The Probert E-Text Encyclopaedia First Published, June 1996 Third Edition, August 1996 Introduction to the third edition The Probert E-Text Encyclopaedia is intended to satisfy the need for a freely distributable, machine readable, general knowledge reference work. In addition, it seeks to address more obscure issues which existing general knowledge multimedia encyclopaedias may omit, in this way providing a useful supplement to existing commercial applications. Following the success and popularity of the previous editions of the Probert E-Text Encyclopaedia I have now considerably enlarged and corrected the text. There is still a lot of data which should be added, and enlarged editions will follow. Please contact the author for details of the latest edition, details of other formats including CSV and HTML. Matthew Probert Basingstoke August 9th 1996 ANIMAL ANATOMY Acetabulum Acetabulum is an anatomical term applied to any cup-like cavity, as that of a bone to receive the protuberant end of another bone. Adam's Apple Adam's Apple is the popular name for the thyroid cartilage. That is the prominence seen in the front of the throat of man. It is small and invisible in females. It is so called from the notion that a piece of the forbidden fruit stuck in Adam's throat. Adenoids Adenoids is the pathological enlargement of the lymphoid tissue. Adipose tissue Adipose tissue is a form of connective tissue in which the constituent cells are modified to enable them to contain droplets of oil. (Fat). Adrenal glands The adrenal glands are a pair of glands on the kidneys which secrete adrenalin and other hormones. Alimentary The alimentary canal is the channel in an animal through which food passes. Alveoli see "Alveolu" Alveolus An alveolus is a lung air sac where gas exchange with the blood occurs. Amitosis Amitosis is the anatomical term given to cell reproduction by direct division. The nucleus becomes constricted in the middle, forming an hour- glass shape and then divides into two. This is followed by a division of the whole protoplasmic mass of the cell; two daughter cells are thus formed, each containing a nucleus. Direct division occurs in leucocytes and bone-cells, and in the epithelial cells lining the urinary bladder. Amnion The amnion is a membranous sac which surrounds the embryo; it is developed in reptiles, birds and mammals, but not in amphibia or fishes. Anaphase Anaphase is the 3rd stage of mitosis cell reproduction. The centromeres split into 2 halves which repel each other. Anatomy Anatomy describes the structure and organisation of living creatures. Anconeus The Anconeus is a muscle in the human arm. It assists the Triceps in extending the elbow-joint. Ankle The ankle is the joint connecting the foot with the leg. Antenna An antenna is a sensory organ found on the head of insects. Antibody An antibody is a bodily protein that inactivates infection. Aorta The aorta is the largest artery in the human body. It carries blood from the heart to the arms, legs and head. Aqueous humour The Aqueous humour is the watery fluid found in the space between the cornea and the lens of the eyes of vertebrates. Areolar tissue Areolar tissue is a generalised form of connective tissue in which the constituent cells are separated by a semi-fluid matrix in which both white connective tissue and yellow elastic fibres are found. Arm The arm is a limb extending from the shoulder of an animal. Artery An artery is a vessel that conveys blood from the heart. Atlas In anatomy, the 1st cervical vertebrae is called the atlas because it supports the globe of the head. Auricle The auricles are resevoirs within the heart which receive blood from the veins. Axis In anatomy, the 2nd cervical vertebrae is called the axis. It provides the pivot for the atlas and the head. Biceps The biceps are a long fusiform muscle on the front of the arm. They are used to flex the elbows. Bile Bile is a secretion of the liver stored in the gall bladder. Bladder The bladder is a sack in the abdomen which collects urine from the kidneys. Blood Blood is a body fluid that carries food and oxygen to cells. Blubber Blubber is the thick coating of fat enveloping whales. Bone Bone is the hard skeletal part of an animal. Bowel The bowels is a popular term for the division of the alimentary canal below the stomach, that is the intestines. Bowels see "Bowel" Brachialis The Brachialis is a muscle covering the front of the human elbow-joint. It is used to flex the elbow. Brain The brain is the central organ of the nervous system. Bronchi The bronchial tubes (bronchi) are a division of the trachea which branch repeatedly into small bronchioles within the lungs. Bronchial see "Bronchi" Calcaneum In human anatomy, the calcaneum is the largest and strongest of the tarsal bones. It projects backwards beyond the bones of the leg to provide a lever for the muscles of the calf. Capillary A capillary is a fine blood vessel which carries blood to cells. Capitate bone The capitate bone is the largest bone in the human wrist. Carpus The carpus are the bones of the human wrist. Cartilage Cartilage or cartilaginous tissue covers the ends of the bones where they come together to make a joint. It enables the bones to move easily. Cartilaginous joint In anatomy, a cartilaginous joint is an articulation where the bones are joined by cartilage, and a limited amount of movement is possible. Cell A cell, in biological terms, is the material unit of all living things. Cephalic Cephalic is a classification of human skull. It refers to the shape of skull posessed by Kaffirs and Native Australians. Cerebellum The cerebellum is the lower part of the brain, it controls muscular movements and postural equilibrium. Cerebrum The cerebrum is the upper and larger portion of the brain and occupies the whole of the dome of the cranium. Cervical vertebrae The cervical vertebrae are the 7 vertebrae closest to the skull. Clavicle In human anatomy, the clavicle is a long bone which lies almost horizontally at the root of the neck. It serves 2 main functions; to act as a prop which braces back the shoulder and enables the limb to swing clear of the trunk. And to transmit part of the weight of the limb to the axial skeleton. Coccyx In human anatomy, the coccyx is the bone at the apex of the sacrum. It is usually comprised of 4 vertebrae fused together. Colon The colon is the large intestine. Connective tissue Connective tissue is derived from the mesenchyme and includes a number of tissues which have a passive, binding function. In a connective tissue the parent cells are separated more or less widely from one another by a homogeneous matrix or ground substance, in which fibres may or may not be present. Coracobrachialis The Coracobrachialis is a human muscle used to draw the arm forwards and prevent side-sway when the arm is raised by the Deltoid. Coracoid Bone In birds, the Coracoid Bone is the bone joining the sternum to the shoulder and supporting the wing. In mammals it is represented by the coracoid process of the scapula. Costal Cartilages In human anatomy, the costal cartilages are bars of hyaline cartilage which extend forwards from the anterior ends of the ribs and contribute to the elasticity of the thorax. Cuneiform bones The cuneiform bones are three bones in the human foot behind the first three metatarsal bones. Cuticle The cuticle is the horny outside layer of skin. Deltoid The deltoid muscle is a triangular muscle in the shoulder used to lift the upper arm. Desmology Desmology is the branch of anatomy dealing with ligaments and sinews. Diaphragm The diaphragm is a large transverse muscle at the base of the thorax, used in respiration to draw air into the lungs. Diploe Diploe is the anatomical term for the spongy substance between flat bones. Dura Mater The dura mater is the membrane which covers the brain. Ear The ear is the organ used for hearing. It converts sound into electrical impulses that are fed to the brain. Eggs see "Egg" Endocrine gland An endocrine gland is one which secretes hormones into the body. Epidermis The epidermis is the outer layer of an animal's skin. Epiglottis The epiglottis is a fibro-cartilaginous lid shaped like a leaf which covers the upper opening of the larynx. Epithelium Epithelium is an anatomical term a basic type of bodily tissue. It comprises the external surface of the skin, the internal surfaces of the digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems and others. The constituent cells of an epithelium are always closely packed together and the intercellular substance is reduced to a minimum. Erythrocyte Erythrocyte is the anatomical term for red corpuscles. Exocrine gland An exocrine gland is one which secretes onto a surface. Such as a sweat gland. Eye The eye is the organ of vision. Fallopian tubes The Fallopian tubes are two tubes in mammals which carry eggs from the ovary to the uterus. Eggs are fertilised in the Fallopian tubes by sperm, and then moved to the ovary by way of cilia. Femur The femur is the thigh bone in the human leg. Fibrous joint In anatomy, a fibrous joint is an articulation in which the surfaces of the bones are fastened together by intervening fibrous tissue, and in which there is no appreciable motion, as in the joints between the bones of the human cranium. Fibrous Joints In anatomy, fibrous joints are articulations in which the surfaces of the bones are fastened together by intervening fibrous tissue, and in which there is no appreciable motion. For example between the bones of the cranium. Fibula The fibula is the lateral bone of the leg. It is slender, compared to the tibia. It's purpose is to give attachment to the muscles. Flagellum Flagellum are a small hair-like organ on the surface of certain cells. They are the motile organs of the sperm cells of higher animals. Flat bone In human anatomy, flat bones occur where the principal requirement of the skeleton is to protect delicate structures or provide broad surfaces for muscular attachment. The bones are comprised of two thin layers of compact bone separated by a variable quantity of spongy substance. Flat bones In human anatomy, flat bones provide protection and a broad surface for muscular attachment. They are formed of two thin layers of compact bone separated by a spongy substance. Foetus A foetus is an unborn offspring of an animal. Follicle A follicle is a small group of cells that surrounds and nourishes a structure such as a hair (hair follicle) or a cell such as an egg (Graafian follicle). Fontanelle The fontanelle is a membrane covered vault in the skull. It normally closes during infancy. Fovea The fovea is a small depression in the retina where vision is most acute. Frontal bone The frontal bone is the plate at the front of the top of the human skull. It forms the forehead. Gall Bladder The gall bladder is a small muscular sac attached to the liver. Ganglion A ganglion is an enlargment occuring somewhere in the course of a nerve, and containing nerve cells in addition to nerve filaments. Gastric Juice Gastric Juice is a clear, colourless fluid secreted by the mucous membrane of the stomach, and is the chief agent in digestion. Gastric System The Gastric System refers to all parts of the body which contribute to digestion. Gastrocnemius The Gastrocnemius is a muscle forming most of the human calf. Gill see "Gills" Gills Gills are a respiratory organ found in animals which obtain oxygen from water, such as crustaceans, molluscs, fish and amphibians. Gizzard The gizzard is a strong muscular part of a bird's alimentary canal which enables them to grind their food. Gizzards also occur in many gasteropods, and in certain cephalopods and crustaceans. Gland A gland is a bodily organ that manufactures and secretes enzymes, hormones or other chemicals. Gluteus maximus The Gluteus maximus is a large muscle in the human back-side. Gnathic Gnathic is a classification of human skull shape found in Europeans. Graafian Vesicles The Graafian Vesicles are numerous small globular transparent follicles found in the ovaries of mammals. Each follicle contains one ovum whic is expelled when it reaches maturity. Haemoglobin Haemoglobin is the protein that carries oxygen in the blood. Hallux The hallux is the innermost of the five digits which normally compose the hind foot of a vertebrate. In humans the big toe, in a bird the hind toe. Hamate bone The hamate bone is one of the bones in the human wrist. Haversian Canals The Haversian Canals are a network of minute canals, which traverse the solid substance of bones and proceed from the central cavity. They convey nutrient vessels to all parts. Heart The heart is the muscle in vertebrates which pumps blood around the body. Hormone A hormone is a product of the endocrine glands. Humerus The humerus is the long bone in the upper region of the human arm. It joins with the shoulder at the glenoid cavity. Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is the region of the human brain below the cerebrum which regulates rhythmic activity and physiological stability within the body, including water balance and temperature. Ileum The ileum is a continuation of the jejunum and opens into the colon. Iliacus The Iliacus is a muscle in the human thigh. Insulin Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas. Interossei Interossei are muscles in the human hand and foot. Intestine The intestine is the convoluted membranous tube which extends from the stomach to the anus and which receives the ingested food from the stomach, mixes it with bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal secretions, gives origin to the chyle and delivers the indigestible products from the system. Intestines see "Intestine" Irregular bones In anatomy, irregular bones are bones which do not fit into any of the other bone types. They are comprised of a spongy substance enclosed within a thin layer of compact bone. Jejunum The jejunum is the second part of the human small intestine. It is about 9 feet long. Joint A joint is a structure where two bones meet. Jugular vein The jugular vein returns blood from the head to the heart in vertebrates. Kidney The kidney is a gland used for filtering urine from the blood. Kidneys see "Kidney" Labrum The labrum is the ventral lobe in the front of an insect's head which covers the mouth parts. Lachrymal gland The lachrymal gland is a gland beneath the upper eye lid which secretes tears which drain from the inner corner of the eye through the Lachrymal duct to the nose. Lacteals Lacteals are small lymphatic vessels which arise from the mucous membrane lining of the small bowel. Lambdoidal suture The lambdoidal suture is a fissure which divides the parietal bone from the occipital bone in the human skull. Larynx The larynx is a cavity at the top of the trachea containing the vocal cords. Leucocyte Leucocytes is the anatomical term for colourless corpuscles. (White blood cells). Leucocytes Leucocytes is the anatomical term for colourless corpuscles. (White blood cells). Lip The lips are the fleshy edges of the opening of the mouth. Liver The liver is the largest gland in the human body. The liver has three functions: it secretes bile, stores glycogen and converts waste products into urea and uric acid for excretion. Long bones In human anatomy, long bones are found in the limbs where they form levers. They have a hollow shaft. Longus capitis The longus capitis is the human muscle which flexes the head. Longus cervicis The longus cervicis is the human muscle which bends the cervical portion of the vertebral column forwards. Lumbar vertebrae In human anatomy, the lumbar vertebrae are the 5 vertebrae following the thoracic vertebrae. Lumbricals The Lumbricals are muscles in the human fingers used in writing etc. Lunate bone The lunate bone is one of the bones in the human wrist. Lung see "Lungs" Lungs The lungs are organs used for respiration. Malleus The malleus is a small bone in the middle ear which transmits sound vibrations from the tympanum to the incus. Mandible In human anatomy, the mandible is the bone at the front and bottom of the skull (lower jaw). Masseter The masseter is the human muscle which moves the mandible for chewing. Maxilla The maxilla is the bone comprising the upper jaw in the human skull. Maxillae The maxillae form the upper jaw of the human skull. Maxillary artery In human anatomy, the maxillary artery is the larger terminal branch of the external cartoid artery. It rises behind the neck of the mandible and is at first imbedded in the partoid gland. It passes forwards between the neck of the mandible and the sphenomandibular ligament and then to the Lateral pterygoid and enters the pterygopalatine fossa between the two heads of that muscle. Mentalis The mentalis is a muscle in the human face, it raises and protudes the lower lip and wrinkles the skin of the chin. Metacarpal see "Metacarpus" Metacarpus The metacarpus are the five bones of the human palm. Metaphase Metaphase is the 2nd stage of mitosis cell reproduction. The chromosomes have become irregular V shaped and arrange themselves around the equator. Metatarsal see "Metatarsus" Metatarsus The metatarsus are the 5 bones in the anterior part of the human foot. They are between the tarsus and the phalanges. Mitosis Mitosis is cell reproduction by indirect division. It is the common method of division in the higher animals. It is characterised by a series of complex changes in the nucleus leading to its subdivision. The process takes between 30 minutes and a few hours, and is comprised of 4 stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and Telophase. Mucin Mucin is a protein and the principal constituent of mucus. Mucous Mucous is a term for surfaces which secret or are covered with mucus. Mucus Mucus is a thick fluid secreted by mucus membranes in animals. It acts as a protective barrier, lubricant and a carrier of enzymes. Nasal Nasal is a classification of human skull shape found in primarily in Negroes. Neck The neck is the part of the body which connects the head with the shoulders. Nerve The nerves are a part of the body which generate and transmit electrical impulses. Nose The nose is an animal's organ of smell. Occipital bone The occipital bone is the plate forming the back of the human skull. Occipitofrontalis The occipitofrontalis is the broad muscle of the human scalp. Oesophageal Oesophageal is a secretion from the membrane of the oesophagus. It is a mucus lubricant to assist peristalsis. Oestrogen Oestrogen is a hormone produced in the ovary of a vertebrate. Omentum The omentum is a long fold of the peritoneum. It is loaded with fat and lies in front of the bowels in the abdominal cavity. It protects the bowels and keeps them warm. Orbicularis oculi The orbicularis oculi is the broad, flat, elliptical muscle which occupies the human eylids and spreads down towards the cheek. Orbit In human anatomy, the orbits are a pair of roomy cavities in the skull which contain the eyes. Orbital Orbital is a classification of human skull shape and refers to the skulls of Tasmanians. Orbital opening The orbital openings are the eye-sockets in the human skull. Os calcis The Os calcis is the heel bone of the human foot. Osseous tissue see "bone" Palatine bones The palatine bones are part of the floor of the nasal cavity and the roof of the mouth in the human skull. Pancreas The pancreas is an elongated secreting gland which secretes pancreatic juice and insulin. Parathyroid Glands The parathyroid glands are two small glands in the neck concerned with the use of calcium in the body. Parietal bone The parietal bone is the plate on the top of the human skull, comprising most of the dome of the skull. Parietal bones The parietal bones form the sides and the roof of the human cranium. Patella The patella is the largest of the sesamoid bones. It is situated in front of the knee-joint. It is a flattened, triangular bone. Pectineus The Pectineus is a muscle in the human thigh. Pelvis The pelvis is a bony girdle in vertebrates that connects the body with the lower extremities. Pericardium The Pericardium is a conical, fibroserous sac containing the human heart and the roots of the major veins and arteries. Phalange The phalanges are the bones of the human digits (fingers). Piriformis The Piriformis is a muscle in the human hip. Pisiform bone The pisiform bone is one of the bones in the human wrist. Pituitary gland The pituitary gland is a gland within the brain concerned with regulating growth and regulating other ductless glands. Placenta The placenta connects a foetus to the uterine wall. It is the organ by means of which the nutritive, respiratory and excretory functions of the foetus are carried on. Plantais The Plantais is a muscle in the leg. Plasma Plasma is the liquid part of the blood. Platysma The platysma is a neck muscle in the human body. Procerus The procerus is a muscle in the human nose. Progesterone Progesterone is a hormone that regulates the menstrual cycle in vertebrates. Prophase Prophase is the 1st stage in mitosis cell reproduction. The nucleolus disappears and a number of chromosomes become apparent. Pulmonary Artery The pulmonary artery opens out of the right ventricle in the human heart and conveys venous blood to the lungs for collecting oxygen. Quadrate Bone The Quadrate Bone is a bone developed in reptiles and birds by means of which the lower jaw is articulated to the skull. Radius The radius is one of the two long bones which form the human lower arm. Rectum The rectum is the lowest portion of the large intestine, terminating at the anus. Rib In anatomy, the ribs are elastic arches of bone which are connected behind with the vertebral column and form a large part of the skeleton of the thorax. Sacrum In human anatomy, the sacrum is the large triangular bone inserted like a wedge between the two hip bones. It is formed by the fusion of the five sacral vertebrae. Sagittal suture The sagittal suture is the fissure running along the length of the top of the human skull dividing the parietal bone into two hemispheres. Saliva Saliva is a secretion from the salivary glands in the oral cavity. It contains mucus to lubricate food and enzymes. Scaphoid The scaphoid is a small bone in the human hand. Scaphoid bone The scaphoid bone is one of the bones in the human wrist. Sciatic The sciatic is a nerve in the leg. Sclerous tissue Sclerous tissue provides the stiffening which is essential for the formation of the general framework of the body. There are two varieties of sclerous tissue: cartilage and bone. Sebaceous glands The sebaceous glands are ducts in the skin which secrete oil to lubricate the skin and hair. Secretin Secretin is a hormone produced by the small intestine in vertebrates that stimulates the production of digestive secretions. Semitendinosus The Semitendinosus is a muscle in the human thigh. Septum A septum is a muscular partition seperating the two sides of the human heart. Short bone In human anatomy, short bones occur where the skeleton is intended for strength. Short bones consist of a spongy substance surrounded by a thin crust of compact bone. Short bones In human anatomy, short bones are part of the skeleton designed for strength and compactness. They are comprised of a spongy substance surrounded by a thin crust of compact bone. Sinus A sinus is an air-filled space in the diploe of a skull bone. Skeleton The skeleton is the hard internal or external framework of bones, cartilage or shell which provides protection for an animals organs, provides fixing points for the muscles and a general frame for the body. Skin In the human body, skin, or Dermoid Tissue, is composed of two layers, the cuticle, epidermis or epithelium and the corium or dermis. Sphenoid bone The sphenoid bone is situated at the base of the human skull, in front of the temporal bones and the basilar part of the occipital bone. Spinales The spinales are human muscles which extend the vertebral column. Spleen The spleen is an organ of vertebrates that regulates the number of red blood cells. Splenii The splenii are two muscles in the human body, the splenius capitis and the spelnius cervicis. They are used to move the head backwards, to one side and to rotate it. Splenius capitis see "Splenii" Splenius cervicis see "Splenii" Sternocostalis The sternocostalis is a muscle in the human body. Sternohyoid The sternohyoid is a muscle in the human body which dpresses the hyoid bone. Sternomastoid The sternomastoid is a muscle in the human neck. Sternum In anatomy, the sternum is a long flat bone which forms the median portion of the anterior wall of the thorax. The top of the sternum supports the clavicles. Subclavius The Subclavius is a muscle in the human body between the clavicle and the first rib. It steadies the clavicle during movements of the shoulder. Supinator The Supinator is a muscle surrounding the upper one-third of the radius in the human arm. It is used to rotate the radius, thereby turning the palm of the hand forwards. Suture A suture is an anatomical term for an articulation found only in the skull, where the margins of the bones articulate with one another, but are separated by a thin layer