba�rite (?), n. (Min.) Native sulphate of barium, a mineral occurring in transparent, colorless, white to yellow crystals (generally tabular), also in granular form, and in compact massive forms resembling marble. It has a high specific gravity, and hence is often called heavy spar. It is a common mineral in metallic veins. Bar�i�tone (?), a. & n. See Barytone. Ba�ri�um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? heavy.] (Chem.) One of the elements, belonging to the alkaline earth group; a metal having a silver�white color, and melting at a very high temperature. It is difficult to obtain the pure metal, from the facility with which it becomes oxidized in the air. Atomic weight, ?137. Symbol, Ba. Its oxide called baryta. [Rarely written barytum.] � Some of the compounds of this element are remarkable for their high specific gravity, as the sulphate, called heavy spar, and the like. The oxide was called barote, by Guyton de Morveau, which name was changed by Lavoisier to baryta, whence the name of the metal. Bard (?), n. [Akin to Dan. & Sw. bark, Icel. b�rkr, LG. & HG. borke.] 1. The exterior covering of the trunk and branches of a tree; the rind. 2. Specifically, Peruvian bark. Bark bed. See Bark stove (below). � Bark pit, a pit filled with bark and water, in which hides are steeped in tanning. � Bark stove (Hort.), a glazed structure for keeping tropical plants, having a bed of tanner's bark ( called a bark bed) or other fermentable matter which produces a moist heat. Bark, v.t. [imp. & p.p. Barked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Barking.] 1. To strip the bark from; to peel. 2. To abrade or rub off any outer covering from; as to bark one's heel. 3. To girdle. See Girdle, v.t., 3. 4. To cover or inclose with bark, or as with bark; as, to bark the roof of a hut. Bark, v.i. [OE. berken, AS. beorcan; akin to Icel. berkja, and prob. to E. break.] 1. To make a short, loud, explosive noise with the vocal organs; � said of some animals, but especially of dogs. 2. To make a clamor; to make importunate outcries. They bark, and say the Scripture maketh heretics. Tyndale. Where there is the barking of the belly, there no other commands will be heard, much less obeyed. Fuller. Bark, n. The short, loud, explosive sound uttered by a dog; a similar sound made by some other animals. Bark, Barque (?), n. [F. barque, fr. Sp. or It. barca, fr. LL. barca for barica. See Barge.] 1. Formerly, any small sailing vessel, as a pinnace, fishing smack, etc.; also, a rowing boat; a barge. Now applied poetically to a sailing vessel or boat of any kind. Byron. 2. (Naut.) A three�masted vessel, having her foremast and mainmast squarerigged, and her mizzenmast schooner�rigged. Bark�an�tine (?), n. Same as Barkentine. Bark� bee�tle (?). (Zo�l.) A small beetle of many species (family Scolytid�), which in the larval state bores under or in the bark of trees, often doing great damage. Bark�bound� (?), a. Prevented from growing, by having the bark too firm or close. Bar�keep�er (?), n. One who keeps or tends a bar for the sale of liquors. Bark�en (?), a. Made of bark. [Poetic] Whittier. Bark�en�tine (?), n. [See Bark, n., a vessel.] (Naut.) A threemasted vessel, having the foremast square�rigged, and the others schooner�rigged. [Spel? also barquentine, barkantine, etc.] See Illust. in Append. Bark�er (?), n. 1. An animal that barks; hence, any one who clamors unreasonably. 2. One who stands at the doors of shops to urg? passers by to make purchases. [Cant, Eng.] 3. A pistol. [Slang] Dickens. 4. (Zo�l.) The spotted redshank. Bark�er, n. One who strips trees of their bark. Bark�er's mill� (?). [From Dr. Barker, the inventor.] A machine, invented in the 17th century, worked by a form of reaction wheel. The water flows into a vertical tube and gushes from apertures in hollow horizontal arms, causing the machine to revolve on its axis. Bark�er�y (?), n. A tanhouse. Bark�ing i�rons (?). 1. Instruments used in taking off the bark of trees. Gardner. 2. A pair of pistols. [Slang] Bark�less, a. Destitute of bark. Bark� louse� (?). (Zo�l.) An insect of the family Coccid�, which infests the bark of trees and vines. � The wingless females assume the shape of scales. The bark louse of vine is Pulvinaria innumerabilis; that of the pear is Lecanium pyri. See Orange scale. Bark�y (?), a. Covered with, or containing, bark. �The barky fingers of the elm.� Shak. Bar�ley (?), n. [OE. barli, barlich, AS. b�rlic; bere barley + l�c (which is prob. the same as E. like, adj., or perh. a form of AS. le�c leek). AS. bere is akin to Icel, barr barley, Goth. barizeins made of barley, L. far spelt; cf. W. barlys barley, bara bread. ?92. Cf. Farina, 6th Bear.] (Bot.) A valuable grain, of the family of grasses, genus Hordeum, used for food, and for making malt, from which are prepared beer, ale, and whisky. <-- p. 120 --> <-- p. 120 --> Barley bird (Zo�l.), the siskin. � Barley sugar, sugar boiled till it is brittle (formerly with a decoction of barley) and candied. � Barley water, a decoction of barley, used in medicine, as a nutritive and demulcent. Bar�ley�brake� Bar�ley�break� } (?), n. An ancient rural game, commonly played round stacks of barley, or other grain, in which some of the party attempt to catch others who run from a goal. Bar�ley�bree� (?), n. [Lit. barley broth. See Brew.] Liquor made from barley; strong ale. [Humorous] [Scot.] Burns. Bar�ley�corn� (?), n. [See Corn.] 1. A grain or �corn� of barley. 2. Formerly , a measure of length, equal to the average length of a grain of barley; the third part of an inch. John Barleycorn, a humorous personification of barley as the source of malt liquor or whisky. Barm (?), n. [OE. berme, AS. beorma; akin to Sw. b�rma, G. b�rme, and prob. L. fermenium. �93. Foam rising upon beer, or other malt liquors, when fermenting, and used as leaven in making bread and in brewing; yeast. Shak. Barm , n. [OE. bearm, berm, barm, AS. beorma; akin to E. bear to support.] The lap or bosom. [Obs.] Chaucer. Bar�maid� (?), n. A girl or woman who attends the customers of a bar, as in a tavern or beershop. A bouncing barmaid. W. Irving. Bar�mas�ter (?), n. [Berg + master: cf. G. Bergmeister.] Formerly, a local judge among miners; now, an officer of the barmote. [Eng.] Barm�cloth� (?), n. Apron. [Obs.] Chaucer. Bar�me�ci�dal (?), a. [See Barmecide.] Unreal; illusory. �A sort of Barmecidal feast.� Hood. Bar�me�cide (?), n. [A prince of the Barmecide family, who, as related in the �Arabian Nights' Tales�, pretended to set before the hungry Shacabac food, on which the latter pretended to feast.] One who proffers some illusory advantage or benefit. Also used as an adj.: Barmecidal. �A Barmecide feast.� Dickens. Bar�mote� (?), n. [Barg + mote meeting.] A court held in Derbyshire, in England, for deciding controversies between miners. Blount. Balm�y (?), a. Full of barm or froth; in a ferment. �Barmy beer.� Dryden. Barn (?), n. [OE. bern, AS. berern, bern; bere barley + ern, �rn, a close place. ?92. See Barley.] A covered building used chiefly for storing grain, hay, and other productions of a farm. In the United States a part of the barn is often used for stables. Barn owl (Zo�l.), an owl of Europe and America (Aluco flammeus, or Strix flammea), which frequents barns and other buildings. � Barn swallow (Zo�l.), the common American swallow (Hirundo horreorum), which attaches its nest of mud to the beams and rafters of barns. Barn, v.t. To lay up in a barn. [Obs.] Shak. Men ... often barn up the chaff, and burn up the grain. Fuller. Barn, n. A child. [Obs.] See Bairn. Bar�na�bite (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A member of a religious order, named from St. Barnabas. Bar�na�cle (?), n. [Prob. from E. barnacle a kind of goose, which was popularly supposed to grow from this shellfish; but perh. from LL. bernacula for pernacula, dim. of perna ham, sea mussel; cf. Gr. ? ham Cf. F. bernacle, barnacle, E. barnacle a goose; and Ir. bairneach, barneach, limpet.] (Zo�l.) Any cirriped crustacean adhering to rocks, floating timber, ships, etc., esp. (a) the sessile species (genus Balanus and allies), and (b) the stalked or goose barnacles (genus Lepas and allies). See Cirripedia, and Goose barnacle. Barnacle eater (Zo�l.), the orange filefish. � Barnacle scale (Zo�l.), a bark louse (Ceroplastes cirripediformis) of the orange and quince trees in Florida. The female scale curiously resembles a sessile barnacle in form. Bar�na�cle, n. [See Bernicle.] A bernicle goose. Bar�na�cle, n. [OE. bernak, bernacle; cf. OF. bernac, and Prov. F. (Berri) berniques, spectacles.] 1. pl. (Far.) An instrument for pinching a horse's nose, and thus restraining him. [Formerly used in the sing.] The barnacles ... give pain almost equal to that of the switch. Youatt. 2. pl. Spectacles; � so called from their resemblance to the barnacles used by farriers. [Cant, Eng.] Dickens. Barn�yard� (?), n. A yard belonging to a barn. �Ba�roc�co (?), a. [It.] (Arch.) See Baroque. Bar�o�graph (?), n. [Gr.? weight + �graph.] (Meteor.) An instrument for recording automatically the variations of atmospheric pressure. Ba�ro�ko (?), n. [A mnemonic word.] (Logic) A form or mode of syllogism of which the first proposition is a universal affirmative, and the other two are particular negative. Ba�rol�o�gy (?), n. [Gr. ? weight + �logy.] The science of weight or gravity. Bar�o�ma�crom�e�ter (?), n. [Gr. ? weight + ? long + �meter.] (Med.) An instrument for ascertaining the weight and length of a newborn infant. Ba�rom�e�ter (?), n. [Gr. ? weight + �meter: cf. F. barom�tre.] An instrument for determining the weight or pressure of the atmosphere, and hence for judging of the probable changes of weather, or for ascertaining the height of any ascent. � The barometer was invented by Torricelli at Florence about 1643. It is made in its simplest form by filling a graduated glass tube about 34 inches long with mercury and inverting it in a cup containing mercury. The column of mercury in the tube descends until balanced by the weight of the atmosphere, and its rise or fall under varying conditions is a measure of the change in the atmospheric pressure. At the sea level its ordinary height is about 30 inches (760 millimeters). See Sympiesometer. Nichol. Aneroid barometer. See Aneroid barometer, under Aneroid. � Marine barometer, a barometer with tube contracted at bottom to prevent rapid oscillations of the mercury, and suspended in gimbals from an arm or support on shipboard. � Mountain barometer, a portable mercurial barometer with tripod support, and long scale, for measuring heights. � Siphon barometer, a barometer having a tube bent like a hook with the longer leg closed at the top. The height of the mercury in the longer leg shows the pressure of the atmosphere. � Wheel barometer, a barometer with recurved tube, and a float, from which a cord passes over a pulley and moves an index. Bar�o�met�ric (?), Bar�o�met�ric�al (?), } a. Pertaining to the barometer; made or indicated by a barometer; as, barometric changes; barometrical observations. Bar�o�met�ric�al�ly, adv. By means of a barometer, or according to barometric observations. Bar�o�met�ro�graph (?), n. [Gr. ? weight + ? measure + �graph.] A form of barometer so constructed as to inscribe of itself upon paper a record of the variations of atmospheric pressure. Ba�rom�e�try (?), n. The art or process of making barometrical measurements. Bar�o�metz (?), n. [ Cf. Russ. baranets' clubmoss.] (Bot.) The woolly�skinned rhizoma or rootstock of a fern (Dicksonia barometz), which, when specially prepared and inverted, somewhat resembles a lamb; � called also Scythian lamb. Bar�on (?), n. [OE. baron, barun, OF. baron, accus. of ber, F. baron, prob. fr. OHG. baro (not found) bearer, akin to E. bear to support; cf. O. Frisian bere, LL. baro, It. barone, Sp. varon. From the meaning bearer (of burdens) seem to have come the senses strong man, man (in distinction from woman), which is the oldest meaning in French, and lastly, nobleman. Cf. L. baro, simpleton. See Bear to support.] 1. A title or degree of nobility; originally, the possessor of a fief, who had feudal tenants under him; in modern times, in France and Germany, a nobleman next in rank below a count; in England, a nobleman of the lowest grade in the House of Lords, being next below a viscount. � �The tenants in chief from the Crown, who held lands of the annual value of four hundred pounds, were styled Barons; and it is to them, and not to the members of the lowest grade of the nobility (to whom the title at the present time belongs), that reference is made when we read of the Barons of the early days of England's history.... Barons are addressed as 'My Lord,' and are styled 'Right Honorable.' All their sons and daughters 'Honorable.'� Cussans. 2. (Old Law) A husband; as, baron and feme, husband and wife. [R.] Cowell. Baron of beef, two sirloins not cut asunder at the backbone. � Barons of the Cinque Ports, formerly members of the House of Commons, elected by the seven Cinque Ports, two for each port. � Baron of the exchequer, the judges of the Court of Exchequer, one of the three ancient courts of England, now abolished. Bar�on�age (?), n. [OE. barnage, baronage, OF.barnage, F. baronnage; cf. LL. baronagium.] 1. The whole body of barons or peers. The baronage of the kingdom. Bp. Burnet. 2. The dignity or rank of a baron. 3. The land which gives title to a baron. [Obs.] Bar�on�ess (?), n. A baron's wife; also, a lady who holds the baronial title in her own right; as, the Baroness Burdett�Coutts. Bar�on�et (?), n. [Baron + �et.] A dignity or degree of honor next below a baron and above a knight, having precedency of all orders of knights except those of the Garter. It is the lowest degree of honor that is hereditary. The baronets are commoners. � The order was founded by James I. in 1611, and is given by patent. The word, however, in the sense of a lesser baron, was in use long before. �Baronets have the title of 'Sir' prefixed to their Christian names; their surnames being followed by their dignity, usually abbreviated Bart. Their wives are addressed as 'Lady' or 'Madam'. Their sons are possessed of no title beyond 'Esquire.'� Cussans. Bar�on�et�age (?), n. 1. State or rank of a baronet. 2. The collective body of baronets. Bar�on�et�cy (?), n. The rank or patent of a baronet. Ba�ro�ni�al (?), a. Pertaining to a baron or a barony. �Baronial tenure.� Hallam. Bar�o�ny (?), n.; pl. Baronies (?). [OF. baronie, F. baronnie, LL. baronia. See Baron.] 1. The fee or domain of a baron; the lordship, dignity, or rank of a baron. 2. In Ireland, a territorial division, corresponding nearly to the English hundred, and supposed to have been originally the district of a native chief. There are 252 of these baronies. In Scotland, an extensive freehold. It may be held by a commoner. Brande & C. Ba�roque� (?), a. [F.; cf. It. barocco.] (Arch.) In bad taste; grotesque; odd. Bar�o�scope (?), n. [Gr. ? weight + �scope: cf. F. baroscope.] Any instrument showing the changes in the weight of the atmosphere; also, less appropriately, any instrument that indicates �or foreshadows changes of the weather, as a deep vial of liquid holding in suspension some substance which rises and falls with atmospheric changes. Bar�o�scop�ic (?), Bar�o�scop�ic�al (?), } a. Pertaining to, or determined by, the baroscope. Ba�rouche� (?), n. [G. barutsche, It. baroccio, biroccio, LL. barrotium, fr. L. birotus two�wheeled; bi=bis twice + rota wheel.] A four�wheeled carriage, with a falling top, a seat on the outside for the driver, and two double seats on the inside arranged so that the sitters on the front seat face those on the back seat. Ba�rou�chet�(?), n. A kind of light barouche. Bar�post� (?), n. A post sunk in the ground to receive the bars closing a passage into a field. Barque (?), n. Same as 3d Bark, n. Bar�ra�can (?), n. [F. baracan, bouracan (cf. Pr. barracan, It. baracane, Sp. barragan, Pg. barregana, LL. barracanus), fr. Ar. barrak�n a kind of black gown, perh. fr. Per. barak a garment made of camel's hair.] A thick, strong stuff, somewhat like camlet; � still used for outer garments in the Levant. Bar�rack (?), n. [F. baraque, fr. It. baracca (cf. Sp. barraca), from LL. barra bar. See Bar, n.] 1. (Mil.) A building for soldiers, especially when in garrison. Commonly in the pl., originally meaning temporary huts, but now usually applied to a permanent structure or set of buildings. He lodged in a miserable hut or barrack, composed of dry branches and thatched with straw. Gibbon. 2. A movable roof sliding on four posts, to cover hay, straw, etc. [Local, U.S.] Bar�rack, v.t. To supply with barracks; to establish in barracks; as, to barrack troops. Bar�rack, v.i. To live or lodge in barracks. Bar�ra�clade (?), n. [D. baar, OD. baer, naked, bare + kleed garment, i.e., cloth undressed or without nap.] A home�made woolen blanket without nap. [Local, New York] Bartlett. Bar�ra�coon� (?), n. [Sp. or Pg. barraca. See Barrack.] A slave warehouse, or an inclosure where slaves are quartered temporarily. Du Chaillu. Bar�ra�cu�da (?), Bar�ra�cou�ata (?), } n. 1. (Zo�l.) A voracious pikelike, marine fish, o? the genus Sphyr�na, sometimes used as food. � That of Europe and our Atlantic coast is Sphyr�na spet (or S. vulgaris); a southern species is S. picuda; the Californian is S. argentea. 2. (Zo�l.) A large edible fresh�water fish of Australia and New Zealand (Thyrsites atun). Bar�rage (?), n. [F., fr. barrer to bar, from barre bar.] (Engin.) An artificial bar or obstruction placed in a river or water course to increase the depth of water; as, the barrages of the Nile. �Bar�ran�ca (?), n. [Sp.] A ravine caused by heavy rains or a watercourse. [Texas & N. Mex.] �Bar�ras (?), n. [F.] A resin, called also galipot. Bar�ra�tor (?), n. [OE. baratour, OF. barateor deceiver, fr. OF. barater, bareter, to deceive, cheat, barter. See Barter, v.i.] One guilty of barratry. Bar�ra�trous (?), ? (Law) Tainter with, or constituting, barratry. � Bar�ra�trous�ly, adv. Kent. Bar�ra�try (?), n. [Cf. F. baraterie, LL. barataria. See Barrator, and cf. Bartery.] 1. (Law) The practice of exciting and encouraging lawsuits and quarrels. [Also spelt barretry.] Coke. Blackstone. 2. (Mar. Law) A fraudulent breach of duty or willful act of known illegality on the part of a master of a ship, in his character of master, or of the mariners, to the injury of the owner of the ship or cargo, and without his consent. It includes every breach of trust committed with dishonest purpose, as by running away with the ship, sinking or deserting her, etc., or by embezzling the cargo. Kent. Part. 3. (Scots Law) The crime of a judge who is influenced by bribery in pronouncing judgment. Wharton. Barred� owl� (?). (Zo�l.) A large American owl (Syrnium nebulosum); � so called from the transverse bars of a dark brown color on the breast. Bar�rel (?), n.[OE. barel, F. baril, prob. fr. barre bar. Cf. Barricade.] 1.A round vessel or cask, of greater length than breadth, and bulging in the middle, made of staves bound with hoops, and having flat ends or heads. 2. The quantity which constitutes a full barrel. This varies for different articles and also in different places for the same article, being regulated by custom or by law. A barrel of wine is 31 1/2 gallons; a barrel of flour is 196 pounds. 3. A solid drum, or a hollow cylinder or case; as, the barrel of a windlass; the barrel of a watch, within which the spring is coiled. <-- p. 121 --> 4. A metallic tube, as of a gun, from which a projectile is discharged. Knight. 5. A jar. [Obs.] 1 Kings xvii. 12. 6. (Zo�l.) The hollow basal part of a feather. Barrel bulk (Com.), a measure equal to five cubic feet, used in estimating capacity, as of a vessel for freight. � Barrel drain (Arch.), a drain in the form of a cylindrical tube. � Barrel of a boiler, the cylindrical part of a boiler, containing the flues. � Barrel of the ear ( ? ), the tympanum, or tympanic cavity. � Barrel organ, an instrument for producing music by the action of a revolving cylinder. � Barrel vault. See under Vault. Bar�rel (?), v.t. [imp. & p.p. Barreled (?), or Barrelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Barreling, or Barrelling.] To put or to pack in a barrel or barrels. Bar�reled, Bar�relled (?), a. Having a barrel; � used in composition; as, a double�barreled gun. Bar�ren (?), a. [OE. barein, OF. brehaing, ?em. brehaigne, baraigne, F. br�haigne; of uncertain origin; cf. Arm. br�kha?, markha?, sterile; LL. brana a sterile mare, principally in Aquitanian and Spanish documents; Bisc. barau, baru, fasting.] 1. Incapable of producing offspring; producing no young; sterile; � ?aid of women and female animals. She was barren of children. Bp. Hall. 2. Not producing vegetation, or useful vegetation; ?rile. �Barren mountain tracts.� Macaulay. 3. Unproductive; fruitless; unprofitable; empty. Brilliant but barren reveries. Prescott. Some schemes will appear barren of hints and matter. Swift. 4. Mentally dull; stupid. Shak. Barren flower, a flower which has only stamens without a pistil, or which as neither stamens nor pistils. � Barren Grounds (Geog.), a vast tract in British America northward of the forest regions. � Barren Ground bear (Zo�l.), a peculiar bear, inhabiting the Barren Grounds, now believed to be a variety of the brown bear of Europe. � Barren Ground caribou (Zo�l.), a small reindeer (Rangifer Gr?nlandicus) peculiar to the Barren Grounds and Greenland. Bar�ren, n. 1. A tract of barren land. 2. pl. Elevated lands or plains on which grow small trees, but not timber; as, pine barrens; oak barrens. They are not necessarily sterile, and are often fertile. [Amer.] J. Pickering. Bar�ren�ly, adv. Unfruitfully; unproductively. Bar�ren�ness, n. The condition of being barren; sterility; unproductiveness. A total barrenness of invention. Dryden. Bar�ren�wort� (?), n. (Bot.) An herbaceous plant of the Barberry family (Epimedium alpinum), having leaves that are bitter and said to be sudorific. Bar�ret (?), n. [F. barrette, LL. barretum a cap. See Berretta, and cf. Biretta.] A kind of cap formerly worn by soldiers; � called also barret cap. Also, the flat cap worn by Roman Catholic ecclesiastics. Bar�ri�cade� (?), n. [F. barricade, fr. Sp. barricada, orig. a barring up with casks; fr. barrica cask, perh. fr. LL. barra bar. See Bar, n., and cf. Barrel, n.] 1. (Mil.) A fortification, made in haste, of trees, earth, palisades, wagons, or anything that will obstruct the progress or attack of an enemy. It is usually an obstruction formed in streets to block an enemy's access. 2. Any bar, obstruction, or means of defense. Such a barricade as would greatly annoy, or absolutely stop, the currents of the atmosphere. Derham. Bar�ri�cade�, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Barricaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Barricading.] [Cf. F. barricader. See Barricade, n.] To fortify or close with a barricade or with barricades; to stop up, as a passage; to obstruct; as, the workmen barricaded the streets of Paris. The further end whereof [a bridge] was barricaded with barrels. Hakluyt. Bar�ri�cad�er (?), n. One who constructs barricades. Bar�ri�ca�do (?), n. & v.t. See Barricade. Shak. Bar�ri�er (?), n. [OE. barrere, barere, F. barri�re, fr. barre bar. See Bar, n.] 1. (Fort.) A carpentry obstruction, stockade, or other obstacle made in a passage in order to stop an enemy. 2. A fortress or fortified town, on the frontier of a country, commanding an avenue of approach. 3. pl. A fence or railing to mark the limits of a place, or to keep back a crowd. No sooner were the barriers opened, than he paced into the lists. Sir W. Scott. 4. An any obstruction; anything which hinders approach or attack. �Constitutional barriers.� Hopkinson. 5. Any limit or boundary; a line of separation. 'Twixt that [instinct] and reason, what a nice barrier ! Pope. Barrier gate, a heavy gate to close the opening through a barrier. � Barrier reef, a form of coral reef which runs in the general direction of the shore, and incloses a lagoon channel more or less extensive. � To fight at barriers, to fight with a barrier between, as a martial exercise. [Obs.] �Bar�ri�gu�do (?),n. [Native name, fr. Sp. barrigudo big�bellied.] (Zo�l.) A large, dark�colored, South American monkey, of the genus Lagothrix, having a long prehensile tail. Bar�ring�out� (?), n. The act of closing the doors of a schoolroom against a schoolmaster; � a boyish mode of rebellion in schools. Swift. Bar�ris�ter (?), n. [From Bar, n.] Counselor at law; a counsel admitted to plead at the bar, and undertake the public trial of causes, as distinguished from an attorney or solicitor. See Attorney. [Eng.] Bar�room� (?), n. A room containing a bar or counter at which liquors are sold. Bar�row (?), n. [OE. barow, fr. AS. beran to bear. See Bear to support, and cf. Bier.] 1. A support having handles, and with or without a wheel, on which heavy or bulky things can be transported by hand. See Handbarrow, and Wheelbarrow. 2. (Salt Works) A wicker case, in which salt is put to drain. Bar�row (?), n. [OE. barow, bargh, AS. bearg, bearh; akin to Icel. b�rgr, OHG. barh, barug, G. barch. ?95.] A hog, esp. a male hog castrated. Holland. Bar�row, n. [OE. bergh, AS. beorg, beorh, hill, sepulchral mound; akin to G. berg mountain, Goth. bairgahei hill, hilly country, and perh. to Skr. b?hant high, OIr. brigh mountain. Cf. Berg, Berry a mound, and Borough an incorporated town.] 1. A large mound of earth or stones over the remains of the dead; a tumulus. 2. (Mining) A heap of rubbish, attle, etc. Bar�row�ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Henry Barrowe, one of the founders of Independency or Congregationalism in England. Barrowe was executed for nonconformity in 1953. Bar�ru�let (?), n. [Dim. of bar, n.] (Her.) A diminutive of the bar, having one fourth its width. Bar�ru�ly (?), a. (Her.) Traversed by barrulets or small bars; � said of the field. Bar�ry (?), a. (Her.), Divided into bars; � said of the field. Barse (?), n. [AS. bears, b�rs, akin to D. baars, G. bars, barsch. Cf. 1st Bass, n.] The common perch. See 1st Bass. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Bar�tend�er (?), n. A barkeeper. Bar�ter (?), v.i. [imp. & p.p. Bartered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bartering.] [OE. bartren, OF. barater, bareter, to cheat, exchange, perh. fr. Gr. ? to do, deal (well or ill), use practices or tricks, or perh. fr. Celtic; cf. Ir. brath treachery, W. brad. Cf. Barrator.] To traffic or trade, by exchanging one commodity for another, in distinction from a sale and purchase, in which money is paid for the commodities transferred; to truck. Bar�ter, v.t. To trade or exchange in the way of barter; to exchange (frequently for an unworthy consideration); to traffic; to truck; � sometimes followed by away; as, to barter away goods or honor. Bar�ter, n. 1. The act or practice of trafficking by exchange of commodities; an exchange of goods. The spirit of huckstering and barter. Burke. 2. The thing given in exchange. Syn. � Exchange; dealing; traffic; trade; truck. Bar�ter�er (?), n. One who barters. Bar�ter�y (?), n. Barter. [Obs.] Camden. Barth (?), n. [Etymol. unknown.] A place of shelter for cattle. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Bar�thol�o�mew tide� (?). Time of the festival of St. Bartholomew, August 24th. Shak. Bar�ti�zan� (?), n. [Cf. Brettice.] (Arch.) A small, overhanging structure for lookout or defense, usually projecting at an angle of a building or near an entrance gateway. Bart�lett (?), n. (Bot.) A Bartlett pear, a favorite kind of pear, which originated in England about 1770, and was called Williams' Bonchr�tien. It was brought to America, and distributed by Mr. Enoch Bartlett, of Dorchester, Massachusetts. Bar�ton (?), n. [AS. beret?n courtyard, grange; bere barley + t?n an inclosure. ] 1. The demesne lands of a manor; also, the manor itself. [Eng.] Burton. 2. A farmyard. [Eng.] Southey. Bar�tram (?), n. (Bot.) See Bertram. Johnson. Bar�way� (?), n. A passage into a field or yard, closed by bars made to take out of the posts. Bar�wise� (?), adv. (Her.) Horizontally. Bar�wood� (?), n. A red wood of a leguminous tree (Baphia nitida), from Angola and the Gaboon in Africa. It is used as a dyewood, and also for ramrods, violin bows and turner's work. Bar�y�cen�tric (?), a. [Gr. ? heavy + ? center.] Of or pertaining to the center of gravity. See Barycentric calculus, under Calculus. Ba�ryph�o�ny (?), n. [Gr. ? heavy + ? a sound voice.] (Med.) Difficulty of speech. Ba�ry�ta (?), n. [Gr. ? heavy. Cf. Baria.] (Chem.) An oxide of barium (or barytum); a heavy earth with a specific gravity above 4. Ba�ry�tes (?), n. [Gr. ? heavy: cf. Gr. ? heaviness, F. baryte.] (Min.) Barium sulphate, generally called heavy spar or barite. See Barite. Ba�ryt�ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to baryta. Ba�ry�to�cal�cite (?), n. [Baryta + calcite.] (Min.) A mineral of a white or gray color, occurring massive or crystallized. It is a compound of the carbonates of barium and calcium. Bar�y�tone, Bar�i�tone (?), a. [Gr. ?; ? heavy + ? tone.] 1. (Mus.) Grave and deep, as a kind of male voice. 