of fibrous tissue (sutural ligament) and is continuous externally with the periosteum on the outside of the skull and internally with the fibrous layer of the dura mater. Synovial joint In anatomy, a synovial joint is one where the bones are covered with articular cartilage but are not attached to each other. These joints allow extensive movement. Talus In human anatomy, the talus is the principle connecting link between the foot and the bones of the leg and has an important part in the formation of the ankle. Tapetum The tapetum is the irregular sector in certain animal's eyes which shines owing to an absence of black pigment. Tapetum is found in the eyes of cats. Tarsal see "tarsus" Tarsus In human anatomy, the tarsus comprises 7 short bones which make up the skeleton of the posterior half of the foot. Teat The teat is the small protuberance at the tip of the breast of female mammals upon which the ducts of the mammary gland open to supply milk to the suckling young. Telophase Telophase is the 4th stage of mitosis cell reproduction. The nuclear membrane and the nucleolus reappear and the cytoplasm undergoes constriction around the equator of the achromatic spindle. The constriction deepens and the original cell is gradually divided. Temple In anatomy, the temple is the flat part either side of the head between the forehead and the ear. Temporal bones The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the human skull. They assist in the protection of the cerebrum and the transmission of sound waves to the ear. Temporalis The temporalis is the human facial muscle which raises the mandible, closing the mouth. Tendon A tendon is a connective tissue that joins muscles to bone in vertebrates. Tensor A tensor is a type of muscle which tightens or stretches a part of the body. Testes Testes is the plural of testis. Testicle Testicle is another name for testis. Testis The testis is the male organ in which sperm are produced. Most mammals have two testis enclosed in the scrotum. Testosterone Testosterone is the male sex hormone secreted by the testes. Thalamus The thalamus is the interior region of the brain where certain important sensory nerves, especially the optic nerve, originate. Theca In anatomy, a theca is a case or sheath which encloses some organ or part. Thenar The thenar is the ball of muscle at the base of the thumb. Thoracic vertebrae In anatomy, the thoracic vertebrae are the 12 vertebrae following from the cervical vertebrae. They provide articulation for the ribs. Thorax The thorax in vertebrates is the part of the body containing the heart and lungs and protected by the rib cage. Thymus The thymus is a ductless glandular body situated near the base of the neck in vertebrates. Its function is uncertain, and in man it disappears or diminishes soon after childhood. Thyroid The thyroid is an endocrine gland near the larynx in vertebrates. It influences growth and development. Thyroid gland see "Thyroid" Tibia The tibia is the medial and stronger of the two bones of the leg. It is prismoid in form, and posesses a shaft and two ends. Its purpose is to support the weight of the body. Tibiotarsus In birds, the tibiotarsus is the equivalent of the tibia, but it is fused at the lower end with some of the bones of the tarsus. Tongue The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of a tetrapod. Tonsils The tonsils are a pair of small organs on either side of the root of the tongue composed of lymphatic tissue and instrumental in protecting the throat from infection. Tooth A tooth is a hard structure in the mouth of vertebrates. Trachea The trachea (windpipe) carries air from the larynx to the bronchi. Trapezium The trapezium is a small bone in the human hand below the little finger. Trapezium bone The trapezium bone is one of the bones in the human wrist. Trapezius The trapezius is a human muscle. It is a flat, triangular muscle, covering the back of the neck and shoulder. Trapezoid bone The trapezoid bone is one of the bones in the human wrist. Triceps The Triceps are muscles situated on the back of the upper arms in the human body. Triquetral bone The triquetral bone is one of the bones in the human wrist. Trochanter The trochanter is a protuberance in the upper part of the femur to which the muscles attach. Trochoides In anatomy, a trochoides is a pivot joint. Trypsin Trypsin is an enzyme present in pancreatic juice. It converts proteins into peptones. Tympanum The tympanum (middle ear) is a cavity in the temporal bone filled with air, closed externally by the tympanic membrane and containing a chain of small bones which convey sound vibrations to the inner ear. Ulna The ulnar is one of the two long bones which form the human lower arm. It connects with the humerus at the elbow. Unciform The unciform is a small bone in the human hand below the first finger. Ureter The Ureters are two membranous tubes which carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder in vertebrates. Urethra The urethra is a membranous canal which leads from the bladder to the outside world. It channels urine from the bladder out of the body. Uterus The uterus (womb) is the organ in which young are conceived, develope and are protected until birth. Vein A vein carries venous blood from the body to the heart. Ventricle The ventricles are chambers within the heart which force blood along the arteries. Vertebra The vertebrae are the bones of the vertebral column. Vertebrae are irregular bones comprised of two distinct parts, an anterio termed the body, and a posterior part termed the vertebral arch. Vertebral column The vertebral column is the central axis of all vertebrate animals. It is comprised of a number of independant irregular bones (vertebrae), which are firmly connected to one another, but are capable of a limited amount of independant movement. Vomer The vomer is a thin flat bone which forms the hinder and lower part of the septum of the human nose. Waist The waist is the part of the body between the ribs and the hips. Yolk The yolk is part of an embryo which serves as nutrition for the rest of the embryo. Zygomatic bone In a human, the zygomatic bone is the bone in the skull responsible for the prominence of the upper and anterior part of the cheek. It forms the lateral part of the lower margin of the orbital opening. AIRCRAFT 737 see "Boeing_737" A129 The A129 is an Italian two-seat light attack helicopter. Agusta Agusta is an Italian aircraft manufacturer. AH-1 The AH-1 is an American two-seat light attack helicopter. AH-64 The AH-64 is an American two-seat attack helicopter. Airbus The airbus is a medium-haul commercial airliner. It was developed by an international consortium in the 1970s. AN-12 The Antonov AN-12 (cub) is a Soviet paratroop passenger and freight transport aircraft. It was developed in the 1960s. It has a top speed of 482mph and is armed with 2 23mm NR-23 cannons in a powered tail turret. AN-2 The Antonov AN-2 is a Soviet biplane developed in 1947 as a stol transporter. It has a top speed of 160mph. It is commonly used as a paratroop trainer. AN-22 The AN-22 (Antei) is a Soviet heavy logistic transport aircraft. The AN- 22 was developed in the mid 1960s. It has a top speed of 422mph. AP68-300 see "spartacus" AV-8b The AV-8B is a harrier ground attack aircraft. Avro 504 The Avro 504 was a biplane developed during 1913. It was used as a light reconnaissance bomber and trainer aircraft. Avro-Manchester The Avro-Manchester was a British heavy bomber aircraft of the Second World War. It was powered by two 2000hp rollS-vulture engines providing a top speed of 325mph. It was armed with two power operated gun turrets, one in the nose and one on top of the fuselage and a four-gun turret in the tail. B-1 The B-1 is an American strategic bomber and cruise missile carrying aircraft. BA BA is an abbreviation for British Aerospace, a British aircraft manufacturer. BA 146 The BA 146 is a British short-haul regional airliner. BA hawk The BA hawk is a British two seat tandem trainer and light tactical military aircraft. BA VC10k The BA VC10k is a British flight refuelling tanker aircraft. Beechcraft 1900 The Beechcraft 1900 is an American regional airliner and corporate transport aircraft. Bell Bell is an American aircraft manufacturer. BK 117 The BK 117 is a German and Japanese multi-purpose eight to twelve seater helicopter. Blenheim The Bristol Blenheim was a British twin-engined day bomber and long-range fighter aircraft of the Second World War. It was powered by two 920hp Bristol mercury xv 9-cylinder engines giving a top speed of 295mph. It was armed with one forward-firing gun in the port wing and one gun in a retractable hydraulic gun turret on top of the fuselage. When used as a fighter the armament was increased by four guns mounted in the nose. Bleriot Louis Bleriot made the first crossing of the English channel in an aircraft. The aircraft was his monoplane. The crossing took place on july 25th 1909. BO 105l The BO 105l is a German five/six-seat light utility helicopter. Boeing Boeing are an American aircraft manufacturer. Boeing 307 The Boeing 307 was the world's first high-altitude aircraft. A pressurised cabin allowed it to cruise at 23000 feet above turbulence. Boeing 737 The Boeing 737 is an American short-haul commercial airliner. Boeing 747 The Boeing 747 is an American long-haul commercial airliner. Boeing 757 The Boeing 757 is an American short/medium-haul commercial airliner. Boeing 767 The Boeing 767 is an American medium-haul commercial airliner. Boeing E-3 The Boeing E-3 (sentry) is an airborne warning and control system aircraft. Boeing KC-135R The Boeing KC-135R (stratotanker) is an American flight refuelling tanker aircraft. Buccaneer The Buccaneer is a British strike aircraft. It is powered by two Rolls- Royce RB.168 Spey Turbofans and carries a variety of weapons in a rotating bomb bay. It is capable of near sonic speed flight at sea level. Cessna Cessna are an American aircraft manufacturer. Cessna caravan The Cessna caravan is a light utility transport aircraft. CH-53E The CH-53E is an American amphibious assault transport helicopter. Chinook The chinook is a series of transport helicopters characterised by a long body and rotablades at each end. CL-601 The CL-601 is a Canadian light corporate transport aircraft. Concorde Concorde is a supersonic airliner. Cornu The Cornu helicopter was the first helicopter to made a successful free flight with a man on board. It was invented by a Frenchman, Paul Cornu in 1907. Cub see "AN-12" Dakota see "DC-3" DC-10 The DC-10 is a medium-haul commercial airliner. It is made by McDonnell Douglas of the USA. DC-3 The DC-3 was an American 21 passenger transport aircraft of the 1930s. The military version was called the Dakota. DC-8 The DC-8 is an American long-haul commercial airliner. DC-9 The DC-9 is an American short/medium-haul commercial airliner. DH4 The DH4 was a two-seater daylight bomber used durng the first world war. It first flew in December 1916. DO-228 The DO-228 is a German light-regional airliner and utility transport aircraft. Dornier Dornier are a German aircraft manufacturer. Dornier DO17 The Dornier DO17 was a German twin engined bomber of the Second World War. It was powered by two bramo 323 engines giving it a top speed of 275mph. Dornier DO215 The Dornier DO215 was a German twin-engined bomber aircraft of the Second World War. It was powered by two 1150hp Daimler Benz engines giving it a top speed of 312mph. Entendard The entendard is a French anti-ship warfare fighter. It carries a single exocet missile and has a maximum speed of 650mph. Epsilon see "tb_30" F-14 The F-14 is an American two-seat shipboard multi-role fighter aircraft. F-15 The F-15 is an American single-seat air superiority fighter aircraft. F-18 The F-18 is an American single-seat shipboard and shore-based multi-role fighter and attack aircraft. F-20 The F-20 is an American single-seat multi-role fighter aircraft. Fairchild Fairchild is an American aircraft manufacturer. Fairchild 340 The Fairchild 340 is a joint Swedish and American regional airliner and corporate transport aircraft. Fencer see "su19" Fokker D.VII The Fokker D.VII was a single-seater fighter scout aircraft used by the German forces during the first world war. Fokker DVII The fokker DVII was a German biplane fighter aircraft during the first world war. It was famed for it's manoeuvrability. G222 The G222 is an Italian general-purpose military transport plane. It was developed in 1970. Galeb The Galeb is a Yugoslavian two-seat trainer aircraft. Gloster whittle e28/39 The Gloster Whittle e28/39 was Britain's first jet aircraft. Gotha G Vb The Gotha G Vb was a heavy bomber used by the German army during the first world war. Handley page hp42 The Handley Page HP42 was a biplane airliner. It was in use between 1931 and 1940 by imperial airways. Handley Page o/400 The Handley Page o/400 was a British heavy bomber used during the first world war. It entered service in 1918. Harrier The Harrier is a British VTOL multi-role fighter aircraft. Hawk see "ba_hawk" Hawker Hart The Hawker Hart was a biplane. It was developed in 1928. Several versions were manufactured. The standard light bomber, and the demon which was a two-seat fighter, the hardy was designed for general-purpose duties and the hind was a high-powered variation. Heinkel 178 The heinkel 178 was a German jet propelled aircraft. It made its first flight in 1939. Heinkel HEIII The heinkel HEIII was a German twin-engined bomber aircraft of the Second World War. It was powered by two 1200hp Junkers jumo engines giving it a top spee d of 274mph. Hercules The hercules is the nickname of the l-100-30. Hughes Hughes are an American aircraft manufacturer. Hughes 500e The Hughes 500e is an American five-seat light utility helicopter. Hughes 500md The Hughes 500md is an American light gunship and multi-role helicopter. Hurricane The Hawker Hurricane was a British fighter aircraft of the Second World War. It was armed with 12 machine guns and powered by a single 1030hp Rolls-Royce engine giving it a top speed of 335mph. Il-62 The Il-62 is a Soviet long-range passenger jet. It can carry 186 passengers. Il-76 The il-76 is a Soviet heavy-duty medium/long-haul military and commercial freighter aircraft. Il-86 The il-86 is a Soviet medium-haul commercial airliner. Imperial airways Imperial airways was formed in 1924 providing flights between Britain and Africa, Australia and north America. In 1939 imperial airways was reorganised into BOAC which in turn developed into BAC and British airways. Islander The Islander is a Britsh twin-engined light transport plane. It can carry upto 10 passengers. The Islander is manufactured by Britten-Norman Ltd, and is powered by two 260bhp Lycoming o-540 engines giving a speed of 169mph. JA 37 The JA 37 is a Swedish single-seat all-weather interceptor fighter aircraft with secondary strike capability. It is made by saab. Jaguar The jaguar is a joint British and French single-seat tactical strike fighter aircraft. Jetstream 31 The jetstream 31 is a British light corporate transport and regional airliner. It can carry up to 19 passengers. Jetstream 31ez The jetstream 31ez is an inshore maritime patrol version of the jetstream 31. It is fitted with 360 degree radar and a search light and carries a crew of five. Junkers F-13 The Junkers f-13 was a German passenger carrying aircraft. It entered service in 1919 and remained in use until the 1930s. Junkers J4-10 The Junkers J4-10 was a two-seater low level fighter aircraft. It was the first all-metal aircraft built during the first world war. Junkers ju87 The Junkers ju87 (stuka) was a German single-engine dive bomber of the Second World War. It was powered by a 1000hp jumo engine giving it a top speed of 242 mph. Ka-25 The ka-25 is a Soviet shipboard anti-submarine warfare helicopter. Ka-32 The ka-32 is a Soviet shipboard anti-submarine warfare helicopter. L-100-30 The l-100-30 is an American medium/long-range military and commercial freight transport aircraft. L-29 The aero l-29 (maya) is a Czechoslovakian basic trainer aircraft. It has a top speed of 407mph. L-39 The l-39 (albatros) is a Czechoslovakian basic and advanced trainer aircraft. It has a top speed of 466mph. The l-39 was developed in the early 1970s as a replacement for the l-29. The l-39 is unusual in that it can operate from unpaved surfaces. Lancaster The lancaster was a four-engined British heavy bomber of the Second World War. Lebaudy The lebaudy was the first airship. It's maiden flight was on november 12th 1903. Lockheed Lockheed is an American aircraft manufacturer. Lockheed c-5a The Lockheed c-5a is an American military heavy logistics transport plane. It can carry a payload of 100 tons. M-21 The M-21 is a Polish agricultural aircraft. Magister The magister was a British initial trainer aircraft made by philips and powis during the Second World War. It had a top speed of 142mph. Master I The Master I was a British advanced trainer aircraft made by philips and powis during the Second World War. It had a top speed of 250mph. Maya see "L-29" MB-339a The MB-339a is an Italian tandem two-seat advanced trainer aircraft. Messerschmitt ME109E The Messerschmitt ME109E was a German fighter aircraft of the Second World War. It was powered by a single 1150hp Daimler-Benz engine giving it a top speed of 354mph. Messerschmitt ME109F The Messerschmitt ME109F was a German fighter aircraft of the Second World War. It was powered by a single 1375hp Mercedes-Benz engine giving it a top speed of 370mph. It was armed with a single 20mm cannon in the nose and two machine guns in the nose. Mi-14 The MI-14 is a Soviet amphibious anti-submarine helicopter. Mi-17 The MI-17 is a Soviet medium transport helicopter. Mi-24 The MI-24 is a Soviet assault and anti-armour helicopter. Mi-26 The MI-26 is a Soviet military and commercial heavy-lift helicopter. Mi-8 The MI-8 is a Soviet assault transport helicopter. Mig The MIG are various military aircraft of Soviet origin. Mig-23 The MIG-23 is a Soviet single-seat air superiority and close air support fighter aircraft. Mig-25 The MIG-25 is a Soviet single-seat interceptor fighter aircraft. Mig-27 The MIG-27 is a Soviet single-seat tactical strike and close air support fighter aircraft. Montgolfier The Montgolfier brothers made a hot air balloon, in which Jean Francois Pilatre de Rozier and the Marquis d'Ariandes made the world's first aerial voyage over Paris on november the 21st 1783. Mosquito The mosquito was a British all wooden bomber aircraft of the Second World War. Moth The moth was a British biplane. It was cheap, reliable and easy to fly making it popular with the general public. The RAF used it as a primary trainer aircraft. The moth entered production in 1931 and ended after the Second World War. Mu-300 The mu-300 is a Japanese light corporate transport aircraft. Ndn-1 The ndn-1 is a British two-seat basic trainer aircraft. Ndn-6 The ndn-6 is a British two-seat agricultural aircraft. Nimrod The Nimrod is a British long-range maritime patrol aircraft. Northrop Northrop are an American aircraft manufacturer. Nymph The Nymph is a British single-engined four-seat light aircraft. It is powered by a 115bhp Lycoming 0-235-CIB engine and has a speed of 117mph. Orao The orao is a joint Yugoslavian and Romanian single-seat close air support fighter aircraft. Owlet The Owlet was a British tricycle trainer aircraft made by General Aircraft during the Second World War. It had a top speed of 125mph. Oxford The Airspeed Oxford was a British trainer aircraft used for training bomber pilots during the Second World War. It was a twin-engined low-wing cantilever monoplane with a retractable undercarriage. It had two 375hp Armstrong Siddeley cheetah X engines producing a top speed of 197mph at 8300ft. It had a service ceiling of 23000ft. PA-42 The PA-42 is an American light corporate executive transport aircraft made by piper. It is nicknamed cheyenne. PA-48 The PA-48 is an American single-seat close air support aircraft. PIK-23 The PIK-23 is a Finnish two-seat primary trainer and glider tug aircraft. Pilcher Percy Pilcher, an Englishman, may be said to have invented the hang glider. During the late 19th century he invented a man launched glider. Piper Piper is an American aircraft manufacturer. R3140 The R3140 is a French light cabin monoplane aircraft. RF-5 The RF-5 is an American single-seat tactical reconnaissance aircraft. S-70 The S-70 is an American tactical transport helicopter. It is nicknamed the black hawk. Saab Saab are a Swedish aircraft and automobile manufacturer. SE5 The SE5 was a British fighter aircraft used during the first world war. Seasprite The seasprite is an American multi-purpose helicopter. It has a maximum speed of 200mph and is often used in anti-submarine and anti-ship warfare when it is armed with 2 mk46 torpedoes. Sentry see "Boeing_E-3" Sheriff The sheriff is a British light cabin monoplane and trainer aircraft. It was developed during the early 1980s. Shorts 330 The Shorts 330 is a British regional airliner and commercial freighter aircraft. It is nicknamed the sherpa. Shorts 360 The Shorts 360 is a British regional airliner. Sikorsky Sikorsky is an American helicopter manufacturer. Sikorsky Bolshoi The Sikorsky Bolshoi was the first four engined aircraft. It could carry eight passengers. Its first flight was in 1913. Sikorsky R-4 The Sikorsky R-4 was the world's first production helicopter. It entered service in 1942. Socata Socata is a French aircraft manufacturer. Sopwith Camel The Sopwith camel was a British fighter aircraft used during the first world war. Spad VII The Spad VII was a single seater fighter aircraft used during the first world war. Spartacus The AP68-300 (spartacus) is a light multi-role transport and utility aircraft from italy. It was first developed in 1978 and entered service in 1983. Spitfire The Vickers-Armstrong spitfire was a British fighter aircraft of the Second World War. The MK I was armed with 4 machine guns in each wing. The MK II and MK V were armed with 2 20mm cannons and 4 machine guns. It had a top speed of about 400mph. Stuka see "Junkers_JU87" SU-17 The SU-17 is a Soviet single-seat attack and counterair aircraft. SU-19 The Sukhoi SU-19 (fencer) is a Soviet two-seat multi-role combat aircraft. It has a top speed of mach 2.5. It is armed with a 23mm gsh-23 twin-barrel cannon and can carry air-to-ground or air-to-air missiles. SU-20 The Sukhoi SU-20 is a Soviet single-seat attack and close-support aircraft. It has a top speed of mach 2.7. It is armed with 2 30mm NR-30 cannons one in each wing root and often carries AS-7 air-to-surface missiles. SU-24 The SU-24 is a Soviet deep penetration interdictor and strike aircraft. SU-25 The SU-25 is a Soviet single-seat close air support aircraft. Sukhoi Sukhoi is a Soviet aircraft manufacturer. T-1040 The T-1040 is an American light regional airliner. T-34c The T-34c is an American tandem two-seat primary trainer aircraft. It was developed during the 1970s. T67 The T67 is a British two-seat primary trainer aircraft. TB 30 The TB 30 is a French two-seat primary trainer aircraft. TB-20 The TB-20 is a French light cabin monoplane aircraft. Tiger Moth The Tiger Moth was a British biplane made by De Haviland. It had a top speed of 109mph. Tomcat Tomcat is the nickname of the F-14. Tornado The Tornado is a British two-seat interceptor fighter aircraft. TR-1 The TR-1 is an American single-seat high-altitude tactical reconnaissance aircraft. TU-16 The Tupolev TU-16 is a Soviet strategic bomber. It has a top speed of 587mph. It is armed with 6 23mm NR-23 cannons in a radar-directed manned tail-turret and remotely-aimed upper dorsal and rear ventral barbettes. The TU-16 entered service in 1954. Tupolev The Tupolev is a Soviet medium-range strategic bomber and maritime strike/reconnaisance aircraft. VC10 The VC10 is a British passenger jet airliner. It carries 163 passengers and has a top speed of mach 0.86. Viscount The Viscount is a British passenger airliner. It carries 73 passengers and a crew of 3. It has a range of 1725 miles and a top cruising speed of 357mph. VTOL VTOL is an abbreviation for vertical take off and landing. It is used with aircraft which can take-off and land with out a runway. Vulcan The Vulcan is a British four-jet medium bomber. It is powered by Rolls- Royce Bristol Olympus 301 turbojets giving it a speed of Mach 0.94. Wellington The Vickers Wellington was a series of British twin-engined long-range night bomber of the Second World War. The mark I was powered by two 1000hp Bristol pegasus XVIII radial engines giving a top speed of 250mph. Later models had a slightly higher top speed. It was armed with hydraulic gun turrets in the nose and tail. Some models also had a hydraulic gun turret amidships beneath the fuselage. It carried 9 500lb bombs in 3 bays. Whitley The Armstrong-Whitworth Whitley IV was a British twin-engined heavy bomber of the Second World War. It was powered by two 1030hp Rolls-Royce merlin IV 12-cylinder engines giving it a top speed of 245mph. It was armed with a powered operated single gun turret in the nose and a four- gun turret in the tail. Wright flyer The Wright flyer was the aircraft invented by the Wright brothers. On december 17th 1903 it made the first sustained flight by a man-carrying heavier-than-air machine. Y-10 The Y-10 is a Chinese medium-haul commercial transport aircraft. YAK-36mp The YAK-36mp is a Soviet shipboard VTOL air defence and strike fighter aircraft. ROCKS AND MINERALS Accessory Accessory refers to a mineral that occurs in a rock in minute quantities, and does not affect the way the rock is named or classified. Acidic rock Acidic rock refers to an igneous rock that consists mostly of light coloured minerals and has more than 66% free or combined silica. Actinolite Actinolite has the formulae Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 6. It commonly occurs in the crystalline schists, being often the chief constituent of green-coloured schists and greenstones. Used somewhat as an asbestos material. Adamantine Adamantine refers to a brilliant luster like that of a diamond. Results from a mineral having a high index of refraction. Adamite Adamite has the formulae Zn2(AsO4)(OH). It has a relative hardness of 4. It has brilliant fluorescence. Of scientific interest and much desired by collectors. Aegirite Aegirite has the formulae NaFe(Si2O6). It has a relative hardness of 7. It is a rock-forming mineral found mainly in rocks rich in soda and poor in silica. Named after Aegir, Icelandic god of the sea. Agaric Mineral Agaric Mineral is one of the purest native carbonates of lime. It is chiefly found in the clefts of rocks and at the bottom of some lakes. Agate Agate is a semi-precious stone comprised mainly of silica. It is a compact variety of chalcedony. It has a pattern of banding which occurs due to chemical admixtures of haematite, limonite and other minerals. Alabaster Alabaster is naturally occurring hydrated calcium sulphate. Albite Albite has the formulae NaAlSi3O8. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is widely distributed, rock-forming mineral. Present in pegmatite dikes and may be found in crystals. Alkaline rock Alkaline rock refers to any rock which contains more than average amounts of potassium bearing and sodium bearing minerals. Allanite Allanite has the formulae (Ce,Ca,Y)2(Al,Fe)3(SiO4)3(OH). It has a relative hardness of 6. It occurs as a minor constituent of many igneous rocks. Frequently associated with epidote. Found in some magnetic bodies. Allemontite Allemontite is a natural alloy of arsenic and antimony. It has a relative hardness of 4. Almandine Almandine is a variety of precious garnet, reddish or violet in colour. Alteration Alteration refers to physical or chemical change in a rock or mineral after its original formation. Can result in new minerals or in textural changes in the rock. Alumina Alumina is aluminium oxide and occurs as ruby, sapphire, bauxite. Alunite Alunite has the formulae KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is usually formed by sulfuric acid solutions acting on rocks rich in alkalic feldspar. Used in the production of alum. Amblygonite Amblygonite has the formulae (Li,Na)Al(PO4)(F,OH). It has a relative hardness of 6. It occurs in lithium and phosphate rich granite pegmatites. Associated with spodumene, apatite, tourmaline, lepidolite. Amethyst Amethyst is a precious stone. It is quartz coloured with manganese. Amorphous Amorphous refers to 'Without form'. The term is applied to rocks and minerals that lack definite crystal structure. Amygdule Amygdule refers to a mineral containing cavity in an igneous rock formed by escaping gas. Anaclime Anaclime has the formulae NaAlSi2O6ù2H2O. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is of interest to collectors. Found in cavities of intrusive and volcanic igneous rocks; often as clear shiny crystals. Associated with calcite and zeolites. Anatase Anatase has the formulae TiO2. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is a form of rutile. Found in granite, gneiss, mica schist, maetamorphic limestone, and dolomite. May be present as an accessory mineral in the rocks or in a quartz vein traversing it. Used as a coating of welding rods. A derivative it titanium. Andalusite Andalusite has the formulae Al2SiO5. It has a relative hardness of 8. It is formed by the metamorphism of aluminous shales and slate. Used in the manufacture of spark plugs and other porcelains. May serve as a gem stone if clear and transparent. Name from Andalusia, a province of Spain. Andesine Andesine has the formulae NaAlSi3O8. It has a relative hardness of 6. Anglesite Anglesite has the formulae PbSO4. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is a common, minor ore of lead. Formed by the oxidation of galena. Found in the upper, oxidzed portions of lead veins. Named after the Island of Anglesey. Anhydrite Anhydrite has the formulae CaSO4. It has a relative hardness of 4. It has rectangular cleavage fragments. Occurs in a manner similar to gypsum and often found with it but not as common. Found in the cap rock of salt domes and in limestone rocks. From the Greek meaning 'without water'. Annivite Annivite is a variety of terahedrite containing bismuth and usually iron and zinc. Anorthite Anorthite has the formulae (Na,Ca)AlSi3O8. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is widely distributed and abundant rock-forming feldspar. Anthophyllite Anthophyllite has the formulae (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 6. It occurs in crystalline schists rich in magnesium. Of interest to collectors. Antimonite Antimonite is an antimony ore. It was used by the Greeks as a cosmetic for darkening the eyelids. Antimony Antimony has the formulae Sb. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a native semimetal and difficult to distinguish from arsenic. Rather brittle and a poorer conductor of heat and electriciy than native metals. Apatite Apatite has the formulae Ca5(F,Cl,OH)(PO4)3. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is widely distributed as an accesory constituent in all classes of rock. Found in crystals and masses. Crystallized apatite has been extensivley for fertilizer. Transparent varieties of fine colour are sometimes used for gems - but it's too soft for extensive use. Aphanitic rock Aphanitic rock refers to a rock in which the crystalline constituents are too small to be distinguished without magnification. Apophyllite Apophyllite has the formulae KCa4Si8O2O(OH)ù8H2O. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is a hydrothermal mineral filling cavities in basalt and tufaceous rocks. Associated with stilbite, scolecite, calcite, prehnite, analcime. Aragonite Aragonite has the formulae CaCO3. It has a relative hardness of 4. It forms easily in a sedimentary environment but only stable in metamorphic rocks formed at high temperatures. Arfvedsonite Arfvedsonite has the formulae Na2-3(Fe,Mg,Al)5Si8O22(OH,F)2. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is typical of alkaline plutonic rocks that are rich in iron. Argentite Argentite has the formulae Ag2S. It has a relative hardness of 3. It lacks distinct cleavage. An important primary silver ore. The name is from Latin meaning 'silver'. Occurs disseminated in galena and in the cementation zone of lead and zinc deposits. Associated with cerussite, chlorargyrite, native silver. Argillaceous Argillaceous refers to composed mostly of or containg clay; such as shale. Arsenates Arsenates refers to minerals in which arsenate (AsO4) is an important part. Arsenic Arsenic has the formulae As. It has a relative hardness of 4. It has a garlicky odor; otherwise difficult to distinguish from antimony. A minor ore of arsenic and a relatively rare mineral found in veins in crystalline rocks associated with silver, cobalt, or nickel ores. Arsenopyrite Arsenopyrite has the formulae FeAsS. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is the most common mineral containing arsenic. It occurs with tin and tungsten ores in high temperature deposits as a deposition from hot waters. Frequently associated with gold. Also found with copper and silver ores. Asbestos Asbestos is a fibrous mineral with a high melting and combustion point. Atacamite Atacamite has the formulae Cu2Cl(OH)3. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a comparatively rare copper mineral. Occurs in arid regions in the upper oxidized zone of copper deposits. Augite Augite has the formulae (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al,Ti)(Si,Al)2O6. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is an important rock forming mineral. Chiefly found in dark coloured igneous rocks, especially those whose magmas were rich in iron, calcium and magnesium. Seldom found in rocks that contain much quartz. A common memeber of the pyroxene group. Told from amphibole by cleavage. Autunite Autunite has the formulae Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2ù10-12H2O. It has a relative hardness of 3. It has strong fluorescence. A secondary mineral found in the zone of oxidation and weathering of uranite or other uranium minerals. Used as an ore of uranium. Axinite Axinite has the formulae Ca2(Fe,Mn)Al2(BO3)(Si4O12)(OH). It has a relative hardness of 7. It occurs in cavities in granite and in the contact zones surrounding granite intrusions. Azurite Azurite has the formulae Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a minor ore of copper with an intense azure-blue colour. Alters to malachite. Associated with limonite, calcite, chalcocite, chrysocolla and other secondary copper minerals. Reacts vigorously with hydrochloric acid. Barite Barite has the formulae BaSO4. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is major ore of barium. Has a high SG for a light coloured mineral. Common gangue mineral in hydrothermal veins or as a repacement mineral in veins of limestone and dolomite. Associated with lead, silver and antimony sulfides. Barytes Barytes was the first mineral to be found to be luminescent when heated, and led to the discovery of the luminescence of minerals. It has a relative hardness of 3.5. Basanite Basanite is a smooth, black siliceous mineral. Basic rock Basic rock refers to an igneous rock with a low percentage of silica and a high percentage of pyroxene, hornblende, and labradorite. Bauxite Bauxite is a sedimentary rock group of various aluminium oxides, a principal ore of aluminium, found in France and Jamaica. Bauxite was named after the place where it was first found, Les Baux in France. It has a relative hardness of 1 to 3. Bedding Bedding refers to the arrangement of sedimentary rocks in about parallel layers or strata which correspond to the original sediments. Beryl Beryl has the formulae Be3Al2Si16O18. It has a relative hardness of 8. It has a characteristic six-sided outline. Used as a gem stone of various colours. It green variety is emerald. Beryl is also the major source of the rare element beryllium, a light metal similar to aluminum. Quite common and occurs usually in granite rocks, mica schists and with tin ores. Biotite Biotite has the formulae K(Mg,Fe)2(Al,Fe)Si3O10(OH,F)2. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is widely distributed rock forming mineral. Occurs in igneous and metamorphic rocks. A common member of the mica group. Bismuth Bismuth has the formulae Bi. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is the chief ore of bismuth and often shows broad cleavage surfaces. A somewhat rare mineral occurring in connection with ores of silver, cobalt, nickel, lead, and tin. Bismuth forms low melting alloys. It is used in fuses, medicine and cosmetics. Bismuthinite Bismuthinite has the formulae Bi2S3. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is a rare ore of bismuth. Occurs in veins that show definite relations to igneous rocks. Bituminous rocks Bituminous rocks refers to rocks that contain tar, petroleum, or asphalt. Blende Blende is a zinc ore. It generally contains more than half its weight in zinc, a quarter sulphur and often a small amount of iron. Bloodstone Bloodstone is a dark green variety of chalcedony. Bohemian garnet see "Pyrope" Bole Bole is an earthy mineral occuring in amorphous masses , and composed chiefly of silica with alumina, iron and occasionally magnesia. Boracite Boracite has the formulae Mg3B7O13Cl. It has a relative hardness of 7. It occurs associated with beds of halite, anhydrite, and gypsum. Formed by the evaporation of bodies of salt water. Borates Borates refers to a group of minerals in which the borate radical (BO3) is an important constituent. Borax Borax has the formulae Na2B4O7ù10H2O. It has a relative hardness of 3. It dissolves in water and has a sweetish alkaline taste. Formed as a deposit from the evaportation of salt lakes. Used in cleansing, antiseptic,, preservative, and chemical uses. Is a source of boron which is used in fuels. Bornite Bornite has the formulae Cu5FeS4. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is an ore of copper with a colourful tarnish(peacock). Widely occurring, it is found in basic rocks and metamorphic deposits. Botryoidal Botryoidal refers to resembling a bunch of grapes. A mineral of this type appears to have a surface covered with spherical bulges. Boulangerite Boulangerite is a lead ore. It contains 55 percent lead. It has a relative hardness of 2.5. Bournonite Bournonite has the formulae PbCuSbS3. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is an ore of lead, copper, and antimony which often exhibits twinned crystals. Occurs in in veins formed at moderate temperatures. Brimstone Brimstone is another name for sulphur. Brookite Brookite has the formulae à-TiO2. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is a source of titanium but deposits are usually too small to be of commercial use. Brown Spar Brown Spar is the name given to some crystalline varieties of dolomite tinged with peroxide of Iron Brucite Brucite has the formulae Mg(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is a decomposition product of magnesium silicates, especially serpentine. Variety: nemalite. Calamine Calamine is a zinc ore. Calcareous Calcareous refers to containing calcium carbonate or calcite. Calcic Calcic refers to containing calcium. Calcite Calcite has the formulae CaCO3. It has a relative hardness of 3. It effervesces vigorously with HCl. Clear specimens exhibit double refraction. Occurs as widespread sedimentary rock masses such as limestone. Crystalline metamorphosed limestones are called marbles. Fine grained deposits form chalk. Variety: onyx. Caliche Caliche is naturally occurring sodium nitrate found in Chile. Carbonaceous Carbonaceous refers to composed chiefly of organic carbon. (i.e. carbon derived from plant and animal remains.) Carbonates Carbonates refers to minerals, such as calcite, where the carbonate radical (CO3) is an important constituent. Carnallite Carnallite has the formulae KMgCl3ù6H2O. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is a source of potassium coumpounds and magnesium. Has a bitter salty taste. Carnelian Carnelian is a semi-precious gemstone consisting of quartz with iron impurities which give it a translucent red colour. Carnelian is found mainly in Brazil, Japan and India. Carnotite Carnotite has the formulae K2(UO2)2(VO4)2ù3H2O. It has a relative hardness of 1. It is an ore of uranium and vandium. Found in sands, sandstones and around petrified trees. Probably formed as a deposition from meteoric waters. Strongly radioactive. Cassiterite Cassiterite has the formulae SnO2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is the principal ore of tin. Widely distributed in small amounts but commerically available in only a few localities. Frequently associated with wolframite. Also found as rolled pebbles in placer deposits ('stream tin'). Usually found in veins associated with quartz, in or near granitic rocks. Celestine Celestine is a natural sulphate of strontium. Celestite Celestite has the formulae SrSO4. It has a relative hardness of 4. It often found disseminated through limestone or sandstone, or lining cavities in such rocks. Associated with calcite, dolomite, gypsum, sulfur, fluorite. Also found as a gangue mineral in lead veins. Used to prepare nitrate of strontium for fireworks and tracer bullets and in the refining of beet sugar. Cerussite Cerussite has the formulae PbCO3. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is an important and widely distributed supergene lead ore formed by the action of carbonated waters on galena in the upper zone of lead veins. Often found associated with galena and sphalerite. Chabazite Chabazite has the formulae Ca(Al2Si4)O12ù6H2O. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is a mineral of secondary origin found lining cavities in volcanic and intrusive igneous rocks. Chalcanthite Chalcanthite has the formulae CuSO4ù5H2O. It has a relative hardness of 3. It dissolves quickly in water and produces a blue solution. A minor ore of copper and found only in arid regions. Occurs near the surface in copper veins. Often deposited on iron from the water in copper mines. Used in calico printing, insecticides and for industrial purposes. Chalcedony Chalcedony is a variant of quartz comprised of silica. Chalcedony was named after Chalkedon, near Istanbul. It was traditionally used for decorative objects and amultes. It has a relative hardness of 7. Chalcocite Chalcocite has the formulae Cu2S. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is one of the most important copper ore minerals. It occurs primarily in enriched zones of sulfide deposits. Chalcopyrite Chalcopyrite has the formulae CuFeS2. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is the most widely occuring copper mineral and one of the most important ore sources of that metal. Occurs as an original constituent of igneous rocks, in pegmatic dikes, and in contact with metamorphic deposits. May carry gold or silver and become an ore of those metals. Chalcosine Chalcosine is an important copper ore. It was discovered in the 16th century. Chili Saltpetre see "Cubic_Nitr" Chlorite Chlorite has the formulae (Mg,Fe)6(AlSi3)O10(OH)8. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is a mineral group whose members usually exhibit a charactersitic green colour. The formula above is for 'green mica'. Distinguished from muscovite and green phlogopite by a lack of elasticity. Chondrodite Chondrodite has the formulae (Mg,Fe)3(SiO4)(OH,F)2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is a common metamorphic mineral in dolomitic marbles. Chromite Chromite has the formulae FeCr2O4. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is slightly magnetic. The only ore of chromium. A common constituent of peridotite rocks and the serpentines derived from them. Also associated with corundum. One of the first minerals to separate from a cooling magma. Chromium is widely used in metal plating and in stainless steel. Chrysoberyl Chrysoberyl has the formulae BeAl2O4. It has a relative hardness of 9. It occurs in granite rocks, pegmatites, and in mica schists. Frequently in river sands and gravels. Serves as a gem stone: alexandrite and "cats eye" which can be of great value. Chrysocolla Chrysocolla has the formulae (Cu,Al)2H2Si2O5(OH)4ùnH2O. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a minor ore of copper. A mineral of secondary origin, occuring in the oxidized zones of copper veins. Associated with malachite, azurite, cuprite, native copper. Named from two Greek words meaning 'gold' and 'glue'. Chrysostom Chrysostom is a gem stone of beryllium aluminate. Cinnabar Cinnabar (vermilion) is a red crystalline form of mercuric sulphide. It has the formulae HgS and a relative hardness of 3. It often has a bright red colour. The only important source of mercury and it's found in few localities. Occurs as vein fillings near recent volcanic rocks and hot springs. Used in scientific equipment, in drugs, and with tin in silvering mirrors. Many other uses. Clastic rock Clastic rock refers to a sedimentary rock comprised of fragments of preexisting rocks that have been transported and deposited. Clay Clay refers to a soft sediment or deposit that is plastic when wet and comprised of very fine-grained materials, mainly hydrous aluminum silicates. Cleavage Cleavage refers to a mineral is said to possess cleavage if when it breaks it yields definite plane surfaces. Cleavage can be perfect as in micas or, in some minerals, completely lacking. Cleavage is always parallel to crystal faces. Clinozoisite Clinozoisite has the formulae Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH). It has a relative hardness of 7. Cobaltite Cobaltite has the formulae CoAsS. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is an ore of cobalt. Usually found in high temperature deposits, disseminated in metamorphic rocks, or in vein deposits with other cobalt and nickel minerals. Coelestine Coelestine is a mineral used in pyrotechnics and a s a source of strontium. Occassionaly it is cut and used as a gem stone. It has a relative hardness of 3.5. Colemanite Colemanite has the formulae Ca2B6O11ù5H2O. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is a major ore of boron. Occurs in high temperature hydrothermal veins or disseminated in metamorphic rocks associated with other cobalt and nickel sulfides/arsenides. Columbite Columbite has the formulae (Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6. It has a relative hardness of 6. It shows a bluish iridescent fracture surface. The main ore of niobium and tantalum; used in metallurgy to create heat-resistant alloys and in the rust proofing of stainless steel. Concretion Concretion refers to an accumulation of mineral matter when mineral particles become cemented together into an orderly, rounded form. Contact metamorphism Contact metamorphism refers to metamorphism resulting from the intrusion of magma which takes place at or near the contact point with the molten rock. Copper Copper has the formulae Cu. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is one of the essential metals of modern civilization. Native copper is found in copper veins but copper sulfides are the principal source ores of the metal. Cordierite Cordierite has the formulae Mg2Al4Si5O18. It has a relative hardness of 8. It is found as an accessory mineral in granite, gneiss, schists, and in contact metamorphic zones. Transparent specimens of good colour have been used as a gem. Corundum Corundum has the formulae Al2O3. It has a relative hardness of 9. It is common as an accessory mineral in metamorphic rocks and as an original constituent of certain igneous rocks. Color differences give rise to several varieties of gem, notably, ruby and saphire. The deep red ruby is one of the most valuable gems, second only to emerald and diamond. Covellite Covellite has the formulae CuS. It has a relative hardness of 2. It has an indigo-blue colour. Not an abundant material but is found in most copper deposits, usually as a coating in the zone of sulfide enrichment. Cristobalite Cristobalite has the formulae SiO2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is present in many siliceous volcanic rocks as a lining in cavities. Upon heating to 1470 C it becomes nearly transparent. On cooling it assumes its initial white translucent appearance. Crocoite Crocoite has the formulae PbCrO4. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is a rare mineral found in the oxidized zones of lead deposits where lead veins have traversed rocks containing chromite. Not abundant enough to be of commercial value although it does contain chromium. Name is Greek and means 'saffron', an allusion to the colour. Cross-stone see "Harmotome" Cryolite Cryolite has the formulae Na3AlF. It has a relative hardness of 3. It often found enclosing brown siderite and grey galena. Always occurs in pegmatites where it's probably a precipitate from flouride rich solutions. Used in the manufacture of sodium salts, certain kinds of glass and porcelain, and as a flux for cleaning metal surfaces. Crystal Crystal refers to a solid mineral having a regular geometric shape and bounded by smooth flat surfaces(called crystal faces). Crystal symmetry Crystal symmetry refers to the repetitive pattern of crystal faces caused by the orderly internal arrangements of atoms within a mineral. Cubic Nitre Cubic Nitre (sodium nitrate, Chili Saltpetre) is a mineral found mainly in the Tarapaca district of Chile. Cuprite Cuprite has the formulae Cu2O. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is an important ore of copper. Found in the upper oxidized portions of copper veins. Commonly found in crystal forms. Danburite Danburite has the formulae CaB2Si2O8. It has a relative hardness of 7. Datolite Datolite has the formulae CaBSiO4(OH). It has a relative hardness of 6. It is a mineral of secondary origin found usually in cavities in basalt lavas and similar rocks. Delvauxite Delvauxite is a mineral source of phosphate. It has a relative hardness of 2.5. Destinezite Destinezite is a mineral. It is a source of phosphate. It has a relative hardness of 3. Detrital sediment Detrital sediment refers to deposited rock and mineral fragments. Diamond Diamond has the formulae C. It has a relative hardness of 10. It is the hardest naturally occuring mineral and the most important of the gem stones. Occurs in pale shades of several colours, deep shades are rare. Gem quality diamond is transparent, of attractive colour, and without internal fractures or inclusions of other materials. Diaspore Diaspore has the formulae AlO(OH). It has a relative hardness of 7. It is a constituent of bauxites and a major source of aluminum. Dike Dike refers to a wall-like body of igneous rock that cuts across layers of surrounding rocks. Diopside Diopside has the formulae CaMgSi2O6. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is usually found as a contact metamorphic mineral in crystalline limestones. Transparent varieties have been cut and used as gemstones. Dioptase Dioptase has the formulae CuSiO2(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is found in the oxidation zone of copper deposits, in cavities of massive copper minerals. Dolomite Dolomite has the formulae CaMg(CO3)2. It has a relative hardness of 4. It's powder reacts vigorously with HCl. A potential ore of magnesium. Occurs in widely extended rock masses as dolomitic limestone. Often intimately mixed with calcite. Formed from ordinary limestone by the replacement of calcium by magnesium. Dumortierite Dumortierite has the formulae Al7(BO3)(SiO4)3O3. It has a relative hardness of 7. It often has a bright colour and fibrous habit. Occurs in metamorphic rocks rich in aluminum. Also in pegmatites and contact metamorphic rocks. Dysodile Dysodile is a yellow or green foliated mineral found in limestone. Emerald Emerald is a green precious stone variety of the mineral beryl. Enargite Enargite has the formulae Cu3AsS4. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a relatively rare mineral found in vein and replacement deposits associated with pyrite, shpalerite, bornite, galena, chalcocite. Used as an ore of copper. Enstatite Enstatite has the formulae Mg2Si2O6. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is a common and widespread mineral. Found in mafic plutonic and vocanic rocks and often in both metallic and stony meteorites. Epidote Epidote has the formulae Ca2(Al,Fe)3Si3O12(OH). It has a relative hardness of 7. It is a common mineral. Found in regional and metamorphic rocks of mafic composition and as a product of alteration of other minerals. Sometimes used as a gemstone. Epsomite Epsomite has the formulae MgSO4ù7H2O. It has a relative hardness of 3. It has a bitter salty taste; dissolves easily in water. Occurs in delicate fibrous and capillary aggregates. Often called 'epsom salt'. Found as an efflorescent deposit on the walls of caves and sometimes in lake deposits. Erythrite Erythrite has the formulae Co3(AsO4)2ù8H2O. It has a relative hardness of 3. It often shows a vivid colour and occurs in thin crusts. An important indicator of cobalt mineral deposits. Euclase Euclase has the formulae BeAlSiO4(OH). It has a relative hardness of 8. It is a variety of berly. Feldspar Feldspar refers to a group of minerals containing aluminum and silica. They all show good cleavage in two directions at about 90 degrees. The hardness is about 6 and the specific gravity between 2.5 - 2.8. Ferberite Ferberite has the formulae FeWO4 - MnWO4. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is the chief ore of tungsten. A rare mineral found usually in pegmatite dikes and high-temperature quartz veins associated with granites. Ferruginous Ferruginous refers to containing iron. Fire-Garnet see "Pyrope" Flint Flint is a compact mineral of fine grained silica. It is a variety of quartz. Flow banding Flow banding refers to a structure sometimes found in volcanic rocks where alternating layers of rock have different mineral compositions. Fluorine Fluorine is a non-metallic element occurring naturally. Fluorite Fluorite has the formulae CaF2. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is found in veins where it's the main mineral or with metallic ores, especially lead and silver. Common in dolomites and limestone. Associated with many different minerals. Used chiefly as a flux in the making of steel, also for enameling, and it's used in the preparation of hydroflouric acid. Fluorspar Fluorspar is a natural mineral containing flourine. Foliation Foliation refers to a layered structure present in some metamorphic rocks which results from the segregation of different minerals into roughly parallel layers. Franklinite Franklinite has the formulae (Zn,Mn,Fe)(Fe,Mn)2O4 It has a relative hardness of 7. It is used as an ore of zinc and manganese. With minor exceptions, the mineral is confined to Franklin, New Jersey. Freibergite Freibergite is a variety of tetrahedrite containing between 28 and 36 percent silver. Friable Friable refers to crumbles or is pulverized easily. Galena Galena has the formulae PbS. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is virtually the only source of lead and an important ore of silver. Its a very common metallic mineral. When found in veins that show a connection to igneous rocks, it is frequently found with silver minerals. Galena is also found in limestones either as veins or as a replacement deposit. Garnet Garnet has the formulae A3B2(SiO4)3. It has a relative hardness of 8. It is a widely distributed group with several minerals. Found in both metamorphic and igneous rocks. Its chief use is as an inexpensive gem stone. Much is used as an abrasive materal. Garnierite Garnierite has the formulae (Ni,Mg)6Si4O10(OH)8. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is an ore of nickel. It's probably formed as an alteration of nickel bearing peridotites. Has a nice apple green colour. Glauberite Glauberite has the formulae Na2Ca(SO4)2. It has a relative hardness of 3. It has a bitter salty taste; dissolves slowly in water. Is a sedimentary mineral formed by the evaporation of saline water. Slowly alters to gypsum when exposed to air. Glauconite Glauconite has the formulae (K,Na)(Al,Fe,Mg)2(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2 It has a relative hardness of 2. It is of marine origin and found in sedimentary deposits of various kinds. Similar to a mineral called celadonite. Used in the textile, sugar, and brewing industries; as a colouring agent and in the manufacture of fertilizers. Glaucophane Glaucophane has the formulae Na2(Mg,Fe)3Al2Si8O22(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It often has a blue colour. A sodium rich rock forming mineral which, like other amphiboles, is poor in silica. Of interest to petrologists in helping to define the metamorphic conditions which formed the surrounding rock. Gneiss Gneiss refers to a coarsely foliated (layered) metamorphic rock. Goethite Goethite has the formulae FeO(OH). It has a relative hardness of 6. It is an ore of iron and a common mineral. Usually formed as a weathering product of iron bearing minerals. The term "limonite" is commonly used for earthy yellow and brown goethite. Gold Gold has the formulae Au. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is a rare element but occurs in nature in widely distributed small amounts. The main source of gold is in gold-quartz veins where gold was deposited from mineral bearing solutions. When the veins weather, the gold is separated from the quartz and mechanically settles on the stream floor as a placer deposit. Granite Granite is a plutonic igneous rock containing a high proportion of silica. Graphite Graphite has the formulae C. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is pure carbon and often confused with the heavier molybdenite. Formed from organic materials or by the presence of hydrocarbons in a metamorphic region. Used in the manufacture of crucibles, as a lubricant when mixed with oils, as 'lead' for pencils when mixed with clay. Feels greasy. Greasy Greasy refers to a luster of a mineral which appears to be covered with thin coat of oil. Greenockite Greenockite has the formulae CdS. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is the most common mineral containing cadmium but found in few places and usually as an earthy coating on zinc ores. The largest use of cadmium is for electroplating other metals to form chemical resistant coatings. Gypsum Gypsum has the formulae CaSO4ù2H2O. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is a common mineral distributed in sedimentary rocks, often as thick beds. Usually found under beds of rock salt as it's one of the first minerals to crystallize from evaporated salt waters. Used in the production of plaster of Paris. Habit Habit refers to the physical form of a crystal. It's determined by the shape and relative proportions of the crystal faces. Haematite Haematite is an iron ore. Halides Halides refers to a group of minerals that are mostly compounds of halogen elements (bromine, chlorine, flourine, iodine). Ex: halite, flourite. Halite Halite has the formulae NaCl. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is common salt. Tastes salty and exhibits lusterless cubic crystals. Hardness Hardness refers to hardness is the resistance of a smooth surface to scratching. It's determined by the binding force of atoms within the crystal structure. Moh's scale of hardness: 1)talc 2)gypsum 3)calcite 4)flourite 5)apatite 6)orthoclase 7)quartz 8)topaz 9)corundum 10)diamond. Harmotome Harmotome has the formulae (Ba,K)(Al,Si)2Si6O16ù6H20. It has a relative hardness of 5. It occurs mostly in volcanic rocks, especially basalt. Hausmannite Hausmannite has the formulae Mn2O4 It has a relative hardness of 6. It is an excellent ore of manganese. Hauyne Hauyne has the formulae (Na,Ca)4-8(Al6Si6)O24(SO4,S)1-2. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is of interest to collectors. Occurs in igneous and volcanic rocks. Hematite Hematite has the formulae Fe2O3. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is the most abundant and important ore or iron. Has been found in enormous deposits in the United States and elsewhere. Many samples are soft as the hematite is sedimentary or weathered iron oxide and the true hardness is not being measured. Hemimorphite Hemimorphite has the formulae Zn4Si2O7(OH)2ùH2O. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is an ore of zinc. Found in the oxidized regions of zinc deposits. Heulandite Heulandite has the formulae (Na,Ca)4-6Al6(Al,Si)4Si26O72ù24H2O. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is found in the cavities of basic igneous rocks and often associated with calcite. Hexagonal Hexagonal refers to a six sided crystal with hexagonal bases. An unsharpened pencil is a basic example. Horn Silver Horn Silver is a native chloride of silver, so called because when fused it assumes a horny appearance. Hornblende Hornblende has the formulae (Ca,Na)2-3(Mg,Fe,Al)5(Al,Si)8O22(OH)2 It has a relative hardness of 6. It is a common member of the amphibole group. Told from pyroxene by cleavage. Found in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Hydrothermal Hydrothermal refers to the alteration of minerals or rocks by super- heated mineral rich fluids, usually water, within a crystallizing magma. Hydrozincite Hydrozincite has the formulae Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is found mainly in deposits associated with smithsonite and occurs as a result of the oxidation of zinc bearing minerals. A major ore of zinc if found in economic quantities. Ilmenite Ilmenite has the formulae FeTiO3. It has a relative hardness of 6. It has weak magnetism. The major ore of titanium and a common accessory mineral in plutonic rocks. Also in metamorphic rocks. Occurs concentrated in black sands. Associated with magnetite. Intermediate rock Intermediate rock refers to an igneous rock that is transitional between acidic and basic rocks. Have a silica content between 54-65%. Iron Iron has the formulae Fe. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is is recovered primarily from iron bearing minerals. Iron is recognizable by the oxide coating on its surface. Isometric Isometric refers to cubic. Three axis, all the same length and at right angles to each other. Jade Jade is a group of glassy silicate minerals including jadetite and nephrite. Jadeite Jadeite has the formulae Na(Al,Fe+3)Si2O6. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is long prized in the Orient where its been used to make beautiful ornaments. Occurs in large masses in serpentine. Transparent and translucent varieties are called jade. Jasper Jasper has the formulae SiO2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is a form of quartz usually coloured red from inclusions of hematite. Jet Jet is a soft black mineral. Kaolinite Kaolinite has the formulae Al2Si2O5(OH)4. It has a relative hardness of 3. It has a crumbly habit. One of the common members of the group called clay. Derived from the decomposition of feldspars, particulary aluminum silicates. One of the most important of the natural industrial substances, it is used for bricks, ceramics, and many other applications. Kernite Kernite has the formulae Na2B4O7ù4H2O. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is a major ore of boron. Formed in playa lakes with the boron supplied by thermal springs passing through the underlying volcanic rock. Kimberlite Kimberlite is an igneous rock containing very little silica. Kyanite Kyanite has the formulae Al2SiO5. It has a relative hardness of 7. It has a different hardness in two directions. An accessory mineral in gneiss and mica schist. It often found with garnet and corundum. Used in the production of refractory porcelains. Labradorite Labradorite has the formulae (Na,Ca)AlSi3O8. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is one of the plagioclase feldspars, also known as soda-lime feldspars. Others in the grouping are: albite, oligoclase, andesine, bytownite, and anorthite. Labradorite often has a beautiful display of colours. The name is derived from the locality of Labrador. Lamellar Lamellar refers to composed of thin layers, scales, or plates Lapis lazuli Lapis lazuli is a blue mineral used in the manufacture of ultramarine pigment. Laumontite Laumontite has the formulae Ca(Al2Si4)O12ù4H2O. It has a relative hardness of 4. It shows a powdery white surface. A form of anaclime (or analcite). Characterized by the fact that it is monoclinic. Lazulite Lazulite has the formulae MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is a rare mineral and a minor gem stone. Usually found in quartzites associated with kyanite, andalusite, corundum and rutile. Name derived from the Arabic word for 'heaven' in regard to the mineral's colour. Lazurite Lazurite has the formulae (Na,Ca)8(Al,Si)12O24(S,SO4). It has a relative hardness of 5. It is usually shows a deep blue colour. The greenish variety is called lapis lazuli and is very rare. Found in metamorphic limestones associated with calcite and pyrite. Lenticular Lenticular refers to have a lens-like shape. Lepidolite Lepidolite has the formulae K(Li,Al)3(Si,Al)4O10(F,OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a relatively rare mineral found in pegmatic dikes and usually associated with lithium bearing minerals such as pink and green tourmaline. Often found intergrown with muscovite. Used as a source of lithium and it's used in the manufacture of heat resistant glass. Leucite Leucite has the formulae KAlSi2O6. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is a rather rare mineral occuring only in igneous rocks and usually in recent lavas. Found in rocks where the amount of silica in the magma was not sufficient to form feldspar. It is not found, therefore, in rocks that contain quartz. From the Greek word for 'white'. Lime Lime is the common name of calcium oxide. Limestone Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate. Limonite Limonite is an iron ore found in bog deposits. It has a relative hardness of 5.5. Luster Luster refers to the general look of a mineral in reflected light. Minerals are divided into two types: metallic and non-metallic. There's no clear dividing line between the two. In general, non-metallic minerals will transmit light through a thin edge, are light coloured, and will have a light or colourless streak. Non-metallic minerals are further described as: vitreous, resinous, pearly, greasy, silky, adamantine. Magma Magma refers to molten rock beneath the earth's crust. It solidifies to form igneous rocks. Magnesite Magnesite has the formulae MgCo3. It has a relative hardness of 4. It has been used as an ore of metallic magnesium but the primary source of magnesium is sea water. Is a source of magnesia for industrial chemicals. Commonly found in veins and masses derived from the alteration of serpentine through the action of waters containing carbonic acid. Magnetite Magnetite has the formulae Fe3O4. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is the richest and most important ore of iron. Found as an accessory mineral in most igneous rocks. Highly magnetic. Malachite Malachite has the formulae Ci2(CO3)(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a widely distributed copper ore. Found in the oxidized portions of copper veins and is often associated with azurite, cuprite, native copper, iron oxides, and sulfides of copper and iron. Often occurs in copper veins that are found in limestone. Manganite Manganite has the formulae MnO(OH). It has a relative hardness of 4. It is strongly magnetic. An ore of manganese but seldom found in commercial quantities. Often found in veins associated with granitic igneous rocks. Alters to pyrolusite. Barite and calcite are frequent associates. Marble Marble is metamorphosed limestone. Marcasite Marcasite has the formulae FeS2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It often shows a white colour on a fresh surface. Found in iron metallic veins and frequently with lead and zinc ores. Also found in sedimentary rocks. Marcasite most frequently occurs as a replacement deposit in limestone and often in concretions imbedded in clays, marls, and shales. Margarite Margarite has the formulae CaAl2(Al2Si2))O10(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is a metamorphic mineral associated with staurolite and tourmaline. Massive Massive refers to a mineral that does not show any definite external crystal form or consists of poorly defined masses of small crystals. Mercury Mercury has the formulae Hg. It has a relative hardness of 0. It is a native metal. Has uses in mining, engineering, and pharmacy. Mica Mica refers to a group of silicate minerals having perfect cleavage in one direction and which easily split into thin, elastic, sheets. Microcrystalline Microcrystalline refers to a rock in which the crystals are too small to be seen without a microscope. Microline Microline has the formulae KAlSi3O8. It has a relative hardness of 7. It has the same composition as orthoclase but distinguished by triclinic twinning (usually requires a microscope). If a feldspar is a deep green it is microline - and sometimes called 'amazon stone'. Told from plagioclase by lack of striations. Millerite Millerite has the formulae NiS. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is the richest ore of nickel but too scattered to be commercially important. Forms at low temperatures often in cavities and as an altered form of other nickel minerals, or as a crystal inclusion in other minerals. Mimetite Mimetite has the formulae Pb5(AsO4)3Cl. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a minor ore of lead. A relatively rare which occurs in the oxidized portions of lead bearing veins. Mohs Mohs is a scale of hardness applied to minerals. It ranges from 1 for talc to diamond at 10. Molybdates Molybdates refers to a group of minerals in which the molybdate radical (MoO4) is an important constituent. Ex: wulfenite Molybdenite Molybdenite has the formulae MoS2. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is the main ore of molybdenum. Resembles graphite but has a higher specific gravity and a slight blue tint. Monazite Monazite has the formulae (Ca,La,Nd,Th)PO4. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is the chief ore of thorium and cerium. Thorium is a radioactive element. It is concentrated in sands due to its durability and high specific gravity. Associated with other heavy minerals such as magnetite, rutile, and zircon. Monoclinic Monoclinic refers to a crystal with six faces and three axes of unequal length. Two axes are at right angles to each other and the third is inclined to the plane of the other two. A ream of paper with a long edge sloped at an angle is an example. Mud Mud is a mixture of clay, sand and organic matter. Muscovite Muscovite has the formulae KAl2(AlSi3)O10(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 3. It has extremely perfect cleavage and thin flakes are flexible. Very common. Used for electrical and heat insulation. Natrolite Natrolite has the formulae Na2(Al2Si3)O10ù2H2O. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is of interest to collectors. Found lining cavities in basalts and other lavas. Associated with calcite and zeolites. Nephiline Nephiline has the formulae (Na,K)AlSiO4. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is confined almost exclusively to the zinc deposits at Franklin, NJ. Associated with franklinite and willemite, often in an intimate mixture. Niccolite Niccolite has the formulae NiAs. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is a minor ore of nickel and often has a copper-like colour. Nodular Nodular refers to appearing as or composed of irregular lumps of rock or a mineral. Oligoclase Oligoclase has the formulae (Na,Ca)AlSi3O8. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is a plagioclase feldspar. Of interest to petrologists and collectors. Varieties: labradorite, anorthite. Olivine Olivine has the formulae (Mg,Fe)2SiO4. It has a relative hardness of 7. It's name is derived from the characteristic olive green colour. A common rock forming mineral. A clear green variety is called peridot and has some uses as a gem. Onyx Onyx is a mineral formed of silica. Opal Opal has the formulae SiO2ùnH2O. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is found lining and filling cavities in igneous and sedimentary rocks where it's been deposited by hot waters. The ordinary varieties are common but the precious varieties are quite valuable. Orpiment Orpiment has the formulae As2S3. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is a rare mineral usually associated with realgar. Used in dyeing but is poisonous. Distinguished from sulfur by its perfect cleavage. Orthoclase Orthoclase has the formulae KAlSi3O8. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is used in the manufacture of porcelin and for other industrial purposes. Orthorhombic Orthorhombic refers to a rectangular crystal with three axes of different lengths and all at right angles to each other. A closed book is a basic example. Oxide Oxide refers to a group of minerals where oxygen joined with a metal is a major constituent. Oxidized zone Oxidized zone refers to the portion of an ore body that has been altered by downward percolating groundwater and which contains dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide. Pearly Pearly refers to a luster with the iridescent look of a pearl. Most commonly seen on surfaces parallel to cleavage planes. Pectolite Pectolite has the formulae NaCa2Si3O8(OH). It has a relative hardness of 5. It is formed from hydrothermal solutions filling cavities in basalts. Associated with zeolites, prehnite, calcite. Of interest to collectors. Pegmatite Pegmatite refers to an igneous rock of very coarse grain size. Usually found as dikes within a larger rock mass. They are often excellent sources of fine crystals. Penninite Penninite has the formulae Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2ùMg3(OH)6. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is a member of the chlorite group of minerals. Pentlandite Pentlandite has the formulae (Fe,Ni)9S8. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is the principal ore of nickel. The major use of nickel is in the manufacture of steel. Perlite A perlite is an obsidian, or other vitreous rock with a concentric structure and which is expansible by heating. Petalite Petalite has the formulae LiAlSi4O10. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is an ore of lithium. Associated with spodumene, lepidolite, tourmaline. Petroleum Petroleum is a mineral oil from which petrol is derived. Phenakite Phenakite has the formulae Be2SiO4. It has a relative hardness of 8. It is a rare mineral found in pegmatite dikes associated with topaz, beryl, and apatite. From the Greek word for 'a deceiver' in that it can be mistaken for quartz. Phillipsite Phillipsite has the formulae (K2,Na2Ca)(Al2Si4)O12ù4-5H2O. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is a hydrothermal mineral found lining cavities in basalt rocks associated with chabazite. Formed as an alteration product of feldspars and volcanic ashes. Phlogopite Phlogopite has the formulae K(Mg,Fe)3(AlSi3)O10(F,OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 3. It occurs as a result of the metamorphism of crystalline magnesium limestones or dolomitic marbles. Also found in serpentine. Rarely found in igneous rocks. Phosphates Phosphates refers to a group of minerals where phosphate (PO4) is an important constituent. Pipe Pipe refers to a cylindrical, vertical mass of igneous rock. Placer Placer refers to a concentrated deposit of mineral particles that have weathered out of rock. Usually deposited by stream action. Plagioclase Plagioclase has the formulae Na(AlSi3O8). It has a relative hardness of 6. It is the plagioclase feldspar group includes: albite, oligoclase, andesine, labradorite, bytownite, anorthite. Platinum Platinum has the formulae Pt. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is a rare metal and more valuable than gold. Has a high melting point and is resistant to chemicals. Playa Playa refers to a shallow basin or plain in a desert where water collects after a rain and then evaporates. Plutonic rock Plutonic rock refers to a granular igneous rock that has solidified at great depth and shows a distinct grain structure. Ex: granite Polybasite Polybasite has the formulae (Ag,Cu)16SbS11. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is an ore of silver. Resembles hematite but much softer. Polyhalite Polyhalite has the formulae KaCa2Mg(SO4)4ù2H2O. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is urce of potassium. Occurs in bedded deposits associated with sylvite, carnallite, halite. Has a characteristic red colour. Potash Potash is the name given to any mineral containing potassium. Prase Prase is a dark green variety of quartz, the colour being due to an admixture of hornblende. Precipitation Precipitation refers to the process by which disolved or suspended solids are separated from a liquid. Prehnite Prehnite has the formulae Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It occurs as a crusty lining in cavities in basalt and related rocks. Associated with zeolites, datolite, pectolite, and calcite. Has a characteristic green colour. Resembles hemimorphite but is of lower specific gravity and fuses easily. Proustite Proustite has the formulae Ag3AsS3. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is an ore of silver. Has a characteristic ruby-red colour, vermilion streak and a brilliant luster. Pseudomorph Pseudomorph refers to a mineral that has taken the outward crystal form of a different mineral. Psilomelane Psilomelane has the formulae BaMnO16(OH)4 It has a relative hardness of 6. It is an ore of manganese. Usually occurs with pyrolusite. Different from other manganese oxides in that it is of greater hardness and has an apparent lack of crystal structure. Pumice Pumice is a light volcanic rock. Purpurite Purpurite has the formulae (Mn,Fe)PO4 . It has a relative hardness of 5. It is an alteration product of lithiophilite that occurs in pegmatites. Of interest to collectors. Pyragyrite Pyragyrite has the formulae Ag3SbS3. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is an ore of silver. Similar to proustite but has a deeper red colour and is less translucent. Forms in silver veins formed at low temperatures and is one of the last minerals to crystallize in the process of deposition. Pyrite Pyrite has the formulae FeS2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is iron pyrite. Formed from cooling magma. It is found as an igneous segregation and also in metamorphic rocks and as vein deposits. Often found in sedimentary rocks being both primary and secondary in origin. Often mined for the gold or silver associated with it. Pyrolusite Pyrolusite has the formulae MnO2. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is the major ore of manganese which is used in the manufacture of steel. Pyrolusite is formed when manganese is dissolved out of crystalline rocks and then redeposited in dentrites etc. Pyromorphite Pyromorphite has the formulae Pb5(PO4)3Cl. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a minor ore of lead which is found in the oxidized portions of lead veins. Pyrope Pyrope (fire-garnet, Bohemian garnet) is a dark-red variety of garnet found embedded in trap tufa in the mountains of Bohemia, and in serpentine in Germany. Pyrophyllite Pyrophyllite has the formulae A12Si4O10(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is appears very similar to talc. A comparatively rare mineral found in metamorphic rocks and often with kyanite. Pyroxenes Pyroxenes refers to a group of closely related and dark coloured rock forming minerals. Ex: augite, diopside. Pyrrhotite Pyrrhotite has the formulae FeS. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is magnetic. A common mineral often found in igneous rocks. It is mined for the nickel minerals associated with it. Quartz Quartz has the formulae à-SiO2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is a very widespread mineral which occurs as an important constituent of igneous rocks which have an excess of silica. Very resistant to mechanical and chemical attack. Massive, fine grained types are called jasper, chert, flint, agate. Coarse crystalline types called amethyst, rose quartz etc. Realgar Realgar has the formulae AsS. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is found in veins of lead, silver, and gold ores associated with arsenic minerals and stibnite. Also occurs as a deposit from hot springs. When mixed with saltpeter and burned it gives a bright white light and was used in fireworks. Red Ochre Red Ochre is a soft, earthy variety of haematite mineral. Replacement Replacement refers to the process by which one mineral is replaced by another and the original physical form is often retained. Resinous Resinous refers to a luster with the appearance of resin. Rhodochrosite Rhodochrosite is an important manganese ore. In South America it is used as an ornamental stone. It has a relative hardness of 4. Rhodocrosite Rhodocrosite has the formulae MnCO3. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is a minor ore of manganese. Occurs in veins with ores of silver, lead, copper, and other manganese minerals. Rhodonite Rhodonite has the formulae (Mn,Fe,Mg)SiO3. It has a relative hardness of 7. It often has a pink-red colour. Sometimes polished for use as an ornamental stone. Of interest to collectors. Rhyolite Rhyolite is a fine grained igneous rock. Ruby Ruby is the red transparent form of corundum. It is a precious stone. Rutile Rutile has the formulae à-TiO2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It exhibits a strong luster and often twinned crystals. Found in granite, granite pegmatites, gneiss, mica schist, metamorphic limestone and dolomite. Present as an accessory mineral in the rocks or in quartz veins. Name is derived from the latin word "rutilus"; red. Sapphire Sapphire is the blue transparent form of corundum. Scapolite Scapolite has the formulae (Na,Ca,K)4A13(Al,Si)3Si6O24(Cl,SO4,CO3). It has a relative hardness of 6. It shows fluorescence. Occurs in the crystalline schists, gneisses, and often is probably derived from the alteration of plagioclase feldspars. Also occurs in crystalline limestones formed by metamorphic contact or igneous intrusion. Associated with diopside, amphibole, garnet, apatite, and zircon. Scheelite Scheelite has the formulae CaWO4. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is an ore of tungsten. Found in granite pegmatites, contact metamorphic deposits and high-temperature ore veins associated with granitic rocks. Associated with cassiterite, topaz, flourite, apatite, molybdenite, and wolframite. Sometimes found with gold. Schist Schist refers to a metamorphic rock which exhibits fine lamination or layers along which the rock may be easily broken. Mica is a good example. Schwazite Schwazite is a variety of Tetrahedrite containing upto 17 percent mercury. Scolecite Scolecite has the formulae Ca(Al2Si3)O10ù3H2O. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is of interest to collectors. Found in lavas and contact metamorphic depostis. Scorodite Scorodite has the formulae FeAsO4ù2H2O. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is of interest to collectors. Occurs in the oxidized portions of metallic veins as an alteration of arsenic containing minerals. Secondary minerals Secondary minerals refers to minerals formed by the alteration of preexisting minerals. Sepiolite Sepiolite has the formulae Mg4Si6O15(OH)2ù6H2O. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is an alteration product of magnesite and serpentine. Becomes plastic when mixed with water. Used in the manufacture of meerschaum pipes. Serpentine Serpentine has the formulae Mg6(Si4O10)(OH)8. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a common mineral group and usually an alteration product of some magnesium silicate, especially olivine, pyroxene, and amphibole. Frequently associated with magnesite, chromite, and magnetite. Two varieties are antigorite(massive) and chrysotile(fibrous; also called asbestos). Shale Shale is a fine black sedimentary rock. Siderite Siderite has the formulae FeCO3. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is becomes magnetic when heated. An ore of iron. Frequently found as an impure admixture with clay materials. Also in concretions with concentric layers. Silica Silica refers to silicon dioxide (SiO2). A very common mineral that is found in many forms including quartz, opal, chert. Silicates Silicates refers to a group of minerals composed chiefly of SiO4. Ex: quartz, orthoclase. Silky Silky refers to a silk-like luster on a mineral. Results from a fine, fibrous and parallel surface. Sillimanite Sillimanite has the formulae A;2SiO5. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is a somewhat rare mineral found as a constituent of gneiss and schist in metamorhpic rocks. Often occurs with corundum. Silver Silver has the formulae Ag. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is native silver results from the deposition of silver from hydrothermal solutions. Most of the world's silver comes from silver ores rather than pure native silver. Skutterudite Skutterudite has the formulae CoAs2-3. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is an important ore of cobalt and nickel. Associated with native silver, bismuth, calcite, arsenopyrite. Slate Slate is a metamorphic rock. Smithsonite Smithsonite has the formulae ZnCO3. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is an ore of zinc. Usually found with zinc deposits in limestone beds. Sodalite Sodalite has the formulae Na4Al3(SiO4)3Cl. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is usually has an attractive blue colour. Used as polished slabs and for carved ornaments. Specific gravity Specific gravity refers to the relative density of a mineral. It is the ratio of:; Weight in Air/(Weigth in Air - Weight in Water). ;This measurement is an easily accomplished procedure using a simple balance or spring scale. Sperrylite Sperrylite has the formulae PtAs2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is a rare natural compound of platinum and arsenic. Sphalerite Sphalerite has the formulae (Zn,Fe)S. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is the main ore of zinc. Associated with galena, pyrite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, calcite. Formed as a replacement deposit in limestones and in veins in igneous rocks. Sphene Sphene has the formulae CaTiO(SiO4). It has a relative hardness of 6. It is a source of titanium. A rather common accessory mineral in igneous rocks. Often found as crystals. Commonly associated with chlorite. Spinel Spinel has the formulae MgAl2O4. It has a relative hardness of 8. It is a common metamorphic mineral occuring imbedded in crystalline limestone, gneisses, and serpentine. Occurs as a common accessory mineral in many dark igneous rocks. When transparent and finely coloured it is used as a gem. Spodumene Spodumene has the formulae LiAlSi2O6. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is a source of lithium. Found occasionaly as very large crystals in pegmatic dikes. Staurolite Staurolite has the formulae (Fe,Mg,Zn)2Al9Si4O23(OH). It has a relative hardness of 8. It is an accessory mineral in crystalline schists, slates, and sometimes gneisses. Often associated with garnet, kyanite, and tourmaline. May form cross twins. Stephanite Stephanite has the formulae Ag5SbS4. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is a minor ore of silver. One of the last minerals to form in silver veins. Stibnite Stibnite has the formulae Sb2S3. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is the major ore of antimony. Deposited by alkaline waters, usually in association with quartz. Found in quartz veins or beds in granite and gneiss. May occur as a replacement in limestones and shales. Stilbite Stilbite has the formulae NaCa2(Al5Si13)O36ù14H2O. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a mineral of seconadary origin found in cavities in basalts and related rocks. Strata Strata is layers of sedimentary rock. Streak Streak refers to the colour of the powder produced when a mineral is rubbed over the surface of a piece of unglazed, white porcelain. Striations Striations refers to very small parallel grooves or narrow channels of the faces of a crystal. Strontianite Strontianite has the formulae SrCO3. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is source of strontium. Physically simialar to cerussite and witherite. Associated with barite, celestite, and calcite in veins in limestone. Occasionaly found in igneous rocks and as a gangue mineral in sulfide veins. Sulfates Sulfates refers to a group of minerals in which sulfate SO4 is an important part. Sulfides Sulfides refers to a mineral group where sulfur is combined with one or more metals. Sulfur Sulfur has the formulae S. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is formed near the crater rims of volcanoes by hot gases; also formed by the reduction of sulfates, especially gypsum. Sulphides Sulphides refers to a mineral group where sulphur is combined with one or more metals. Sylvanite Sylvanite has the formulae AgAuTe4. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is a rare ore of gold, silver, and tellurium. Formed in low temperature hydrothermal veins. Associated with calaverite, other tellurides - usually in quartz gangue. Sylvite Sylvite has the formulae KCl. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is an industrial mineral used as a fertilizer. Found in sedimentary evaporite deposits associated with halite. Talc Talc has the formulae Mg3Si4O10(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 1. It is a mineral of secondary origin formed by the alteration of magnesium silicates. Usually found in metamorphic rocks where, in a non-crystalline form, it occurs as 'soapstone' - and can make up large rock masses. Used for laboratory table tops and for many industrial uses. Has a greasy feel. Tenacity Tenacity refers to the ability of a substance to resist being separated. Tetragonal Tetragonal refers to a crystal with four rectangular(not square) sides and two square bases. A butter package is an example. Tetrahedrite Tetrahedrite has the formulae (Cu,Fe)12Sb4Si3 - (Cu,Fe)12As4S13. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is an ore of copper and silver. Commonly found in hydrothermal veins formed at low to moderate temperatures. Usually associated with other silver, lead, and copper minerals. Thenardite Thenardite has the formulae Na2SO4. It has a relative hardness of 3. It dissolves easily in water and has a weak salty taste. Forms in sedimentary evaporite deposits in lakes and playas of desert climates. Used in the glass and paper-making industries. Till A till is a stiff unstratified clay mixed with sand, gravel and boulders. Tillite A tillite is a rock composed of consolidated till. Topaz Topaz has the formulae Al2SiO4(F,OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 8. It is formed by flourine-bearing vapors given off during the last stages of the solidification of igneous rocks. It is used as gem stone. Torbernite Torbenite is a uranium ore. It contains up to 61 percent uranium. It has a relative hardness of 2.5. Tourmaline Tourmaline has the formulae (Na,Ca)(Al,Fe,Li,Mg)3A16(BO3)3(Si6O18) It has a relative hardness of 8. It is most commonly found in granite pegmatites. Usually black but lighter coloured gem varieties are also found. Travertine Travertine is a white or light-coloured crystalline concretionary limestone deposited from springs and used for building. Tremolite Tremolite has the formulae Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is the fibrous variety has been used for asbestos. The compact variety is called nephrite and is used for ornamental purposes by oriental people. Most often found in impure limestones where the rock has recrystallized during metamorphism. Triclinic Triclinic refers to a crystal with six faces as parallelograms and three axes of unequal length all inclined to each other. An uncommon form of crystal. Trydimite Trydimite has the formulae á-SiO2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is of interest to scientists and collectors due to its rarity. Tufa Tufa is a soft white porous rock of calcium carbonate deposited from solution in spring water or percolating ground water. Turquoise Turquoise has the formulae CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8ù5H2O. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is a mineral of secondary origin usually found in small veins and stringers. Used as a gem stone. Twin Twin refers to a mineral specimen comprised of two or more single crystals intergrown in a systematic arrangement. Ulexite Ulexite has the formulae NaCaB5O9ù8H2O. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is an ore of boron. Formed during the evaporation of lake basins. Umber Umber is a naturally occurring mineral used as a pigment. Uraninite Uraninite has the formulae UO2. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is radioactive. An important source of uranium. Occurs in pegmatites and veins in granite; also as sedimentary deposits. Vanadinite Vanadinite has the formulae Pb5(VO4)3Cl. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is source of vanadium and a minor ore of lead. Found in the oxidized portion of lead veins associated with other lead minerals. Vanadium is used as a steel-hardening metal. Vein Vein refers to a sheetlike extension of mineral matter cutting through preexisting rock. Vermilion see "cinnaba" Vesicle Vesicle refers to a small cavity in a volcanic rock. Vesuvianite Vesuvianite has the formulae Ca10(Mg,Fe)2Al4(SiO4)5(SiO7)2(OH)4. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is usually found in crystalline limestones and is formed as a result of contact metamorphism. Vitreous Vitreous refers to a luster like that of glass. Quartz is an example. Vivianite Vivianite has the formulae Fe3(PO4)2ù8H2O. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is a rare mineral of secondary origin, associated with pyrite in copper and tin veins. Forms as a weathering product from primary iron- manganese phosphates in pegmatites. Also found in beds of clay. Wavellite Wavellite has the formulae Al3(PO4)2(OH)3ù5H2O. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a rare mineral of secondary origin. Found frequently in small amounts in crevices in aluminous, low-grade metamorphic rocks and in limonite and phosphorite deposits. Willemite Willemite has the formulae Zn2SiO4. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is an ore of zinc. Found in crystallized limestone. Associated with calcite, zincite, franklentie. Witherite Witherite has the formulae BaCO3. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a somewhat rare mineral found most often in veins associated with galena. It's a minor source of barium. Woolastonite Woolastonite has the formulae CaSiO3. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is used in the manufacture of tile. Occurs mainly as a contact metamorphic mineral in crystalline limestones. Wulfenite Wulfenite has the formulae PbMoO4. It has a relative hardness of 3. It often displays brilliant colours and a tabular habit. A minor source of molybdenum. Found in the oxidized portion of lead veins with other secondary lead minerals. Prized by collectors. Zincite Zincite has the formulae (Zn,Mn)O. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is an ore of zinc and used in the production of zinc oxide. Zircon Zircon has the formulae ZrSiO4. It has a relative hardness of 8. It is a common accessory mineral found in all types of igneous rocks. When transparent it's used as a gemstone. Zoisite Zoisite has the formulae Ca2Al3(Si3O12)(OH). It has a relative hardness of 7. It is of interest to collectors. Formed in high temperature metamorphic rocks. Variety: tanzanite. MYTHOLOGY Abaddon According to the ancient Hebrews, Abaddon was chief of the demons of the 7th hierarchy. Abaris In Greek mythology Abaris was a priest to the god Apollo. Apollo gave him a golden arrow which rendered him invisible and also cured diseases and gave oracles. Abaris gave the arrow to Pythagoras. Abas Abas was the son of Celeus and Metaneira. He mocked Demeter and was turned into a lizard. By some accounts he was the 12th king of Argolis who owned a magic shield. Abdera Abdera was an ancient Greek city supposedly founded by Hercules in honour of his friend Abderus. Abderus Abderus was a friend of Hercules. Hercules left him to look after the mare of Diomedes, which ate him. Abira In Antioquia mythology, Abira is the creator. Abominable snowman The Abominable snowman is a legendary creature, said to resemble a human, with long arms and a thickset body covered with reddish gray hair. Reports of its existence in the Himalayas have been made since 1832, and they gained substance from a published photograph of a huge footprint in the snow in 1951. No further "evidence" has been found. Absyrtus Absyrtus (Apsyrtus) was a son of Aeetes, King of Colchis and brother of Medea. When Medea fled with Jason she took Absyrtus with her and when her father nearly overtook them she murdered Absyrtus and cut his body into pieces and threw it around the road so that her father would be delayed picking up the pieces of his son. Acacetus Acacetus is a name sometimes given to Hermes because of his eloquence. Acamas Acamas was a son of Theseus and Phaedra. He went to Troy with Diomedes to demand the return of Helen. Acastus Acastus was a son of Pelias. He was one of the argonauts. Acestes In Greek mythology, Acestes was a Sicilian bowman who in a trial of skill discharge an arrow with such force that it ignited. Achaeus In Greek mythology, Achaeus was a son of Xuthus and Creusa. He returned to Thessaly and recovered the dominions of which his father had been deprived. Achates In Greek mythology Achates was a companion of Aeneas in his wanderings subsequent to his flight from Troy. He typified a faithful friend and companion. Achemon Achemon and his brother Basalas were two Cercopes who were for ever arguing. One day they insulted Hercules, who tied them by their feet to his club and marched off with them like a brace of hares. Acheron Acheron was one of the rivers of Hades. Acherusia In Greek mythology, Acherusia was a cave on the borders of Pontus which led to the infernal regions. It was through this cave that Hercules dragged Cerberus to earth. Achilles In Greek mythology, Achilles was the son of Peleus, king of the Myrmidons in Thessaly, and of the sea nymph Thetis, who rendered him invulnerable, except for the heel by which she held him, by dipping him in the river Styx. Achilles killed Hector at the climax of the Iliad, and according to subsequent Greek legends was himself killed by Paris, who shot a poisoned arrow into Achilles' heel. Achiyalatopa In Zuni mythology, Achiyalatopa is a celestial giant monster with feathers of flint knives. Achmon Achmon is an alternative spelling for Achemon. Acis In Greek mythology, Acis was a son of Faunus and a river nymph. He loved the sea-nymph Galatea and was killed by his jealous rival Polyphemus. Acrisius In Greek mythology, Acrisius was a son of Abas and the twin brother of Proetus with whom he quarrelled even in the womb. He was the father of Danae. When Abas died, Acrisius expelled Proetus from his inheritance, but Proetus returned supported by Iobates and Acrisius was compelled to give him Tiryns while he kept Argos. Actaeon In Greek mythology, Actaeon was a great hunter who was turned into a stag by Artemis for looking on her while she was bathing. He was subsequently torn to pieces by his own dogs. Adaro In the mythology of the Solomon Islands, Adaro is a sea-spirit. Addanc The addanc was a dwarf or marine monster which lived near lake llyon. He was killed in some accounts by Peredu who obtained a magic stone which made him invisible. Adekagagwaa In Iroquois mythology, Adekagagwaa is the spirit of summer who rests during the winter in the south. Adja see "Adjassou-Linguetor" Adja Bosu see "Adjassou-Linguetor" Adjassou-Linguetor