2. (Greek Gram.) Not marked with an accent on the last syllable, the grave accent being understood. Bar�y�tone, Bar�i�tone , n. [F. baryton: cf. It. baritono.] 1. (Mus.) (a) A male voice, the compass of which partakes of the common bass and the tenor, but which does not descend as low as the one, nor rise as high as the other. (b) A person having a voice of such range. (c) The viola di gamba, now entirely disused. 2. (Greek Gram.) A word which has no accent marked on the last syllable, the grave accent being understood. Ba�ry�tum (?), n. [NL.] (Chem.) The metal barium. See Barium. [R.] Ba�sal (?), a. Relating to, or forming, the base. Basal cleavage. See under Cleavage. � Basal plane (Crystallog.), one parallel to the lateral or horizontal axis. Ba�sal�nerved� (?), a. (Bot.) Having the nerves radiating from the base; � said of leaves. Ba�salt� (?),n. [N. basaltes (an African word), a dark and hard species of marble found in Ethiopia: cf. F. basalte.] 1. (Geol.) A rock of igneous origin, consisting of augite and triclinic feldspar, with grains of magnetic or titanic iron, and also bottle�green particles of olivine frequently disseminated. � It is usually of a greenish black color, or of some dull brown shade, or black. It constitutes immense beds in some regions, and also occurs in veins or dikes cutting through other rocks. It has often a prismatic structure as at the Giant's Causeway, in Ireland, where the columns are as regular as if the work of art. It is a very tough and heavy rock, and is one of the best materials for macadamizing roads. 2. An imitation, in pottery, of natural basalt; a kind of black porcelain. Ba�salt�ic (?),a. [Cf. F. basaltique.] Pertaining to basalt; formed of, or containing, basalt; as basaltic lava. Ba�salt�i�form (?), a. [Basalt + �form.] In the form of basalt; columnar. Ba�salt�oid (?), a. [Basalt + �oid.] Formed like basalt; basaltiform. Bas�an (?), n. Same as Basil, a sheepskin. Bas�a�nite (?), n. [L. basanites lapis, Gr. ? the touchstone: cf. F. basanite.] (Min.) Lydian stone, or black jasper, a variety of siliceous or flinty slate, of a grayish or bluish black color. It is employed to test the purity of gold, the amount of alloy being indicated by the color left on the stone when rubbed by the metal. �Bas�bleu� (?), n. [F., fr. bas stocking + bleu blue.] A bluestocking; a literary woman. [Somewhat derisive] Bas�ci�net (?), n. [OE. bacinet, basnet, OF. bassinet, bacinet, F. bassinet, dim. of OF. bacin, F. bassin, a helmet in the form of a basin.] A light helmet, at first open, but later made with a visor. [Written also basinet, bassinet, basnet.] Bas�cule (?), n. [F., a seesaw.] In mechanics an apparatus on the principle of the seesaw, in which one end rises as the other falls. Bascule bridge, a counterpoise or balanced drawbridge, which is opened by sinking the counterpoise and thus lifting the footway into the air. Base (?), a. [OE. bass, F. bas, low, fr. LL. bassus thick, fat, short, humble; cf. L. Bassus, a proper name, and W. bas shallow. Cf. Bass a part in music.] 1. Of little, or less than the usual, height; of low growth; as, base shrubs. [Archaic] Shak. 2. Low in place or position. [Obs.] Shak. 3. Of humble birth; or low degree; lowly; mean. [Archaic] �A pleasant and base swain.� Bacon. 4. Illegitimate by birth; bastard. [Archaic] Why bastard? wherefore base? Shak. 5. Of little comparative value, as metal inferior to gold and silver, the precious metals. 6. Alloyed with inferior metal; debased; as, base coin; base bullion. 7. Morally low. Hence: Low�minded; unworthy; without dignity of sentiment; ignoble; mean; illiberal; menial; as, a base fellow; base motives; base occupations. �A cruel act of a base and a cowardish mind.� Robynson (More's Utopia). �Base ingratitude.� Milton. 8. Not classical or correct. �Base Latin.� Fuller. 9. Deep or grave in sound; as, the base tone of a violin. [In this sense, commonly written bass.] 10. (Law) Not held by honorable service; as, a base estate, one held by services not honorable; held by villenage. Such a tenure is called base, or low, and the tenant, a base tenant. Base fee, formerly, an estate held at the will of the lord; now, a qualified fee. See note under Fee, n., 4. � Base metal. See under Metal. Syn. � Dishonorable; worthless; ignoble; low�minded; infamous; sordid; degraded. � Base, Vile, Mean. These words, as expressing moral qualities, are here arranged in the order of their strength, the strongest being placed first. Base marks a high degree of moral turpitude; vile and mean denote, in different degrees, the want of what is valuable or worthy of esteem. What is base excites our abhorrence; what is vile provokes our disgust or indignation; what is mean awakens contempt. Base is opposed to high�minded; vile, to noble; mean, to liberal or generous. Ingratitude is base; sycophancy is vile; undue compliances are mean. Base, n.[F. base, L. basis, fr. Gr. ? a stepping step, a base, pedestal, fr. ? to go, step, akin to E. come. Cf. Basis, and see Come.] 1. The bottom of anything, considered as its support, or that on which something rests for support; the foundation; as, the base of a statue. �The base of mighty mountains.� Prescott. 2. Fig.: The fundamental or essential part of a thing; the essential principle; a groundwork. 3. (Arch.) (a) The lower part of a wall, pier, or column, when treated as a separate feature, usually in projection, or especially ornamented. (b) The lower part of a complete architectural design, as of a monument; also, the lower part of any elaborate piece of furniture or decoration. 4. (Bot.) That extremity of a leaf, fruit, etc., at which it is attached to its support. <-- p. 122 --> 5. (Chem.) The positive, or non�acid component of a salt; a substance which, combined with an acid, neutralizes the latter and forms a salt; � applied also to the hydroxides of the positive elements or radicals, and to certain organic bodies resembling them in their property of forming salts with acids. 6. (Pharmacy) The chief ingredient in a compound. 7. (Dyeing) A substance used as a mordant. Ure. 8. (Fort.) The exterior side of the polygon, or that imaginary line which connects the salient angles of two adjacent bastions. 9. (Geom.) The line or surface constituting that part of a figure on which it is supposed to stand. 10. (Math.) The number from which a mathematical table is constructed; as, the base of a system of logarithms. 11. [See Base low.] A low, or deep, sound. (Mus.) (a) The lowest part; the deepest male voice. (b) One who sings, or the instrument which plays, base. [Now commonly written bass.] The trebles squeak for fear, the bases roar. Dryden. 12. (Mil.) A place or tract of country, protected by fortifications, or by natural advantages, from which the operations of an army proceed, forward movements are made, supplies are furnished, etc. 13. (Mil.) The smallest kind of cannon. [Obs.] 14. (Zo�l.) That part of an organ by which it is attached to another more central organ. 15. (Crystallog.) The basal plane of a crystal. 16. (Geol.) The ground mass of a rock, especially if not distinctly crystalline. 17. (Her.) The lower part of the field. See Escutcheon. 18. The housing of a horse. [Obs.] 19. pl. A kind of skirt ( often of velvet or brocade, but sometimes of mailed armor) which hung from the middle to about the knees, or lower. [Obs.] 20. The lower part of a robe or petticoat. [Obs.] 21. An apron. [Obs.] �Bakers in their linen bases.� Marston. 22. The point or line from which a start is made; a starting place or a goal in various games. To their appointed base they went. Dryden. 23. (Surv.) A line in a survey which, being accurately determined in length and position, serves as the origin from which to compute the distances and positions of any points or objects connected with it by a system of triangles. Lyman. 24. A rustic play; � called also prisoner's base, prison base, or bars. �To run the country base.� Shak. 25. (Baseball) Any one of the four bounds which mark the circuit of the infield. Altern base. See under Altern. � Attic base. (Arch.) See under Attic. � Base course. (Arch.) (a) The first or lower course of a foundation wall, made of large stones of a mass of concrete; � called also foundation course. (b) The architectural member forming the transition between the basement and the wall above. � Base hit (Baseball), a hit, by which the batsman, without any error on the part of his opponents, is able to reach the first base without being put out. � Base line. (a) A main line taken as a base, as in surveying or in military operations. (b) A line traced round a cannon at the rear of the vent. � Base plate, the foundation plate of heavy machinery, as of the steam engine; the bed plate. � Base ring (Ordnance), a projecting band of metal around the breech, connected with the body of the gun by a concave molding. H.L. Scott. Base (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Based (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Basing.] [From Base, n.] To put on a base or basis; to lay the foundation of; to found, as an argument or conclusion; � used with on or upon. Bacon. Base, v. t. [See Base, a., and cf. Abase.] 1. To abase; to let, or cast, down; to lower. [Obs.] If any ... based his pike. Sir T. North. 2. To reduce the value of; to debase. [Obs.] Metals which we can not base. Bacon. Base�ball� (?), n. 1. A game of ball, so called from the bases or bounds ( four in number) which designate the circuit which each player must endeavor to make after striking the ball. 2. The ball used in this game. Base�board (?), n. (Arch.) A board, or other woodwork, carried round the walls of a room and touching the floor, to form a base and protect the plastering; � also called washboard (in England), mopboard, and scrubboard. Base�born� (?), a. 1. Born out of wedlock. Gay. 2. Born of low parentage. 3. Vile; mean. �Thy baseborn heart.� Shak. Base��burn�er (?), n. A furnace or stove in which the fuel is contained in a hopper or chamber, and is fed to the fire as the lower stratum is consumed. Base��court� (?), n. [F. basse�cour. See Base, a., and Court, n.] 1. The secondary, inferior, or rear courtyard of a large house; the outer court of a castle. 2. (Law) An inferior court of law, not of record. Based (?), p.p. & a. 1. Having a base, or having as a base; supported; as, broad�based. 2. [See Base, n., 18�21.] Wearing, or protected by, bases. [Obs.] �Based in lawny velvet.� E.Hall. Ba�se�dow's dis�ease� (?). [Named for Dr. Basedow, a German physician.] (Med.) A disease characterized by enlargement of the thyroid gland, prominence of the eyeballs, and inordinate action of the heart; � called also exophthalmic goiter. Flint. Bas�e�lard (?), n. [OF. baselarde, LL. basillardus.] A short sword or dagger, worn in the fifteenth century. [Written also baslard.] Fairholt. Base�less, a. Without a base; having no foundation or support. �The baseless fabric of this vision.� Shak. Base�ly, adv. 1. In a base manner; with despicable meanness; dishonorably; shamefully. 2. Illegitimately; in bastardy. [Archaic] Knolles. Base�ment (?), n. [F. soubassement. Of uncertain origin. Cf. Base, a., Bastion.] (Arch.) The outer wall of the ground story of a building, or of a part of that story, when treated as a distinct substructure. ( See Base, n., 3 (a).) Hence: The rooms of a ground floor, collectively. Basement membrane (Anat.), a delicate membrane composed of a single layer of flat cells, forming the substratum upon which, in many organs, the epithelioid cells are disposed. Base�ness (?), n. The quality or condition of being base; degradation; vileness. I once did hold it a baseness to write fair. Shak. Bas�e�net (?), n. See Bascinet. [Obs.] Base� vi�ol (?). See Bass viol. Bash (?), v. t. & i. [OE. baschen, baissen. See Abash.] To abash; to disconcert or be disconcerted or put out of countenance. [Obs.] His countenance was bold and bashed not. Spenser. Ba�shaw� (?), n. [See Pasha.] 1. A Turkish title of honor, now written pasha. See Pasha. 2. Fig.: A magnate or grandee. 3. (Zo�l.) A very large siluroid fish (Leptops olivaris) of the Mississippi valley; � also called goujon, mud cat, and yellow cat. Bash�ful (?), a. [See Bash.] 1. Abashed; daunted; dismayed. [Obs.] 2. Very modest, or modest excess; constitutionally disposed to shrink from public notice; indicating extreme or excessive modesty; shy; as, a bashful person, action, expression. Syn. � Diffident; retiring; reserved; shamefaced; sheepish. Bash�ful�ly, adv. In a bashful manner. Bash�ful�ness, n. The quality of being bashful. Syn. � Bashfulness, Modesty, Diffidence, Shyness. Modesty arises from a low estimate of ourselves; bashfulness is an abashment or agitation of the spirits at coming into contact with others; diffidence is produced by an undue degree of self�distrust; shyness usually arises from an excessive self�consciousness, and a painful impression that every one is looking at us. Modesty of deportment is becoming at all; bashfulness often gives rise to mistakes and blundering; diffidence is society frequently makes a man a burden to himself; shyness usually produces a reserve or distance which is often mistaken for haughtiness. �Bash�i�ba�zouk� (?), n. [Turkish, light�headed, a foolish fellow.] A soldier belonging to the irregular troops of the Turkish army. Bash�less, a. Shameless; unblushing. [Obs.] Spenser. Bas�hyle (?), n. (Chem.) See Basyle. Ba�si� (?). A combining form, especially in anatomical and botanical words, to indicate the base or position at or near a base; forming a base; as, basibranchials, the most ventral of the cartilages or bones of the branchial arches; basicranial, situated at the base of the cranium; basifacial, basitemporal, etc. Ba�sic (?), a. 1. (Chem.) (a) Relating to a base; performing the office of a base in a salt. (b) Having the base in excess, or the amount of the base atomically greater than that of the acid, or exceeding in proportion that of the related neutral salt. (c) Apparently alkaline, as certain normal salts which exhibit alkaline reactions with test paper. 2. (Min.) Said of crystalline rocks which contain a relatively low percentage of silica, as basalt. Basic salt (Chem.), a salt formed from a base or hydroxide by the partial replacement of its hydrogen by a negative or acid element or radical. Ba�sic�er�ite (?), n. [Basi� + Gr. ? horn, antenna.] (Zo�l.) The second joint of the antenn� of crustaceans. Ba�sic�i�ty, n. (Chem.) (a) The quality or state of being a base. (b) The power of an acid to unite with one or more atoms or equivalents of a base, as indicated by the number of replaceable hydrogen atoms contained in the acid. Ba�sid�i�o�spore (?), n. [Basidium + spore.] (Bot.) A spore borne by a basidium. � Ba�sid�i�o�spor�ous (?), a. �Ba�sid�i�um (?), n. [NL., dim. of Gr. ? base.] (Bot.) A special oblong or pyriform cell, with slender branches, which bears the spores in that division of fungi called Basidiomycetes, of which the common mushroom is an example. Ba�si�fi�er (?), n. (Chem.) That which converts into a salifiable base. Ba�sif�u�gal (?), a. [Base, n. + L. fugere to flee.] (Bot.) Tending or proceeding away from the base; as, a basifugal growth. Ba�si�fy (?), v.t. [Base + �fy.] (Chem.) To convert into a salifiable base. �Ba�si�gyn�i�um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? base + ? woman.] (Bot.) The pedicel on which the ovary of certain flowers, as the passion flower, is seated; a carpophore or thecaphore. Ba�si�hy�al (?), a. [Basi� + Gr. ? (the letter �upsilon�); from the shape.] (Anat.) Noting two small bones, forming the body of the inverted hyoid arch. Ba�si�hy�oid (?), n. [Basi� + hyoid.] (Anat.) The central tongue bone. Bas�il (?), n. [Cf. F. basile and E. Bezel.] The slope or angle to which the cutting edge of a tool, as a plane, is ground. Grier. Bas�il, v.t. [imp. & p.p. Basiled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Basiling.] To grind or form the edge of to an angle. Moxon. Bas�il, n. [F. basilic, fr. L. badilicus royal, Gr. ?, fr. ? king.] (Bot.) The name given to several aromatic herbs of the Mint family, but chiefly to the common or sweet basil (Ocymum basilicum), and the bush basil, or lesser basil (O. minimum), the leaves of which are used in cookery. The name is also given to several kinds of mountain mint (Pycnanthemum). Basil thyme, a name given to the fragrant herbs Calamintha Acinos and C. Nepeta. � Wild basil, a plant (Calamintha clinopodium) of the Mint family. Bas�il (?), n. [Corrupt. from E. basan, F. basane, LL. basanium, bazana, fr. Ar. bith�na, prop., lining.] The skin of a sheep tanned with bark. Bas�i�lar (?), Bas�i�la�ry (?), } a. [F. basilaire, fr. L. basis. See Base, n.] 1. Relating to, or situated at, the base. 2. Lower; inferior; applied to impulses or springs of action. [R.] �Basilar instincts.� H. W. Beecher. Ba�sil�ic (?), n. [F. basilique.] Basilica. Ba�sil�ic (?), Ba�sil�ic�al (?), } a. [See Basilica.] 1. Royal; kingly; also, basilican. 2. (Anat.) Pertaining to certain parts, anciently supposed to have a specially important function in the animal economy, as the middle vein of the right arm. Ba�sil�i�ca (?), n.; pl. Basilicas (?); sometimes Basilic?e (?). [L. basilica, Gr. ? ( sc. ?, or ?) fr. ? royal, fr. ? king.] 1. Originally, the place of a king; but afterward, an apartment provided in the houses of persons of importance, where assemblies were held for dispensing justice; and hence, any large hall used for this purpose. 2. (Arch.) (a) A building used by the Romans as a place of public meeting, with court rooms, etc., attached. (b) A church building of the earlier centuries of Christianity, the plan of which was taken from the basilica of the Romans. The name is still applied to some churches by way of honorary distinction. Ba�sil�i�ca, n. A digest of the laws of Justinian, translated from the original Latin into Greek, by order of Basil I., in the ninth century. P. Cyc. Ba�sil�i�can (?), a. Of, relating to, or resembling, a basilica; basilical. There can be no doubt that the first churches in Constantinople were in the basilican form. Milman. Ba�sil�i�cok (?), n. [OF. basilicoc.] The basilisk. [Obs.] Chaucer �Ba�sil�i�con (?), n. [L. basilicon, Gr. ?, neut. of ?: cf. F. basilicon. See Basilica.] (Med.) An ointment composed of wax, pitch, resin, and olive oil, lard, or other fatty substance. Bas�i�lisk (?), n. [L. basiliscus, Gr. ? little king, kind of serpent, dim. of ? king; � so named from some prominences on the head resembling a crown.] 1. A fabulous serpent, or dragon. The ancients alleged that its hissing would drive away all other serpents, and that its breath, and even its look, was fatal. See Cockatrice. Make me not sighted like the basilisk. Shak. 2. (Zo�l.) A lizard of the genus Basiliscus, belonging to the family Iguanid�. � This genus is remarkable for a membranous bag rising above the occiput, which can be filled with air at pleasure; also for an elevated crest along the back, that can be raised or depressed at will. 3. (Mil.) A large piece of ordnance, so called from its supposed resemblance to the serpent of that name, or from its size. [Obs.] Ba�sin (?), n. [OF. bacin, F. bassin, LL. bacchinus, fr. bacca a water vessel, fr. L. bacca berry, in allusion to the round shape; or perh. fr. Celtic. Cf. Bac.] 1. A hollow vessel or dish, to hold water for washing, and for various other uses. 2. The quantity contained in a basin. 3. A hollow vessel, of various forms and materials, used in the arts or manufactures, as that used by glass grinders for forming concave glasses, by hatters for molding a hat into shape, etc. 4. A hollow place containing water, as a pond, a dock for ships, a little bay. 5. (Physical Geog.) (a) A circular or oval valley, or depression of the surface of the ground, the lowest part of which is generally occupied by a lake, or traversed by a river. (b) The entire tract of country drained by a river, or sloping towards a sea or lake. 6. (Geol.) An isolated or circumscribed formation, particularly where the strata dip inward, on all sides, toward a center; � especially applied to the coal formations, called coal basins or coal fields. Ba�sined (?), a. Inclosed in a basin. �Basined rivers.� Young. Bas�i�net (?), n. Same as Bascinet. Ba�si�oc�cip�i�tal (?), a. [Basi� + occipital.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the bone in the base of the cranium, frequently forming a part of the occipital in the adult, but usually distinct in the young. � n. The basioccipital bone. �Ba�si�on (?), n. [Gr. ? a base.] (Anat.) The middle of the anterior margin of the great foramen of the skull. Ba�sip�o�dite (?), n. [Basi� + ?, ?, foot.] (Anat.) The basal joint of the legs of Crustacea. �Ba�sip�te�ryg�i�um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? a base + ? a fin.] (Anat.) A bar of cartilage at the base of the embryonic fins of some fishes. It develops into the metapterygium. � Ba�sip�ter�yg�i�al (?), a. Ba�sip�ter�y�goid (?), a. & n. [Basi� + pierygoid.] (Anat.) Applied to a protuberance of the base of the sphenoid bone. Ba�sis (?),n.; pl. Bases (?). [L. basis, Gr. ?. See Base, n.] 1. The foundation of anything; that on which a thing rests. Dryden. 2. The pedestal of a column, pillar, or statue. [Obs.] If no basis bear my rising name. Pope. <-- p. 123 --> 3. The ground work the first or fundamental principle; that which supports. The basis of public credit is good faith. A. Hamilton. 4. The principal component part of a thing. Ba�sis�o�lute (?), a. [Basi� + solute, a.] (Bot.) Prolonged at the base, as certain leaves. Ba�si�sphe�noid (?), Ba�si�sphe�noid�al (?), } a. [Basi� + spheroid.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to that part of the base of the cranium between the basioccipital and the presphenoid, which usually ossifies separately in the embryo or in the young, and becomes a part of the sphenoid in the adult. Ba�si�sphe�noid, n. (Anat.) The basisphenoid bone. Bask, v. i. [imp. & p.p. Basked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Basking.] [ OScand. ba?ask to bathe one's self, or perh. bakask to bake one's self, sk being reflexive. See Bath, n., Bake, v. t.] To lie in warmth; to be exposed to genial heat. Basks in the glare, and stems the tepid wave. Goldsmith. Bask, v. t. To warm by continued exposure to heat; to warm with genial heat. Basks at the fire his hairy strength. Milton. Bas�ket (?), n. [Of unknown origin. The modern Celtic words seem to be from the English.] 1. A vessel made of osiers or other twigs, cane, rushes, splints, or other flexible material, interwoven. �Rude baskets ... woven of the flexile willow.� Dyer. 2. The contents of a basket; as much as a basket contains; as, a basket of peaches. 3. (Arch.) The bell or vase of the Corinthian capital. [Improperly so used.] Gwilt. 4. The two back seats facing one another on the outside of a stagecoach. [Eng.] Goldsmith. Basket fish (Zo�l.), an ophiuran of the genus Astrophyton, having the arms much branched. See Astrophyton. � Basket hilt, a hilt with a covering wrought like basketwork to protect the hand. Hudibras. Hence, Baskethilted, a. � Basket work, work consisting of plaited osiers or twigs. � Basket worm (Zo�l.), a lepidopterous insect of the genus Thyridopteryx and allied genera, esp. T. ephemer�formis. The larva makes and carries about a bag or basket�like case of silk and twigs, which it afterwards hangs up to shelter the pupa and wingless adult females. Bas�ket, v. t. To put into a basket. [R.] Bas�ket�ful (?), n.; pl. Basketfuls (?). As much as a basket will contain. Bas�ket�ry (?), n. The art of making baskets; also, baskets, taken collectively. Bask�ing shark� (?). (Zo�l.) One of the largest species of sharks (Cetorhinus maximus), so called from its habit of basking in the sun; the liver shark, or bone shark. It inhabits the northern seas of Europe and America, and grows to a length of more than forty feet. It is a harmless species. Bas�net (?), n. Same as Bascinet. �Ba�som�ma�toph�o�ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? base + ? eye + ? to bear.] (Zo�l.) A group of Pulmonifera having the eyes at the base of the tentacles, including the common pond snails. Ba�son (?), n. A basin. [Obs. or Special form] Basque (?), a. [F.] Pertaining to Biscay, its people, or their language. Basque (?), n. [F.] 1. One of a race, of unknown origin, inhabiting a region on the Bay of Biscay in Spain and France. 2. The language spoken by the Basque people. 3. A part of a lady's dress, resembling a jacket with a short skirt; � probably so called because this fashion of dress came from the Basques. Basqu�ish (?), a. [F. Basque Biscayan: cf. G. Baskisch.] Pertaining to the country, people, or language of Biscay; Basque [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. Bas��re�lief� (?), n. [F. bas�relief; bas law + relief raised work, relever to raise: cf. It. bassorilievo.] Low relief; sculpture, the figures of which project less than half of their true proportions; � called also bassrelief and basso�rilievo. See Alto�rilievo. Bass (?), n.; pl. Bass, and sometimes Basses (?). [A corruption of barse.] (Zo�l.) 1. An edible, spiny�finned fish, esp. of the genera Roccus, Labrax, and related genera. There are many species. � The common European bass is Labrax lupus. American species are: the striped bass (Roccus lineatus); white or silver bass of the lakes. (R. chrysops); brass or yellow bass (R. interruptus). 2. The two American fresh�water species of black bass (genus Micropterus). See Black bass. 3. Species of Serranus, the sea bass and rock bass. See Sea bass. 4. The southern, red, or channel bass (Sci�na ocellata). See Redfish. � The name is also applied to many other fishes. See Calico bass, under Calico. Bass, n. [A corruption of bast.] 1. (Bot.) The linden or lime tree, sometimes wrongly called whitewood; also, its bark, which is used for making mats. See Bast. 2. (Pron. ? ) A hassock or thick mat. Bass (?), n. [F. basse, fr. bas low. See Base, a.] 1. A bass, or deep, sound or tone. 2. (Mus.) (a) The lowest part in a musical composition. (b) One who sings, or the instrument which plays, bass. [Written also base.] Thorough bass. See Thorough bass. Bass, a. Deep or grave in tone. Bass clef (Mus.), the character placed at the beginning of the staff containing the bass part of a musical composition. [See Illust. under Clef.] � Bass voice, a deepsounding voice; a voice fitted for singing bass. Bass, v. t. To sound in a deep tone. [R.] Shak. Bas�sa (?), Bas�saw� (?), n. See Bashaw. Bass� drum� (?). (Mus.) The largest of the different kinds of drums, having two heads, and emitting a deep, grave sound. See Bass, a. Bas�set (?),n. [F. bassette, fr.It. bassetta. Cf. Basso.] A game at cards, resembling the modern faro, said to have been invented at Venice. Some dress, some dance, some play, not to forget Your piquet parties, and your dear basset. Rowe. Bas�set (?), a. [Cf. OF. basset somewhat low, dim. of bas low.] (Geol.) Inclined upward; as, the basset edge of strata. Lyell. Bas�set, n. (Geol.) The edge of a geological stratum at the surface of the ground; the outcrop. Bas�set, v. i. [imp. & p.p. Basseted; p. pr. & vb. n. Basseting.] (Geol.) To inclined upward so as to appear at the surface; to crop out; as, a vein of coal bassets. Bas�set horn�(?). [See Basset, a.] (Mus.) An instrument blown with a reed, and resembling a clarinet, but of much greater compass, embracing nearly four octaves. Bas�set hound� (?). [F. basset.] (Zo�l.) A small kind of hound with a long body and short legs, used as an earth dog. Bas�set�ing, n. The upward direction of a vein in a mine; the emergence of a stratum at the surface. �Bas�set�to (?),n. [It., adj., somewhat low; n., counter tenor. See Basso.] (Mus.) A tenor or small bass viol. Bass� horn� (?). (Mus.) A modification of the bassoon, much deeper in tone. Bas�si�net (?), n. [Cf. F. bassinet, dim. of bassin. See Basin, and cf. Bascinet.] 1. A wicker basket, with a covering or hood over one end, in which young children are placed as in a cradle. 