In Voodoo, Adjassou-Linguetor (Adja, Adha Bosu) is a loa with protruberant eys and a bad temper who governs spring water. Adonis Adonis was a Phoenician god, adopted by Greek mythology as a mortal favourite of Aphrodite. He was killed by a wild boar and upon finding him Aphrodite caused the plant the anemone to rise from his blood. Adrastea Adrastea was an alternative name for Nemesis. Adrastus Adrastus was the son of Talaus and the king of Argos. He attempted to restore Polynices to his throne at Thebes, he failed but led a second assault leading the Epigoni. He died of grief when he heard that his son had been killed in the Epigoni assault. Aegir In Norse mythology, Aegir is the god of the sea. Aello Aello was one of the harpies. Aeneas Aeneas was a Trojan hero. He was the son of Anchises and Aphrodite. He led the survivors of the Trojan war to Italy. Aeolus Aeolus was the son of Hippotes. He lived on a rocky island where the winds were trapped in caves. He let the winds out as commanded by the gods. Aesculapius Aesculapius was the son of Apollo and Coronis. His mother died at his birth, struck by an arrow of Artemis. His father saved him and took him to the physician Chiron who taught Aesculapius about healing. Aesir The Aesir were the principal gods in Norse mythology. They lived in Asgard. Agamemnon In Greek mythology, Agamemnon was a Greek hero of the Trojan wars, son of Atreus, king of Mycenae, and brother of Menelaus. He married Clytemnestra, and their children included Electra, Iphigenia, and Orestes. He sacrificed Iphigenia in order to secure favorable winds for the Greek expedition against Troy and after a ten years' siege sacked the city, receiving Priam's daughter Cassandra as a prize. On his return home, he and Cassandra were murdered by Clytemnestra and her lover, Aegisthus. His children Orestes and Electra later killed the guilty couple. Agla An agla is a talisman used by the rabbis to exorcise evil spirits. Agni Agni is the Hindu god of fire, the guardian of homes, and the protector of humans against evil. Agwe In Voodoo, Agwe is the goddess of the sea. Ah Kinchil In Maya mythology, Ah Kinchil is the sun god. Ah Puch In Maya mythology, Ah Puch is the god of death. Ahau Chamahez In Maya mythology, Ahau Chamahez was one of two gods of medicine. Ahmakiq In Maya mythology, Ahmakiq is a god of agriculture. He locks up the wind when it threatens to destroy the crops. Ahriman In Zoroastrianism the Ahriman is the supreme evil spirit, lord of the darkness and death. Ahura Mazda In Zoroastrianism Ahura Mazda is the spirit of supreme good, god of light and life. Aida-Wedo Aida-Wedo is the voodoo rainbow snake loa. Airsekui In Huron mythology, Airsekui is the great spirit. He is invoked at times of great danger. Ajax In Greek mythology, Ajax was son of Telamon, king of Salamis, he was second only to Achilles among the Greek heroes in the Trojan War. According to subsequent Greek legends, Ajax went mad with jealousy when Agamemnon awarded the armor of the dead Achilles to Odysseus. He later committed suicide in shame. Akhushtal In Maya mythology, Akhushtal is the goddess of childbirth. Aktunowihio In Cheyenne mythology, Aktunowihio is the soul of the earth. A subterranean spirit. Akycha In Eskimo mythology, Akycha is the sun spirit. Alcaeus Alcaeus was a son of Perseus and Andromeda. Alcestis Alcestis was the wife of Admetus in Greek mythology. Her husband was ill, and according to an oracle would not recover unless someone vowed to die in his place. Alcestis made the vow and her husband recovered. After she died Hercules brought her back from the infernal regions. Alcides Alcides is an alternative name for Hercules. Amaethon Amaethon was the celtic god of husbandry. Amaterasu In Japanese mythology, Amaterasu is the sun goddess, grandmother of Jimmu Tenno, the first ruler of Japan. Amazon in Greek mythology, the Amazons were a group of female warriors living near the Black Sea, who cut off their right breasts to use the bow more easily. Their queen, Penthesilea, was killed by Achilles at the siege of Troy. The Amazons attacked Theseus and besieged him at Athens, but were defeated, and Theseus took the Amazon Hippolyta captive; she later gave birth to Hippolytus. Ambrosia In Greek mythology, ambrosia was the food of the gods which was supposed to confer eternal life upon all who ate it. Amen Amen is an alternative spelling of Ammon. Amitolane In Zuni mythology, Amitolane is the rainbow spirit. Ammon Ammon was an ancient Egyptian god. He was depicted as a human with a ram's head. He was one of the chief gods, and was adopted by the Greeks as Zeus and the Roman's as Jupiter. Amor Amor was the Roman god of love. Amphion In Greek mythology, Amphion was a son of Zeus and Antiope. He was the husband of Niobe. Amphion had great skill in music which he was taught by Hermes. He helped build the walls of Thebes, the stones moving themselves into position at the sound of his lyre. Amphitrite Amphitrite was the Greek goddess of the sea and wife of Poseidon. Amphitryon In Greek mythology, Amphitryon was King of Thebes, son of Alcaeus and husband of Alcmena. Amset In Egyptian mythology, amset was son of horus; guardian of the south. His canopic jar receives the stomach and large intestines of the dead. Amun Amun is an alternative spelling of Ammon. Amymone Amymone was a daughter of Danaus. She and her sisters were sent to search for water when Poseidon caused a drought in the district of Argos. Whilst searching she threw a spear at a dear, missed it and hit a satyr which pursued her. She called to Poseidon for help. He came, drove off the satyr and produced a perennial spring for her at Lerna, where he met her. An In Sumerian mythology, An was the personification of heaven. An tigh geatha In druidry an tigh geatha refers to the outer order. Anadyomene Anadyomene is a name of Aphrodite when she was represented as rising from the sea. Andraste In British mythology, Andraste is a warrior goddess. She was invoked by Queen Boudicca when she revolted against the Roman invaders. Androcles In Roman mythology, Androcles was a Roman slave who fled from a cruel master into the African desert, where he encountered a crippled lion and took a thorn from its paw. The lion later recognized the recaptured slave in the arena and spared his life. The emperor Tiberius was said to have freed them both. Andromache In Greek mythology, Andromache was the wife of Hector. Andromeda Andromeda was a daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopea. Perseus found her bound to a rock as a sacrifice to a sea monster. Perseus rescued her after killing the sea monster so that she might become his wife. Angpetu Wi In Dakota mythology, Angpetu Wi is the sun spirit. Anguta In Eskimo mythology, Anguta is a god who lives under the sea and drags down the dead. Aningan In Eskimo mythology, Aningan is the moon spirit. Ankh The Ankh was the ancient Egyptian amulet of life. It was usually employed as a pendant for a necklace. Anniu Anniu was an ancient Egyptian god. Annwn In British mythology, annwn is the otherworld. Anpao In Dakota mythology, Anpao is the spirit of the dawn. Antaeus Antaeus was the giant son of Poseidon and Ge. He was invincible so long as he remained in contact with the earth. Hercules killed him by picking him up so that his feet were off the ground and then stifling him. Anteros In Greek mythology, Anteros was the god of mutual love. He was said to punish those who did not return the love of others. Anthesteria Anthesteria was a Greek festival held each year in honour of the gods, particularly Bacchus and to celebrate the beginning of spring. Antigone In Greek mythology Antigone was the daughter of Oedipus and Jocasta. She was celebrated for her devotion to her father and her brother Polynices. Antilochus In Greek mythology, Antilochus was a son of Nestor. He was a hero of the Trojan war and was renowned for his speed of foot. He was killed by Memnon. Antiope In Greek mythology, Antiope was a daughter of Nycteus, King of Thebes. Zeus was attracted by her beauty and came to her in the guise of a Satyr. Antiope conceived twins by Zeus, and scared of her father's wrath fled to Sicyon where she married King Epopeus. Anu In Babylonian mythology, Anu is the god of the sky. He is the son of Anshar and Kishar. Anubis Anubis (Anepo) was an ancient Egyptian god. He was the son of Osiris and Isis. He was depicted as having the head of a jackal. He guided the souls of the dead from this world into the next. He also weighed the actions of the deceased in the presence of Osiris. Anulap In Truk Island mythology, Anulap is the sky god and the husband of Ligougubfanu. Apep Apep is an evil serpant in ancient Egyptian mythology. Aphrodisia Aphrodisia was the festival in celebration of Aphrodite celebrated throughout Greece and Cyprus. Aphrodite Aphrodite was the Greek goddess of love. The Romans called her Venus. Apis Apis were bulls symbolic of Osiris in ancient Egyptian culture. When they reached 25 years of age they were secretly killed by the priests and thrown into a sacred well. Apollo Apollo was the Roman name of the Greek god Phoebus. Apsu In Babylonian mythology, Apsu is the sweet-water ocean. It is the union of Apsu with Tiamat which brings forth the first gods. Arachne In Greek mythology, Arachne was a Lydian woman who was so skillful a weaver that she challenged the goddess Athena to a contest. Athena tore Arachne's beautiful tapestries to pieces and Arachne hanged herself. She was transformed into a spider, and her weaving became a cobweb. Aratron In magic, Aratron is ruler of the affairs of Saturn. It is a spirit which can be invoked on the 1st hour of saturday. Arcadia Arcadia was a green mountainous isolated region in the centre of Peloponnese inhabited by shepherds and peasants. Ares Ares was the Greek god of storms and tempests. He was a son of Zeus and Hera. He became symbolic with storms and turmoil in human relationships and hence to being the god of war. The Romans called him Mars. Arethusa In Greek mythology, Arethusa was a daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was a nympth changed by Artemis into a fountain to enable her to escape the pursuit of Alpheus. Argonauts In Greek mythology the Argonauts were heroes who made a hazardous voyage to Colchis with Jason in the ship the Argo to get the golden fleece. Argus In Greek mythology the Argus was a beast with a hundred eyes placed by Juno to guard Io. Ariadne In Greek mythology Ariadne was the daughter of King Minos. She helped Theseus out of the labyrinth with a thread. She was abandoned by Theseus on the Isle of Naxos where she subsequently met and married Bacchus. Arimaspians In Greek mythology the Arimaspians were a one-eyed people who conducted a perpetual war against the griffins in an attempt to steal the griffin's gold. Aristaeus In Greek mythology Aristaeus was the son of Apollo and Cyrene. He introduced bee-keeping. Artemis Artemis was a Greek goddess of the moon. Aruspices The Aruspices (Haruspices) were a class of priests in ancient Rome. Their job was to foretell the future from the entrails of sacrificial victims. Ascanius Ascanius was a son of Aeneas and Creusa. He escaped from Troy with his father. Asclepius Asclepius was a Greek god of healing. He was the son of Apollo and Coronis. He was taught the art of healing by Cheiron. Zeus killed him with a thunderbolt as a punishment for bringing a dead man back to life. Asgard In Norse mythology Asgard was the home of the gods. Ashera Ashera was an ancient Semetic goddess symbolised by the phallus. Ashnan In Sumerian mythology, Ashnan was the goddess of grain. She was created by Enlil to provide food and clothes for the gods. Ashtaroth Ashtaroth was a goddess worshipped by the ancient Canaanites. She was regarded as symbolising the productive power of nature. Asmodai In ancient Egyptian mythology Asmodai (Asmodeus) was an evil spirit who killed seven husbands of Sara but was driven away into the uppermost part of Egypt by Tobias. Asmodai is also reprsented as the prince of demons who drove King Solomon from his kingdom. Asrael In Islam, Asrael is the angel of death who takes the soul from the body. Astarte Astarte is a Syrian goddess representing the productive power of nature. She was a moon goddess. Astraea In Greek mythology Astraea was the daughter of Zeus and Themis, the goddess of justice. Ataentsic In Iroquois mythology, Ataentsic is the goddess of the earth. Atalanta In Greek mythology Atalanta was a famous huntress of Arcadia. She was to be married only to someone who could outrun her in a race, the consequence of failure being death. Atanua In the mythology of The Marquesas Islands, Atanua is the dawn goddess. She was the wife of Atea, and it was her miscarriage that created the seas. Ate Ate was the goddess of infatuation, mischief and guilt. She would mislead men into actions which would be the ruin of them. Atea In the mythology of the Marquesas Islands, Atea is the god of light and husband of Atanua. Ateshga Ateshga was a sacred site for the Guebres. It was on the peninsular of Apsheron on the west coast of the Caspian sea. Pilgrims would bow before the sacred flames which issued forth from the bituminous soil. Athena Athena (Athene) was the Greek goddess of intellect. She was the daughter of Zeus and Metis. Athene see "Athena" Athor Athor (Hathor, Hat-Her) was an Egyptian goddess symbolised by a cow with a solar disk on its head and haw-feather plumes. Atlantiades Atlantiades was another name for Hermes. Atlantides Atlantides was name given to the Pleiades who were fabled to be the seven daughters of Atlas. Atlantis In Greek mythology, Atlantis was an island continent, said to have sunk following an earthquake. The Greek philosopher Plato created an imaginary early history for it and described it as a utopia. Atlas Atlas was a giant who had to support the heavens upon his shoulders. Atreus In Greek mythology Atreus was the son of Pelops and Hippodamia. He was King of Mycenae. To seek revenge on his brother Thyestes for seducing his wife, Atreus gave a banquet at which Thyestes dined on the flesh of his own sons. Attis In classical mythology, Attis was a Phrygian god whose death and resurrection symbolized the end of winter and the arrival of spring. He was loved by the goddess Cybele, who drove him mad as a punishment for his infidelity, he castrated himself and bled to death. Au In the mythology of the Gilbert Island, Au is the sun god and lord of the skies. Augean stables in Greek mythology, the Augean stables were the stables of Augeas, king of Elis in southern Greece. One of the labours of Hercules was to clean out the stables, which contained 3,000 cattle and had never been cleaned before. He was given only one day to do the task so he diverted the river Alpheus through their yard. Aum Aum is the sacred mystical syllable representing the Hindu trinity. Aurora Aurora was goddess of the dawn. She was the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, and sister of Helios and Selene. Autolycus In Greek mythology, Autolycus was an accomplished thief and trickster. He was a son of the god Hermes, who gave him the power of invisibility. Avali Avali is the plural of Omuli. Avalon Avalon is the place where King Arthur is said to have gone after disappearing. It is a sort of fairy land. Avatar Avatar (Avatara) in Hindu mythology is an incarnation of a deity. Ba-Maguje In Hausa mythology, Ba-Maguje is the spirit of drunkeness. Baal In Canaanite mythology, Baal was the god of fertility. He was the son of El. Babamik In Arapesh mythology, Babamik is a cannibal ogress who is eventually lured to her death and she then becomes a crocodile. Bacabs In Maya mythology, the bacabs are the canopic gods. They stand at the four corners of the world supporting the heavens. Bacchanalia Bacchanalia were feasts held in honour of Bacchus and characterized by licentiousness and revelry. Bacchus Bacchus was another name for Dionysus. Balder In Norse mythology, Balder was the son of Odin and Freya and husband of Nanna, and the best, wisest, and most loved of all the gods. He was killed, at Loki's instigation, by a twig of mistletoe shot by the blind god Hodur. Banshee In Gaelic folklore, a banshee is a female spirit whose wailing outside a house foretells the death of one of its inhabitants. Bard A bard was an order of druid. The bard's office was to supervise, regulate and to lead. His robe was sky blue, symolising justice and truth. Barong In Balinese mythology, Barong is a protective spirit portrayed as a lion or tiger. Basalas see "Achemon" Bast Bast was an ancient Egyptian goddess. The cat was sacred to her. Batara Guru In Indonesian mythology, Batara Guru is the great god who made the earth. Bateia In Greek mythology, Bateia was a daughter of Teucer. She was married to Dardanus by whom she had two sons, Ilus and Erichthonius. Begu In Batak mythology, begu are ghosts which wander the afterworld formless and starving. They approach humans by way of mediums demanding sacrifices to feed on. They may also steel the soul of a living person for a husband/wife. Bel Bel (Belenos) was the Celtic god of light. Belam In Melanau mythology, Belam are protective spirits who catch the souls of sick people and return them to their bodies thereby curing them. Bellerophon In Greek mythology, Bellerophon was a victim of slander who was sent against the monstrous chimera, which he killed with the help of his winged horse Pegasus. After further trials, he ended his life as a beggar. His story was dramatized by Euripides. Bellona Bellona was the Roman goddess of war. Beltaine Beltaine is the name of the feast of the spring equinox. Berserker In Norse mythology, a berserker was a warrior whose frenzy in battle transformed him into a wolf or bear howling and foaming at the mouth, and rendered him immune to sword and flame. Bertha In Norse mythology, Bertha is the goddess of spinning. Bes Bes was the Egyptian god of recreation, music and dancing. He was represented as a grotesque dwarf wearing a crown of feathers. Bia In Greek mythology, Bia was a son of Styx and the Titan Pallas. Bia was the personification of might and force. Biloko In Zaire mythology, Biloko are spirits which live in hollow trees in the forest. They dress only in leaves and are devoid of hair, instead grass grows on their body. They have piercing eyes and a snout with a mouth which can open wide enough to swallow a man dead or alive. They have long sharp claws and can put a spell on passers by except those protected by strong counter magic. Bladud In English mythology, Bladud was the father of King Lear, and was said to have founded Bath having been cured by its waters. Boan Boan was another name for Dana. In this version of events, Boan visited a sacred well which, to punish her for breaking the law, rose up and pursued her to the sea and thus became the river Boyne where lived the salmon of knowledge which fed on nuts dropped from the nine hazel trees at the water's edge. Boann In Irish mythology, Boann is the goddess of rivers. Bochica In Chibcha mythology, Bochica was the supreme being. Bodhisattva A Bodhisattva is someone who has transmuted his personal human nature and raised it into impersonality. Bokwus In Kwakiutl mythology, Bokwus is a wild spirit of the woods who draws the spirits of the drowned to his home. Bope In Bororo mythology, Bope are evil spirits who attack the souls of the dead. Boraspati ni Tano In Batak mythology, Boraspati ni Tano is an earth spirit. Sacrifices are made to him when a new house is built. Boreas Boreas was the north wind god. He was the son of Astraeus and Aurora. Bragi In Norse mythology, Bragi is the god of poetry and eloquence. He was married to the goddess Iduna who dwelt in the underworld. Brahma Brahma is the Hindu supreme god and creator of the cosmos. Brighid In Gaelic mythology, Brighid was the goddess of metalwork, poetic inspiration and therapy. Bromius Bromius was another name for Dionysus. Brono In Norse mythology, Brono was the son of Baldr. He was the god of daylight. Brownie The brownie is a spirit popular in Scottish folk-lore. Brownies haunt houses, and if treated well will help with the drudgery of the housework while the occupants sleep. Bubastis In Egyptian mythology, Bubastis was the daughter of Isis. She was represented as having the head of a cat, the animal sacred to her. Bucentaur The bucentaur was a mythical creature, half man and half ox Bylgja In Norse mythology, Bylgja is a daughter of Aegir and Ran. Cadmus Cadmus was the founder of the ancient city of Cadmeia and gave the Greeks an alphabet. Caduceus Caduceus is the winged and serpent twisted staff or wand of Hermes. Calliope Calliope was the muse of heroic poems. She was the chief of the muses. Callisto Callisto was a daughter of Lycaon. She was one of Artemis' huntresses. She bore arcas to Zeus. To conceal their affair, Zeus turned her into a bear. Calypso In Greek mythology, Calypso was a sea nymph who waylaid the homeward- bound Odysseus for seven years. Cassandra In Greek mythology, Cassandra was the daughter of Priam, King of Troy. Her prophecies were never believed, because she had rejected the love of the god Apollo. She was murdered with Agamemnon by his wife Clytemnestra, having been awarded as a prize to the Greek hero on his sacking of Troy. Castor Castor was the twin brother of polydeuces. He was a son of Zeus and Leda. He, like his brother was born from an egg after Zeus visited Leda disguised as a swan. Cavillaca In Quecha mythology, Cavillaca was a goddess loved by Coniraya. Celaeno Celaeno was one of the harpies. Celeus In Greek mythology, Celeus was King of Eleusis and the husband of Metaneira. Centaur A centaur was a beast half horse, and with the head, torso and arms of a man. Centeotl In Aztec mythology, Centeotl was the corn god. He was a son of Tlazolteotl and the husband of Xochiquetzal. Cepheus Cepheus was the king of Aethiopia. He displeased Poseidon by having a beautiful daughter, Andromeda. Poseidon then sent floods and a sea monster to terrorise the area until cepheus gave his daughter as a sacrifice to the sea monster. Cerberus Cerberus was a huge and savage dog with 3 heads which guarded the entrance to Hades. He was the offspring of Echidne and Typhon. Cercyon Cercyon was a son of Hephaestus. He was king near Eleusis. He challenged all travellers and wrestled them to death untill he challenged and was killed by Theseus. Ceres Ceres was the Roman goddess of agriculture, equivalent to the Greek Demeter. Cernunnos In Celtic mythology, Cernunnos was the god of the underworld and of animals. He is depicted as a man with the antlers of a stag. Cerridwen In Welsh mythology, Cerridwen is the goddess of dark prophetic powers. She is the keeper of the cauldron of the underworld, in which inspiration and divine knowledge are brewed. Cestus In Greek mythology, the cestus was a girdle worn by Aphrodite and which was endowered with the power of exciting love towards the wearer. Chahuru In Pawnee mythology, Chahuru is the spirit of water. Chalchiuhtlicue In Aztec mythology, Chalchiuhtlicue was the goddess of running water. She was the sister of Tlaloc. Chalybes The Chalybes were mythical inhabitants of north Asia Minor who invented iron working. Chantico In Aztec mythology, Chantico was the goddess of hearth fires and volcanoes. Chaos In Greek mythology, Chaos was the infinite space before Ge (the earth) was created. Charites The Charites were the Greek goddesses of gracefulness and the charms of beauty. Charon Charon was the ferryman who transported the dead across the river Styx to Hades. Charybdis In Greek mythology, the charybdis was a whirlpool formed by a monster of the same name on one side of the narrow straits of Messina, Sicily, opposite the monster Scylla. Cheiron Cheiron was a centaur. He was a son of Cronus and Philyra. He learnt hunting and medicine from Apollo and Artemis. Chenoo In Abnaki mythology, the Chenoo were stone giants versed in hunting who were invoked to assist the hunters. Chia In Chibcha mythology, Chia is the moon-goddess. Chibchacum In Chibcha mythology, Chibchacum was the god of farmers and merchants. Chicomecoatl In Aztec mythology, Chicomecoatl was the goddess of corn and fertility. Chimaera The chimaera was a monster composed of the head of a lion, the body of a goat and a serpant for a tail. Bellerophon was sent to slay it. Chipiripa In Curra mythology, Chipiripa is the rain god. Chixu In Pawnee mythology, Chixu are the spirits of the dead. Cihuacoatl In Aztec mythology, Cihuacoatl was a goddess whose roaring signalled war. Circe In Greek mythology, Circe was an enchantress living on the island of Aeaea. In Homer's Odyssey, she turned the followers of Odysseus into pigs. Odysseus, bearing the herb moly provided by Hermes to protect him from the same fate, forced her to release his men. Cit Bolon Tum In Maya mythology, Cit Bolon Tum was a god of medicine. Clermeil In Voodoo, Clermeil is a loa in the form of a white-man. When angry he makes rivers overflow. Clio Clio was the muse of history. Clytemnestra In Greek mythology, Clytemnestra was the wife