2. See Bascinet. Lord Lytton. �Bas�so (?), n. [It., fr. LL. bassus. See Base, a.] (Mus.) (a) The bass or lowest part; as, to sing basso. (b) One who sings the lowest part. (c) The double bass, or contrabasso. �Basso continuo (?). [It., bass continued.] (Mus.) A bass part written out continuously, while the other parts of the harmony are indicated by figures attached to the bass; continued bass. Bas�sock (?), n. A hassock. See 2d Bass, 2. Bas�soon� (?), n. [F. basson, fr. basse bass; or perh. fr. bas son low sound. See Bass a part in music. ] (Mus.) A wind instrument of the double reed kind, furnished with holes, which are stopped by the fingers, and by keys, as in flutes. It forms the natural bass to the oboe, clarinet, etc. � Its compass comprehends three octaves. For convenience of carriage it is divided into two parts; whence it is also called a fagot. Bas�soon�ist, n. A performer on the bassoon. Busby. �Bas�so�ri�lie�vo (?), Bas�so�re�lie�vo (?), n. [It. basso�rilievo.] Same as Bas�relief. Bas�so�rin (?), n. [Cf. F. bassorine.] (Chem.) A constituent part of a species of gum from Bassora, as also of gum tragacanth and some gum resins. It is one of the amyloses. Ure. Bass��re�lief� (?), n. Some as Bas�relief. Bass� vi�ol (?). (Mus.) A stringed instrument of the viol family, used for playing bass. See 3d Bass, n., and Violoncello. Bass�wood� (?), n. (Bot.) The bass (Tilia) or its wood; especially, T. Americana. See Bass, the lime tree. All the bowls were made of basswood, White and polished very smoothly. Longfellow. Bast (?), n. [AS. b�st; akin to Icel., Sw., Dan., D., & G. bast, of unknown origin. Cf. Bass the tree.] 1. The inner fibrous bark of various plants; esp. of the lime tree; hence, matting, cordage, etc., made therefrom. 2. A thick mat or hassock. See 2d Bass, 2. �Bas�ta (?), interj. [It.] Enough; stop. Shak. Bas�tard (?),n. [OF. bastard, bastart, F. b?tard, prob. fr. OF. bast, F. b?t, a packsaddle used as a bed by the muleteers (fr. LL. bastum) + �ard. OF. fils de bast son of the packsaddle; as the muleteers were accustomed to use their saddles for beds in the inns. See Cervantes, �Don Quixote,� chap. 16; and cf.G. bankert, fr. bank bench.] 1. A �natural� child; a child begotten and born out of wedlock; an illegitimate child; one born of an illicit union. � By the civil and canon laws, and by the laws of many of the United States, a bastard becomes a legitimate child by the intermarriage of the parents at any subsequent time. But by those of England, and of some states of the United States, a child, to be legitimate, must at least be born after the lawful marriage. Kent. Blackstone. 2. (Sugar Refining) (a) An inferior quality of soft brown sugar, obtained from the sirups that ? already had several boilings. (b) A large size of mold, in which sugar is drained. 3. A sweet Spanish wine like muscadel in flavor. Brown bastard is your only drink. Shak. 4. A writing paper of a particular size. See Paper. Bas�tard (?), a. 1. Begotten and born out of lawful matrimony; illegitimate. See Bastard, n., note. 2. Lacking in genuineness; spurious; false; adulterate; � applied to things which resemble those which are genuine, but are really not so. That bastard self�love which is so vicious in itself, and productive of so many vices. Barrow. 3. Of an unusual make or proportion; as, a bastard musket; a bastard culverin. [Obs.] 4. (Print.) Abbreviated, as the half title in a page preceding the full title page of a book. Bastard ashlar (Arch.), stones for ashlar work, roughly squared at the quarry. � Bastard file, a file intermediate between the coarsest and the second cut. � Bastard type (Print.), type having the face of a larger or a smaller size than the body; e. g., a nonpareil face on a brevier body. � Bastard wing (Zo�l.), three to five quill feathers on a small joint corresponding to the thumb in some mam malia; the alula. Bas�tard, v. t. To bastardize. [Obs.] Bacon. Bas�tard�ism (?),n. The state of being a bastard; bastardy. Bas�tard�ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Bastardized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bastardizing.] 1. To make or prove to be a bastard; to stigmatize as a bastard; to declare or decide legally to be illegitimate. The law is so indulgent as not to bastardize the child, if born, though not begotten, in lawful wedlock. Blackstone. 2. To beget out of wedlock. [R.] Shak. Bas�tard�ly, a. Bastardlike; baseborn; spurious; corrupt. [Obs.] � adv. In the manner of a bastard; spuriously. [Obs.] Shak. Donne. Bas�tar�dy (?), n. 1. The state of being a bastard; illegitimacy. 2. The procreation of a bastard child. Wharton. Baste (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Basted; p. pr. & vb. n. Basting.] [Cf. Icel. beysta to strike, powder; Sw. basa to beat with a rod: perh. akin to E. beat.] 1. To beat with a stick; to cudgel. One man was basted by the keeper for carrying some people over on his back through the waters. Pepys. 2. (Cookery) To sprinkle flour and salt and drip butter or fat on, as on meat in roasting. 3. To mark with tar, as sheep. [Prov. Eng.] Baste, v. t. [OE. basten, OF. bastir, F. b?tir, prob. fr. OHG. bestan to sew, MHG. besten to bind, fr. OHG. bast bast. See Bast.] To sew loosely, or with long stitches; � usually, that the work may be held in position until sewed more firmly. Shak. Bas�tile� Bas�tille� } (?), n. [F. bastille fortress, OF. bastir to build, F. b?tir.] 1. (Feud. Fort.) A tower or an elevated work, used for the defense, or in the siege, of a fortified place. The high bastiles ... which overtopped the walls. Holland. 2. �The Bastille�, formerly a castle or fortress in Paris, used as a prison, especially for political offenders; hence, a rhetorical name for a prison. Bas�ti�nade� (?), n. See Bastinado, n. Bas�ti�nade�, v. t. To bastinado. [Archaic] Bas�ti�na�do (?), n.; pl. Bastinadoes (?). [Sp. bastonada (cf. F. bastonnade), fr. baston (cf. F. b?ton) a stick or staff. See Baston.] 1. A blow with a stick or cudgel. 2. A sound beating with a stick or cudgel. Specifically: A form of punishment among the Turks, Chinese, and others, consisting in beating an offender on the soles of his feet. Bas�ti�na�do, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Bastinadoes (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bastinadoing.] To beat with a stick or cudgel, especially on the soles of the feet. Bas�tion (?), n. [F. bastion (cf. It. bastione), fr. LL. bastire to build (cf. F. b?tir, It. bastire), perh. from the idea of support for a weight, and akin to Gr. ? to lift, carry, and to E. baston, baton.] (Fort.) A work projecting outward from the main inclosure of a fortification, consisting of two faces and two flanks, and so constructed that it is able to defend by a flanking fire the adjacent curtain, or wall which extends from one bastion to another. Two adjacent bastions are connected by the curtain, which joins the flank of one with the adjacent flank of the other. The distance between the flanks of a bastion is called the gorge. A lunette is a detached bastion. See Ravelin. Bas�tioned (?),a. Furnished with a bastion; having bastions. <-- p. 124 --> Bas�to (?), n. [Sp.] The ace of clubs in qua?rille and omber. Pope. Bas�ton (?), n. [OF. baston, F. b?ton, LL. basto. See Bastion, and cf. Baton, and 3d Batten.] 1. A staff or cudgel. [Obs.] �To fight with blunt bastons.� Holland. 2. (Her.) See Baton. 3. An officer bearing a painted staff, who formerly was in attendance upon the king's court to take into custody persons committed by the court. Mozley & W. Bas�yle (?), n. [Gr. ? base + ? wood. See �yl.] (Chem.) A positive or nonacid constituent of compound, either elementary, or, if compound, performing the functions of an element. Bas�y�lous (?), a. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, a basyle; electro�positive; basic; � opposed to chlorous. Graham. Bat (?), n. [OE. batte, botte, AS. batt; perhaps fr. the Celtic; cf. Ir. bat, bata, stick, staff; but cf. also F. batte a beater (thing), wooden sword, battre to beat.] 1. A large stick; a club; specifically, a piece of wood with one end thicker or broader than the other, used in playing baseball, cricket, etc. 2. (Mining) Shale or bituminous shale. Kirwan. 3. A sheet of cotton used for filling quilts or comfortables; batting. 4. A part of a brick with one whole end. Bat bolt (Machinery), a bolt barbed or jagged at its butt or tang to make it hold the more firmly. Knight. Bat, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Batted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Batting.] To strike or hit with a bat or a pole; to cudgel; to beat. Holland. Bat, v. i. To use a bat, as in a game of baseball. Bat, n. [Corrupt. from OE. back, backe, balke; cf. Dan. aften�bakke (aften evening), Sw. natt�backa (natt night), Icel. le?r�blaka (le?r leather), Icel. blaka to flutter.] (Zo�l.) One of the Cheiroptera, an order of flying mammals, in which the wings are formed by a membrane stretched between the elongated fingers, legs, and tail. The common bats are small and insectivorous. See Cheiroptera and Vampire. Bat tick (Zo�l.), a wingless, dipterous insect of the genus Nycteribia, parasitic on bats. Bat�a�ble (?), a. [Abbrev. from debatable.] Disputable. [Obs.] � The border land between England and Scotland, being formerly a subject of contention, was called batable or debatable ground. Bat�ailled (?), a. Embattled. [Obs.] Chaucer. �Ba�tar�deau� (?),n. [F.] 1. A cofferdam. Brande & C. 2. (Mil.) A wall built across the ditch of a fortification, with a sluice gate to regulate the height of water in the ditch on both sides of the wall. �Ba�ta�tas (?), �Ba�ta�ta (?), } n. An aboriginal American name for the sweet potato (Ipom�a batatas). Ba�ta�vi�an (?), a. Of or pertaining to (a) the Batavi, an ancient Germanic tribe; or to (b) ?atavia or Holland; as, a Batavian legion. Batavian Republic, the name given to Holland by the French after its conquest in 1795. Ba�ta�vi�an, n. A native or inhabitant of Batavia or Holland. [R.] Bancroft. Batch (?), n. [OE. bache, bacche, fr. AS. bacan to bake; cf. G. geb�ck and D. baksel. See Bake, v. t.] 1. The quantity of bread baked at one time. 2. A quantity of anything produced at one operation; a group or collection of persons or things of the same kind; as, a batch of letters; the next batch of business. �A new batch of Lords.� Lady M. W. Montagu. Bate (?), n. [Prob. abbrev. from debate.] Strife; contention. [Obs.] Shak. Bate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Bated; p. pr. & vb. n. Bating.] [From abate.] 1. To lessen by retrenching, deducting, or reducing; to abate; to beat down; to lower. He must either bate the laborer's wages, or not employ or not pay him. Locke. 2. To allow by way of abatement or deduction. To whom he bates nothing or what he stood upon with the parliament. South. 3. To leave out; to except. [Obs.] Bate me the king, and, be he flesh and blood. He lies that says it. Beau. & Fl. 4. To remove. [Obs.] About autumn bate the earth from about the roots of olives, and lay them bare. Holland. 5. To deprive of. [Obs.] When baseness is exalted, do not bate The place its honor for the person's sake. Herbert. Bate, v. i. 1. To remit or retrench a part; � with of. Abate thy speed, and I will bate of mine. Dryden. 2. To waste away. [Obs.] Shak. Bate (?), v. t. To attack; to bait. [Obs.] Spenser. Bate, imp. of Bite. [Obs.] Spenser. Bate, v. i. [F. battre des ailes to flutter. Cf. Bait to flutter.] To flutter as a hawk; to bait. [Obs.] Bacon. Bate, n. (Jewish Antiq.) See 2d Bath. Bate, n. [Cf. Sw. beta maceration, soaking, G. beize, and E. bite.] An alkaline solution consisting of the dung of certain animals; � employed in the preparation of hides; grainer. Knight. Bate, v. t. To steep in bate, as hides, in the manufacture of leather. �Ba�teau� (?), n.; pl. Bateaux (?). [F. bateau, LL. batellus, fr. battus, batus, boa, which agrees with AS. b�t boat: cf. W. bad boat. See Boat, n.] A boat; esp. a flat�bottomed, clumsy boat used on the Canadian lakes and rivers. [Written also, but less properly, batteau.] Bateau bridge, a floating bridge supported by bateaux. Bat�ed (?), a. Reduced; lowered; restrained; as, to speak with bated breath. Macaulay. Bate�ful (?), a. Exciting contention; contentious. [Obs.] �It did bateful question frame. � Sidney. Bate�less, a. Not to be abated. [Obs.] Shak. Bate�ment (?), n. [For Abatement. See 2d Bate.] Abatement; diminution. Moxon. Batement light (Arch.), a window or one division of a window having vertical sides, but with the sill not horizontal, as where it follows the rake of a staircase. Bat�fish� (?), n. (Zo�l.) A name given to several species of fishes: (a) The Malthe vespertilio of the Atlantic coast. (b) The flying gurnard of the Atlantic (Cephalacanthus spinarella). (c) The California batfish or sting ray (Myliobatis Californicus.) Bat�fowl�er (?), n. One who practices or finds sport in batfowling. Bat�fowl�ing (?), n. [From Bat a stick.] A mode of catching birds at night, by holding a torch or other light, and beating the bush or perch where they roost. The birds, flying to the light, are caught with nets or otherwise. Bat�ful (?), a. [Icel. bati amelioration, batna to grow better; akin to AS. bet better. Goth. ga�batnan to profit. ?255. Cf. Batten, v. i., Better.] Rich; fertile. [Obs.] �Batful valleys.� Drayton. Bath (?), n.; pl. Baths (?). [AS. b�?; akin to OS. & Icel. ba?, Sw., Dan., D., & G. bad, and perh. to G. b�hen to foment.] 1. The act of exposing the body, or part of the body, for purposes of cleanliness, comfort, health, etc., to water, vapor, hot air, or the like; as, a cold or a hot bath; a medicated bath; a steam bath; a hip bath. 2. Water or other liquid for bathing. 3. A receptacle or place where persons may immerse or wash their bodies in water. 4. A building containing an apartment or a series of apartments arranged for bathing. Among the ancients, the public baths were of amazing extent and magnificence. Gwilt. 5. (Chem.) A medium, as heated sand, ashes, steam, hot air, through which heat is applied to a body. 6. (Photog.) A solution in which plates or prints are immersed; also, the receptacle holding the solution. � Bath is used adjectively or in combination, in an obvious sense of or for baths or bathing; as, bathroom, bath tub, bath keeper. Douche bath. See Douche. � Order of the Bath, a high order of British knighthood, composed of three classes, viz., knights grand cross, knights commanders, and knights companions, abbreviated thus: G. C. B., K. C. B., K. B. � Russian bath, a kind of vapor bath which consists in a prolonged exposure of the body to the influence of the steam of water, followed by washings and shampooings. � Turkish bath, a kind of bath in which a profuse perspiration is produced by hot air, after which the body is washed and shampooed. � Bath house, a house used for the purpose of bathing; � also a small house, near a bathing place, where a bather undresses and dresses. Bath (?), n. [Heb.] A Hebrew measure containing the tenth of a homer, or five gallons and three pints, as a measure for liquids; and two pecks and five quarts, as a dry measure. Bath (?), n. A city in the west of England, resorted to for its hot springs, which has given its name to various objects. Bath brick, a preparation of calcareous earth, in the form of a brick, used for cleaning knives, polished metal, etc. � Bath chair, a kind of chair on wheels, as used by invalids at Bath. �People walked out, or drove out, or were pushed out in their Bath chairs.� Dickens. � Bath metal, an alloy consisting of four and a half ounces of zinc and one pound of copper. � Bath note, a folded writing paper, 8 1/2 by 14 inches. � Bath stone, a species of limestone (o�lite) found near Bath, used for building. Bathe (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Bathed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bathing.] [OE. ba?ien, AS. ba?ian, fr. b�? bath. See 1st Bath, and cf. Bay to bathe.] 1. To wash by immersion, as in a bath; to subject to a bath. Chancing to bathe himself in the River Cydnus. South. 2. To lave; to wet. �The lake which bathed the foot of the Alban mountain.� T. Arnold. 3. To moisten or suffuse with a liquid. And let us bathe our hands in C�sar's blood. Shak. 4. To apply water or some liquid medicament to; as, to bathe the eye with warm water or with sea water; to bathe one's forehead with camphor. 5. To surround, or envelop, as water surrounds a person immersed. �The rosy shadows bathe me. � Tennyson. �The bright sunshine bathing all the world.� Longfellow. Bathe (?), v. i. 1. To bathe one's self; to take a bath or baths. �They bathe in summer.� Waller. 2. To immerse or cover one's self, as in a bath. �To bathe in fiery floods.� Shak. �Bathe in the dimples of her cheek.� Lloyd. 3. To bask in the sun. [Obs.] Chaucer. Bathe, n. The immersion of the body in water; as to take one's usual bathe. Edin. Rev. Bath�er (?), n. One who bathes. Ba�thet�ic (?), a. Having the character of bathos. [R.] Bath�ing (?), n. Act of taking a bath or baths. Bathing machine, a small room on wheels, to be driven into the water, for the convenience of bathers, who undress and dress therein. Bath�mism (?), n. See Vital force. Ba�thom�e�ter (?), n. [Gr. ? depth + �meter.] An instrument for measuring depths, esp. one for taking soundings without a sounding line. Bat�horse� (?), n. [F. b?t packsaddle (cheval de b?t packhorse) + E. horse. See Bastard.] A horse which carries an officer's baggage during a campaign. Ba�thos (?), n. [Gr. ? depth, fr. ? deep.] (Rhet.) A ludicrous descent from the elevated to the low, in writing or speech; anticlimax. �Ba�thyb�i�us (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? deep + ? life] (Zo�l.) A name given by Prof. Huxley to a gelatinous substance found in mud dredged from the Atlantic and preserved in alcohol. He supposed that it was free living protoplasm, covering a large part of the ocean bed. It is now known that the substance is of chemical, not of organic, origin. Bath�y�met�ric (?), Bath�y�met�ric�al (?), } a. Pertaining to bathymetry; relating to the measurement of depths, especially of depths in the sea. Ba�thym�e�try (?), n. [Gr. ? depth + �metry.] The art or science of sounding, or measuring depths in the sea. Bat�ing (?), prep. [Strictly p. pr. of Bat? to abate.] With the exception of; excepting. We have little reason to think that they bring many ideas with them, bating some faint ideas of hunger and thirst. Locke. Ba�tiste� (?), n. [F. batiste, from the name of the alleged first maker, Baptiste of Cambrai. Littr�.] Originally, cambric or lawn of fine linen; now applied also to cloth of similar texture made of cotton. Bat�let (?), n. [Bat stick + �let.] A short bat for beating clothes in washing them; � called also batler, batling staff, batting staff. Shak. �Bat�man (?), n. [Turk. batman.] A weight used in the East, varying according to the locality; in Turkey, the greater batman is about 157 pounds, the lesser only a fourth of this; at Aleppo and Smyrna, the batman is 17 pounds. Simmonds. Bat�man (?), n.; pl. Batmen (?). [F. b?t packsaddle + E. man. Cf. Bathorse.] A man who has charge of a bathorse and his load. Macaulay. �Ba�toi�de�i (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? a kind of ray + �oid.] (Zo�l.) The division of fishes which includes the rays and skates. Bat�on (?), n. [F. b?ton. See Baston.] 1. A staff or truncheon, used for various purposes; as, the baton of a field marshal; the baton of a conductor in musical performances. He held the baton of command. Prescott. 2. (Her.) An ordinary with its ends cut off, borne sinister as a mark of bastardy, and containing one fourth in breadth of the bend sinister; � called also bastard bar. See Bend sinister. Ba�toon� (?), n. See Baton, and Baston. Bat� print�ing (?). (Ceramics) A mode of printing on glazed ware. �Ba�tra�chi�a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? belonging to a frog, fr. ? frog.] (Zo�l.) The order of amphibians which includes the frogs and toads; the Anura. Sometimes the word is used in a wider sense as equivalent to Amphibia. Ba�tra�chi�an (?), a. (Zo�l.) Pertaining to the Batrachia. � n. One of the Batrachia. Bat�ra�choid (?), a. [Batrachia + �oid.] (Zo�l.) Froglike. Specifically: Of or pertaining to the Batrachid�, a family of marine fishes, including the toadfish. Some have poisonous dorsal spines. Bat�ra�cho�my�om�a�chy (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? frog + ? mouse + ? battle.] The battle between the frogs and mice; � a Greek parody on the Iliad, of uncertain authorship. Bat�ra�choph�a�gous (?), a. [Gr. ? frog + ? to eat.] Feeding on frogs. Quart. Rev. Bats�man (?), n.; pl. Batsmen (?). The one who wields the bat in cricket, baseball, etc. Bat's��wing� (?) or Bat�wing, a. Shaped like a bat's wing; as, a bat's�wing burner. �Bat�ta (?), n. [Prob. through Pg. for Canarese bhatta rice in the husk.] Extra pay; esp. an extra allowance to an English officer serving in India. Whitworth. <-- p. 125 --> �Bat�ta (?), n. [Hind. ba??a.] Rate of exchange; also, the discount on uncurrent coins. [India] Bat�ta�ble (?), a. [See Batful.] Capable of culti?ation; fertile; productive; fattening. [Obs.] Burton. Bat�tail�ant (?), a. [F. bataillant, p. pr. See Battle, v. i. ] [Obs.] Prepared for battle; combatant; warlike. Spenser. � n. A combatant. Shelton. Bat�tail�ous (?), a. [OF. bataillos, fr. bataille. See Battle, n.] Arrayed for battle; fit or eager for battle; warlike. [Obs.] �In battailous aspect.� Milton. Bat�tal�ia (?), n. [LL. battalia battle, a body of troops. See Battle, n.] 1. Order of battle; disposition or arrangement of troops (brigades, regiments, battalions, etc.), or of a naval force, for action. A drawing up the armies in battalia. Jer. Taylor. 2. An army in battle array; also, the main battalia or body. [Obs.] Shak. Bat�tal�ion (?), n. [F. bataillon, fr. It. battaglione. See Battalia.] 1. A body of troops; esp. a body of troops or an army in battle array. �The whole battalion views.� Milton. 2. (Mil.) A regiment, or two or more companies of a regiment, esp. when assembled for drill or battle. Bat�tal�ion (?), v. t. To form into battalions. [R.] Bat�tel (?), n. [Obs. form. of Battle.] (Old Eng. Law) A single combat; as, trial by battel. See Wager of battel, under Wager. Bat�tel, n. [Of uncertain etymology.] Provisions ordered from the buttery; also, the charges for them; � only in the pl., except when used adjectively. [Univ. of Oxford, Eng.] Bat�tel, v. i. To be supplied with provisions from the buttery. [Univ. of Oxford, Eng.] Bat�tel, v. t. [Cf. Batful, Batten, v. i.] To make fertile. [Obs.] �To battel barren land.� Ray. Bat�tel, a. Fertile; fruitful; productive. [Obs.] A battel soil for grain, for pasture good. Fairfax. Bat�tel�er (?), Bat�tler (?), n. [See 2d Battel, n.] A student at Oxford who is supplied with provisions from the buttery; formerly, one who paid for nothing but what he called for, answering nearly to a sizar at Cambridge. Wright. Bat�ten (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Battened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Battening.] [See Batful.] 1. To make fat by plenteous feeding; to fatten. �Battening our flocks.� Milton. 2. To fertilize or enrich, as land. Bat�ten, v. i. To grow fat; to grow fat in ease and luxury; to glut one's self. Dryden. The pampered monarch lay battening in ease. Garth. Skeptics, with a taste for carrion, who batten on the hideous facts in history, � persecutions, inquisitions. Emerson. Bat�ten, n . [F. b?ton stick, staff. See Baton.] A strip of sawed stuff, or a scantling; as, (a) pl. (Com. & Arch.) Sawed timbers about 7 by 2 1/2 inches and not less than 6 feet long. Brande & C. (b) (Naut.) A strip of wood used in fastening the edges of a tarpaulin to the deck, also around masts to prevent chafing. (c) A long, thin strip used to strengthen a part, to cover a crack, etc. Batten door (Arch.), a door made of boards of the whole length of the door, secured by battens nailed crosswise. Bat�ten, v. t. To furnish or fasten with battens. To batten down, to fasten down with battens, as the tarpaulin over the hatches of a ship during a storm. Bat�ten, n. [F. battant. See Batter, v. t.] The movable bar of a loom, which strikes home or closes the threads of a woof. Bat�ten�ing (?), n. (Arch.) Furring done with small pieces nailed directly upon the wall. Bat�ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Battered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Battering.] [OE. bateren, OF. batre, F. battre, fr. LL. battere, for L. batuere to strike, beat; of unknown origin. Cf. Abate, Bate to abate.] 1. To beat with successive blows; to beat repeatedly and with violence, so as to bruise, shatter, or demolish; as, to batter a wall or rampart. 2. To wear or impair as if by beating or by hard usage. �Each battered jade.� Pope. 3. (Metallurgy) To flatten (metal) by hammering, so as to compress it inwardly and spread it outwardly. Bat�ter, n. [OE. batere, batire; cf. OF. bateure, bature, a beating. See Batter, v. t.] 1. A semi�liquid mixture of several ingredients, as, flour, eggs, milk, etc., beaten together and used in cookery. King. 2. Paste of clay or loam. Holland. 3. (Printing) A bruise on the face of a plate or of type in the form. Bat�ter, n. A backward slope in the face of a wall or of a bank; receding slope. Batter rule, an instrument consisting of a rule or frame, and a plumb line, by which the batter or slope of a wall is regulated in building. Bat�ter, v. i. (Arch.) To slope gently backward. Bat�ter, n. One who wields a bat; a batsman. Bat�ter�er (?), n. One who, or that which, batters. Bat�ter�ing�ram� (?), n. 1. (Mil.) An engine used in ancient times to beat down the walls of besieged places. � It was a large beam, with a head of iron, which was sometimes made to resemble the head of a ram. It was suspended by ropes t a beam supported by posts, and so balanced as to swing backward and forward, and was impelled by men against the wall. Grose. 2. A blacksmith's hammer, suspended, and worked horizontally. Bat�ter�ing train� (?). (Mil.) A train of artillery for siege operations. Bat�ter�y (?), n.; pl. Batteries (?). [F. batterie, fr. battre. See Batter, v. t.] 1. The act of battering or beating. 2. (Law) The unlawful beating of another. It includes every willful, angry and violent, or negligent touching of another's person or clothes, or anything attached to his person or held by him. 3. (Mil.) (a) Any place where cannon or mortars are mounted, for attack or defense. (b) Two or more pieces of artillery in the field. (c) A company or division of artillery, including the gunners, guns, horses, and all equipments. In the United States, a battery of flying artillery consists usually of six guns. Barbette battery. See Barbette. � Battery d'enfilade, or Enfilading battery, one that sweeps the whole length of a line of troops or part of a work. � Battery en �charpe, one that plays obliquely. � Battery gun, a gun capable of firing a number, of shots simultaneously or successively without stopping to load. � Battery wagon, a wagon employed to transport the tools and materials for repair of the carriages, etc., of the battery. � In battery, projecting, as a gun, into an embrasure or over a parapet in readiness for firing. � Masked battery, a battery artificially concealed until required to open upon the enemy. � Out of battery, or From battery, withdrawn, as a gun, to a position for loading. 4. (Elec.) (a) A number of coated jars (Leyden jars) so connected that they may be charged and discharged simultaneously. (b) An apparatus for generating voltaic electricity. � In the trough battery, copper and zinc plates, connected in pairs, divide the trough into cells, which are filled with an acid or oxidizing liquid; the effect is exhibited when wires connected with the two end�plates are brought together. In Daniell's battery, the metals are zinc and copper, the former in dilute sulphuric acid, or a solution of sulphate of zinc, the latter in a saturated solution of sulphate of copper. A modification of this is the common gravity battery, so called from the automatic action of the two fluids, which are separated by their specific gravities. In Grove's battery, platinum is the metal used with zinc; two fluids are used, one of them in a porous cell surrounded by the other. In Bunsen's or the carbon battery, the carbon of gas coke is substituted for the platinum of Grove's. In Leclanch�'s battery, the elements are zinc in a solution of ammonium chloride, and gas carbon surrounded with manganese dioxide in a porous cell. A secondary battery is a battery which usually has the two plates of the same kind, generally of lead, in dilute sulphuric acid, and which, when traversed by an electric current, becomes charged, and is then capable of giving a current of itself for a time, owing to chemical changes produced by the charging current. A storage battery is a kind of secondary battery used for accumulating and storing the energy of electrical charges or currents, usually by means of chemical work done by them; an accumulator. 5. A number of similar machines or devices in position; an apparatus consisting of a set of similar parts; as, a battery of boilers, of retorts, condensers, etc. 6. (Metallurgy) A series of stamps operated by one motive power, for crushing ores containing the precious metals. Knight. 7. The box in which the stamps for crushing ore play up and down. 8. (Baseball) The pitcher and catcher together. Bat�ting (?), n. 1. The act of one who bats; the management of a bat in playing games of ball. Mason. 2. Cotton in sheets, prepared for use in making quilts, etc.; as, cotton batting. Bat�tle (?), a. Fertile. See Battel, a. [Obs.] Bat�tle, n. [OE. bataille, bataile, F. bataille battle, OF., battle, battalion, fr. L. battalia, battualia, the fighting and fencing exercises of soldiers and gladiators, fr. batuere to strike, beat. Cf. Battalia, 1st Battel, and see Batter, v. t. ] 1. A general action, fight, or encounter, in which all the divisions of an army are or may be engaged; an engagement; a combat. 2. A struggle; a contest; as, the battle of life. The whole intellectual battle that had at its center the best poem of the best poet of that day. H. Morley. 3. A division of an army; a battalion. [Obs.] The king divided his army into three battles. Bacon. The cavalry, by way of distinction, was called the battle, and on it alone depended the fate of every action. Robertson. 4. The main body, as distinct from the van and rear; battalia. [Obs.] Hayward. � Battle is used adjectively or as the first part of a self�explaining compound; as, battle brand, a �brand� or sword used in battle; battle cry; battlefield; battle ground; battlearray; battle song. Battle piece, a painting, or a musical composition, representing a battle. � Battle royal. (a) A fight between several gamecocks, where the one that stands longest is the victor. Grose. (b) A contest with fists or cudgels in which more than two are engaged; a m�l�e. Thackeray. � Drawn battle, one in which neither party gains the victory. � To give battle, to attack an enemy. � To join battle, to meet the attack; to engage in battle. � Pitched battle, one in which the armies are previously drawn up in form, with a regular disposition of the forces. � Wager of battle. See under Wager, n. Syn. � Conflict; encounter; contest; action. Battle, Combat, Fight, Engagement. These words agree in denoting a close encounter between contending parties. Fight is a word of less dignity than the others. Except in poetry, it is more naturally applied to the encounter of a few individuals, and more commonly an accidental one; as, a street fight. A combat is a close encounter, whether between few or many, and is usually premeditated. A battle is commonly more general and prolonged. An engagement supposes large numbers on each side, engaged or intermingled in the conflict. Bat�tle (?), v. i. [imp. & p.p. Battled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Battling.] [F. batailler, fr. bataille. See Battle, n.] To join in battle; to contend in fight; as, to battle over theories. To meet in arms, and battle in the plain. Prior. Bat�tle, v. t. To assail in battle; to fight. Bat�tle�ax� Bat�tle�axe� } (?), n. (Mil.) A kind of broadax formerly used as an offensive weapon. Bat�tled (?), p. p. Embattled. [Poetic] Tennyson. Bat�tle�door� (?), n. [OE. batyldour. A corrupted form of uncertain origin; cf. Sp. batallador a great combatant, he who has fought many battles, Pg. batalhador, Pr. batalhador, warrior, soldier, fr. L. battalia; or cf. Pr. batedor batlet, fr. batre to beat, fr. L. batuere. See Battle, n.] 1. An instrument, with a handle and a flat part covered with parchment or crossed with catgut, used to strike a shuttlecock in play; also, the play of battledoor and shuttlecock. 2. [OE. battleder.] A child's hornbook. [Obs.] Halliwell. Bat�tle�ment (?), n. [OE. batelment; cf. OF. bataillement combat, fr. batailler, also OF. bastillier, bateillier, to fortify. Cf. Battle, n., Bastile, Bastion.] (Arch.) (a) One of the solid upright parts of a parapet in ancient fortifications. (b) pl. The whole parapet, consisting of alternate solids and open spaces. At first purely a military feature, afterwards copied on a smaller scale with decorative features, as for churches. Bat�tle�ment�ed (?), a. Having battlements. A battlemented portal. Sir W. Scott. Bat�tol�o�gist (?), n. One who battologizes. Bat�tol�o�gize (?), v. t. To keep repeating needlessly; to iterate. Sir T. Herbert. Bat�tol�o�gy (?), n. [F. battologie, fr. Gr. ?; ? a stammerer + ? speech.] A needless repetition of words in speaking or writing. Milton. Bat�ton (?), n. See Batten, and Baton. �Bat�tue� (?), n. [F. battue, fr. battre to beat. See Batter, v. t., and cf. Battuta.] (Hunting) (a) The act of beating the woods, bushes, etc., for game. (b) The game itself. (c) The wanton slaughter of game. Howitt. �Bat�ture� (?), n. [F., fr. battre to beat. ] An elevated river bed or sea bed. �Bat�tu�ta (?), n. [It. battuta, fr. battere to beat.] (Mus.) The measuring of time by beating. Bat�ty (?), a. Belonging to, or resembling, a bat. �Batty wings.� Shak. Bat�ule (?), n. A springboard in a circus or gymnasium; � called also batule board. �Batz (?), n.; pl. Batzen (?). [Ger. batz, batze, batzen, a coin bearing the image of a bear, Ger. b�tz, betz, bear.] A small copper coin, with a mixture of silver, formerly current in some parts of Germany and Switzerland. It was worth about four cents. Bau�bee� (?), n. Same as Bawbee. Bau�ble (?), n. [Cf. OF. baubel a child's plaything, F. babiole, It. babbola, LL. baubellum gem, jewel, L. babulus,a baburrus, foolish.] 1. A trifling piece of finery; a gewgaw; that which is gay and showy without real value; a cheap, showy plaything. The ineffective bauble of an Indian pagod. Sheridan. 2. The fool's club. [Obs.] �A fool's bauble was a short stick with a head ornamented with an ass's ears fantastically carved upon it.� Nares. Bau�bling (?), a. See Bawbling. [Obs.] Bau�de�kin (?), n. [OE. bawdekin rich silk stuff, OF. baudequin. See Baldachin.] The richest kind of stuff used in garments in the Middle Ages, the web being gold, and the woof silk, with embroidery : � made originally at Bagdad. [Spelt also baudkin, baudkyn, bawdekin, and baldakin.] Nares. Bau�drick (?), n. A belt. See Baldric. Bauk, Baulk (?), n. & v. See Balk. Baun�scheidt�ism (?), n. [From the introducer, a German named Baunscheidt.] (Med.) A form of acupuncture, followed by the rubbing of the part with a stimulating fluid. Baux�ite, Beaux�ite (?), n. [F., fr. Baux or Beaux, near Arles.] (Min.) A ferruginous hydrate of alumina. It is largely used in the preparation of aluminium and alumina, and for the lining of furnaces which are exposed to intense heat. Ba�va�ri�an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Bavaria. � n. A native or an inhabitant of Bavaria. Bavarian cream. See under Cream. Bav�a�roy (?), n. [F. Bavarois Bavarian.] A kind of cloak or surtout. [Obs.] Johnson. Let the looped bavaroy the fop embrace. Gay. <-- p. 126 --> Ba�vi�an (?), n. [See Baboon.] A baboon. Bav�in (?), n. [Cf. Gael. & Ir. baban tuft, tassel.] 1. A fagot of brushwood, or other light combustible matter, for kindling fires; refuse of brushwood. [Obs. or Dial. Eng.] 2. Impure limestone. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. Baw�bee� (?), n. [Perh. corrupt. fr. halfpenny.] A halfpenny. [Spelt also baubee.] [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Baw�ble (?), n. A trinket. See Bauble. Baw�bling, a. Insignificant; contemptible. [Obs.] Baw�cock (?), n. [From F. beau fine + E. cock (the bird); or more prob. fr. OF. baud bold, gay + E. cock. Cf. Bawd.] A fine fellow; � a term of endearment. [Obs.] �How now, my bawcock ?� Shak. Bawd (?), n. [OE. baude, OF. balt, baut, baude, bold, merry, perh. fr. OHG. bald bold; or fr. Celtic, cf. W. baw dirt. Cf. Bold, Bawdry.] A person who keeps a house of prostitution, or procures women for a lewd purpose; a procurer or procuress; a lewd person; � usually applied to a woman. Bawd, v. i. To procure women for lewd purposes. Bawd�i�ly (?), adv. Obscenely; lewdly. Bawd�i�ness, n. Obscenity; lewdness. Bawd�rick (?), n. A belt. See Baldric. Bawd�ry (?), n. [OE. baudery, OF. bauderie, balderie, boldness, joy. See Bawd.] 1. The practice of procuring women for the gratification of lust. 2. Illicit intercourse; fornication. Shak. 3. Obscenity; filthy, unchaste language. �The pert style of the pit bawdry.� Steele. Bawd�y, a. /1. Dirty; foul; � said of clothes. [Obs.] It [a garment] is al bawdy and to�tore also. Chaucer. 2. Obscene; filthy; unchaste. �A bawdy story.� Burke. Baw�dy�house� (?), n. A house of prostitution; a house of ill fame; a brothel. Baw�horse� (?), n. Same as Bathorse. Bawl (?), v. i. [imp. & p.p. Bawled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bawling.] [Icel. baula to low, bellow, as a cow; akin to Sw. b�la; cf. AS bellan, G. bellen to bark, E. bellow, bull.] 1. To cry out with a loud, full sound; to cry with vehemence, as in calling or exultation; to shout; to vociferate. 2. To cry loudly, as a child from pain or vexation. Bawl, v. t. To proclaim with a loud voice, or by outcry, as a hawker or town�crier does. Swift. Bawl, n. A loud, prolonged cry; an outcry. Bawl�er (?), n. One who bawls. Bawn (?), n. [Ir. & Gael. babhun inclosure, bulwark.] 1. An inclosure with mud or stone walls, for keeping cattle; a fortified inclosure. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A large house. [Obs.] Swift. Baw�rel (?), n. [Cf. It. barletta a tree falcon, or hobby.] A kind of hawk. [Obs.] Halliwell. Baw�sin (?), Baw�son (?), } n. [OE. bawson, baucyne, badger (named from its color), OF. bauzan, baucant, bauchant, spotted with white, pied; cf. It. balzano, F. balzan, a white�footed horse, It. balza border, trimming, fr. L. balteus belt, border, edge. Cf. Belt.] 1. A badger. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. A large, unwieldy person. [Obs.] Nares. Bax�ter (?), n. [OE. bakestre, bakistre, AS. b�cestre, prop. fem. of b�cere baker. See Baker.] A baker; originally, a female baker. [Old Eng. & Scotch] Bay (?), a. [F. bai, fr. L. badius brown, chestnutcolored; � used only of horses.] Reddish brown; of the color of a chestnut; � applied to the color of horses. Bay cat (Zo�l.), a wild cat of Africa and the East Indies (Felis aurata). � Bay lynx (Zo�l.), the common American lynx (Felis, or Lynx, rufa). Bay, n. [F. baie, fr. LL. baia. Of uncertain origin: cf. Ir. & Gael. badh or bagh bay harbor, creek; Bisc. baia, baiya, harbor, and F. bayer to gape, open the mouth.] 1. (Geol.) An inlet of the sea, usually smaller than a gulf, but of the same general character. � The name is not used with much precision, and is often applied to large tracts of water, around which the land forms a curve; as, Hudson's Bay. The name is not restricted to tracts of water with a narrow entrance, but is used foe any recess or inlet between capes or headlands; as, the Bay of Biscay. 2. A small body of water set off from the main body; as a compartment containing water for a wheel; the portion of a canal just outside of the gates of a lock, etc. 3. A recess or indentation shaped like a bay. 4. A principal compartment of the walls, roof, or other part of a building, or of the whole building, as marked off by the buttresses, vaulting, mullions of a window, etc.; one of the main divisions of any structure, as the part of a bridge between two piers. 5. A compartment in a barn, for depositing hay, or grain in the stalks. 6. A kind of mahogany obtained from Campeachy Bay. Sick bay, in vessels of war, that part of a deck appropriated to the use of the sick. Totten. Bay, n. [ F. baie a berry, the fruit of the laurel and other trees, fr. L. baca, bacca, a small round fruit, a berry, akin to Lith. bapka laurel berry.] 1. A berry, particularly of the laurel. [Obs.] 2. The laurel tree (Laurus nobilis). Hence, in the plural, an honorary garland or crown bestowed as a prize for victory or excellence, anciently made or consisting of branches of the laurel. The patriot's honors and the poet's bays. Trumbull. 3. A tract covered with bay trees. [Local, U. S.] Bay leaf, the leaf of the bay tree (Laurus nobilis). It has a fragrant odor and an aromatic taste. Bay, v. i. [imp. & p.p. Bayed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Baying.] [ OE. bayen, abayen, OF. abaier, F. aboyer, to bark; of uncertain origin.] To bark, as a dog with a deep voice does, at his game. The hounds at nearer distance hoarsely bayed. Dryden. Bay (?), v. t. To bark at; hence, to follow with barking; to bring or drive to bay; as, to bay the bear. Shak. Bay (?), n. [See Bay, v. i.] 1. Deep�toned, prolonged barking. �The bay of curs.� Cowper. 2. [OE. bay, abay, OF. abai, F. aboi barking, pl. abois, prop. the extremity to which the stag is reduced when surrounded by the dogs, barking (aboyant); aux abois at or a difficulty, when escape has become impossible. Embolden'd by despair, he stood at bay. Dryden. The most terrible evils are just kept at bay by incessant efforts. I. Taylor Bay, v. t. [Cf. OE. b�wen to bathe, and G. b�hen to foment.] To bathe. [Obs.] Spenser. Bay, n. A bank or dam to keep back water. Bay, v. t. To dam, as water; � with up or back. �Ba�ya (?), n. [Native name.] (Zo�l.) The East Indian weaver bird (Ploceus Philippinus). �Ba�yad� (?), Ba�yatte� (?), n. [Ar. bayad.] (Zo�l.) A large, edible, siluroid fish of the Nile, of two species (Bagrina bayad and B. docmac). Ba�ya�dere� (?), n. [F., from Pg. bailadeira a female dancer, bailar to dance.] A female dancer in the East Indies. [Written also bajadere.] Bay��ant�ler (?), n. [See Bez�Antler.] (Zo�l.) The second tine of a stag's horn. See under Antler. Bay�ard (?), n. 1. [OF. bayard, baiart, bay horse; bai bay + �ard. See Bay, a., and �ard.] Properly, a bay horse, but often any horse. Commonly in the phrase blind bayard, an old blind horse. Blind bayard moves the mill. Philips. 2. [Cf. F. bayeur, fr. bayer to gape.] A stupid, clownish fellow. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Bay�ard�ly, a. Blind; stupid. [Obs.] �A formal and bayardly round of duties.� Goodman. Bay�ber�ry (?), n. (Bot.) (a) The fruit of the bay tree or Laurus nobilis. (b) A tree of the West Indies related to the myrtle (Pimenta acris). (c) The fruit of Myrica cerifera (wax myrtle); the shrub itself; � called also candleberry tree. Bayberry tallow, a fragrant green wax obtained from the bayberry or wax myrtle; � called also myrtle wax. Bay�bolt� (?), n. A bolt with a barbed shank. Bayed (?), a. Having a bay or bays. �The large bayed barn.� Drayton. Bay� ice� (?). See under Ice. Bay� leaf� (?). See under 3d Bay. Bay�o�net (?), n. [F. bayonnette, ba�onnette; � so called, it is said, because the first bayonets were made at Bayonne.] 1. (Mil.) A pointed instrument of the dagger kind fitted on the muzzle of a musket or rifle, so as to give the soldier increased means of offense and defense. � Originally, the bayonet was made with a handle, which required to be fitted into the bore of the musket after the soldier had fired. 2. (Mach.) A pin which plays in and out of holes made to receive it, and which thus serves to engage or disengage parts of the machinery. Bayonet clutch. See Clutch. � Bayonet joint, a form of coupling similar to that by which a bayonet is fixed on the barrel of a musket. Knight. Bay�o�net, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Bayoneted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bayoneting.] 1. To stab with a bayonet. 2. To compel or drive by the bayonet. To bayonet us into submission. Burke. Bay�ou (?), n.; pl. Bayous (?). [North Am. Indian bayuk, in F. spelling bayouc, bayouque.] An inlet from the Gulf of Mexico, from a lake, or from a large river, sometimes sluggish, sometimes without perceptible movement except from tide and wind. [Southern U. S.] A dark slender thread of a bayou moves loiteringly northeastward into a swamp of huge cypresses. G. W. Cable. Bay� rum� (?). A fragrant liquid, used for cosmetic and medicinal purposes. � The original bay rum, from the West Indies, is prepared, it is believed, by distillation from the leaves of the bayberry (Myrcia acris). The bay rum of the Pharmacop?ia (spirit of myrcia) is prepared from oil of myrcia (bayberry), oil of orange peel, oil of pimento, alcohol, and water. Bays, Bayze (?), n. See Baize. [Obs.] Bay� salt� (?). Salt which has been obtained from sea water, by evaporation in shallow pits or basins, by the heat of the sun; the large crystalline salt of commerce. Bacon. Ure. Bay� tree�. A species of laurel. (Laurus nobilis). Bay� win�dow (?). (Arch.) A window forming a bay or recess in a room, and projecting outward from the wall, either in a rectangular, polygonal, or semicircular form; � often corruptly called a bow window. Bay� yarn� (?). Woolen yarn. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. Ba�zaar� Ba�zar� } (?), n. [Per. b�zar market.] 1. In the East, an exchange, marketplace, or assemblage of shops where goods are exposed for sale. 2. A spacious hall or suite of rooms for the sale of goods, as at a fair. 3. A fair for the sale of fancy wares, toys, etc., commonly for a charitable objects. Macaulay. Bdel�lium (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?; cf. Heb. b'dolakh bdellium (in sense 1).] 1. An unidentified substance mentioned in the Bible (Gen. ii. 12, and Num. xi. 7), variously taken to be a gum, a precious stone, or pearls, or perhaps a kind of amber found in Arabia. 2. A gum resin of reddish brown color, brought from India, Persia, and Africa. � Indian bdellium or false myrrh is an exudation from Balsamodendron Roxb?rghii. Other kinds are known as African, Sicilian, etc. �Bdel�loi�de�a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? leech + �oid.] (Zo�l.) The order of Annulata which includes the leeches. See Hirudinea. Bdel�lom�e�ter (?), n. [Gr. ? leech + �meter.] (Med.) A cupping glass to which are attached a scarificator and an exhausting syringe. Dunglison. �Bdel�lo�mor�pha (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? leech + ? form.] (Zo�l.) An order of Nemertina, including the large leechlike worms (Malacobdella) often parasitic in clams. Be (?), v. i. [imp. Was (?); p. p. Been (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Being.] [OE. been, beon, AS. be�n to be, be�m I am; akin to OHG. bim, pim, G. bin, I am, Gael. & Ir. bu was, W. bod to be, Lith. bu�ti, O. Slav. by�ti, to be, L. fu�i I have been, fu�turus about to be, fo�re to be about to be, and perh to fieri to become, Gr. ? to be born, to be, Skr. bh? to be. This verb is defective, and the parts lacking are supplied by verbs from other roots, is, was, which have no radical connection with be. The various forms, am, are, is, was, were, etc., are considered grammatically as parts of the verb �to be�, which, with its conjugational forms, is often called the substantive verb. ?97. Cf. Future, Physic.] 1. To exist actually, or in the world of fact; to have ex?stence. To be contents his natural desire. Pope. To be, or not to be: that is the question. Shak. 2. To exist in a certain manner or relation, � whether as a reality or as a product of thought; to exist as the subject of a certain predicate, that is, as having a certain attribute, or as belonging to a certain sort, or as identical with what is specified, � a word or words for the predicate being annexed; as, to be happy; to be here; to be large, or strong; to be an animal; to be a hero; to be a nonentity; three and two are five; annihilation is the cessation of existence; that is the man. 3. To take place; to happen; as, the meeting was on Thursday. 4. To signify; to represent or symbolize; to answer to. The field is the world. Matt. xiii. 38. The seven candlesticks which thou sawest are the seven churches. Rev.i. 20. � The verb to be (including the forms is, was, etc.) is used in forming the passive voice of other verbs; as, John has been struck by James. It is also used with the past participle of many intransitive verbs to express a state of the subject. But have is now more commonly used as the auxiliary, though expressing a different sense; as, �Ye have come too late � but ye are come. � �The minstrel boy to the war is gone.� The present and imperfect tenses form, with the infinitive, a particular future tense, which expresses necessity, duty, or purpose; as, government is to be supported; we are to pay our just debts; the deed is to be signed to�morrow. Have or had been, followed by to, implies movement. �I have been to Paris.� Sydney Smith. �Have you been to Franchard ?� R. L. Slevenson. � Been, or ben, was anciently the plural of the indicative present. �Ye ben light of the world.� Wyclif, Matt. v. 14. Afterwards be was used, as in our Bible: �They that be with us are more than they that be with them.� 2 Kings vi. 16. Ben was also the old infinitive: �To ben of such power.� R. of Gloucester. Be is used as a form of the present subjunctive: �But if it be a question of words and names.� Acis xviii. 15. But the indicative forms, is and are, with if, are more commonly used. Be it so, a phrase of supposition, equivalent to suppose it to be so; or of permission, signifying let it be so. Shak. � If so be, in case. � To be from, to have come from; as, from what place are you ? I am from Chicago. � To let be, to omit, or leave untouched; to let alone. �Let be, therefore, my vengeance to dissuade.� Spenser. Syn. � To be, Exist. The verb to be, except in a few rare case, like that of Shakespeare's �To be, or not to be�, is used simply as a copula, to connect a subject with its predicate; as, man is mortal; the soul is immortal. The verb to exist is never properly used as a mere copula, but points to things that stand forth, or have a substantive being; as, when the soul is freed from all corporeal alliance, then it truly exists. It is not, therefore, properly synonymous with to be when used as a copula, though occasionally made so by some writers for the sake of variety; as in the phrase �there exists [is] no reason for laying new taxes.� We may, indeed, say, �a friendship has long existed between them,� instead of saying, �there has long been a friendship between them;� but in this case, exist is not a mere copula. It is used in its appropriate sense to mark the friendship as having been long in existence. Be�. [AS. be, and in accented form b�, akin to OS. be and b�, OHG. bi, pi, and p�, MHG. be and b�, G. be and bei, Goth. bi, and perh. Gr. ? about (cf. AS. bese�n to look about). ?203. Gr. By, Amb�.] A prefix, originally the same word as by; joined with verbs, it serves: (a) To intensify the meaning; as, bespatter, bestir. (b) To render an intransitive verb transitive; as, befall (to fall upon); bespeak (to speak for). (c) To make the action of a verb particular or definite; as, beget (to get as offspring); beset (to set around). It is joined with certain substantives, and a few adjectives, to form verbs; as, bedew, befriend, benight, besot; belate (to make late); belittle (to make little). It also occurs in certain nouns, adverbs, and prepositions, <-- p. 127 --> often with something of the force of the preposition by, or about; as, belief (believe), behalf, bequest (bequeath); because, before, beneath, beside, between. In some words the original force of be is obscured or lost; as, in become, begin, behave, behoove, belong. Beach (?), n.; pl. Beaches (?). [Cf. Sw. backe hill, Dan. bakke, Icel. bakki hill, bank. Cf. Bank.] 1. Pebbles, collectively; shingle. 2. The shore of the sea, or of a lake, which is washed by the waves; especially, a sandy or pebbly shore; the strand. Beach flea (Zo�l.), the common name of many species of amphipod Crustacea, of the family Orchestid�, living on the sea beaches, and leaping like fleas. � Beach grass (Bot.), a coarse grass (Ammophila arundinacea), growing on the sandy shores of lakes and seas, which, by its interlaced running rootstocks, binds the sand together, and resists the encroachment of the waves. � Beach wagon, a light open wagon with two or more seats. � Raised beach, an accumulation of water�worn stones, gravel, sand, and other shore deposits, above the present level of wave action, whether actually raised by elevation of the coast, as in Norway, or left by the receding waters, as in many lake and river regions. Beach, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Beached (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Beaching.] To run or drive (as a vessel or a boat) upon a beach; to strand; as, to beach a ship. Beach� comb�er (?). A long, curling wave rolling in from the ocean. See Comber. [Amer.] Beached (?), p. p. & a. 1. Bordered by a beach. The beached verge of the salt flood. Shak. 2. Driven on a beach; stranded; drawn up on a beach; as, the ship is beached. Beach�y (?), a. Having a beach or beaches; formed by a beach or beaches; shingly. The beachy girdle of the ocean. Shak. Bea�con (?), n. [OE. bekene, AS. be�cen, b?cen; akin to OS. b?kan, Fries. baken, beken, sign, signal, D. baak, OHG. bouhhan, G. bake; of unknown origin. Cf. Beckon.] 1. A signal fire to notify of the approach of an enemy, or to give any notice, commonly of warning. No flaming beacons cast their blaze afar. Gay. 2. A signal or conspicuous mark erected on an eminence near the shore, or moored in shoal water, as a guide to mariners. 3. A high hill near the shore. [Prov. Eng.] 4. That which gives notice of danger. Modest doubt is called The beacon of the wise. Shak. Beacon fire, a signal fire. Bea�con, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Beaconed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Beaconing.] 1. To give light to, as a beacon; to light up; to illumine. That beacons the darkness of heaven. Campbell. 2. To furnish with a beacon or beacons. Bea�con�age (?), n. Money paid for the maintenance of a beacon; also, beacons, collectively. Bea�con�less, a. Having no beacon. Bead (?), n. [OE. bede prayer, prayer bead, AS. bed, gebed, prayer; akin to D. bede, G. bitte, AS. biddan, to ask, bid, G. bitten to ask, and perh. to Gr. ? to persuade, L. fidere to trust. Beads are used by the Roman Catholics to count their prayers, one bead being dropped down a string every time a prayer is said. Cf. Sp. cuenta bead, fr. contar to count. See Bid, in to bid beads, and Bide.] 1. A prayer. [Obs.] 2. A little perforated ball, to be strung on a thread, and worn for ornament; or used in a rosary for counting prayers, as by Roman Catholics and Mohammedans, whence the phrases to tell beads, to at one's beads, to bid beads, etc., meaning, to be at prayer. 3. Any small globular body; as, (a) A bubble in spirits. (b) A drop of sweat or other liquid. �Cold beads of midnight dew.� Wordsworth. (c) A small knob of metal on a firearm, used for taking aim (whence the expression to draw a bead, for, to take aim). (d) (Arch.) A small molding of rounded surface, the section being usually an arc of a circle. It may be continuous, or broken into short embossments. (e) (Chem.) A glassy drop of molten flux, as borax or microcosmic salt, used as a solvent and color test for several mineral earths and oxides, as of iron, manganese, etc., before the blowpipe; as, the borax bead; the iron bead, etc. Bead and butt (Carp.), framing in which the panels are flush, having beads stuck or run upon the two edges. Knight. � Beat mold, a species of fungus or mold, the stems of which consist of single cells loosely jointed together so as to resemble a string of beads. [Written also bead mould.] � Bead tool, a cutting tool, having an edge curved so as to make beads or beading. � Bead tree (Bot.), a tree of the genus Melia, the best known species of which (M. azedarach), has blue flowers which are very fragrant, and berries which are poisonous. Bead, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Beaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Beading.] To ornament with beads or beading. Bead, v. i. To form beadlike bubbles. Bead�house�, Bede�house� (?), n. [OE. bede prayer + E. house. See Bead, n.] An almshouse for poor people who pray daily for their benefactors. Bead�ing, n. 1. (Arch.) Molding in imitation of beads. 2. The beads or bead�forming quality of certain liquors; as, the beading of a brand of whisky. Bea�dle (?), n. [OE. bedel, bidel, budel, OF. bedel, F. bedeau, fr. OHG. butil, putil, G. b�ttel, fr. OHG. biotan, G. bieten, to bid, confused with AS. bydel, the same word as OHG. butil. See. Bid, v.] 1. A messenger or crier of a court; a servitor; one who cites or bids persons to appear and answer; � called also an apparitor or summoner. 