of Agamemnon. With the help of her lover Aegisthus, she murdered her husband and his paramour Cassandra on his return from the Trojan War, and was in turn killed by her son Orestes. Comus Comus was a Greek and Roman god of banquets. Conchobar In Celtic mythology, Conchobar was the King of Ulster whose intended bride, Deidre, eloped with Noisi. Conchobar killed Deidre's husband and his brothers and she died of sorrow. Congo In Voodoo, Congo is a handsome but lethargic and slow-witted loa. Coniraya In Quecha mythology, Coniraya is the creator of all things and the founder of agriculture. He came to earth as a beggar, fell in love with the goddess Cavillaca and secretly impregnated her by turning some of his sperm into fruit which she ate. Cavillaca later turned herself and her child into stone at the shame of mothering the child of a beggar. Corbenic Corbenic was the castle in the Arthurian legend in which the Holy Grail was kept. Cornucopia In Greek mythology, the cornucopia was one of the horns of the goat Amaltheia, which was caused by Zeus to refill itself indefinitely with food and drink. Cratos Cratos was a son of Uranus and Gaea. He was very strong. Creidhne In Celtic mythology, Creidhne was the god of metal working. Creusa In Greek mythology, Creusa was the daughter of Erechtheus and wife of Xuthus. She was also loved by Apollo. Cronus Cronus was the son of Uranus. He succeeded to the throne of the gods when Uranus was deposed. He married Rhea. He appears in Greek mythology. Cuchulain Cuchulain was a Celtic hero, the chief figure in a cycle of Irish legends. He is associated with his uncle Conchobar, King of Ulster; his most famous exploits are described in The Cattle Raid of Cuchulain. Cupid Cupid was another name for Amor. Cupido Cupido is an alternative spelling for Cupid. Curetes In Greek mythology the Curetes were attendants of Rhea. They were supposed to have saved the infant Zeus from his father Cronus and then to have become a sort of bodyguard of the god. Cybele Cybele was the Great Mother Goddess of the Phrygians and later the Greeks and Romans. Cyclops In Greek mythology, the Cyclops wereone of a race of Sicilian giants, who had one eye in the middle of the forehead and lived as shepherds. Odysseus blinded the Cyclops Polyphemus in Homer's Odyssey. Daedalus In Greek mythology, Daedalus was an Athenian artisan supposed to have constructed for King Minos of Crete the labyrinth in which the Minotaur was imprisoned. When Minos became displeased with him, Daedalus fled from Crete with his son Icarus using wings made by them from feathers fastened with wax. Daemons The daemons were an order of invisible beings. Zeus assigned one daemon to each man to attend, protect and guide him. Dagda Dagda was the Celtic equivalent of Cronus. Also called Cian. Daghdha In Irish mythology, Daghdha is the great god. He had a secret affair with Boann which resulted in the birth of Oenghus. Dagon Dagon was the god of the Philistines. He had the upper torso of a man and the tail of a fish. Dakaki In Hausa mythology, the Dakaki is a serpant spirit which causes the evil eye resulting in stomach ulcers. Dama In Huli mythology, dama are invisible deities which control the weather and attack people causing illness, sterility or death. Most of them can also bring good fortune, but a small minority are completely evil. Dama dagenda In Huli mythology, dama dagenda are evil forest-spirits that attack travellers making their noses bleed and giving them sores. Damballa In Voodoo, Damballa is a loa who governs snakes and floods and can cure all illness. Danaans The Danaans were one of the 3 Nemedian families who survived the Fomorian victory. The brought the stone of destiny from Falias. Danae In Greek mythology, Danae was daughter of Acrisius, king of Argos. He shut her up in a bronze tower because of a prophecy that her son would kill his grandfather. Zeus became enamored of her and descended in a shower of gold; she gave birth to Perseus. Danhyang Desa In Java mythology, each village has a Danhyang Desa which is a spirit who lives in a large tree near to or in the village. All blessings emanate from him. Any disasters occuring to the village are seen as a sign that he has been neglected. Daphne Daphne was a daughter of Peneus. She was pursued by Apollo and asked to be turned into a laurel tree to escape him, which she was. Daphnis Daphnis was a son of Hermes and a nymph. He was raised by Sicillian shepherds when his mother abandoned him. Dardanus In Greek mythology, Dardanus was a son of Zeus and Electra. He was originally a king in Arcadia, he migrated to Samothrace and from there to Asia where Teucer gave him the site of his town, Dardania. He married Bateia. Datagaliwabe In Huli mythology, Datagaliwabe is a giant who punishes offences against kinship laws with illness, fatal accidents or death in battle. Deianeira Deianeira was the daughter of Oeonus and the wife of Hercules. Deidamia Deidamia fell in love with Achilles and bore him Neoptolemus. Deirdre In Celtic mythology, Deidre was the beautiful intended bride of Conchobar. She eloped with Noísi, and died of sorrow when Conchobar killed him and his brothers. Demeter Demeter was a Greek goddess of the earth. She is also called Ceres. She was the nourishing mother, bringing forth fruits. She was a daughter of Cronus and Rhea. Demigod A demigod was a Greek hero. They were men who posessed god-like strength and courage and who had performed great tasks in the past. Deucalion In Greek mythology, Deucalion was the son of Prometheus. Warned by his father of a coming flood, Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha built an ark. After the waters had subsided, they were instructed by a god to throw stones over their shoulders which then became men and women. Dia Dia is an alternative name for Hebe. Diable Tonnere In Voodoo, Diable Tonnere is a powerful loa. Diablesse In Voodoo, Diablesses are the spirits of women who died as virgins. They are forced to purge the sin of dieing a virgin by living in the woods for many years before they will be allowed into heaven. Diana Diana was the Roman name for the Greek goddess Artemis. Diancecht In Irish mythology, Diancecht is the god of healing. He destroyed the giant serpent that threatened and destroyed cattle throughout the land. Dido Dido was a Phoenician princess. The legendary founder of Carthage, she committed suicide to avoid marrying a local prince. Diejuste In Voodoo, Diejuste is a benevolant loa. Dike Dike was the attendant of justice to Nemesis. Dinditane In Huli mythology, Dinditane is a fertility god of gardening. Dionysus Dionysus was a Greek god of happiness. He was also called Bacchus and Iacchus. Dis In Roman mythology, Dis was the god of the underworld, also known as Orcus. Discordia Discordia was the Roman goddess of strife. Druid The ancient druids were divided into 3 functional orders:primitive druid, bard and ovate. Druidism originated amongst the megalithic ancient British. They taught it to the immigrant celts, and later trained celts from the conntinent. Dryades The dryades were nymphs of the woods and trees. Duamutef In Egyptian mythology, Duamutef was son of Horus and guardian of the East. His canopic jar receives the lungs and heart of the dead. Dumuzi In Sumerian mythology, Dumuzi is the shepherd god. Dunawali In Huli mythology, Dunawali is an evil goddess who lodges herself in a woman's internal organs making the victim the innocent vehicle of the goddesses evil power. Duppies see "Duppy" Duppy In Jamaican folklore, Duppies are the ghosts of deceased people. An Obeah man will summon a Duppy and plant it in a home to curse the occupants. A sample of the victim's clothing, hair or especially menstrual fluid may be obtained so that a Duppy may rape a femal victim while she sleeps and make her ill. Durga Durga is a Hindu deity. She is depicted as having ten arms. Her most famous exploit was slaying Mahisha. The festival of Durga puja is celebrated annually in her honour. In Bali mythology, Durga is the goddess of death. Dyaus In Hindu mythology, Dyaus is the god of the sky. Dzivaguru In Korekore mythology, Dzivaguru was the great earth goddess. She lived in a valley near Dande, kept cattle and goats and dressed in goatskins. She posessed a long horn which gave he whatever she wished for. Ea In Babylonian mythology, Ea was the god of wisdom and magic. Eblis In Islamic mythology, Eblis is the chief of the evil spirits. Echo Echo was a mountain nymph and a servant of Hecate. Ehecatl In Aztec mythology, Ehecatl was the god of wind. Eirene Eirene was the goddess of peace. Ekahau In Maya mythology, Ekahau is the god of travellers and merchants. Ekkekko In Quecha mythology, Ekkekko is the god of good fortune. El In Canaanite mythology, El was the father of the gods. Electra In Greek mythology, Electra was daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, and sister of Orestes and Iphigenia. Her hatred of her mother for murdering her father and her desire for revenge, fulfilled by the return of her brother Orestes, made her the subject of tragedies by the Greek dramatists Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Electryon Electryon was a son of Perseus and Andromeda. Elementals The Elementals are creatures or spirits of the elements. They are the forces of nature. Eloko In Zaire mythology, the Eloko are dwarves who live in the densest and darkest parts of the forest guarding their treasure, which is the fruits and animals of the forest. Elysium In Greek mythology, Elysium was originally another name for the Islands of the Blessed, to which favored heroes were sent by the gods to enjoy a life after death. It was later a region in Hades. Endymion In Greek mythology, Endymion was a beautiful young man loved by Selene, the Moon goddess. He was granted eternal sleep in order to remain forever young. Enki Enki was the Sumerian water god. Enki supplied clear drinking water to the town of Dilmun at the request of Ninhursag. Enkidu In the Epic of Gilgamesh, Enkidu is the wild man created by the goddess Aruru who becomes a companion to Gilgamesh. After Gilgamesh has provoked the anger of the goddess Ishtar, Enkidu sickens and dies. Enkimdu In Sumerian mythology, Enkimdu was the farmer god. Enlil In Sumerian mythology, Enlil was the son of Ki and An. He was the god of the sky and separated the earth from the heaven. Enyo Enyo was the Greek goddess of war. Eos Eos was the goddess of dawn. She was the daughter of Hyperion and Thia, and sister of Helios and Selene. Epaphus In Greek mythology, Epaphus was a son of zeus and Io who was born on the River Nile. He became King of Egypt and married Memphis, or by some accounts Cassiopeia. he had a daughter, Libya, who gave her name to the African country of Libya. Epigoni The Epigoni were the descendants of the seven against Thebes who attacked the city ten years after their fathers had done so. They were organised by Adrastus. Epimetheus Epimetheus was the brother of Prometheus. Epona In Celtic mythology, Epona was the goddess of horses. Erato Erato was the muse of love and marriage songs. Erebus Erebus was the Greek god of darkness. Erechtheus In Greek mythology, Erechtheus (Erichthonius) was an Attic hero, said to have been the son of Hephaestus and Atthis. He was brought up by Athena. Erichthonius see "Erechtheus" Eridanus Eridanus was a Greek river god known as the king of rivers. He was a son of Oceanus and Tethys. Erinys Erinys was the attendant of vengeance to Nemesis. Eris Eris was the Greek goddess of strife. Eros Eros was the Greek god of love. He was the son of Aphropdite. Erzilie In Voodoo, Erzilie is the goddess of sexual love. Eteocles In Greek mythology, Eteocles was a son of the incestuous union of Oedipus and Jocasta and brother of Polynices. He denied his brother a share in the kingship of Thebes, thus provoking the expedition of the Seven against Thebes, in which he and his brother died by each other's hands. Europa Europa was the daughter of Agenor. She was carried off by Zeus who had transformed himself into a great white bull. Eurus Eurus was the east wind god. Euryale Euryale was one of the gorgons. Eurydice In Greek mythology, Eurydice was the wife of Orpheus. She was a dryad, or forest nymph, and died from a snake bite. Orpheus attempted unsuccessfully to fetch her back from the realm of the dead. Euterpe Euterpe was the muse of music. Fama Fama was an alternative name for Pheme. Farbanti In Norse mythology Farbanti was a giant who ferried the dead over the waters to the underworld. He was the father of Loki. Fate In Greek and Roman mythology, the Fates was goddesses who decreed what would happen to both men and gods. Fauna Fauna was a Roman goddess. Faunus Faunus was a Roman god similar to Pan. Fenris In Norse mythology, Fenris was the monstrous wolf of the god Loki. Fenris swallowed the god Odin but was stabbed to death by Odin's son, Vidar. Finweigh In Bilan mythology, Finweigh was the god who with Melu made man. Flora Flora was the Roman goddess of flowers, youth, and spring. Forso In Gururumba mythology, the forso are ghosts of the dead. They are tiresome attracting attention and causing accidents and illness. Fortuna Fortuna was the Roman goddess of luck. Freyr In Norse mythology, Freyr was Odin in another form as the god of rain, sunshine and fruits. He married Gredr. Fulla In Norse mythology, Fulla was attendant to Frigg. Furiae The Furiae were attendants of Hades and Persephone. Ga-oh In Iroquois mythology, Ga-oh is the wind-giant. His house is guarded by a bear, whose prowling brings the north wind; a panther whose whining brings the westerly wind; a moose whose breathing brings the wet east wind and a fawn whose returning to its mother brings the gentle south wind. Gaea Gaea was a Greek goddess of the earth. Gahonga In Iroquois mythology, the Gahonga are the jogah of rocks and rivers. Galatea In Greek mythology, Galatea was the daughter of Nereus and Doris. She rejected the advances of the Cyclops Polyphemus and instead gave herself to the Sicilian shepherd Acis. Polyphemus crushed Acis beneath a rock. Gandayah In Iroquois mythology, the Gandayah are the jogah who tend the earth's fertility. Ganesa Ganesa is an elephant headed Hindu god. He is the son of Siva and Parvati. Gangan In Voodoo, a gangan is an inferior shaman unable to reach hougan. Gans In Apache mythology, the Gans were mountain spirits sent to teach the Apache the arts of civilisation. But they went away because they were distressed by the corruption of people. Ganymeda Ganymeda is an alternative name for Hebe. Ganymedes Ganymedes was a son of the Trojan king Tros. He was carried off by Zeus and became the cup-bearer of the gods. Garm In Norse mythology, Garm is a hound which stands in front of Hel's home and snarls with jaws dripping blood at the pilgrims from the upper world. Genii Genii is an alternative name for the daemons. Geofon In British mythology, Geofon was the ocean goddess. Geyaguga In Cherokee mythology, Geyaguga is the moon spirit. Gikuyu Gikuyu and Mumbi were the spiritual ancestors of all the Kikuyu people. They had 9 daughters. For the daughters, Gikuyu found 9 husbands beneath a large fig tree at Murang'a for the daughters. These husbands then became the ancestors of the 9 Kikuyu clans. Gilgamesh Gilgamesh was a hero of Sumerian, Hittite, Akkadian and Assyrian legend. He was one-third mortal and two-thirds divine. Gilgamesh was Lord of the Sumerian city of Uruk. Ginnunggap In Norse mythology, Ginnunggap was the Yawning Void. Gioll In Norse mythology, Gioll was a river which surrounded the underworld, Hel. Gladsheim In Norse mythology, Gladsheim was the mansion in Asgard where the gods lived. Gleipnir In Norse mythology, Gleipnir is the chain which bounds Fenris. It is made from the footfalls of cats, the beards of women, the roots of mountains and the breath of fish. Gnomes The Gnomes are elementals evolved in the realm of Earth. Gohone In Iroquois mythology, Gohone is the spirit of winter. Goibhniu In Celtic mythology, Goibhniu was the smith god. Gold-comb In Norse mythology, Gold-comb is the cock who shall crow when ragnarok comes. Golden fleece The golden fleece was the fleece of the ram on which Phrixus had escaped and was given to aetes the king of colchis. It hung from an oak tree in the grove of Ares where a dragon guarded it. Gordian Knot In Greek mythology, the Gordian Knot was tied by King Gordius, and could only br unravelled by a future conquerer of Asia. Alexander cut it with his sword in 334BC. Gorgons The gorgons were three daughters of Phorcys and Ceto. Gotterdammerung In Norse mythology, Gotterdammerung is the end of the world. Graces Graces is an alternative name for the Charites. Graeae The Graeae were three daughters of Phorcys and Ceto. They had only one eye and one tooth between them which they shared. Perseus forced them to tell him where he could find Medusa by stealing their solitary eye and tooth. Grand Bois In Voodoo, Grand Bois is the loa of the forces of nature. Griffin The griffin was a mythical monster, the supposed guardian of hidden treasure, with the body, tail, and hind legs of a lion, and the head, forelegs, and wings of an eagle. Guanyin In Chinese mythology, Guanyin is the goddess of mercy. Guatrigakwitl In Wishok mythology, Guatrigakwitl is the creator who made all things. Guebres The Guebres were Persian fire worshippers. Guedes In Voodoo, guedes are the spirits of the dead. Gulltopr In Norse mythology, Gulltopr was the horse of Heimdall. Gullveig In Norse mythology, Gullveig was the thrice-born and thrice-burnt virgin. Gungnir In Norse mythology, Gungnir is Odin's spear, obtained from the Dwarves by Loki for Odin. Gwyn ap Nudd In Celtic mythology, Gwyn ap Nudd is the lord of the underworld and master of the wild hunt. He lives at Glastonbury Tor. Ha Wen Neyu In Iroquois mythology, Ha Wen Neyu is the great spirit. Hadad In Canaanite mythology, Hadad was the god of thunder and lightning. Hades Hades was the Greek god of the underworld. He was a son of Cronus. Haemus In Greek mythology, Haemus was a son of Boreas and Oreithyia. He married Rhodope and by her had a son, Hebrus. He and his wife presumed to assume the names of Zeus and Hera and were turned into mountains for their insolence. Hafoza In Jate mythology, Hafoza is the god of thunder and lightning. Hanghepi In Dakota mythology, Hanghepi is the spirit of the night moon. Hanuman In Hindu mythology, Hanuman is the monkey god and King of Hindustan. He assisted Rama in the recovery of his wife, Sita, from Ravana of Lanka. Hapi In Egyptian mythology, Hapi was the personification of the Nile. He was son of Horus and guardian of the North. His canopic jar receives the small intestines of the dead. Harmonia Harmonia was the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite. She married Cadmus. At the wedding she was given a necklace made by Hephaestus which confered irresistible beauty upon the wearer. Harpies The harpies were employed by the gods to carryout the punishment of crime. Harpocrates Harpocrates was the Egyptian god of silence. Hastsehogan In Navajo mythology, Hastsehogan is the god of houses. Hastseltsi In Navajo mythology, Hastseltsi is the god of racing. Hastsezini In Navajo mythology, Hastsezini is the fire-god. Hathor see "Hathor" Haumea In Hawaiin mythology, Haumea is the goddess of procreation and childbirth. Heammawihio In Cheyenne mythology, Heammawihio is the great spirit. Hebe Hebe was the goddess of youth. She was the daughter of Zeus and Hera. Hebrus In Greek mythology, Hebrus was a river god. He was the son of Haemus and Rhodope. Hecate Hecate was a Greek goddess of the moon and spirits. Dogs were sacred to her. Hector In Greek mythology, Hector was a Trojan prince, son of King Priam and husband of Andromache, who, in the siege of Troy, was the foremost warrior on the Trojan side until he was killed by Achilles. Heimdall In Norse mythology, Heimdall was the watchman of the bridge, Bifrost, which led to the underworld. Heise In Ju mythology, Heise was half man and half god. He created the forests from his own hair so that his own delicate son could have shelter from the searing sun. Hekau Hekau was a term for the magical formulae used on amulets in ancient Egypt. Hel Hel (Hela) was the Norse goddess of the underworld. Hela see "Hel" Helabe In Huli mythology, Helabe is a son of Honabe. Helahuli In Huli mythology, Helahuli is a son of Honabe. His four sons were the founders of mankind and the four tribes bear their names. Helen In Greek mythology, Helen was the daughter of Zeus and Leda, and the most beautiful of women. She married Menelaus, King of Sparta, but during his absence, was abducted by Paris, Prince of Troy. This precipitated the Trojan War. Afterwards she returned to Sparta with her husband. Helicon Helicon was a mountain in central Greece, on which was situated a spring and a sanctuary sacred to the Muses. Helios Helios was the Greek god of physical light. Hemera Hemera was the Greek goddess of day. She was born from Erebus and Nyx. She emerged from Tartarus as Nyx left it and returned to it as she was emerging from it. Heng In Huron mythology, Heng is the god of thunder. Hephaestus Hephaestus was the Greek god of volcanic fire. The Romans called him Vulcan. He was the son of Zeus and Hera. Heqt Heqt was the frog-headed goddess of ancient Egypt. She was wife of Khnemu. She represented resurrection and was symbolised by a frog. Hera Hera was a Greek goddess. She was mother to Hephaestus. Herabe In Huli mythology, Herabe is a god who causes insanity. Heracles see "Hercules" Hercules In Greek and Roman mythology, Hercules (Heracles) was considered as the perfect athlete. He was given twelve labours. 1) Kill the Nemean lion. 2) Destroy the Lernean hydra. 3) Capture alive the Erymanthian boar. 4) Capture alive the Ceryneian stag. 5) Kill the Stymphalian birds. 6) Clean the Augean stables. 7) Bring alive into Peloponnesus the Cretan bull. 8) Obtain the horses of Diomedes. 9) Obtain the girdle of Hippolyte. 10) Kill the monster and cattle of Geryon. 11) Obtain the apples of Hesperides. 