2. An officer in a university, who precedes public processions of officers and students. [Eng.] � In this sense the archaic spellings bedel (Oxford) and bedell (Cambridge) are preserved. 3. An inferior parish officer in England having a variety of duties, as the preservation of order in church service, the chastisement of petty offenders, etc. Bea�dle�ry (?), n. Office or jurisdiction of a beadle.] Bea�dle�ship, n. The state of being, or the personality of, a beadle. A. Wood. Bead� proof� (?). 1. Among distillers, a certain degree of strength in alcoholic liquor, as formerly ascertained by the floating or sinking of glass globules of different specific gravities thrown into it; now ascertained by more accurate meters. 2. A degree of strength in alcoholic liquor as shown by beads or small bubbles remaining on its surface, or at the side of the glass, when shaken. Bead�roll� (?), n. (R. C. Ch.) A catalogue of persons, for the rest of whose souls a certain number of prayers are to be said or counted off on the beads of a chaplet; hence, a catalogue in general. On Fame's eternal beadroll worthy to be field. Spenser. It is quite startling, on going over the beadroll of English worthies, to find how few are directly represented in the male line. Quart. Rev. Beads�man, Bedes�man (?), n.; pl. �men (?). A poor man, supported in a beadhouse, and required to pray for the soul of its founder; an almsman. Whereby ye shall bind me to be your poor beadsman for ever unto Almighty God. Fuller. Bead�snake� (?), n. (Zo�l.) A small poisonous snake of North America (Elaps fulvius), banded with yellow, red, and black. Beads�wom�an, Bedes�wom�an (?), n.; pl. �women (?). Fem. of Beadsman. Bead�work� (?), n. Ornamental work in beads. Bead�y (?), a. 1. Resembling beads; small, round, and glistening. �Beady eyes.� Thackeray. 2. Covered or ornamented with, or as with, beads. 3. Characterized by beads; as, beady liquor. Bea�gle (?), n. [OE. begele; perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. beag small, little, W. bach. F. bigle is from English.] 1. A small hound, or hunting dog, twelve to fifteen inches high, used in hunting hares and other small game. See Illustration in Appendix. 2. Fig.: A spy or detective; a constable. Beak (?), n. [OE. bek, F. bec, fr. Celtic; cf. Gael. & Ir. bac, bacc, hook, W. bach.] 1. (Zo�l.) (a) The bill or nib of a bird, consisting of a horny sheath, covering the jaws. The form varied much according to the food and habits of the bird, and is largely used in the classification of birds. (b) A similar bill in other animals, as the turtles. (c) The long projecting sucking mouth of some insects, and other invertebrates, as in the Hemiptera. (d) The upper or projecting part of the shell, near the hinge of a bivalve. (e) The prolongation of certain univalve shells containing the canal. 2. Anything projecting or ending in a point, like a beak, as a promontory of land. Carew. 3. (Antiq.) A beam, shod or armed at the end with a metal head or point, and projecting from the prow of an ancient galley, in order to pierce the vessel of an enemy; a beakhead. 4. (Naut.) That part of a ship, before the forecastle, which is fastened to the stem, and supported by the main knee. 5. (Arch.) A continuous slight projection ending in an arris or narrow fillet; that part of a drip from which the water is thrown off. 6. (Bot.) Any process somewhat like the beak of a bird, terminating the fruit or other parts of a plant. 7. (Far.) A toe clip. See Clip, n. (Far.) 8. A magistrate or policeman. [Slang, Eng.] Beaked (?), a. 1. Having a beak or a beaklike point; beak�shaped. �Each beaked promontory.� Milton. 2. (Biol.) Furnished with a process or a mouth like a beak; rostrate. Beaked whale (Zo�l.), a cetacean of the genus Hyperoodon; the bottlehead whale. Beak�er (?), n. [OE. biker; akin to Icel. bikarr, Sw. b�gare, Dan. baeger, G. becher, It. bicchiere; � all fr. LL. bicarium, prob. fr. Gr. ? wine jar, or perh. L. bacar wine vessel. Cf. Pitcher a jug.] 1. A large drinking cup, with a wide mouth, supported on a foot or standard. 2. An open�mouthed, thin glass vessel, having a projecting lip for pouring; � used for holding solutions requiring heat. Knight. Beak�head� (?), n. 1. (Arch.) An ornament used in rich Norman doorways, resembling a head with a beak. Parker. 2. (Naut.) (a) A small platform at the fore part of the upper deck of a vessel, which contains the water closets of the crew. (b) (Antiq.) Same as Beak, 3. Beak�i�ron (?), n. [From Bickern.] A bickern; a bench anvil with a long beak, adapted to reach the interior surface of sheet metal ware; the horn of an anvil. Beal (?), n. [See Boil a tumor.] (Med.) A small inflammatory tumor; a pustule. [Prov. Eng.] Beal, v. i. [imp. & p.p. Bealed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bealing.] To gather matter; to swell and come to a head, as a pimple. [Prov. Eng.] Be��all� (?), n. The whole; all that is to be. [Poetic] Shak. Beam (?), n. [AS. be�m beam, post, tree, ray of light; akin to OFries. b�m tree, OS. b?m, D. boom, OHG. boum, poum, G. baum, Icel. ba?mr, Goth. bahms and Gr. ? a growth, ? to become, to be. Cf. L. radius staff, rod, spoke of a wheel, beam or ray, and G. strahl arrow, spoke of a wheel, ray or beam, flash of lightning. ?97. See Be; cf. Boom a spar.] 1. Any large piece of timber or iron long in proportion to its thickness, and prepared for use. 2. One of the principal horizontal timbers of a building or ship. The beams of a vessel are strong pieces of timber stretching across from side to side to support the decks. Totten. 3. The width of a vessel; as, one vessel is said to have more beam than another. 4. The bar of a balance, from the ends of which the scales are suspended. The doubtful beam long nods from side to side. Pope. 5. The principal stem or horn of a stag or other deer, which bears the antlers, or branches. 6. The pole of a carriage. [Poetic] Dryden. 7. A cylinder of wood, making part of a loom, on which weavers wind the warp before weaving; also, the cylinder on which the cloth is rolled, as it is woven; one being called the fore beam, the other the back beam. 8. The straight part or shank of an anchor. 9. The main part of a plow, to which the handles and colter are secured, and to the end of which are attached the oxen or horses that draw it. 10. (Steam Engine) A heavy iron lever having an oscillating motion on a central axis, one end of which is connected with the piston rod from which it receives motion, and the other with the crank of the wheel shaft? � called also working beam or walking beam. 11. A ray or collection of parallel rays emitted from the sun or other luminous body; as, a beam of light, or of heat. How far that little candle throws his beams ! Shak. 12. Fig.: A ray; a gleam; as, a beam of comfort. Mercy with her genial beam. Keble. 13. One of the long feathers in the wing of a hawk; � called also beam feather. Abaft the beam (Naut.), in an are of the horizon between a line that crosses the ship at right angles, or in the direction of her beams, and that point of the compass toward which her stern is directed. � Beam center (Mach.), the fulcrum or pin on which the working beam of an engine vibrates. � Beam compass, an instrument consisting of a rod or beam, having sliding sockets that carry steel or pencil points; � used for drawing or describing large circles. � Beam engine, a steam engine having a working beam to transmit power, in distinction from one which has its piston rod attached directly to the crank of the wheel shaft. � Before the beam (Naut.), in an arc of the horizon included between a line that crosse the ship at right angles and that point of the compass toward which the ship steers. � On the beam , in a line with the beams, or at right angled with the keel. � On the weather beam, on the side of a ship which faces the wind. � To be on her beam ends, to incline, as a vessel, so much on one side that her beams approach a vertical position. Beam, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Beamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Beaming.] To send forth; to emit; � followed ordinarily by forth; as, to beam forth light. Beam, v. i. To emit beams of light. He beamed, the daystar of the rising age. Trumbull. Beam�bird� (?), n. (Zo�l.) A small European flycatcher (Muscicapa gricola), so called because it often nests on a beam in a building. Beamed (?), a. Furnished with beams, as the head of a stag. Tost his beamed frontlet to the sky. Sir W. Scott. Beam�ful (?), a. Beamy; radiant. Beam�i�ly (?), adv. In a beaming manner. Beam�i�ness, n. The state of being beamy. Beam�ing, a. Emitting beams; radiant. Beam�ing�ly, adv. In a beaming manner; radiantly. Beam�less, a. 1. Not having a beam. 2. Not emitting light. Beam�let (?), n. A small beam of light. Beam� tree� (?). [AS. be�m a tree. See Beam.] (Bot.) A tree (Pyrus aria) related to the apple. Beam�y (?), a. 1. Emitting beams of light; radiant; shining. �Beamy gold.� Tickell. <-- p. 128 --> 2. Resembling a beam in size and weight; massy. His double�biting ax, and beamy spear. Dryden. 3. Having horns, or antlers. Beamy stags in toils engage. Dryden. Bean (?), n. [OE. bene, AS.be�n; akin to D. boon, G. bohne, OHG. p?na, Icel. baun, Dan. b�nne, Sw. b�na, and perh. to Russ. bob, L. faba.] 1. (Bot.) A name given to the seed of certain leguminous herbs, chiefly of the genera Faba, Phaseolus, and Dolichos; also, to the herbs. � The origin and classification of many kinds are still doubtful. Among true beans are: the black�eyed bean and China bean, included in Dolichos Sinensis; black Egyptian bean or hyacinth bean, D. Lablab; the common haricot beans, kidney beans, string beans, and pole beans, all included in Phaseolus vulgaris; the lower bush bean, Ph. vulgaris, variety nanus; Lima bean, Ph. lunatus; Spanish bean and scarlet runner, Ph. maltiflorus; Windsor bean, the common bean of England, Faba vulgaris. As an article of food beans are classed with vegetables. 2. The popular name of other vegetable seeds or fruits, more or less resembling true beans. Bean aphis (Zo�l.), a plant louse (Aphis fab�) which infests the bean plant. � Bean fly (Zo�l.), a fly found on bean flowers. � Bean goose (Zo�l.), a species of goose (Anser se?etum). � Bean weevil (Zo�l.), a small weevil that in the larval state destroys beans. The American species in Bruchus fab�. � Florida bean (Bot.), the seed of Mucuna urens, a West Indian plant. The seeds are washed up on the Florida shore, and are often polished and made into ornaments. � Ignatius bean, or St. Ignatius's bean (Bot.), a species of Strychnos. � Navy bean, the common dried white bean of commerce; probably so called because an important article of food in the navy. � Pea bean, a very small and highly esteemed variety of the edible white bean; � so called from its size. � Sacred bean. See under Sacred. � Screw bean. See under Screw. � Sea bean. (a) Same as Florida bean. (b) A red bean of unknown species used for ornament. � Tonquin bean, or Tonka bean, the fragrant seed of Dipteryx odorata, a leguminous tree. � Vanilla bean. See under Vanilla. Bean� ca�per. (Bot.) A deciduous plant of warm climates, generally with fleshy leaves and flowers of a yellow or whitish yellow color, of the genus Zygophyllum. Bean� tre�foil. (Bot.) A leguminous shrub of southern Europe, with trifoliate leaves (Anagyris f?tida). Bear (?), v. t. [imp. Bore (?) (formerly Bare (?)); p. p. Born (?), Borne (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bearing.] [OE. beren, AS. beran, beoran, to bear, carry, produce; akin to D. baren to bring forth, G. geb�ren, Goth. ba�ran to bear or carry, Icel. bera, Sw. b�ra, Dan. b�re, OHG. beran, peran, L. ferre to bear, carry, produce, Gr. ?, OSlav brati to take, carry, OIr. berim I bear, Skr. bh? to bear. ?92. Cf. Fertile.] 1. To support or sustain; to hold up. 2. To support and remove or carry; to convey. I 'll bear your logs the while. Shak. 3. To conduct; to bring; � said of persons. [Obs.] Bear them to my house. Shak. 4. To possess and use, as power; to exercise. Every man should bear rule in his own house. Esther i. 22. 5. To sustain; to have on (written or inscribed, or as a mark), as, the tablet bears this inscription. 6. To possess or carry, as a mark of authority or distinction; to wear; as, to bear a sword, badge, or name. 7. To possess mentally; to carry or hold in the mind; to entertain; to harbor Dryden. The ancient grudge I bear him. Shak. 8. To endure; to tolerate; to undergo; to suffer. Should such a man, too fond to rule alone, Bear, like the Turk, no brother near the throne. Pope. I cannot bear The murmur of this lake to hear. Shelley. My punishment is greater than I can bear. Gen. iv. 13. 9. To gain or win. [Obs.] Some think to bear it by speaking a great word. Bacon. She was ... found not guilty, through bearing of friends and bribing of the judge. Latimer. 10. To sustain, or be answerable for, as blame, expense, responsibility, etc. He shall bear their iniquities. Is. liii. 11. Somewhat that will bear your charges. Dryden. 11. To render or give; to bring forward. �Your testimony bear� Dryden. 12. To carry on, or maintain; to have. �The credit of bearing a part in the conversation.� Locke. 13. To admit or be capable of; that is, to suffer or sustain without violence, injury, or change. In all criminal cases the most favorable interpretation should be put on words that they can possibly bear. Swift. 14. To manage, wield, or direct. �Thus must thou thy body bear.� Shak. Hence: To behave; to conduct. Hath he borne himself penitently in prison ? Shak. 15. To afford; to be to ; to supply with. ?is faithful dog shall bear him company. Pope. 16. To bring forth or produce; to yield; as, to bear apples; to bear children; to bear interest. Here dwelt the man divine whom Samos bore. Dryden. � In the passive form of this verb, the best modern usage restricts the past participle born to the sense of brought forth, while borne is used in the other senses of the word. In the active form, borne alone is used as the past participle. To bear down. (a) To force into a lower place; to carry down; to depress or sink. �His nose, ... large as were the others, bore them down into insignificance.� Marryat. (b) To overthrow or crush by force; as, to bear down an enemy. � To bear a hand. (a) To help; to give assistance. (b) (Naut.) To make haste; to be quick. � To bear in hand, to keep (one) up in expectation, usually by promises never to be realized; to amuse by false pretenses; to delude. [Obs.] �How you were borne in hand, how crossed.� Shak. � To bear in mind, to remember. � To bear off. (a) To restrain; to keep from approach. (b) (Naut.) To remove to a distance; to keep clear from rubbing against anything; as, to bear off a blow; to bear off a boat. (c) To gain; to carry off, as a prize. � To bear one hard, to owe one a grudge. [Obs.] �C�sar doth bear me hard.� Shak. � To bear out. (a) To maintain and support to the end; to defend to the last. �Company only can bear a man out in an ill thing.� South. (b) To corroborate; to confirm. � To bear up, to support; to keep from falling or sinking. �Religious hope bears up the mind under sufferings.� Addison. Syn. � To uphold; sustain; maintain; support; undergo; suffer; endure; tolerate; carry; convey; transport; waft. Bear (?), v. i. 1. To produce, as fruit; to be fruitful, in opposition to barrenness. This age to blossom, and the next to bear. Dryden. 2. To suffer, as in carrying a burden. But man is born to bear. Pope. 3. To endure with patience; to be patient. I can not, can not bear. Dryden. 4. To press; � with on or upon, or against. These men bear hard on the suspected party. Addison. 5. To take effect; to have influence or force; as, to bring matters to bear. 6. To relate or refer; � with on or upon; as, how does this bear on the question? 7. To have a certain meaning, intent, or effect. Her sentence bore that she should stand a certain time upon the platform. Hawthorne. 8. To be situated, as to the point of compass, with respect to something else; as, the land bears N. by E. To bear against, to approach for attack or seizure; as, a lion bears against his prey. [Obs.] � To bear away (Naut.), to change the course of a ship, and make her run before the wind. � To bear back, to retreat. �Bearing back from the blows of their sable antagonist.� Sir W. Scott. � To bear down upon (Naut.), to approach from the windward side; as, the fleet bore down upon the enemy. � To bear in with (Naut.), to run or tend toward; as, a ship bears in with the land. � To bear off (Naut.), to steer away, as from land. � To bear up. (a) To be supported; to have fortitude; to be firm; not to sink; as, to bear up under afflictions. (b) (Naut.) To put the helm up (or to windward) and so put the ship before the wind; to bear away. Ha?ersly. � To bear upon (Mil.), to be pointed or situated so as to affect; to be pointed directly against, or so as to hit (the object); as, to bring or plant guns so as to bear upon a fort or a ship; the artillery bore upon the center. � To bear up to, to tend or move toward; as, to bear up to one another. � To bear with, to endure; to be indulgent to; to forbear to resent, oppose, or punish. Bear (?), n. A bier. [Obs.] Spenser. Bear (?), n. [OE. bere, AS. bera; akin to D. beer, OHG. bero, pero, G. b�r, Icel. & Sw. bj�rn, and possibly to L. fera wild beast, Gr. ? beast, Skr. bhalla bear.] 1. (Zo�l.) Any species of the genus Ursus, and of the closely allied genera. Bears are plantigrade Carnivora, but they live largely on fruit and insects. The European brown bear (U. arctos), the white polar bear (U. maritimus), the grizzly bear (U. horribilis), the American black bear, and its variety the cinnamon bear (U. Americanus), the Syrian bear (Ursus Syriacus), and the sloth bear, are among the notable species. 2. (Zo�l.) An animal which has some resemblance to a bear in form or habits, but no real affinity; as, the woolly bear; ant bear; water bear; sea bear. 3. (Astron.) One of two constellations in the northern hemisphere, called respectively the Great Bear and the Lesser Bear, or Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. 4. Metaphorically: A brutal, coarse, or morose person. 5. (Stock Exchange) A person who sells stocks or securities for future delivery in expectation of a fall in the market. � The bears and bulls of the Stock Exchange, whose interest it is, the one to depress, and the other to raise, stocks, are said to be so called in allusion to the bear's habit of pulling down, and the bull's of tossing up. 6. (Mach.) A portable punching machine. 7. (Naut.) A block covered with coarse matting; � used to scour the deck. Australian bear. (Zo�l.) See Koala. � Bear baiting, the sport of baiting bears with dogs. � Bear caterpillar (Zo�l.), the hairy larva of a moth, esp. of the genus Euprepia. � Bear garden. (a) A place where bears are kept for diversion or fighting. (b) Any place where riotous conduct is common or permitted. M. Arnold. � Bear leader, one who leads about a performing bear for money; hence, a facetious term for one who takes charge of a young man on his travels. Bear, v. t. (Stock Exchange) To endeavor to depress the price of, or prices in; as, to bear a railroad stock; to bear the market. Bear, Bere (?), n. [AS. bere. See Barley.] (Bot.) Barley; the six�rowed barley or the four�rowed barley, commonly the former (Hord?um hexastichon or H. vulgare). [Obs. except in North of Eng. and Scot.] Bear�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being borne or endured; tolerable. � Bear�a�bly, adv. Bear�ber�ry (?), n. (Bot.) A trailing plant of the heath family (Arctostaphylos uva�ursi), having leaves which are tonic and astringent, and glossy red berries of which bears are said to be fond. Bear�bind� (?), n. (Bot.) The bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis). Beard (?), n. [OE. berd, AS. beard; akin to Fries. berd, D. baard, G. bart, Lith. barzda, OSlav. brada, Pol. broda, Russ. boroda, L. barba, W. barf. Cf. 1st Barb.] 1. The hair that grows on the chin, lips, and adjacent parts of the human face, chiefly of male adults. 2. (Zo�l.) (a) The long hairs about the face in animals, as in the goat. (b) The cluster of small feathers at the base of the beak in some birds (c) The appendages to the jaw in some Cetacea, and to the mouth or jaws of some fishes. (d) The byssus of certain shellfish, as the muscle. (e) The gills of some bivalves, as the oyster. (f) In insects, the hairs of the labial palpi of moths and butterflies. 3. (Bot.) Long or stiff hairs on a plant; the awn; as, the beard of grain. 4. A barb or sharp point of an arrow or other instrument, projecting backward to prevent the head from being easily drawn out. 5. That part of the under side of a horse's lower jaw which is above the chin, and bears the curb of a bridle. 6. (Print.) That part of a type which is between the shoulder of the shank and the face. 7. An imposition; a trick. [Obs.] Chaucer. Beard grass (Bot.), a coarse, perennial grass of different species of the genus Andropogon. � To one's beard, to one's face; in open defiance. Beard (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Bearded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bearding.] 1. To take by the beard; to seize, pluck, or pull the beard of (a man), in anger or contempt. 2. To oppose to the gills; to set at defiance. No admiral, bearded by three corrupt and dissolute minions of the palace, dared to do more than mutter something about a court martial. Macaulay. 3. To deprive of the gills; � used only of oysters and similar shellfish. Beard�ed, a. Having a beard. �Bearded fellow.� Shak. �Bearded grain.� Dryden. Bearded vulture, Bearded eagle. (Zo�l.) See Lammergeir. � Bearded tortoise. (Zo�l.) See Matamata. Beard�ie (?), n. [From Beard, n.] (Zo�l.) The bearded loach (Nemachilus barbatus) of Europe. [Scot.] Beard�less, a. 1. Without a beard. Hence: Not having arrived at puberty or manhood; youthful. 2. Destitute of an awn; as, beardless wheat. Beard�less�ness, n. The state or quality of being destitute of beard. Bear�er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, bears, sustains, or carries. �Bearers of burdens.� 2 Chron. ii. 18. �The bearer of unhappy news.� Dryden. 2. Specifically: One who assists in carrying a body to the grave; a pallbearer. Milton. 3. A palanquin carrier; also, a house servant. [India] 4. A tree or plant yielding fruit; as, a good bearer. 5. (Com.) One who holds a check, note, draft, or other order for the payment of money; as, pay to bearer. 6. (Print.) A strip of reglet or other furniture to bear off the impression from a blank page; also, a type or type�high piece of metal interspersed in blank parts to support the plate when it is shaved. Bear�herd� (?), n. A man who tends a bear. Bear�hound� (?), n. A hound for baiting or hunting bears. Car??le. Bear�ing (?), n. 1. The manner in which one bears or conducts one's self; mien; behavior; carriage. I know him by his bearing. Shak. 2. Patient endurance; suffering without complaint. 3. The situation of one object, with respect to another, such situation being supposed to have a connection with the object, or influence upon it, or to be influenced by it; hence, relation; connection. But of this frame, the bearings and the ties, The strong connections, nice dependencies. Pope. 4. Purport; meaning; intended significance; aspect. 5. The act, power, or time of producing or giving birth; as, a tree in full bearing; a tree past bearing. [His mother] in travail of his bearing. R. of Gloucester. 6. (Arch.) (a) That part of any member of a building which rests upon its supports; as, a lintel or beam may have four inches of bearing upon the wall. (b) The portion of a support on which anything rests. (c) Improperly, the unsupported span; as, the beam has twenty feet of bearing between its supports. 7. (Mach.) (a) The part of an axle or shaft in contact with its support, collar, or boxing; the journal. (b) The part of the support on which a journal rests and rotates. 8. (Her.) Any single emblem or charge in an escutcheon or coat of arms � commonly in the pl. A carriage covered with armorial bearings. Thackeray. 9. (Naut.) (a) The situation of a distant object, with regard to a ship's position, as on the bow, on the lee quarter, etc.; the direction or point of the compass in which an object is seen; as, the bearing of the cape was M. N. W. (b) pl. The widest part of a vessel below the plank�sheer. (c) pl. The line of flotation of a vessel when properly trimmed with cargo or ballast. Ball bearings. See under Ball. � To bring one to his bearings, to bring one to his senses. � To lose one's bearings, to become bewildered. � To take bearings, to ascertain by the compass the position of an object; to ascertain the relation of one object or place to another; to ascertain one's position by reference to landmarks or to the compass; hence (Fig.), to ascertain the condition of things when one is in trouble or perplexity. Syn. � Deportment; gesture; mien; behavior; manner; carriage; demeanor; port; conduct; direction; relation; tendency; influence. Bear�ing cloth� (?). A cloth with which a child is covered when carried to be baptized. Shak. Bear�ing rein� (?). A short rein looped over the check hook or the hames to keep the horse's head up; � called in the United States a checkrein. Bear�ish, a. Partaking of the qualities of a bear; resembling a bear in temper or manners. Harris. Bear�ish�ness, n. Behavior like that of a bear. Bearn (?), n. See Bairn. [Obs.] Bear's��breech� (?), n. (Bot.) (a) See Acanthus, n., 1. (b) The English cow parsnip (Heracleum sphondylium) Dr. Prior. <-- p. 129 --> Bear's�ear� (?), n. (Bot.) A kind of primrose (Primula auricula), so called from the shape of the leaf. Bear's��root� (?), n. (Bot.) A species of hellebore (Helleborus f?tidus), with digitate leaves. It has an offensive smell and acrid taste, and is a powerful emetic, cathartic, and anthelmintic. Bear�skin� (?), n. 1. The skin of a bear. 2. A coarse, shaggy, woolen cloth for overcoats. 3. A cap made of bearskin, esp. one worn by soldiers. Bear's��paw� (?), n. (Zo�l.) A large bivalve shell of the East Indies (Hippopus maculatus), often used as an ornament. Bear�ward� (?), n. [Bear + ward a keeper.] A keeper of bears. See Bearherd. [R.] Shak. Beast (?), n. [OE. best, beste, OF. beste, F. b�te, fr. L. bestia.] 1. Any living creature; an animal; � including man, insects, etc. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Any four�footed animal, that may be used for labor, food, or sport; as, a beast of burden. A righteous man regardeth the life of his beast. Prov. xii. 10. 3. As opposed to man: Any irrational animal. 4. Fig.: A coarse, brutal, filthy, or degraded fellow. 5. A game at cards similar to loo. [Obs.] Wright. 6. A penalty at beast, omber, etc. Hence: To be beasted, to be beaten at beast, omber, etc. Beast royal, the lion. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. � Beast, Brute. When we use these words in a figurative sense, as applicable to human beings, we think of beasts as mere animals governed by animal appetite; and of brutes as being destitute of reason or moral feeling, and governed by unrest?ained passion. Hence we speak of beastly appetites; beastly indulgences, etc.; and of brutal manners; brutal inhumanity; brutal ferocity. So, also, we say of a drunkard, that he first made himself a beast, and then treated his family like a brute. Beast�hood (?), n. State or nature of a beast. Beast�ings (?), n. pl. See Biestings. Beast�li�head (?), n. [Beastly + �head state.] Beastliness. [Obs.] Spenser. Beast�like� (?), a. Like a beast. Beast�li�ness, n. The state or quality of being beastly. Beast�ly (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or having the form, nature, or habits of, a beast. Beastly divinities and droves of gods. Prior. 2. Characterizing the nature of a beast; contrary to the nature and dignity of man; brutal; filthy. The beastly vice of drinking to excess. Swift. 3. Abominable; as, beastly weather. [Colloq. Eng.] Syn. � Bestial; brutish; irrational; sensual; degrading. Beat (?), v. t. [imp. Beat; p.p. Beat, Beaten (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Beating.] [OE. beaten, beten, AS. be�tan; akin to Icel. bauta, OHG. b?zan. Cf. 1st Butt, Button.] 1. To strike repeatedly; to lay repeated blows upon; as, to beat one's breast; to beat iron so as to shape it; to beat grain, in order to force out the ?eeds; to beat eggs and sugar; to beat a drum. Thou shalt beat some of it [spices] very small. Ex. xxx. 36. They did beat the gold into thin plates. Ex. xxxix. 3. 2. To punish by blows; to thrash. 3. To scour or range over in hunting, accompanied with the noise made by striking bushes, etc., for the purpose of rousing game. To beat the woods, and rouse the bounding prey. Prior. 4. To dash against, or strike, as with water or wind. A frozen continent ... beat with perpetual storms. Milton. 5. To tread, as a path. Pass awful gulfs, and beat my painful way. Blackmore. 6. To overcome in a battle, contest, strife, race, game, etc.; to vanquish or conquer; to surpass. He beat them in a bloody battle. Prescott. For loveliness, it would be hard to beat that. M. Arnold. 7. To cheat; to chouse; to swindle; to defraud; � often with out. [Colloq.] 8. To exercise severely; to perplex; to trouble. Why should any one ... beat his head about the Latin grammar who does not intend to be a critic? Locke. 9. (Mil.) To give the signal for, by beat of drum; to sound by beat of drum; as, to beat an alarm, a charge, a parley, a retreat; to beat the general, the reveille, the tattoo. See Alarm, Charge, Parley, etc. To beat down, to haggle with (any one) to secure a lower price; to force down. [Colloq.] � To beat into, to teach or instill, by repetition. � To beat off, to repel or drive back. � To beat out, to extend by hammering. � To beat out of a thing, to cause to relinquish it, or give it up. �Nor can anything beat their posterity out of it to this day.� South. � To beat the dust. (Man.) (a) To take in too little ground with the fore legs, as a horse. (b) To perform curvets too precipitately or too low. � To beat the hoof, to walk; to go on foot. � To beat the wing, to flutter; to move with fluttering agitation. � To beat time, to measure or regulate time in music by the motion of the hand or foot. � To beat up, to attack suddenly; to alarm or disturb; as, to beat up an enemy's quarters. Syn. � To strike; pound; bang; buffet; maul; drub; th?ap; baste; thwack; thrash; pommel; cudgel; belabor; conquer; defeat; vanquish; overcome. Beat, v. i. 1. To strike repeatedly; to inflict repeated bla?s; to knock vigorously or loudly. The men of the city ... beat at the door. Judges. xix. 22. 2. To move with pulsation or throbbing. A thousand hearts beat happily. Byron. 3. To come or act with violence; to dash or fall with force; to strike anything, as, rain, wind, and waves do. Sees rolling tempests vainly beat below. Dryden. They [winds] beat at the crazy casement. Longfellow. The sun beat upon the head of Jonah, that he fainted, and wisbed in himself to die. Jonah iv. 8. Public envy seemeth to beat chiefly upon ministers. Bacon. 4. To be in agitation or doubt. [Poetic] To still my beating mind. Shak. 5. (Naut.) To make progress against the wind, by sailing in a zigzag line or traverse. 6. To make a sound when struck; as, the drums beat. 7. (Mil.) To make a succession of strokes on a drum; as, the drummers beat to call soldiers to their quarters. 8. (Acoustics & Mus.) To sound with more or less rapid alternations of greater and less intensity, so as to produce a pulsating effect; � said of instruments, tones, or vibrations, not perfectly in unison. A beating wind (Naut.), a wind which necessitates tacking in order to make progress. � To beat about, to try to find; to search by various means or ways. Addison. � To beat about the bush, to approach a subject circuitously. � To beat up and down (Hunting), to run first one way and then another; � said of a stag. � To beat up for recruits, to go diligently about in order to get helpers or participators in an enterprise. Beat (?), n. 1. A stroke; a blow. He, with a careless beat, Struck out the mute creation at a heat. Dryden. 2. A recurring stroke; a throb; a pulsation; as, a beat of the heart; the beat of the pulse. 3. (Mus.) (a) The rise or fall of the hand or foot, marking the divisions of time; a division of the measure so marked. In the rhythm of music the beat is the unit. (b) A transient grace note, struck immediately before the one it is intended to ornament. 4. (Acoustics & Mus.) A sudden swelling or re�nforcement of a sound, recurring at regular intervals, and produced by the interference of sound waves of slightly different periods of vibrations; applied also, by analogy, to other kinds of wave motions; the pulsation or throbbing produced by the vibrating together of two tones not quite in unison. See Beat, v. i., 8. 5. A round or course which is frequently gone over; as, a watchman's beat. 6. A place of habitual or frequent resort. 7. A cheat or swindler of the lowest grade; � often emphasized by dead; as, a dead beat. [Low] Beat of drum (Mil.), a succession of strokes varied, in different ways, for particular purposes, as to regulate a march, to call soldiers to their arms or quarters, to direct an attack, or retreat, etc. � Beat of a watch, or clock, the stroke or sound made by the action of the escapement. A clock is in beat or out of beat, according as the strokes is at equal or unequal intervals. Beat, a. Weary; tired; fatigued; exhausted. [Colloq.] Quite beat, and very much vexed and disappointed. Dickens. Beat�en (?), a. 1. Made smooth by beating or treading; worn by use. �A broad and beaten way.� Milton. �Beaten gold.� Shak. 2. Vanquished; conquered; baffled. 3. Exhausted; tired out. 4. Become common or trite; as, a beaten phrase. [Obs.] 5. Tried; practiced. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. Beat�er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, beats. 2. A person who beats up game for the hunters. Black. Beath (?), v. t. [AS. be?ian to foment.] To bathe; also, to dry or heat, as unseasoned wood. [Obs.] Spenser. Be�a�tif�ic (?), Be�a�tif�ic�al (?), } a. [Cf. F. b�atifique, L. beatificus. See Beatify.] Having the power to impart or complete blissful enjoyment; blissful. �The beatific vision.� South. � Be�a�tif�ic�al�ly, adv. Be�a�tif�i�cate (?), v. t. To beatify. [Obs.] Fuller. Be�at�i�fi�ca�tion (?), n. [Cf. F. b�atification.] The act of beatifying, or the state of being beatified; esp., in the R. C. Church, the act or process of ascertaining and declaring that a deceased person is one of �the blessed,� or has attained the second degree of sanctity, � usually a stage in the process of canonization. �The beatification of his spirit.� Jer. Taylor. Be�at�i�fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Beatified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Beatifying.] [L. beatificare; beatus happy (fr. beare to bless, akin to bonus good) + facere to make: cf. F. b�atifier. See Bounty.] 1. To pronounce or regard as happy, or supremely blessed, or as conferring happiness. The common conceits and phrases that beatify wealth. Barrow. 2. To make happy; to bless with the completion of celestial enjoyment. �Beatified spirits.� Dryden. 3. ( R. C. Ch.) To ascertain and declare, by a public process and decree, that a deceased person is one of �the blessed� and is to be reverenced as such, though not canonized. Beat�ing (?), n. 1. The act of striking or giving blows; punishment or chastisement by blows. 2. Pulsation; throbbing; as, the beating of the heart. 3. (Acoustics & Mus.) Pulsative sounds. See Beat, n. 4. (Naut.) The process of sailing against the wind by tacks in zigzag direction. Be�at�i�tude (?), n. [L. beatitudo: cf. F. b�atitude. See Beatify.] 1. Felicity of the highest kind; consummate bliss. 2. Any one of the nine declarations (called the Beatitudes), made in the Sermon on the Mount (Matt. v. 3�12), with regard to the blessedness of those who are distinguished by certain specified virtues. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Beatification. Milman. Syn. � Blessedness; felicity; happiness. Beau (?), n.; pl. F. Beaux (E. pron. b?z), E. Beaus (?). [F., a fop, fr. beau fine, beautiful, fr. L. bellus pretty, fine, for bonulus, dim. of bonus good. See Bounty, and cf. Belle, Beauty.] 1. A man who takes great care to dress in the latest fashion; a dandy. 2. A man who escorts, or pays attentions to, a lady; an escort; a lover. Beau�catch�er (?), n. A small flat curl worn on the temple by women. [Humorous] Beau�fet (?), n. [See Buffet.] A niche, cupboard, or sideboard for plate, china, glass, etc.; a buffet. A beaufet ... filled with gold and silver vessels. Prescott. Beau�fin (?), n. See Biffin. Wright. Beau� i�de�al (?). [F. beau beautiful + id�al ideal.] A conception or image of consummate beauty, moral or physical, formed in the mind, free from all the deformities, defects, and blemishes seen in actual existence; an ideal or faultless standard or model. Beau�ish (?), n. Like a beau; characteristic of a beau; foppish; fine. �A beauish young spark.� Byrom. �Beau� monde� (?). [F. beau fine + monde world.] The fashionable world; people of fashion and gayety. Prior. Beau�pere� (?), n. [F. beau p�re; beau fair + p�re father.] 1. A father. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. A companion. [Obs.] Spenser. �Beau�se�ant� (?), n. [F. beauc�ant.] The black and white standard of the Knights Templars. Beau�ship (?), n. The state of being a beau; the personality of a beau. [Jocular] Dryden. Beau�te�ous (?), a. Full of beauty; beautiful; very handsome. [Mostly poetic] � Beau�te�ous�ly, adv. � Beau�te�ous�ness, n. Beau�tied (?), p. a. Beautiful; embellished. [Poetic] Shak. Beau�ti�fi�er (?), n. One who, or that which, beautifies or makes beautiful. Beau�ti�ful (?), a. Having the qualities which constitute beauty; pleasing to the sight or the mind. A circle is more beautiful than a square; a square is more beautiful than a parallelogram. Lord Kames. Syn. � Handsome; elegant; lovely; fair; charming; graceful; pretty; delightful. See Fine. � Beau�ti�ful�ly, adv. � Beau�ti�ful�ness, n. Beau�ti�fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Beautified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Beautifying.] [Beauty + �fy.] To make or render beautiful; to add beauty to; to adorn; to deck; to grace; to embellish. The arts that beautify and polish life. Burke. Syn. � To adorn; grace; ornament; deck; decorate. Beau�ti�fy, v. i. To become beautiful; to advance in beauty. Addison. Beau�ti�less, a. Destitute of beauty. Hammond. Beau�ty (?), n.; pl. Beauties (?). [OE. beaute, beute, OF. beaut�, biaut�, Pr. beltat, F. beaut�, fr. an assumed LL. bellitas, from L. bellus pretty. See Beau.] 1. An assemblage or graces or properties pleasing to the eye, the ear, the intellect, the �sthetic faculty, or the moral sense. Beauty consists of a certain composition of color and figure, causing delight in the beholder. Locke. The production of beauty by a multiplicity of symmetrical parts uniting in a consistent whole. Wordsworth. The old definition of beauty, in the Roman school, was, �multitude in unity;� and there is no doubt that such is the principle of beauty. Coleridge. 2. A particular grace, feature, ornament, or excellence; anything beautiful; as, the beauties of nature. 3. A beautiful person, esp. a beautiful woman. All the admired beauties of Verona. Shak. 4. Prevailing style or taste; rage; fashion. [Obs.] She stained her hair yellow, which was then the beauty. Jer. Taylor. Beauty spot, a patch or spot placed on the face with intent to heighten beauty by contrast. Beaux (?), n., pl. of Beau. Beaux�ite (?), n. (Min.) See Bauxite. Bea�ver (?), n. [OE. bever, AS. beofer, befer; akin to D. bever, OHG. bibar, G. biber, Sw. b�fver, Dan. b�ver, Lith. bebru, Russ. bobr', Gael. beabhar, Corn. befer, L. fiber, and Skr. babhrus large ichneumon; also as an adj., brown, the animal being probably named from its color. ?253. See Brown.] 1. (Zo�l.) An amphibious rodent, of the genus Castor. � It has palmated hind feet, and a broad, flat tail. It is remarkable for its ingenuity in constructing its valued for its fur, and for the material called castor, obtained from two small bags in the groin of the animal. The European species is Castor fiber, and the American is generally considered a variety of this, although sometimes called Castor Canadensis. 2. The fur of the beaver. 3. A hat, formerly made of the fur of the beaver, but now usually of silk. A brown beaver slouched over his eyes. Prescott. 4. Beaver cloth, a heavy felted woolen cloth, used chiefly for making overcoats. Beaver rat (Zo�l.), an aquatic ratlike quadruped of Tasmania (Hydromys chrysogaster). � Beaver skin, the furry skin of the beaver. � Bank beaver. See under 1st Bank. Bea�ver, n. [OE. baviere, bauier, beavoir, bever; fr. F. bavi�re, fr. bave slaver, drivel, foam, OF., prattle, drivel, perh. orig. an imitative word. Bavi�re, according to Cotgrave, is the bib put before a (slavering) child.] That piece of armor which protected the lower part of the face, whether forming a part of the helmet or fixed to the breastplate. It was so constructed (with joints or otherwise) that the wearer could raise or lower it to eat and drink. Bea�vered (?), a. Covered with, or wearing, a beaver or hat. �His beavered brow.� Pope. Bea�ver�teen (?), n. A kind of fustian made of coarse twilled cotton, shorn after dyeing. Simmonds. <-- p. 130 --> Be�bee�rine, or Be�bi�rine (?), n. (Chem.) An alkaloid got from the bark of the bebeeru, or green heart of Guiana (Nectandra Rodi?i). It is a tonic, antiperiodic, and febrifuge, and is used in medicine as a substitute for quinine. [Written also bibirine.] Be�bleed� (?), v. t. To make bloody; to stain with blood. [Obs.] Chaucer. Be�blood� (?), Be�blood�y (?), v. t. To make bloody; to stain with blood. [Obs.] Sheldon. Be�blot� (?), v. t. To blot; to stain. Chaucer. Be�blub�ber (?), v. t. To make swollen and disfigured or sullied by weeping; as, her eyes or cheeks were beblubbered. Be�calm� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Becalmed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Becalming.] 1. To render calm or quiet; to calm; to still; to appease. Soft whispering airs ... becalm the mind. Philips. 2. To keep from motion, or stop the progress of, by the stilling of the wind; as, the fleet was becalmed. Be�came� (?), imp. of Become. �Bec�ard (?), n. (Zo�l.) A South American bird of the flycatcher family. (Tityra inquisetor). Be�cause� (?), conj. [OE. bycause; by + cause.] 1. By or for the cause that; on this account that; for the reason that. Milton. 2. In order that; that. [Obs.] And the multitude rebuked them because they should hold their peace. Matt. xx. 31. Because of, by reason of, on account of. [Prep. phrase.] Because of these things cometh the wrath of God upon the children of disobedience. Eph. v. 6. Syn. � Because, For, Since, As, Inasmuch As. These particles are used, in certain connections, to assign the reason of a thing, or that �on account of� which it is or takes place. Because (by cause) is the strongest and most emphatic; as, I hid myself because I was afraid. For is not quite so strong; as, in Shakespeare, �I hate him, for he is a Christian.� Since is less formal and more incidental than because; as, I will do it since you request me. It more commonly begins a sentence; as, Since your decision is made, I will say no more. As is still more incidental than since, and points to some existing fact by way of assigning a reason. Thus we say, as I knew him to be out of town, I did not call. Inasmuch as seems to carry with it a kind of qualification which does not belong to the rest. Thus, if we say, I am ready to accept your proposal, inasmuch as I believe it is the best you can offer, we mean, it is only with this understanding that we can accept it. �Bec�ca�bun�ga (?), n. [NL. (cf. It. beccabunga, G. bachbunge), fr. G. bach brook + bunge, OHG. bungo, bulb. See Beck a brook.] See Brooklime. �Bec�ca�fi�co (?), n.; pl. Beccaficos (?). [It., fr. beccare to peck + fico fig.] (Zo�l.) A small bird. (Silvia hortensis), which is highly prized by the Italians for the delicacy of its flesh in the autumn, when it has fed on figs, grapes, etc. �Bach�a�mel (?), n. [F. b�chamel, named from its inventor, Louis de B�chamel.] (Cookery) A rich, white sauce, prepared with butter and cream. Be�chance� (?), adv. [Pref. be� for by + chance.] By chance; by accident. [Obs.] Grafton. Be�chance�, v. t. & i. To befall; to chance; to happen to. God knows what hath bechanced them. Shak. Be�charm� (?), v. t. To charm; to captivate. �B�che� de mer� (?). [F., lit., a sea spade.] (Zo�l.) The trepang. Be�chic (?), a. [L. bechicus, adj., for a cough, Gr. ?, fr. ? cough: cf. F. b�chique.] (Med.) Pertaining to, or relieving, a cough. Thomas. � n. A medicine for relieving coughs. Quincy. Beck (?), n. See Beak. [Obs.] Spenser. Beck, n. [OE. bek, AS. becc; akin to Icel. bekkr brook, OHG. pah, G. bach.] A small brook. The brooks, the becks, the rills. Drayton. Beck, n. A vat. See Back. Beck, v. i. [imp. & p.p. Becked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Becking.] [Contr. of beckon.] To nod, or make a sign with the head or hand. [Archaic] Drayton. Beck, v. t. To notify or call by a nod, or a motion of the head or hand; to intimate a command to. [Archaic] When gold and silver becks me to come on. Shak. Beck, n. A significant nod, or motion of the head or hand, esp. as a call or command. They have troops of soldiers at their beck. Shak. Beck�er (?), n. (Zo�l.) A European fish (Pagellus centrodontus); the sea bream or braise. Beck�et (?), n. [Cf. D. bek beak, and E. beak.] 1. (Naut.) A small grommet, or a ring or loop of rope ? metal for holding things in position, as spars, ropes, etc.; also a bracket, a pocket, or a handle made of rope. 2. A spade for digging turf. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. Beck�on, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Beckoned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Beckoning.] To make a significant sign to; hence, to summon, as by a motion of the hand. His distant friends, he beckons near. Dryden. It beckons you to go away with it. Shak. Beck�on, n. A sign made without words; a beck. �At the first beckon.� Bolingbroke. Be�clap (?), v. t. [OE. biclappen.] To catch; to grasp; to insnare. [Obs.] Chaucer. Be�clip� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Beclipped (?).] [AS. beclyppan; pref. be + clyppan to embrace.] To embrace; to surround. [Obs.] Wyclif. Be�cloud� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Beclouded; p. pr. & vb. n. Beclouding.] To cause obscurity or dimness to; to dim; to cloud. If thou becloud the sunshine of thine eye. Quarles. Be�come� (?), v. i. [imp. Became (?); p.p. Become; p. pr. & vb. n. Becoming.] [OE. bicumen, becumen, AS. becuman to come to, to happen; akin to D. bekomen, OHG.a piqu�man, Goth. biquiman to come upon, G. bekommen to get, suit. See Be�, and Come.] 1. To pass from one state to another; to enter into some state or condition, by a change from another state, or by assuming or receiving new properties or qualities, additional matter, or a new character. The Lord God ... breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul. Gen. ii. 7. That error now which is become my crime. Milton. 2. To come; to get. [Obs.] But, madam, where is Warwick then become! Shak. To become of, to be the present state or place of; to be the fate of; to be the end of; to be the final or subsequent condition of. What is then become of so huge a multitude? Sir W. Raleigh. Be�come�, v. t. To suit or be suitable to; to be con???ous with; to befit; to accord with, in character or circumstances; to be worthy of, or proper for; to cause to appear well; � said of persons and things. It becomes me so to speak of so excellent a poet. Dryden. I have known persons so anxious to have their dress become them, as to convert it, at length, into their proper self, and thus actually to become the dress. Coleridge. Be�com�ed (?), a. Proper; decorous. [Obs.] And gave him what becomed love I might. Shak. Be�com�ing, a. Appropriate or fit; congruous; suitable; graceful; befitting. A low and becoming tone. Thackeray. Formerly sometimes followed by of. Such discourses as are becoming of them. Dryden. Syn. � Seemly; comely; decorous; decent; proper. Be�com�ing, n. That which is becoming or appropriate. [Obs.] Be�com�ing�ly, adv. In a becoming manner. Be�com�ing�ness, n. The quality of being becoming, appropriate, or fit; congruity; fitness. The becomingness of human nature. Grew. Be�crip�ple (?), v. t. To make a cripple of; to cripple; to lame. [R.] Dr. H. More. �Be�cu�na (?), n. [Sp.] (Zo�l.) A fish of the Mediterranean (Sphyr�na spet.) See Barracuda. Be�curl� (?), v. t. To curl; to adorn with curls. Bed (?), n. [AS. bed, bedd; akin to OS. bed, D. bed, bedde, Icel. be?r, Dan. bed, Sw. b�dd, Goth. badi, OHG. betti, G. bett, bette, bed, beet a plat of ground; all of uncertain origin.] 1. An article of furniture to sleep or take rest in or on; a couch. Specifically: A sack or mattress, filled with some soft material, in distinction from the bedstead on which it is placed (as, a feather bed), or this with the bedclothes added. In a general sense, any thing or place used for sleeping or reclining on or in, as a quantity of hay, straw, leaves, or twigs. And made for him [a horse] a leafy bed. Byron. I wash, wring, brew, bake, ... make the beds. Shak. In bed he slept not for my urging it. Shak. 2. (Used as the symbol of matrimony) Marriage. George, the eldest son of his second bed. Clarendon. 3. A plat or level piece of ground in a garden, usually a little raised above the adjoining ground. �Beds of hyacinth and roses.� Milton. 4. A mass or heap of anything arranged like a bed; as, a bed of ashes or coals. 5. The bottom of a watercourse, or of any body of water; as, the bed of a river. So sinks the daystar in the ocean bed. Milton. 6. (Geol.) A layer or seam, or a horizontal stratum between layers; as, a bed of coal, iron, etc. 7. (Gun.) See Gun carriage, and Mortar bed. 8. (Masonry) (a) The horizontal surface of a building stone; as, the upper and lower beds. (b) A course of stone or brick in a wall. (c) The place or material in which a block or brick is laid. (d) The lower surface of a brick, slate, or tile. Knight. 9. (Mech.) The foundation or the more solid and fixed part or framing of a machine; or a part on which something is laid or supported; as, the bed of an engine. 10. The superficial earthwork, or ballast, of a railroad. 11. (Printing) The flat part of the press, on which the form is laid. � Bed is much used adjectively or in combination; as, bed key or bedkey; bed wrench or bedwrench; bedchamber; bedmaker, etc. Bed of justice (French Hist.), the throne (F. lit bed) occupied by the king when sitting in one of his parliaments (judicial courts); hence, a session of a refractory parliament, at which the king was present for the purpose of causing his decrees to be registered. � To be brought to bed, to be delivered of a child; � often followed by of; as, to be brought to bed of a son. � To make a bed, to prepare a bed; to arrange or put in order a bed and its bedding. � From bed and board (Law), a phrase applied to a separation by partial divorce of man and wife, without dissolving the bonds of matrimony. If such a divorce (now commonly called a judicial separation) be granted at the instance of the wife, she may have alimony. Bed, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Bedded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedding.] 1. To place in a bed. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. To make partaker of one's bed; to cohabit with. I'll to the Tuscan wars, and never bed her. Shak. 3. To furnish with a bed or bedding. 4. To plant or arrange in beds; to set, or cover, as in a bed of soft earth; as, to bed the roots of a plant in mold. 5. To lay or put in any hollow place, or place of rest and security, surrounded or inclosed; to embed; to furnish with or place upon a bed or foundation; as, to bed a stone; it was bedded on a rock. Among all chains or clusters of mountains where large bodies of still water are bedded. Wordsworth. 6. (Masonry) To dress or prepare the surface of stone) so as to serve as a bed. 7. To lay flat; to lay in order; to place in a horizontal or recumbent position. �Bedded hair.� Shak. Bed (?), v. i. To go to bed; to cohabit. If he be married, and bed with his wife. Wiseman. Be�dab�ble (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Bedabbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bedabbling (?). To dabble; to sprinkle or wet. Shak. Be�daff� (?), v. t. To make a daff or fool of. [Obs.] Chaucer. �Bed�a�gat (?), n. The sacred books of the Buddhists in Burmah. Malcom. Be�dag�gle (?), v. t. To daggle. Be�dash� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Bedashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bedashing.] To wet by dashing or throwing water or other liquid upon; to bespatter. �Trees bedashed with rain.� Shak. Be�daub� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Bedaubed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bedaubing.] To daub over; to besmear or soil with anything thick and dirty. Bedaub foul designs with a fair varnish. Barrow. Be�daz�zle (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Bedazzled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bedazzling (?).] To dazzle or make dim by a strong light. �Bedazzled with the sun.� Shak. Bed�bug� (?), n. (Zo�l.) A wingless, bloodsucking, hemipterous insect (Cimex Lectularius), sometimes infesting houses and especially beds. See Illustration in Appendix. Bed�chair� (?), n. A chair with adjustable back, for the sick, to support them while sitting up in bed. Bed�cham�ber (?), n. A chamber for a bed; an apartment form sleeping in. Shak. Lords of the bedchamber, eight officers of the royal household, all of noble families, who wait in turn a week each. [Eng.] � Ladies of the bedchamber, eight ladies, all titled, holding a similar official position in the royal household, during the reign of a queen. [Eng.] Bed�clothes� (?), n. pl. Blankets, sheets, coverlets, etc., for a bed. Shak. Bed�cord� (?), n. A cord or rope interwoven in a bedstead so as to support the bed. Bed�ded (?), a. Provided with a bed; as, doublebedded room; placed or arranged in a bed or beds. Bed�ding (?), n. [AS. bedding, beding. See Bed.] 1. A bed and its furniture; the materials of a bed, whether for man or beast; bedclothes; litter. 2. (Geol.) The state or position of beds and layers. Bede (?), v. t. [See Bid, v. t.] To pray; also, to offer; to proffer. [Obs.] R. of Gloucester. Chaucer. Bede, n. (Mining) A kind of pickax. Be�deck� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Bedecked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bedecking.] To deck, ornament, or adorn; to grace. Bedecked with boughs, flowers, and garlands. Pennant. �Bed�e�guar, Bed�e�gar (?), n. [F., fr. Per. b�dоward, or b�dоwardag, prop., a kind of white thorn or thistle.] A gall produced on rosebushes, esp. on the sweetbrier or eglantine, by a puncture from the ovipositor of a gallfly (Rhodites ros�). It was once supposed to have medicinal properties. Bede�house� (?), n. Same as Beadhouse. Be�del, Be�dell (?), n. Same as Beadle. Be�del�ry (?), n. Beadleship. [Obs.] Blount. �Bed�en (?), n. (Zo�l.) The Abyssinian or Arabian ibex (Capra Nubiana). It is probably the wild goat of the Bible. Bedes�man (?), n. Same as Beadsman. [Obs.] Be�dev�il (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Bedevilled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bedeviling or Bedevilling.] 1. To throw into utter disorder and confusion, as if by the agency of evil spirits; to bring under diabolical influence; to torment. Bedeviled and used worse than St. Bartholomew. Sterne. 2. To spoil; to corrupt. Wright. Be�dev�il�ment (?), n. The state of being bedeviled; bewildering confusion; vexatious trouble. [Colloq.] Be�dew� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Bedewed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bedewing.] To moisten with dew, or as with dew. �Falling tears his face bedew.� Dryden. Be�dew�er (?), n. One who, or that which, bedews. Be�dew�y (?), a. Moist with dew; dewy. [Obs.] Night with her bedewy wings. A. Brewer. Bed�fel�low (?), n. One who lies with another in the same bed; a person who shares one's couch. Bed�fere� Bed�phere� } (?), n. [Bed + AS. fera a companion.] A bedfellow. [Obs.] Chapman. Bed�gown� (?), n. A nightgown. Be�dight� (?), v. t. [ p. p. Bedight, Bedighted.] TO bedeck; to array or equip; to adorn. [Archaic] Milton. Be�dim� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Bedimmed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bedimming.] To make dim; to obscure or darken. Shak. Be�diz�en (?), v. t. To dress or adorn tawdrily or with false taste. Remnants of tapestried hangings, ... and shreds of pictures with which he had bedizened his tatters. Sir W. Scott. Be�diz�en�ment (?), n. That which bedizens; the act of dressing, or the state of being dressed, tawdrily. Bed�key� (?), n. An instrument for tightening the parts of a bedstead. Bed�lam (?), n. [See Bethlehem.] 1. A place appropriated to the confinement and care of the insane; a madhouse. Abp. Tillotson. 2. An insane person; a lunatic; a madman. [Obs.] Let's get the bedlam to lead him. Shak. 3. Any place where uproar and confusion prevail. Bed�lam, a. Belonging to, or fit for, a madhouse. �The bedlam, brainsick duchess.� Shak. Bed�lam�ite (?), n. An inhabitant of a madhouse; a madman. �Raving bedlamites.� Beattie. Bed�mak�er (?), n. One who makes beds. <-- p. 131 --> Bed��mold�ing Bed��mould�ing } (?), n. (Arch.) The molding of a cornice immediately below the corona. Oxf. Gloss. Be�dote� (?), v. t. To cause to dote; to deceive. [Obs.] Chaucer. Bed�ou�in (?), n. [F. b�douin, OF. b�duin, fr. Ar. bedaw� rural, living in the desert, fr. badw desert, fr. bad� to live in the desert, to lead a nomadic life.] One of the nomadic Arabs who live in tents, and are scattered over Arabia, Syria, and northern Africa, esp. in the deserts. � Bed�ou�in�ism (?), n. Bed�ou�in, a. Pertaining to the Bedouins; nomad. Bed�pan� (?), n. 1. A pan for warming beds. Nares. 2. A shallow chamber vessel, so constructed that it can be used by a sick person in bed. Bed�phere� (?), n. See Bedfere. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Bed�piece� (?), Bed�plate� (?), } n. (Mach.) The foundation framing or piece, by which the other parts are supported and held in place; the bed; � called also baseplate and soleplate. Bed�post� (?), n. 1. One of the four standards that support a bedstead or the canopy over a bedstead. 2. Anciently, a post or pin on each side of the bed to keep the clothes from falling off. See Bedstaff. Brewer. Bed�quilt� (?), n. A quilt for a bed; a coverlet. Be�drab�ble (?), v. t. To befoul with rain and mud; to drabble. Be�drag�gle (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Bedraggled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bedraggling (?). To draggle; to soil, as garments which, in walking, are suffered to drag in dust, mud, etc. Swift. Be�drench� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Bedrenched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bedrenching.] To drench; to saturate with moisture; to soak. Shak. Be�drib�ble (?), v. t. To dribble upon. Bed�rid� (?), Bed�rid�den (?), } a. [OE. bedrede, AS. bedreda, bedrida; from bed, bedd, a bed or couch + ridda a rider; cf. OHG. pettiriso, G. bettrise. See Bed, n., and Ride, v. i. ] Confined to the bed by sickness or infirmity. �Her decrepit, sick, and bedrid father.� Shak. �The estate of a bedridden old gentleman.� Macaulay. Bed�right� Bed�rite� } (?), n. [Bed + right, rite.] The duty or privilege of the marriage bed. Shak. Be�driz�zle (?), v. t. To drizzle upon. Bed� rock� (?). (Mining) The solid rock underlying superficial formations. Also Fig. Bed�room (?), n. 1. A room or apartment intended or used for a bed; a lodging room. 2. Room in a bed. [In this sense preferably bed room.] Then by your side no bed room me deny. Shak. Be�drop� (?), v. t. To sprinkle, as with drops. The yellow carp, in scales bedropped with gold. Pope. Be�drug� (?), v. t. To drug abundantly or excessively. Bed� screw� (?). 1. (Naut.) A form of jack screw for lifting large bodies, and assisting in launching. 2. A long screw formerly used to fasten a bedpost to one of the adjacent side pieces. Bed�side� (?), n. The side of a bed. Bed�site� (?), n. A recess in a room for a bed. Of the three bedrooms, two have fireplaces, and all are of fair size, with windows and bedsite well placed. Quart. Rev. Bed�sore� (?), n. (Med.) A sore on the back or hips caused by lying for a long time in bed. Bed�spread� (?), n. A bedquilt; a counterpane; a coverlet. [U. S.] Bed�staff� (?), n.; pl. Bedstaves (?). �A wooden pin stuck anciently on the sides of the bedstead, to hold the clothes from slipping on either side.� Johnson. Hostess, accommodate us with a bedstaff. B. Jonson. Say there is no virtue in cudgels and bedstaves. Brome. Bed�stead (?), n. [Bed + stead a frame.] A framework for supporting a bed. Bed� steps� (?). Steps for mounting a bed of unusual height. Bed�stock (?), n. The front or the back part of the frame of a bedstead. [Obs. or Dial. Eng.] Bed�straw� (?), n. 1. Straw put into a bed. Bacon. 2. (Bot.) A genus of slender herbs, usually with square stems, whorled leaves, and small white flowers. Our Lady's bedstraw, which has yellow flowers, is Galium verum. � White bedstraw is G. mollugo. Bed�swerv�er (?), n. One who swerves from and is unfaithful to the marriage vow. [Poetic] Shak. Bed�tick� (?), n. A tick or bag made of cloth, used for inclosing the materials of a bed. Bed�time� (?), n. The time to go to bed. Shak. Be�duck� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Beducked (?).] To duck; to put the head under water; to immerse. �Deep himself beducked.� Spenser. Bed�uin (?), n. See Bedouin. Be�dung� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Bedunged (?).] To cover with dung, as for manuring; to bedaub or defile, literally or figuratively. Bp. Hall. Be�dust� (?), v. t. To sprinkle, soil, or cover with dust. Sherwood. Bed�ward (?), adv. Towards bed. Be�dwarf� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Bedwarfed (?).] To make a dwarf of; to stunt or hinder the growth of; to dwarf. Donne. Be�dye� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Bedyed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bedyeing.] To dye or stain. Briton fields with Sarazin blood bedyed. Spenser. Bee (?), p. p. of Be; � used for been. [Obs.] Spenser. Bee (?), n. [AS. be�; akin to D. bij and bije, Icel. b?, Sw. & Dan. bi, OHG. pini, G. biene, and perh. Ir. beach, Lith. bitis, Skr. bha. ?97.] 1. (Zo�l.) An insect of the order Hymenoptera, and family Apid� (the honeybees), or family Andrenid� (the solitary bees.) See Honeybee. � There are many genera and species. The common honeybee (Apis mellifica) lives in swarms, each of which has its own queen, its males or drones, and its very numerous workers, which are barren females. Besides the A. mellifica there are other species and varieties of honeybees, as the A. ligustica of Spain and Italy; the A. Indica of India; the A. fasciata of Egypt. The bumblebee is a species of Bombus. The tropical honeybees belong mostly to Melipoma and Trigona. 2. A neighborly gathering of people who engage in united labor for the benefit of an individual or family; as, a quilting bee; a husking bee; a raising bee. [U. S.] The cellar ... was dug by a bee in a single day. S. G. Goodrich. 3. pl. [Prob. fr. AS. be�h ring, fr. b?gan to bend. See 1st Bow.] (Naut.) Pieces of hard wood bolted to the sides of the bowsprit, to reeve the fore�topmast stays through; � called also bee blocks. Bee beetle (Zo�l.), a beetle (Trichodes apiarius) parasitic in beehives. � Bee bird (Zo�l.), a bird that eats the honeybee, as the European flycatcher, and the American kingbird. � Bee flower (Bot.), an orchidaceous plant of the genus Ophrys (O. apifera), whose flowers have some resemblance to bees, flies, and other insects. � Bee fly (Zo�l.), a two winged fly of the family Bombyliid�. Some species, in the larval state, are parasitic upon bees. � Bee garden, a garden or inclosure to set beehives in ; an apiary. Mortimer. � Bee glue, a soft, unctuous matter, with which bees cement the combs to the hives, and close up the cells; � called also propolis. � Bee hawk (Zo�l.), the honey buzzard. � Bee killer (Zo�l.), a large two�winged fly of the family Asilid� (esp. Trupanea apivora) which feeds upon the honeybee. See Robber fly. � Bee louse (Zo�l.), a minute, wingless, dipterous insect (Braula c�ca) parasitic on hive bees. � Bee martin (Zo�l.), the kingbird (Tyrannus Carolinensis) which occasionally feeds on bees. � Bee moth (Zo�l.), a moth (Galleria cereana) whose larv� feed on honeycomb, occasioning great damage in beehives. � Bee wolf (Zo�l.), the larva of the bee beetle. See Illust. of Bee beetle. � To have a bee in the head or in the bonnet. (a) To be choleric. [Obs.] (b) To be restless or uneasy. B. Jonson. (c) To be full of fancies; to be a little crazy. �She's whiles crack�brained, and has a bee in her head.� Sir W. Scott. Bee�bread� (?), n. A brown, bitter substance found in some of the cells of honeycomb. It is made chiefly from the pollen of flowers, which is collected by bees as food for their young. Beech (?), n.; pl. Beeches (?). [OE. beche, AS. b?ce; akin to D. beuk, OHG. buocha, G. buche, Icel. beyki, Dan. b�g, Sw. bok, Russ. buk, L. fagus, Gr. ? oak, ? to eat, Skr. bhaksh; the tree being named originally from the esculent fruit. See Book, and cf. 7th Buck, Buckwheat.] (Bot.) A tree of the genus Fagus. � It grows to a large size, having a smooth bark and thick foliage, and bears an edible triangular nut, of which swine are fond. The Fagus sylvatica is the European species, and the F. ferruginea that of America. Beech drops (Bot.), a parasitic plant which grows on the roots of beeches (Epiphegus Americana).� Beech marten (Zo�l.), the stone marten of Europe (Mustela foina). � Beech mast, the nuts of the beech, esp. as they lie under the trees, in autumn. � Beech oil, oil expressed from the mast or nuts of the beech tree. � Cooper beech, a variety of the European beech with copper�colored, shining leaves. Beech�en (?), a. [AS. b?cen.] Consisting, or made, of the wood or bark of the beech; belonging to the beech. �Plain beechen vessels.� Dryden. Beech�nut� (?), n. The nut of the beech tree. Beech� tree� (?). The beech. Beech�y (?), a. Of or relating to beeches. Bee��eat�er (?), n. (Zo�l.) (a) A bird of the genus Merops, that feeds on bees. The European species (M. apiaster) is remarkable for its brilliant colors. (b) An African bird of the genus Rhinopomastes. Beef (?), n. [OE. boef, befe, beef, OF. boef, buef, F. b?ef, fr. L. bos, bovis, ox; akin to Gr. ?, Skr. g? cow, and E. cow. See 2d Cow.] 1. An animal of the genus Bos, especially the common species, B. taurus, including the bull, cow, and ox, in their full grown state; esp., an ox or cow fattened for food. [In this, which is the original sense, the word has a plural, beeves (?).] A herd of beeves, fair oxen and fair kine. Milton. 2. The flesh of an ox, or cow, or of any adult bovine animal, when slaughtered for food. [In this sense, the word has no plural.] �Great meals of beef.� Shak. 3. Applied colloquially to human flesh. Beef (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, beef. Beef tea, essence of beef, or strong beef broth. Beef�eat�er (?), n. [Beef + eater; prob. one who eats another's beef, as his servant. Cf. AS. hl�f?ta servant, properly a loaf eater.] 1. One who eats beef; hence, a large, fleshy person. 2. One of the yeomen of the guard, in England. 3. (Zo�l.) An African bird of the genus Buphaga, which feeds on the larv� of botflies hatched under the skin of oxen, antelopes, etc. Two species are known. Beef�steak� (?), n. A steak of beef; a slice of beef broiled or suitable for broiling. Beef��wit�ted (?), n. Stupid; dull. Shak. Beef�wood� (?), n. An Australian tree (Casuarina), and its red wood, used for cabinetwork; also, the trees Stenocarpus salignus of New South Wales, and Banksia compar of Queensland. Beef�y, a. Having much beef; of the nature of beef; resembling beef; fleshy. Bee�hive� (?), n. A hive for a swarm of bees. Also used figuratively. � A common and typical form of beehive was a domeshaped inverted basket, whence certain ancient Irish and Scotch architectural remains are called beehive houses. Bee�house� (?), n. A house for bees; an apiary. Bee� lark�spur (?). (Bot.) See Larkspur. Beeld (?), n. Same as Beild. Fairfax. Bee� line� (?). The shortest line from one place to another, like that of a bee to its hive when loaded with honey; an air line. �A bee line for the brig.� Kane. Be�el�ze�bub (?), n. The title of a heathen deity to whom the Jews ascribed the sovereignty of the evil spirits; hence, the Devil or a devil. See Baal. Beem (?), n. [AS. b?me, b?me.] A trumpet. [Obs.] Bee�mas�ter (?), n. One who keeps bees. Been (?). [OE. beon, ben, bin, p. p. of been, beon, to be. See Be.] The past participle of Be. In old authors it is also the pr. tense plural of Be. See 1st Bee. Assembled been a senate grave and stout. Fairfax. Beer (?), n. [OE. beor, ber, AS. be�r; akin to Fries. biar, Icel. bj?rr, OHG. bior, D. & G. bier, and possibly E. brew. ?93, See Brew.] 1. A fermented liquor made from any malted grain, but commonly from barley malt, with hops or some other substance to impart a bitter flavor. � Beer has different names, as small beer, ale, porter, brown stout, lager beer, according to its strength, or other qualities. See Ale. 2. A fermented extract of the roots and other parts of various plants, as spruce, ginger, sassafras, etc. Small beer, weak beer; (fig.) insignificant matters. �To suckle fools, and chronicle small beer.� Shak. Beer�e�gar (?), n. [Beer + eager.] Sour beer. [Obs.] Beer�house� (?), n. A house where malt liquors are sold; an alehouse. Beer�i�ness (?), n. Beery condition. Beer�y (?), a. Of or resembling beer; affected by beer; maudlin. Beest�ings (?), n. Same as Biestings. Bees�wax� (?), n. The wax secreted by bees, and of which their cells are constructed. Bees�wing� (?), n. The second crust formed in port and some other wines after long keeping. It consists of pure, shining scales of tartar, supposed to resemble the wing of a bee. Beet (?), n. [AS. bete, from L. beta.] 1. (Bot.) A biennial plant of the genus Beta, which produces an edible root the first year and seed the second year. 2. The root of plants of the genus Beta, different species and varieties of which are used for the table, for feeding stock, or in making sugar. � There are many varieties of the common beet (Beta vulgaris). The Old �white beet�, cultivated for its edible leafstalks, is a distinct species (Beta Cicla). Beete, Bete (?), v. t. [AS. b?tan to mend. See Better.] 1. To mend; to repair. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To renew or enkindle (a fire). [Obs.] Chaucer. Bee�tle (?), n. [OE. betel, AS. b�tl, b?tl, mallet, hammer, fr. be�tan to beat. See Beat, v. t.] 1. A heavy mallet, used to drive wedges, beat pavements, etc. 2. A machine in which fabrics are subjected to a hammering process while passing over rollers, as in cotton mills; � called also beetling machine. Knight. <-- p. 132 --> Bee�tle (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Beetled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Beetling.] 1. To beat with a heavy mallet. 2. To finish by subjecting to a hammering process in a beetle or beetling machine; as, to beetle cotton goods. Bee�tle, n. [OE. bityl, bittle, AS. b?tel, fr. b?tan to bite. See Bite, v. t.] Any insect of the order Coleoptera, having four wings, the outer pair being stiff cases for covering the others when they are folded up. See Coleoptera. Beetle mite (Zo�l.), one of many species of mites, of the family Oribatid�, parasitic on beetles. � Black beetle, the common large black cockroach (Blatta orientalis). Bee�tle, v. i. [See Beetlebrowed.] To extend over and beyond the base or support; to overhang; to jut. To the dreadful summit of the cliff That beetles o'er his base into the sea. Shak. Each beetling rampart, and each tower sublime. Wordsworth. Bee�tle brow� (?). An overhanging brow. Bee�tle�browed� (?), a. [OE. bitelbrowed; cf. OE. bitel, adj., sharp, projecting, n., a beetle. See Beetle an insect.] Having prominent, overhanging brows; hence, lowering or sullen. � The earlier meaning was, �Having bushy or overhanging eyebrows.� Bee�tle�head� (?), n. [Beetle a mallet + head.] 1. A stupid fellow; a blockhead. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Zo�l.) The black�bellied plover, or bullhead (Squatarola helvetica). See Plover. Bee�tle�head�ed (?), a. Dull; stupid. Shak. Bee�tle�stock� (?), n. The handle of a beetle. Beet� rad�ish (?). Same as Beetrave. Beet�rave� (?), n. [F. betterave; bette beet + rave radish.] The common beet (Beta vulgaris). Beeve (?), n. [Formed from beeves, pl. of beef.] A beef; a beef creature. They would knock down the first beeve they met with. W. Irving. Beeves (?), n.; plural of Beef, the animal. Be�fall� (?), v. t. [imp. Befell (?); p. p. Befallen (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Befalling.] [ AS. befeallan; pref. be� + feallan to fall.] To happen to. I beseech your grace that I may know The worst that may befall me. Shak. Be�fall�, v. i. To come to pass; to happen. I have revealed ... the discord which befell. Milton. Be�fit� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Befitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Befitting.] To be suitable to; to suit; to become. That name best befits thee. Milton. Be�fit�ting, a. Suitable; proper; becoming; fitting. Be�fit�ting�ly, adv. In a befitting manner; suitably. Be�flat�ter (?), v. t. To flatter excessively. Be�flow�er (?), v. t. To besprinkle or scatter over with, or as with, flowers. Hobbes. Be�fog� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Befogged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Befogging (?).] 1. To involve in a fog; � mostly as a participle or part. adj. 2. Hence: To confuse; to mystify. Be�fool� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Befooled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Befooling.] [OE. befolen; pref. be� + fol fool.] 1. To fool; to delude or lead into error; to infatuate; to deceive. This story ... contrived to befool credulous men. Fuller. 2. To cause to behave like a fool; to make foolish. �Some befooling drug.� G. Eliot. Be�fore� (?), prep. [OE. beforen, biforen, before, AS. beforan; pref. be� + foran, fore, before. See Be�, and Fore.] 1. In front of; preceding in space; ahead of; as, to stand before the fire; before the house. His angel, who shall go Before them in a cloud and pillar of fire. Milton. 2. Preceding in time; earlier than; previously to; anterior to the time when; � sometimes with the additional idea of purpose; in order that. Before Abraham was, I am. John viii. 58. Before this treatise can become of use, two points are necessary. Swift. � Formerly before, in this sense, was followed by that. �Before that Philip called thee... I saw thee.� John i. 48. 3. An advance of; farther onward, in place or time. The golden age ... is before us. Carlyle. 4. Prior or preceding in dignity, order, rank, right, or worth; rather than. He that cometh after me is preferred before me. John i. 15. The eldest son is before the younger in succession. Johnson. 5. In presence or sight of; face to face with; facing. Abraham bowed down himself before the people. Gen. xxiii. 12. Wherewith shall I come before the Lord? Micah vi. 6. 6. Under the cognizance or jurisdiction of. If a suit be begun before an archdeacon. Ayliffe. 7. Open for; free of access to; in the power of. The world was all before them where to choose. Milton. Before the mast (Naut.), as a common sailor, � because the sailors live in the forecastle, forward of the foremast. � Before the wind (Naut.), in the direction of the wind and by its impulse; having the wind aft. Be�fore�, adv. 1. On the fore part; in front, or in the direction of the front; � opposed to in the rear. The battle was before and behind. 2 Chron. xiii. 14. 2. In advance. �I come before to tell you.� Shak. 3. In time past; previously; already. You tell me, mother, what I knew before. Dryden. 4. Earlier; sooner than; until then. When the butt is out, we will drink water; not a drop before. Shak. � Before is often used in self�explaining compounds; as, before�cited, before�mentioned; beforesaid. Be�fore�hand� (?), adv. [Before + hand.] 1. In a state of anticipation ore preoccupation; in advance; � often followed by with. Agricola ... resolves to be beforehand with the danger. Milton. The last cited author has been beforehand with me. Addison. 2. By way of preparation, or preliminary; previously; aforetime. They may be taught beforehand the skill of speaking. Hooker. Be�fore�hand�, a. In comfortable circumstances as regards property; forehanded. Rich and much beforehand. Bacon. Be�fore�time� (?), adv. Formerly; aforetime. [They] dwelt in their tents, as beforetime. 2 Kings xiii. 5. Be�for�tune (?), v. t. To befall. [Poetic] I wish all good befortune you. Shak. Be�foul� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Befouled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Befouling.] [Cf. AS. bef?lan; pref. be� + f?lan to foul. See Foul, a.] 1. To make foul; to soil. 2. To entangle or run against so as to impede motion. Be�friend� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Befriended; p. pr. & vb. n. Befriending.] To act as a friend to; to favor; to aid, benefit, or countenance. By the darkness befriended. Longfellow. Be�friend�ment (?), n. Act of befriending. [R.] Be�frill� (?), v. t. To furnish or deck with a frill. Be�fringe� (?), v. t. To furnish with a fringe; to form a fringe upon; to adorn as with fringe. Fuller. Be�fud�dle (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Befuddled (?)] To becloud and confuse, as with liquor. Beg (?), n. [Turk. beg, pronounced bay. Cf. Bey, Begum.] A title of honor in Turkey and in some other parts of the East; a bey. Beg (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Begged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Begging.] [OE. beggen, perh. fr. AS. bedecian (akin to Goth. bedagwa beggar), biddan to ask. (Cf. Bid, v. t.); or cf. beghard, beguin.] 1. To ask earnestly for; to entreat or supplicate for; to beseech. I do beg your good will in this case. Shak. [Joseph] begged the body of Jesus. Matt. xxvii. 58. Sometimes implying deferential and respectful, rather than earnest, asking; as, I beg your pardon; I beg leave to disagree with you. 2. To ask for as a charity, esp. to ask for habitually or from house to house. Yet have I not seen the righteous forsaken, nor his seed begging bread. Ps. xxxvii. 25. 3. To make petition to; to entreat; as, to beg a person to grant a favor. 4. To take for granted; to assume without proof. 5. (Old Law) To ask to be appointed guardian for, or to ask to have a guardian appointed for. Else some will beg thee, in the court of wards. Harrington. Hence: To beg (one) for a fool, to take him for a fool. I beg to, is an elliptical expression for I beg leave to; as, I beg to inform you. � To bag the question, to assume that which was to be proved in a discussion, instead of adducing the proof or sustaining the point by argument. � To go a�begging, a figurative phrase to express the absence of demand for something which elsewhere brings a price; as, grapes are so plentiful there that they go a�begging. Syn. � To Beg, Ask, Request. To ask (not in the sense of inquiring) is the generic term which embraces all these words. To request is only a polite mode of asking. To beg, in its original sense, was to ask with earnestness, and implied submission, or at least deference. At present, however, in polite life, beg has dropped its original meaning, and has taken the place of both ask and request, on the ground of its expressing more of deference and respect. Thus, we beg a person's acceptance of a present; we beg him to favor us with his company; a tradesman begs to announce the arrival of new goods, etc. Crabb remarks that, according to present usage, �we can never talk of asking a person's acceptance of a thing, or of asking him to do us a favor.� This can be more truly said of usage in England than in America. Beg, v. i. To ask alms or charity, especially to ask habitually by the wayside or from house to house; to live by asking alms. I can not dig; to beg I am ashamed. Luke xvi. 3. �Be�ga (?), n. See Bigha. Be�gem� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Begemmed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Begemming.] To adorn with gems, or as with gems. Begemmed with dewdrops. Sir W. Scott. Those lonely realms bright garden isles begem. Shelley. Be�get� (?), v. t. [imp. Begot (?), (Archaic) Begat (?); p. p. Begot, Begotten (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Begetting.] [OE. bigiten, bigeten, to get, beget, AS. begitan to get; pref. be� + gitan. See Get, v. t. ] 1. To procreate, as a father or sire; to generate; � commonly said of the father. Yet they a beauteous offspring shall beget. Milton. 2. To get (with child.) [Obs.] Shak. 3. To produce as an effect; to cause to exist. Love is begot by fancy. Granville. Be�get�ter (?), n. One who begets; a father. Beg�ga�ble (?), a. Capable of being begged. Beg�gar (?), n. [OE. beggere, fr. beg.] 1. One who begs; one who asks or entreats earnestly, or with humility; a petitioner. 2. One who makes it his business to ask alms. 3. One who is dependent upon others for support; � a contemptuous or sarcastic use. 4. One who assumes in argument what he does not prove. Abp. Tillotson. Beg�gar, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Beggared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Beggaring.] 1. To reduce to beggary; to impoverish; as, he had beggared himself. Milton. 2. To cause to seem very poor and inadequate. It beggared all description. Shak. Beg�gar�hood (?), n. The condition of being a beggar; also, the class of beggars. Beg�gar�ism (?), n. Beggary. [R.] Beg�gar�li�ness (?), n. The quality or state of being beggarly; meanness. Beg�gar�ly (?), a. 1. In the condition of, or like, a beggar; suitable for a beggar; extremely indigent; poverty�stricken; mean; poor; contemptible.�A bankrupt, beggarly fellow.� South. �A beggarly fellowship.� Swift. �Beggarly elements.� Gal. iv. 9. 2. Produced or occasioned by beggary. [Obs.] Beggarly sins, that is, those sins which idleness and beggary usually betray men to; such as lying, flattery, stealing, and dissimulation. Jer. Taylor. Beg�gar�ly, adv. In an indigent, mean, or despicable manner; in the manner of a beggar. Beg�gar's lice� (?). (Bot.) The prickly fruit or seed of certain plants (as some species of Echinospermum and Cynoglossum) which cling to the clothing of those who brush by them. Beg�gar's ticks� (?). The bur marigold (Bidens) and its achenes, which are armed with barbed awns, and adhere to clothing and fleeces with unpleasant tenacity. Beg�gar�y (?), n. [OE. beggerie. See Beggar, n.] 1. The act of begging; the state of being a beggar; mendicancy; extreme poverty. 2. Beggarly appearance. [R.] The freedom and the beggary of the old studio. Thackeray. Syn. � Indigence; want; penury; mendicancy. Beg�gar�y, a. Beggarly. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Beg�ge�stere (?), n. [Beg + �ster.] A beggar. [Obs.] Chaucer. Be�ghard� Be�guard� } (?), n. [F. b�gard, b�guard; cf. G. beghard, LL. Beghardus, Begihardus, Begardus. Prob. from the root of beguine + �ard or �hard. See Beguine.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of an association of religious laymen living in imitation of the Beguines. They arose in the thirteenth century, were afterward subjected to much persecution, and were suppressed by Innocent X. in 1650. Called also Beguins. Be�gild� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Begilded or Begilt (?).] To gild. B. Jonson. Be�gin� (?), v. i. [imp. & p.p. Began (?), Begun (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Beginning (?).] [AS. beginnan (akin to OS. biginnan, D. & G. beginnen, OHG. biginnan, Goth., du�ginnan, Sw. begynna, Dan. begynde); pref. be� + an assumed ginnan. ?31. See Gin to begin.] 1. To have or commence an independent or first existence; to take rise; to commence. Vast chain of being ! which from God began. Pope. 2. To do the first act or the first part of an action; to enter upon or commence something new, as a new form or state of being, or course of action; to take the first step; to start. �Tears began to flow.� Dryden. When I begin, I will also make an end. 1 Sam. iii. 12. Be�gin�, v. t. 1. To enter on; to commence. Ye nymphs of Solyma ! begin the song. Pope. 2. To trace or lay the foundation of; to make or place a beginning of. The apostle begins our knowledge in the creatures, which leads us to the knowledge of God. Locke. Syn. � To commence; originate; set about; start. Be�gin�, n. Beginning. [Poetic & Obs.] Spenser. Be�gin�ner (?), n. One who begins or originates anything. Specifically: A young or inexperienced practitioner or student; a tyro. A sermon of a new beginner. Swift. Be�gin�ning (?), n. 1. The act of doing that which begins anything; commencement of an action, state, or space of time; entrance into being or upon a course; the first act, effort, or state of a succession of acts or states. In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. Gen. i. 1. 2. That which begins or originates something; the first cause; origin; source. I am ... the beginning and the ending. Rev. i. 8. 3. That which is begun; a rudiment or element. Mighty things from small beginnings grow. Dryden. 4. Enterprise. �To hinder our beginnings.� Shak. Syn. � Inception; prelude; opening; threshold; origin; outset; foundation. Be�gird� (?), v. t. [imp. Begirt (?), Begirded; p. p. Begirt; p. pr. & vb. n. Begirding.] [AS. begyrdan (akin to Goth. bigairdan); pref. be� + gyrdan to gird.] 1. To bind with a band or girdle; to gird. 2. To surround as with a band; to encompass. Be�gir�dle (?), v. t. To surround as with a girdle. Be�girt� (?), v. t. To encompass; to begird. Milton. �Beg�ler�beg� (?), n. [Turk. beglerbeg, fr. beg, pl. begler. See Beg, n.] The governor of a province of the Ottoman empire, next in dignity to the grand vizier. Be�gnaw� (?), v. t. [p. p. Begnawed (?), (R.) Begnawn (?).] [AS. begnagan; pref. be� + gnagan to gnaw.] To gnaw; to eat away; to corrode. The worm of conscience still begnaw thy soul. Shak. Be�god� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Begodded.] To exalt to the dignity of a god; to deify. [Obs.] �Begodded saints.� South. Be�gone� (?), interj. [Be, v. i. + gone, p. p.] Go away; depart; get you gone. Be�gone�, p. p. [OE. begon, AS. big�n; pref. be� + g�n to go.] Surrounded; furnished; beset; environed (as in woe�begone). [Obs.] Gower. Chaucer. Be�go�ni�a (?), n. [From Michel Begon, a promoter of botany.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, mostly of tropical America, many species of which are grown as ornamental plants. The leaves are curiously one�sided, and often exhibit brilliant colors. <-- p. 133 --> Be�gore� (?), v. t. To besmear with gore. Be�got� (?), imp. & p. p. of Beget. Be�got�ten (?), p. p. of Beget. Be�grave� (?), v. t. [Pref. be� + grave; akin to G. begraben, Goth. bigraban to dig a ditch around.] To bury; also, to engrave. [Obs.] Gower. Be�grease� (?), v. t. To soil or daub with grease or other oily matter. Be�grime� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Begrimed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Begriming.] To soil with grime or dirt deeply impressed or rubbed in. Books falling to pieces and begrimed with dust. Macaulay. Be�grim�er (?), n. One who, or that which, begrimes. Be�grudge� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Begrudged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Begrudging.] To grudge; to envy the possession of. Be�guile� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Beguiled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Beguiling.] 1. To delude by guile, artifice, or craft; to deceive or impose on, as by a false statement; to lure. The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat. Gen. iii. 13. 2. To elude, or evade by craft; to foil. [Obs.] When misery could beguile the tyrant's rage. Shak. 3. To cause the time of to pass without notice; to relieve the tedium or weariness of; to while away; to divert. Ballads ... to beguile his incessant wayfaring. W. Irving. Syn. � To delude; deceive; cheat; insnare; mislead; amuse; divert; entertain. Be�guile�ment (?), n. The act of beguiling, or the state of being beguiled. Be�guil�er (?), n. One who, or that which, beguiles. Be�guil�ing, a. Alluring by guile; deluding; misleading; diverting. � Be�guil�ing�ly, adv. �Be�guin� (?), n. [F.] See Beghard. �Be�gui�nage� (?), n. [F.] A collection of small houses surrounded by a wall and occupied by a community of Beguines. �Be�guine� (?), n. [F. b�guine; LL. beguina, beghina; fr. Lambert le B�gue (the Stammerer) the founder of the order. (Du Cange.)] A woman belonging to one of the religious and charitable associations or communities in the Netherlands, and elsewhere, whose members live in beguinages and are not bound by perpetual vows. �Be�gum (?), n. [Per., fr. Turk., perh. properly queen mother, fr. Turk. beg (see Beg, n.) + Ar. umm mother.] In the East Indies, a princess or lady of high rank. Malcom. Be�gun� (?), p. p. of Begin. Be�half� (?), n. [OE. on�behalve in the name of, bihalven by the side of, fr. AS. healf half, also side, part: akin to G. halb half, halber on account of. See Be�, and Half, n.] Advantage; favor; stead; benefit; interest; profit; support; defense; vindication. In behalf of his mistress's beauty. Sir P. Sidney. Against whom he had contracted some prejudice in behalf of his nation. Clarendon. In behalf of, in the interest of. � On behalf of, on account of; on the part of. Be�hap�pen (?), v. t. To happen to. [Obs.] Be�have� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Behaved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Behaving.] [AS. behabban to surround, restrain, detain (akin to G. gehaben (obs.) to have, sich gehaben to behave or carry one's self); pref. be� + habban to have. See Have, v. t. ] 1. To manage or govern in point of behavior; to discipline; to handle; to restrain. [Obs.] He did behave his anger ere 't was spent. Shak. 2. To carry; to conduct; to comport; to manage; to bear; � used reflexively. Those that behaved themselves manfully. 2 Macc. ii. 21. Be�have�, v. i. To act; to conduct; to bear or carry one's self; as, to behave well or ill. � This verb is often used colloquially without an adverb of manner; as, if he does not behave, he will be punished. It is also often applied to inanimate objects; as, the ship behaved splendidly. Be�hav�ior (?), n. Manner of behaving, whether good or bad; mode of conducting one's self; conduct; deportment; carriage; � used also of inanimate objects; as, the behavior of a ship in a storm; the behavior of the magnetic needle. A gentleman that is very singular in his behavior. Steele. To be upon one's good behavior, To be put upon one's good behavior, to be in a state of trial, in which something important depends on propriety of conduct. � During good behavior, while (or so long as) one conducts one's self with integrity and fidelity or with propriety. Syn. � Bearing; demeanor; manner. � Behavior, Conduct. Behavior is the mode in which we have or bear ourselves in the presence of others or toward them; conduct is the mode of our carrying ourselves forward in the concerns of life. Behavior respects our manner of acting in particular cases; conduct refers to the general tenor of our actions. We may say of soldiers, that their conduct had been praiseworthy during the whole campaign, and their behavior admirable in every instance when they met the enemy. Be�head� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Beheaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Beheading.] [OE. bihefden, AS. behe�fdian; pref. be� + he�fod head. See Head.] To sever the head from; to take off the head of. Be�head�al (?), n. Beheading. [Modern] Be�held� (?), imp. & p. p. of Behold. Be�he�moth (?), n. [Heb. behem?th, fr. Egyptian P�ehe�maut hippopotamus.] An animal, probably the hippopotamus, described in Job xl. 15�24. Be�hen (?), Behn (?), n. [Per. & Ar. bahman, behmen, an herb, whose leaves resemble ears of corn, saffron.] (Bot.) (a) The Centaurea behen, or saw�leaved centaury. (b) The Cucubalus behen, or bladder campion, now called Silene inflata. (c) The Statice limonium, or sea lavender. Be�hest� (?), n. [OE. biheste promise, command, AS. beh?s promise; pref. be� + h?s command. See Hest, Hight.] 1. That which is willed or ordered; a command; a mandate; an injunction. To do his master's high behest. Sir W. Scott. 2. A vow; a promise. [Obs.] The time is come that I should send it her, if I keep the behest that I have made. Paston. Be�hest�, v. t. To vow. [Obs.] Paston. Be�hete� (?), v. t. See Behight. [Obs.] Chaucer. Be�hight� (?), v. t. [imp. Behight; p. p. Behight, Behoten.] [ OE. bihaten, AS. beh�tan to vow, promise; pref. be� + h�tan to call, command. See Hight, v.] [Obs. in all its senses.] 1. To promise; to vow. Behight by vow unto the chaste Minerve. Surrey. 2. To give in trust; to commit; to intrust. The keys are to thy hand behight. Spenser. 3. To adjudge; to assign by authority. The second was to Triamond behight. Spenser. 4. To mean, or intend. More than heart behighteth. Mir. for Mag. 5. To consider or esteem to be; to declare to be. All the lookers�on him dead behight. Spenser. 6. To call; to name; to address. Whom ... he knew and thus behight. Spenser. 7. To command; to order. He behight those gates to be unbarred. Spenser. Be�hight�, n. A vow; a promise. [Obs.] Surrey. Be�hind� (?), prep. [AS. behindan; pref. be� + hindan. See Hind, a.] 1. On the side opposite the front or nearest part; on the back side of; at the back of; on the other side of; as, behind a door; behind a hill. A tall Brabanter, behind whom I stood. Bp. Hall. 2. Left after the departure of, whether this be by removing to a distance or by death. A small part of what he left behind him. Pope. 3. Left a distance by, in progress of improvement Hence: Inferior to in dignity, rank, knowledge, or excellence, or in any achievement. I was not a whit behind the very chiefest apostles. 2 Cor. xi. 5. Be�hind�, adv. 1. At the back part; in the rear. �I shall not lag behind.� Milton. 2. Toward the back part or rear; backward; as, to look behind. 3. Not yet brought forward, produced, or exhibited to view; out of sight; remaining. We can not be sure that there is no evidence behind. Locke. 4. Backward in time or order of succession; past. Forgetting those things which are behind. Phil. ii. 13. 5. After the departure of another; as, to stay behind. Leave not a rack behind. Shak. Be�hind�, n. The backside; the rump. [Low] Be�hind�hand� (?), adv. & a. [Behind + hand.] 1. In arrears financially; in a state where expenditures have exceeded the receipt of funds. 2. In a state of backwardness, in respect to what is seasonable or appropriate, or as to what should have been accomplished; not equally forward with some other person or thing; dilatory; backward; late; tardy; as, behindhand in studies or in work. In this also [dress] the country are very much behindhand. Addison. Be�hith�er (?), prep. On this side of. [Obs.] Two miles behither Clifden. Evelyn. Be�hold� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Beheld (?) (p. p. formerly Beholden (?), now used only as a p. a.); p. pr. & vb. n. Beholding.] [OE. bihalden, biholden, AS. behealdan to hold, have in sight; pref. be� + healdan to hold, keep; akin to G. behalten to hold, keep. See Hold.] To have in sight; to see clearly; to look at; to regard with the eyes. When he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived. Num. xxi. 9. Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world. John. i. 29. Syn. � To scan; gaze; regard; descry; view; discern. Be�hold�, v. i. To direct the eyes to, or fix them upon, an object; to look; to see. And I beheld, and, lo, in the midst of the throne, ... a lamb as it had been slain. Rev. v. 6. Be�hold�en (?), p. a. [Old p. p. of behold, used in the primitive sense of the simple verb hold.] Obliged; bound in gratitude; indebted. But being so beholden to the Prince. Tennyson. Be�hold�er (?), n. One who beholds; a spectator. Be�hold�ing, a. Obliged; beholden. [Obs.] I was much bound and beholding to the right reverend father. Robynson (More's Utopia). So much hath Oxford been beholding to her nephews, or sister's children. Fuller. Be�hold�ing, n. The act of seeing; sight; also, that which is beheld. Shak. Be�hold�ing�ness, n., The state of being obliged or beholden. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. Be�hoof� (?), n. [OE. to bihove for the use of, AS. beh?f advantage, a word implied in beh?fl�c necessary; akin to Sw. behof, Dan. behov, G. behuf, and E. heave, the root meaning to seize, hence the meanings �to hold, make use of.� See Heave, v. t.] Advantage; profit; benefit; interest; use. No mean recompense it brings To your behoof. Milton. Be�hoov�a�ble (?), a. Supplying need; profitable; advantageous. [Obs.] Udall. Be�hoove� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Behooved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Behooving.] [OE. bihoven, behoven, AS. beh?fian to have need of, fr. beh?f. See Behoof.] To be necessary for; to be fit for; to be meet for, with respect to necessity, duty, or convenience; � mostly used impersonally. And thus it behooved Christ to suffer. Luke xxiv. 46. [Also written behove.] Be�hoove� (?), v. i. To be necessary, fit, or suitable; to befit; to belong as due. Chaucer. Be�hoove�, n. Advantage; behoof. [Obs.] It shall not be to his behoove. Gower. Be�hoove�ful (?), a. Advantageous; useful; profitable. [Archaic] � Be�hoove�ful�ly, adv. � Be�hoove�ful�ness, n. [Archaic] Be�hove� (?), v., and derivatives. See Behoove, & c. Be�hove�ly, a. & adv. Useful, or usefully. [Obs.] Be�howl� (?), v. t. To howl at. [Obs.] The wolf behowls the moon. Shak. �Beige (?), n. [F.] Debeige. Beild (?), n. [Prob. from the same root as build, v. t.] A place of shelter; protection; refuge. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] [Also written bield and beeld.] The random beild o' clod or stane. Burns. Be�ing (?), p. pr. from Be. Existing. � Being was formerly used where we now use having. �Being to go to a ball in a few days.� Miss Edgeworth. � In modern usage, is, are, was or were being, with a past participle following (as built, made, etc.) indicates the process toward the completed result expressed by the participle. The form is or was building, in this passive signification, is idiomatic, and, if free from ambiguity, is commonly preferable to the modern is or was being built. The last form of speech is, however, sufficiently authorized by approved writers. The older expression was is, or was, a�building or in building. A man who is being strangled. Lamb. While the article on Burns was being written. Froude. Fresh experience is always being gained. Jowett (Thucyd.) Be�ing, n. 1. Existence, as opposed to nonexistence; state or sphere of existence. In Him we live, and move, and have our being. Acts xvii. 28. 2. That which exists in any form, whether it be material or spiritual, actual or ideal; living existence, as distinguished from a thing without life; as, a human being; spiritual beings. What a sweet being is an honest mind ! Beau. & Fl. A Being of infinite benevolence and power. Wordsworth. 3. Lifetime; mortal existence. [Obs.] Claudius, thou Wast follower of his fortunes in his being. Webster (1654). 4. An abode; a cottage. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. It was a relief to dismiss them [Sir Roger's servants] into little beings within my manor. Steele. Be�ing, adv. Since; inasmuch as. [Obs. or Colloq.] And being you have Declined his means, you have increased his malice. Beau. & Fl. Be�jade� (?), v. t. To jade or tire. [Obs.] Milton. Be�jape� (?), v. t. To jape; to laugh at; to deceive. [Obs.] Chaucer. Be�jaun�dice (?), v. t. To infect with jaundice. Be�jew�el (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Bejeweled or Bejewelled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Bejeweling or Bejewelling.] To ornament with a jewel or with jewels; to spangle. �Bejeweled hands.� Thackeray. Be�jum�ble (?), v. t. To jumble together. �Be�kah (?), n. [Heb.] Half a shekel. Be�knave� (?), v. t. To call knave. [Obs.] Pope. Be�know� (?), v. t. To confess; to acknowledge. [Obs.] Chaucer. Bel (?), n. The Babylonian name of the god known among the Hebrews as Baal. See Baal. Baruch vi. 41. Be�la�bor (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Belabored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Belaboring.] 1. To ply diligently; to work carefully upon. �If the earth is belabored with culture, it yieldeth corn.� Barrow. 2. To beat soundly; to cudgel. Ajax belabors there a harmless ox. Dryden. Bel��ac�coyle� (?), n. [F. bel beautiful + accueil reception.] A kind or favorable reception or salutation. [Obs.] Be�lace� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Belaced (?).] 1. To fasten, as with a lace or cord. [Obs.] 2. To cover or adorn with lace. [Obs.] Beaumont. 3. To beat with a strap. See Lace. [Obs.] Wright. Be�lam� (?), v. t. [See Lam.] To beat or bang. [Prov. & Low, Eng.] Todd. Bel�a�mour (?), n. [F. bel amour fair love.] 1. A lover. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A flower, but of what kind is unknown. [Obs.] Her snowy brows, like budded belamours. Spenser. Bel�a�my (?), n. [F. bel ami fair friend.] Good friend; dear friend. [Obs.] Chaucer. Be�late� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Belated; p. pr. & vb. n. Belating.] To retard or make too late. Davenant. Be�lat�ed, a. Delayed beyond the usual time; too late; overtaken by night; benighted. �Some belated peasant.� Milton. � Be�lat�ed�ness, n. Milton. Be�laud� (?), v. t. To laud or praise greatly. Be�lay� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Belaid, Belayed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Belaying.] [For senses 1 & 2, D. beleggen to cover, belay; akin to E. pref. be�, and lay to place: for sense 3, OE. beleggen, AS. belecgan. See pref. Be�, and Lay to place.] 1. To lay on or cover; to adorn. [Obs.] Jacket ... belayed with silver lace. Spenser. 2. (Naut.) To make fast, as a rope, by taking several turns with it round a pin, cleat, or kevel. Totten. 3. To lie in wait for with a view to assault. Hence: to block up or obstruct. [Obs.] Dryden. Belay thee! Stop. <-- p. 134 --> Be�lay�ing pin� (?). (Naut.) A strong pin in the side of a vessel, or by the mast, round which ropes are wound when they are fastened or belayed. Belch (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Belched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Belching.] [OE. belken, AS. bealcan, akin to E. bellow. See Bellow, v. i.] 1. To eject or throw up from the stomach with violence; to eruct. I belched a hurricane of wind. Swift. 2. To eject violently from within; to cast forth; to ?mit; to give vent to; to vent. Within the gates that now Stood open wide, belching outrageous flame. Milton. Belch, v. i. 1. To eject wind from the stomach through the mouth; to eructate. 2. To issue with spasmodic force or noise. Dryden. Belch, n. 1. The act of belching; also, that which is belched; an eructation. 2. Malt liquor; � vulgarly so called as causing eructation. [Obs.] Dennis. Belch�er (?), n. One who, or that which, belches. Bel�dam Bel�dame } (?), n. [Pref. bel�, denoting relationship + dame mother: cf. F. belledame fair lady, It. belladonna. See Belle, and Dame.] 1. Grandmother; � corresponding to belsire. To show the beldam daughters of her daughter. Shak. 2. An old woman in general; especially, an ugly old woman; a hag. Around the beldam all erect they hang. Akenside. Be�lea�guer (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Beleaguered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Beleaguering.] [D. belegeren (akin to G. belagern, Sw. bel�gra, Dan. beleire); pref. be� = E. be� + leger bed, camp, army, akin to E. lair. See Lair.] To surround with an army so as to preclude escape; to besiege; to blockade. The wail of famine in beleaguered towns. Longfellow. Syn. � To block up; environ; invest; encompass. Be�lea�guer�er (?), n. One who beleaguers. Be�leave� (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p.p. Beleft (?).] To leave or to be left. [Obs.] May. Be�lec�ture (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Belectured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Belecturing.] To vex with lectures; to lecture frequently. Be�lee� (?), v. t. To place under the lee, or unfavorably to the wind. Shak. Be�lem�nite (?), n. [Gr. ? dart, fr. ? dart, fr. ? to throw: cf. F. b�lemnite.] (Paleon.) A conical calcareous fossil, tapering to a point at the lower extremity, with a conical cavity at the other end, where it is ordinarily broken; but when perfect it contains a small chambered cone, called the phragmocone, prolonged, on one side, into a delicate concave blade; the thunderstone. It is the internal shell of a cephalopod related to the sepia, and belonging to an extinct family. The belemnites are found in rocks of the Jurassic and Cretaceous ages. � Bel�em�nit�ic, a. Be�lep�er (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Belepered (?).] To infect with leprosy. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. �Bel��es�prit� (?), n.; pl. Beaux�esprits (?). [F., fine wit.] A fine genius, or man of wit. �A man of letters and a bel esprit.� W. Irving. Bel�fry (?), n. [OE. berfray movable tower used in sieges, OF. berfreit, berfroit, F. beffroi, fr. MHG. bervrit, bercvrit, G. bergfriede, fr. MHG. bergen to protect (G. bergen to conceal) + vride peace, protection, G. friede peace; in compounds often taken in the sense of security, or place of security; orig. therefore a place affording security. G. friede is akin to E. free. See Burg, and Free.] 1. (Mil. Antiq.) A movable tower erected by besiegers for purposes of attack and defense. 2. A bell tower, usually attached to a church or other building, but sometimes separate; a campanile. 3. A room in a tower in which a bell is or may be hung; or a cupola or turret for the same purpose. 4. (Naut.) The framing on which a bell is suspended. Bel�gard� (?), n. [It. bel guardo.] A sweet or loving look. [Obs.] Spenser. Bel�gi�an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Belgium. � n. A native or inhabitant of Belgium. Bel�gic (?), a. [L. Belgicus, fr. Belgae the Belgians.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Belg�, a German tribe who anciently possessed the country between the Rhine, the Seine, and the ocean. How unlike their Belgic sires of old. Goldsmith. 2. Of or pertaining to the Netherlands or to Belgium. Bel�gra�vi�an (?), a. Belonging to Belgravia (a fashionable quarter of London, around Pimlico), or to fashionable life; aristocratic. Be�li�al (?), n. [Heb. beli ya'al; beli without + ya'al profit.] An evil spirit; a wicked and unprincipled person; the personification of evil. What concord hath Christ with Belia ? 2 Cor. vi. 15. A son (or man) of Belial, a worthless, wicked, or thoroughly depraved person. 1 Sam. ii. 12. Be�li�bel (?), v. t. [See Libel, v. t. ] To libel or traduce; to calumniate. Fuller. Be�lie� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Belied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Belying (?).] [OE. bilien, bili?en, AS. bele�gan; pref. be� + le�gan to lie. See Lie, n.] 1. To show to be false; to convict of, or charge with, falsehood. Their trembling hearts belie their boastful tongues. Dryden. 2. To give a false representation or account of. Should I do so, I should belie my thoughts. Shak. 3. To tell lie about; to calumniate; to slander. Thou dost belie him, Percy, thou dost belie him. Shak. 4. To mimic; to counterfeit. [Obs.] Dryden. 5. To fill with lies. [Obs.] �The breath of slander] doth belie all corners of the world.� Shak. Be�lief� (?), n. [OE. bileafe, bileve; cf. AS. gele�fa. See Believe.] 1. Assent to a proposition or affirmation, or the acceptance of a fact, opinion, or assertion as real or true, without immediate personal knowledge; reliance upon word or testimony; partial or full assurance without positive knowledge or absolute certainty; persuasion; conviction; confidence; as, belief of a witness; the belief of our senses. Belief admits of all degrees, from the slightest suspicion to the fullest assurance. Reid. 2. (Theol.) A persuasion of the truths of religion; faith. No man can attain [to] belief by the bare contemplation of heaven and earth. Hooker. 3. The thing believed; the object of belief. Superstitious prophecies are not only the belief of fools, but the talk sometimes of wise men. Bacon. 4. A tenet, or the body of tenets, held by the advocates of any class of views; doctrine; creed. In the heat of persecution to which Christian belief was subject upon its first promulgation. Hooker. Ultimate belief, a first principle incapable of proof; an intuitive truth; an intuition. Sir W. Hamilton. Syn. � Credence; trust; reliance; assurance; opinion. Be�lief�ful (?), a. Having belief or faith. Be�liev�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being believed; credible. � Be�liev�a�ble�ness, n. � Be�liev�a�bil�i�ty (?), n. Be�lieve� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Believed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Believing.] [OE. bileven (with pref. be� for AS. ge�), fr. AS. gel?fan, gel?fan; akin to D. gelooven, OHG. gilouban, G. glauben, OS. gil?bian, Goth. galaubjan, and Goth. liubs dear. See Lief, a., Leave, n.] To exercise belief in; to credit upon the authority or testimony of another; to be persuaded of the truth of, upon evidence furnished by reasons, arguments, and deductions of the mind, or by circumstances other than personal knowledge; to regard or accept as true; to place confidence in; to think; to consider; as, to believe a person, a statement, or a doctrine. Our conqueror (whom I now Of force believe almighty). Milton. King Agrippa, believest thou the prophets ? Acts xxvi. ?7. Often followed by a dependent clause. I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God. Acts viii. 37. Syn. � See Expect. Be�lieve�, v. i. 1. To have a firm persuasion, esp. of the truths of religion; to have a persuasion approaching to certainty; to exercise belief or faith. Lord, I believe; help thou mine unbelief. Mark ix. 24. With the heart man believeth unto righteousness. Rom. x. 10. 2. To think; to suppose. I will not believe so meanly of you. Fielding. To believe in. (a) To believe that the subject of the thought (if a person or thing) exists, or (if an event) that it has occurred, or will occur; � as, to believe in the resurrection of the dead. �She does not believe in Jupiter.� J. H. Newman. (b) To believe that the character, abilities, and purposes of a person are worthy of entire confidence; � especially that his promises are wholly trustworthy. �Let not your heart be troubled: ye believe in God, believe also in me.� John xiv. 1. (c) To believe that the qualities or effects of an action or state are beneficial: as, to believe in sea bathing, or in abstinence from alcoholic beverages. � To believe on, to accept implicitly as an object of religious trust or obedience; to have faith in. Be�liev�er (?), n. 1. One who believes; one who is persuaded of the truth or reality of some doctrine, person, or thing. 2. (Theol.) One who gives credit to the truth of the Scriptures, as a revelation from God; a Christian; � in a more restricted sense, one who receives Christ as his Savior, and accepts the way of salvation unfolded in the gospel. Thou didst open the Kingdom of Heaven to all believers. Book of Com. Prayer. 3. (Eccl. Hist.) One who was admitted to all the rights of divine worship and instructed in all the mysteries of the Christian religion, in distinction from a catechumen, or one yet under instruction. Be�liev�ing, a. That believes; having belief. � Be�liev�ing�ly, adv. Be�light� (?), v. t. To illuminate. [Obs.] Cowley. Be�like� (?), adv. [Pref. be� (for by) + like.] It is likely or probably; perhaps. [Obs. or Archaic] � Be�like�ly, adv. Belike, boy, then you are in love. Shak. Be�lime� (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Belimed (?).] To besmear or insnare with birdlime. Be�lit�tle (?), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Belittled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Belittling.] To make little or less in a moral sense; to speak of in a depreciatory or contemptuous way. T. Jefferson. Be�live� (?), adv. [Cf. Live, a.] Forthwith; speedily; quickly. [Obs.] Chaucer. Belk (?), v. t. [See Belch.] To vomit. [Obs.] Bell (?), n. [AS. belle, fr. bellan to bellow. See Bellow.] 1. A hollow metallic vessel, usually shaped somewhat like a cup with a flaring mouth, containing a clapper or tongue, and giving forth a ringing sound on being struck. � Bells have been made of various metals, but the best have always been, as now, of an alloy of copper and tin. The Liberty Bell, the famous bell of the Philadelphia State House, which rang when the Continental Congress declared the Independence of the United States, in 1776. It had been cast in 1753, and upon it were the words �Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, to all the inhabitants thereof.� 2. A hollow perforated sphere of metal containing a loose ball which causes it to sound when moved. 3. Anything in the form of a bell, as the cup or corol of a flower. �In a cowslip's bell I lie.� Shak. 4. (Arch.) That part of the capital of a column included between the abacus and neck molding; also used for the naked core of nearly cylindrical shape, assumed to exist within the leafage of a capital. 5. pl. (Naut.) The strikes of the bell which mark the time; or the time so designated. � On shipboard, time is marked by a bell, which is struck eight times at 4, 8, and 12 o'c