12) Bring from the infernal regions Cerbeus the three headed dog of Hades. Hermaphroditus In Greek mythology, Hermaphroditus was the son of Hermes and Aphrodite. He was loved by a nymph who asked for eternal union with him. Her request was granted and they became one body with both male and female sex organs. Hermes Hermes was the Greek god of oratory. He was a son of Zeus and Maia. Herne The Hunter In English folklore, Herne The Hunter is the spirit of a hunter which guards travellers through Windsor Great Park. He wears the antlers of a stag upon his head. Herne was prominent in the tales of Robin Hood, although Windsor Great Park is nowhere near Sherwood Forest. Hesperides The Hesperides were daughters of Atlas and Hesperis. Hestia Hestia was a Greek goddess. She was a daughter of Cronus and Rhea. She was goddess of the hearth. She was also called Vesta. Het-Her see "Athor" Hindu see "Hinduism" Hinduism Hinduism is a religion that originated in India. Hino In Iroquois mythology, Hino is the thunder god, guardian of the skies. Hippocoon In Greek mythology, Hippocoon was a King of Sparta. He was the son of Oebalus and Gorgophone. He refused to purify Hercules after he murdered Iphitus and further offended Hercules by killing Oeonus. Hippolytus In Greek mythology, Hippolytus was the son of Theseus. When he rejected the love of his stepmother, Phaedra, she falsely accused him of making advances to her and turned Theseus against him. Killed by Poseidon at Theseus' request, he was in some accounts of the legend restored to life when his innocence was proven. Hiribi In Canaanite mythology, Hiribi was the goddess of summer. Hiro In Easter Island mythology, Hiro is the god of rain and fertility. Hokewingla In Dakota mythology, Hokewingla is a turtle spirit who lives in the moon. Honabe In Huli mythology, Honabe is the primaeval goddess and the first inhabitant of the land. She was seduced by the god Timbu and bore five deities. Horae The horae were the Greek goddesses of the seasons. They were daughters of Zeus and Themis. Horus Horus was the Egyptian hawkheaded sun god, son of Isis and Osiris, of whom the pharaohs were declared to be the incarnation. Hoturu In Pawnee mythology, Hoturu is the wind spirit. Houmea In Maori mythology, Houmea was a cannibal who swallowed her own children, but was forced to disgorge them by her husband, Uta. She later persued him and the children in the form of a stag and he killed her by throwing hot stones down her mouth. Houngans In Voodoo, the houngans are the priests. Hresvelgr In Norse mythology, Hresvelgr is a giant who lives in the extreme north and the motion of whose wings causes wind and tempest. Hu Hu was the giver of mead and wine to man. He holds a plough to show men that the noblest of the arts is to control and to guide. Huitaca In Chibcha mythology, Huitaca is the beautiful goddess of drunkeness and licentiousness. Huitzilopochtli In Aztec mythology, Huitzilopochtli was the son of Coatlicue and a god of war and the sun. Huixtocihuatl In Aztec mythology, Huixtocihuatl is the goddess of salt. Hunin In Norse mythology, Hunin was a raven of thought which sat upon Odin's shoulder and brought him news everyday of what was occuring in the world. Hydra In Greek mythology, the Hydra was a huge monster with nine heads. If one were cut off, two would grow in its place. One of the 12 labours of Hercules was to kill it. Hygea Hygea was the daughter of Aesculapius. She was the goddess of health. Hymen Hymen was the Greek and Roman god of marriage. Hymenaeus Hymenaeus is an alternative name for Hymen. Hypnos Hypnos was a son of night, and twin brother of Thanatos. He provided rest and relieved pain. Iacchus Iacchus is an alternative name for Dionysus. Ibo In Voodoo, Ibo is a handsome, friendly loa. Ibo Loa In Voodoo, the Ibo Loa are gods and spirits. Icarus Icarus escaped from the Minos labyrinth by means of wings made by his father Daedalus. In escaping he flew too close to the sun, the wax holding the feathers to the wings melted and icarus fell into the sea and drowned. Idlirvirissong In Eskimo mythology, Idlirvirissong is an evil spirit. Iduna In Norse mythology, Iduna was the wife of Bragi. She kept golden apples in a box which the gods ate to keep themselves young. Ifa Ifa is the Yoruba god of wisdom, knowledge and divining. Igaluk In Eskimo mythology, Igaluk is the moon spirit. Ilara In Tiwi mythology, Ilara is the underworld. Inanna In Sumerian mythology, Inanna is the sister of Utu. She must choose as a husband between Enkimdu and Dumuzi. Both gods were keen to marry her, but she eventually married Dumuzi. Incubus In folk-lore, the Incubus were male spirits who raped women during their sleep, producing Witches and Demons as offspring. Indra Indra is the Hindu sky god. He is depicted as a four-armed man on a white elephant carrying a thunderbolt. It is he who slashes the clouds with his thunderbolt to release the rain. Inti In Inca mythology, Inti is the sun god. Io In Greek mythology, Io was the daughter of Inachus. She was beloved of Zeus. Zeus changed her into a white heifer to protect her from the jealousy of Hera. Iphigenia In Greek mythology, Iphigenia was a daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. She was sacrificed by her father at Aulis to secure favorable winds for the Greek fleet in the expedition against Troy, on instructions from the prophet Calchas. According to some accounts, she was saved by the goddess Artemis, and made her priestess. Irene Irene was the Greek goddess of peace. She was sometimes regarded as one of the Horae, who presided over the seasons and the order of nature, and were the daughters of Zeus and Themis. Iris Iris was the goddess of the rainbow. She was the daughter of Thaumas and Electra. She was a sister of the harpies. She was a messenger who conveyed divine commands from Zeus and Hera to mankind. Ishtar Ishtar was the Mesopotamian goddess of love and war, worshiped by the Babylonians and Assyrians, and personified as the legendary queen Semiramis. Isis Isis was an ancient Egyptian goddess associated with serpants and the colour red. Isitoq In Eskimo mythology, Isitoq is a spirit who helps to find people who have broken taboos. Isolde In Celtic and medieval legend, Isolde was the wife of King Mark of Cornwall who was brought from Ireland by his nephew Tristan. She and Tristan accidentally drank the aphrodisiac given to her by her mother for her marriage, were separated as lovers, and finally died together. Itzpapalotl In Aztec mythology, Itzpapalotl is a goddess of agriculture. Ix Chel In Maya mythology, Ix Chel is the goddess of the moon. Ixion In Greek mythology, Ixion was King of the Lapithae in Thessaly who was punished for his wickedness by being tied to a perpetually revolving wheel of fire. Ixtab In Maya mythology, Ixtab is the goddess of the hanged. She receives their souls into paradise. Ixtlilton In Aztec mythology, Ixtlilton was the god of healing, feasting and games. Izdubar Izdubar was a hero of ancient Babylonia. He has feats similar to those of Hercules ascribed to him. Janus Janus was a two faced Roman god of beginnings and ends. Jason Jason was the rightful king of Iolcus. He was smuggled out of Iolcus by Cheiron. When Jason returned to claim his birthright, Pelias sent him to fetch the golden fleece from Colchis. Jean In Voodoo, Jean is a stern, but nervous loa who rules the thunder and earthquakes. Jinn In Muslim mythology, a jinn is a spirit which is able to assume human or animal shape. Jocasta Jocasta was the wife of Laius the king of Thebes. She unwittingly had incest with Oedipus, bringing a plague on Thebes. Her father sacrificed himself to rid Thebes of the plague. Jocasta hanged herself when she learnt the truth of her marriage to Oedipus. Jogah In Iroquois mythology, jogah are dwarf nature spirits. Jormungandr In Norse mythology, Jormungandr is the great dragon which lives in the Ocean-stream which runs around Midgard. Jotunheim In Norse mythology, Jotunheim is the abode of the giants. It is on the edge of the ocean far to the north east. Juno Juno was the Roman name for the Greek goddess Hera. Jupiter Jupiter was the Roman name for the Greek god Zeus. Kabta In Sumerian mythology, Kabta is the god of bricks, he is the god who lays foundations and builds houses. Kahit In Wintun mythology, Kahit is the wind god. Kali Kali is the Hindu goddess of destruction and death. She is the wife of Siva. Kalunga In Ndonga mythology, Kalunga is the creator of all things, the supreme god. Kan-u-Uayeyab In Maya mythology, Kan-u-Uayeyab was the god who guarded cities. Kanati In Cherokee mythology, Kanati was the first man and ancestor of the Cherokee. He was married to Selu. Kapo In Hawaiin mythology, Kapo is a fertility god. Kathirat In Canaanite mythology, the Kathirat were the wise goddesses. Keneun In Iroquois mythology, Keneun is chief of the Thunderbirds. He is an invisible spirit. Thunder is the sound of his beating wings and lightning his flashing eyes. Khem In Egyptian mythology, Khem was the god of reproduction and generation. He was identified as Pan by the Greeks. Khepera Khepera was the ancient Egyptian god of creation who propelled the sun across the sky. Khu Khu was the ancient Egyptian term for the soul. Khuno In Aymara mythology, Khuno is the god of snowstorms. Ki In Sumerian mythology, Ki was the personification of the earth. Kianda In Angolan mythology, Kianda is the god of the sea and the fish in it. Kinich Kakmo In Maya mythology, Kinich Kakmo is the sun god symbolised by the Macaw. Kishi In Angolan folklore, a Kishi is an evil spirit. It is a demon with two faces on its head. One face resembles that of a normal man, and the other is the face of a hyena with big strong teeth and powerful jaw muscles. Kisin In Maya mythology, Kisin is the evil earthquake spirit. He lives beneath the earth in a purgatory where all souls except those of soldiers killed in battle and women who died in childbirth spend some time. Suicides are doomed to his realm for eternity. Kolga In Norse mythology, Kolga is a daughter of Aegir and Ran. Kostrubonko In Russian mythology, Kostrubonko is god of the spring. Kothar-u-Khasis In Canaanite mythology, Kothar-u-Khasis was the god of craftsmanship. Kukucan In Maya mythology, Kukucan is the wind god. Kuri In Hausa mythology, Kuri is a black hyena spirit who causes paralysis. L'inglesou In Voodoo, L'inglesou is a fierec looking loa who lives among rocks and in ravines and kills those who offend him. Lacedaemon In Greek mythology, Lacedaemon was a son of Zeus and Taygete. He married Sparte. He was King of Lacedaemon and named the capital city Sparta after his wife. Laestrygones The Laestrygones were a race of giant cannibals. They were ruled by Lamus. At Telepylos Odysseus lost all but one of his ships to them. Lahar In Sumerian mythology, Lahar was the god of cattle. He was created by Enlil to provide cattle for the earth. Laius Laius was the king of Thebes and father of Oedipus. Lakshami Lakshami is the Hindu goddess of wealth and beauty. Lakshmi Lakshmi is the Hindu goddess of wealth and beauty. She is the consort of Vishnu and is celebrated during Diwali. Laocoon Laocoon was a Trojan prophet, son of Antenor and a priest of Apollo and Poseidon. He warned the Trojans against the Wooden Horse. Laodice Laodice was a daughter of Priam and the wife of Helicaon. When Troy fell she was swallowed by the earth. Lares The Lares were beings of the Roman religion protecting households and towns. Larissa Larissa was a city in Thessaly where Achilles was reportedly born. Leda Leda was a daughter of Thestius. She was the wife of Tyndareus. She was seduced by Zeus and gave birth to two eggs. From one hatched her daughter Helen and son Polydeuces, and from the other hatched Castor. Legba In Fon mythology, Legba is the youngest son of Lisa and Mawu. He is the god of fate. In Voodoo, Legba is one of the two gods who open the road to the spirit world. Lemnos Lemnos was a small island at the mouth of the Hellespont. Hephaestus landed on Lemnos when Zeus threw him out of heaven, and set up a forge on the island. Lethe In Greek mythology, Lethe was a river of the underworld whose waters, when drunk, brought forgetfulness of the past. Leto In Greek mythology Leto was the mother of Apollo. Leuce Leuce was a nymph loved by Hades. He turned her into a white poplar tree. Liber Pater Liber Pater was an ancient Italian god of the vine. Libera Libera was the Roman name for the Greek goddess Persephone. Limba In Voodoo, Limba is a rough male loa who lives among the rocks and persecutes people. He has an insatiable appetite and is said to kill and eat his devotees. Lisa In Fon mythology, Lisa is the sun god who causes the day and its heat. He is the god of strength and endurance. Litai Litai was the goddess of recompense. Loa In voodoo, the loa are spirits. They may be either male or female. Loki In Norse mythology, Loki was one of the Aesir (the principal gods), but the cause of dissension among the gods, and the slayer of Balder. His children are the Midgard serpent Jormungander, which girdles the Earth; the wolf Fenris; and Hela, goddess of death. Lubangala In Bakongo mythology, Lubangala is the protector of villages, men and the souls of the dead. He appears as a rainbow during and after storms. Luchtaine In Celtic mythology, Luchtaine was the god of wheel making. Lugh In Irish mythology, Lugh was the god of light. He killed his grandfather, Balor, during the great battle in which a new order of gods and goddesses took over from the primal beings of chaotic energy. He was the god of skill and ability. Luna Luna was the Roman name of the Greek goddess Selene. Lutin In Voodoo, a lutin is the ghost of an unbaptised child. Lutinus Lutinus was the Roman name for the Greek god Priapus. Mabon In Celtic mythology, Mabon was the Son of Light, equated with the Roman Apollo. He was the god of liberation, harmony, music and unity. Macha In Irish mythology, Macha is a goddess of athletic games, festivals and fertility. Macuilxochitl In Aztec mythology, Macuilxochitl was the god of music and dance. Mahisha Mahisha was chief of the demons in Hindu mythology. He was killed by Durga. Maia In Greek mythology, Maia was the daughter of Atlas and the mother of Hermes. Maman Brigitte In voodoo, Maman Brigitte is the loa of death and cemeteries. Mamlambo In Zulu mythology, Mamlambo is the godess of the rivers. Manannan mac Lir In Celtic mythology, Manannan mac Lir (Barinthus) was the god of the ocean. He ferried the wounded King Arthur to the otherworld so that he could be cured. Manes The manes were the souls of departed people in the Greek and Roman religions. Mangalubulan In Batak mythology, Mangalubulan is the god of thieves. Manu In Hindu mythology, Manu was the founder of the human race. He was saved by Brahma from a deluge. Mara In Buddhism, the Mara is a supernatural being who tried to distract Buddha from the meditations which led to his enlightenment. In Hindu mythology, Mara is a goddess of death. Marassa Jumeaux In Voodoo, Marassa Jumeaux are the ghosts of dead twins. Marduk Marduk was the Babylonian sun god, creator of Earth and humans. Mark In Celtic legend, Mark was king of Cornwall, uncle of Tristan, and suitor and husband of Isolde. Mars Mars was the Roman name for the Greek god Ares. Marsyas In Greek mythology, Marsyas was a satyr who took up the pipes thrown down by the goddess Athena and challenged the god Apollo to a musical contest. On losing, he was flayed alive. Maruts In Hindu mythology, the Maruts are the fierce storm-beings who toss the sea into foam. Mawu In Fon mythology, Mawu is the moon goddess. She is the sister of Lisa, and causes the night and its coolness. She is also the goddess of peace, joy, fertility, motherhood and rain. Mayahuel In Aztec mythology, Mayahuel was a goddess of maguey. Mbombo In Zaire mythology, Mbombo is the White Giant who rules over the chaos of the universe and one day from his stomach comes the sun, the moon and the stars, and soon after the trees, animals and people of the earth. Medea In Greek mythology, Medea was the sorceress daughter of the king of Colchis. When Jason reached Colchis, she fell in love with him, helped him acquire the Golden Fleece, and they fled together. When Jason later married Creusa, daughter of the king of Corinth, Medea killed his bride with the gift of a poisoned garment, and then killed her own two children by Jason. Meditrina Meditrina was a Roman goddess of health. She was a sister of Hygea. Medusa Medusa was the youngest and most beautiful of the gorgons. She loved Poseidon and desecrated the temple of Athene by meeting Poseidon there. For this she was punished by having her hair turned to snakes. The result was her appearance was so hideous to behold that it would turn the viewer to stone. Megapenthes In Greek mythology, Megapenthes was a son of Proetus and King of Argos. He exchanged his dominion with that of Perseus and afterwards killed Perseus. Melpomene Melpomene was the muse of tragedy. Memnon Memnon was the son of Eos and Tithonus. He was the king of Ethiopia who helped the Trojans and killed many Greeks. He was killed by Achilles in single combat whilst Zeus weighed their fates in the balance. Memphis In Egyptian mythology, Memphis was the daughter of Nile. She married Epaphus who founded the city of Memphis and named it after his wife. Menat The Menat was an ancient Egyptian amulet employed to bring joy and health to the bearer. It represented the power of reproduction. Menelaus Menelaus was the husband of Helen of Troy. Mercury Mercury was the Roman name for the Greek god Hermes. Metempsychosis Metempsychosis is the transmigration of the soul after death through the bodies of lower animals, plants or inanimate objects. Also called reincarnation. Metztli In Aztec mythology, Metztli was the moon god. Mictlan In Aztec mythology, Mictlan was the underworld. It was the home of all the dead except warriors and women who died in labour. Mictlantecuhtli In Aztec mythology, Mictlantecuhtli was the god of Mictlan and the dead. Midas In Greek mythology, Midas was a king of Phrygia who was granted the gift of converting all he touched to gold. He soon regretted his gift, as his food and drink were also turned to gold. For preferring the music of Pan to that of Apollo, he was given ass's ears by the latter. Mimir In Norse mythology, Mimir was a god of wisdom and knowledge. He dwelt by the ash-tree Yggdrasil. Minerva Minerva was the Roman name of the Greek goddess Athene. Minos In Greek mythology, Minos was a king of Crete (son of Zeus and Europa), who demanded a yearly tribute of young men and girls from Athens for the Minotaur. After his death, he became a judge in Hades. Minotaur In Greek mythology, the Minotaur was a monster, half man and half bull, offspring of Pasiphae, wife of King Minos of Crete, and a bull. It lived in the Labyrinth at Knossos, and its victims were seven girls and seven youths, sent in annual tribute by Athens, until Theseus killed it, with the aid of Ariadne, the daughter of Minos. Mithras Mithras was the Persian god of light. Mithras represented the power of goodness, and promised his followers compensation for present evil after death. He was said to have captured and killed the sacred bull, from whose blood all life sprang. Mithraism was introduced into the Roman Empire 68 BC. By about AD 250, it rivaled Christianity in strength. A bath in the blood of a sacrificed bull formed part of the initiation ceremony of the Mithraic cult, which spread rapidly, gaining converts especially among soldiers. Mitnal In Maya mythology, Mitnal was the underworld hell where the wicked were tortured. Mnemosyne Mnemosyne was the mother of the muses. She signified the memory of great events. Moerae Moerae was the Greek goddess of right and reason. Mombu In Voodoo, Mombu is a stammering loa who causes storms of torrential rain. Momus Momus was the ancient Greek god of jeering. Morpheus Morpheus was an ancient Greek god of dreams. Morrigan Morrigan was the Celtic goddess of war and death who could take the shape of a crow. Mot In Canaanite mythology, Mot was the god of sterility. Munin In Norse mythology, Munin was a raven of memory which sat on Odin's shoulder and along with Hunin brought Odin news each day of what was occuring in the world. Muse see "muses" Muses The muses were nympths of the springs. Myrtilus Myrtilus was the son of Hermes. Na'iads In Greek mythology, the Na'iads were nymphs of fountains and brooks. Nacon In Maya mythology, Nacon was the god of war. Nago Shango In Voodoo, Nago Shango is a powerful and lively loa. Nammu In Sumerian mythology, Nammu was the goddess who gave birth to the heavens and the earth. Nanna In Sumerian mythology, Nanna was the god of the Moon. Narcissus In Greek mythology, Narcissus was a beautiful youth who rejected the love of the nymph Echo and was condemned to fall in love with his own reflection in a pool. He pined away and in the place where he died a flower sprang up that was named after him. Nastrand In Norse mythology, Nastrand was the worst region of hell. It's roofs and doors were wattled with hissing snakes, ejecting poison and it was through this that murderers and perjurers were forced to wade as punishment. Nauplius Nauplius was the son of Amymone and Poseidon. He was the wrecker of Nauplia. Ndara In the mythology of Sulawesi Island, Ndara is the god of the underworld. Nefer The Nefer was an ancient Egyptian amulet signifying happiness and good luck. It was made of red stone or red porcelain and was worn from a necklace or a string of beads. Neith In Egyptian mythology, Neith was the goddess of the heavens. Nemesis Nemesis was the goddess of punishment. Nephthys Nephthys was an ancient Egyptian goddess. Daughter of Seb and Nut, she married Set. Neptune Neptune was the Roman name for the Greek god Poseidon. Nereid In Greek mythology, the Nereid were 50 sea goddesses, or nymphs, who sometimes mated with mortals. Their father was Nereus and their mother was Doris. Nereus Nereus was a sea god. He was a son of Pontys and Gaea. Nergal Nergal was the Babylonian god of the underworld. Ngendi In Fiji mythology, Ngendi is a fertility god who showed men the use of fire. Ni In Huli mythology, the god Ni is the sole cause of leprosy. Nidhogg In Norse mythology, Nidhogg is a dragon which devours the corpses of evil doers. He lives in Hwergelmir, in the realm of Hel. Nike Nike was the goddess of victory. She was the daughter of Pallas and Styx. Nikkal In Canaanite mythology, Nikkal was the goddess of the fruits of the earth. She was a daughter of Hiribi. She married Yarikh. Ningal In Sumerian mythology, Ningal was the wife of Nanna. Ninhursag In Sumerian mythology, Ninhursag was the earth mother. From her union with Enki came Ninsar, the goddess of plants. Ninkurra In Sumerian mythology, Ninkurra was a goddess. She was the daughter of Enki and his daughter Ninsar. Ninsar In Sumerian mythology, Ninsar was the goddess of plants. She was the daughter of Enki and Ninhursag. Niobe In Greek mythology, Niobe was the daughter of Tantalus and wife of Amphion, the king of Thebes. She was contemptuous of the goddess Leto for having produced only two children, Apollo and Artemis. She died of grief when her own 12 offspring were killed by them in revenge, and was changed to stone by Zeus. Njord In Norse mythology, Njord is a sea god of fruitfulness who lives in Noa- tun. Norn In Norse mythology, the Norn were three goddesses of fate - the goddess of the past (Urd), the goddess of the present (Verdandi), and the goddess of the future (Skuld). Norns In Norse mythology, the Norns were three sisters responsible for the destiny of individuals and gods. Notus Notus was the south wind god. Nut In Egyptian mythology, Nut was the sky goddess and mother of Osiris by Seb. She was married to Ra, but also took Thoth for a lover. Nymph A nymph was a higher being than a human, but not immortal like a god. They were respected in mythology. Nymphs see "nymph" Nyx Nyx was a goddess of night. She was a daughter of Chaos. She married Erebus. Obatala In Yoruba mythology, Obatala was the son of Olodumare. He created makind from the earth. Oberon In English folklore, Oberon is the king of the elves. Oceanides The oceanides were 40 sea nymphs of the ocean. They were the daughters of Oceanus. Oceanus Oceanus was the son of Uranus and Gaea. He was the only Titan not to revolt against Uranus. Ocypete Ocypete was one of the harpies. Odin Odin was chief god of Norse mythology. A sky god, he lived in Asgard, at the top of the world-tree, and from the Valkyries receives the souls of half of the heroic slain warriors, feasting with them in his great hall, Valhalla; the rest are feasted by Freya his wife. Oduduwa In Yoruba mythology, Oduduwa is the wife of Obatala. Odysseus Odysseus was a Greek hero. He devised the strategy of the wooden horse used by the Greeks to conquer Troy. Oedipus Oedipus was the son of Laius. The Delphic oracle foretold that Laius would be killed by his son, so Oedipus was abandoned on mount Cithaeron with a nail through his feet. However, he was found by a shepherd and raised by Polybus. Hearing that he would kill his father, Oedipus left Corinth and met Laius on his travel. He killed him in an argument not knowing who he was. Oenghus In Irish mythology, Oenghus is the son of Daghdha and Boann. He is the god of fatal love. Oeonus In Greek mythology, Oeonus was a son of Licymnius. He was attacked by a dog belonging to the sons of Hippocoon, he threw a stone at the dog and in revenge the sons of Hippocoon killed him. Ogmios In Celtic mythology, Ogmios was the eloquent god of the strength of poetry, charm and incantation. He is depicted as an old man with wrinkles, but carrying a club and a bow. Ogoun In Voodoo, Ogoun is a warrior and blacksmith loa. He is especially fond of rum and tobacco. Ogres In Norse mythology, Ogres are creatures who make the storms and who with their iron clubs strike the earth and send it flying into the air. Ogun In Yoruba mythology, Ogun is a son of Obatala and Oduduwa. He was a warrior who won many battles and was rewarded with the kingdom of the town of Ire in the land of Ekiti given to him by Oduduwa. Ohdows In Iroquois mythology, the Ohdows are the jogah who control the underworld spirits and prevent them coming to the surface. Oileus Oileus was one of the Argonauts, he was the father of Ajax. Olokun In Nigerian mythology, Olokun is the god of sea and lagoons and brother of Olorun. Olorun In Nigerian mythology, Olorun is the god of the sky. Ometecuhtli In Aztec mythology, Ometecuhtli was the god of duality. Omphale Omphale was queen of Lydia. She bought Hercules as a slave who stayed with her for 3 years. Omuli In Nande folklore, an Omuli is a woman or girl who consumes the soul of a living person, and causes that person to die of consumption. Oneiros Oneiros was the ancient Greek god of dreams. Ops Ops was the Roman goddess of plenty and the personification of abundance. Oreades The oreades were mountain nymphs. Orestes Orestes was the son of Clytemnestra and Agamemnon. As a child he was smuggled out of Mycenae by his sister Electra when Clytemnestra and Aegisthus seized power. He later killed Clytemnestra with the help of Electra and Pylades and was punished by the Erinnyes. Orion Orion was a giant and son of Poseidon. He was a hunter and very handsome. He was promised the hand of Merope whom he loved if he could ride Chios. He did but was not given Merope so he seduced her. Apollo caused his death at the hands of Artemis who put his image in the stars. Orpheus Orpheus was a mythical Greek poet and musician. The son of Apollo and a muse, he married Eurydice, who died from the bite of a snake. Orpheus went down to Hades to bring her back and her return to life was granted on condition that he walk ahead of her without looking back. He did look back and Eurydice was irretrievably lost. In his grief, he offended the maenad women of Thrace, and was torn to pieces by them. Osiris Osiris was the Egyptian god of goodness. He ruled the underworld after being killed by Set. Outgard In Norse mythology, Outgard is the home of giants and monsters. Ovate An ovate was a type of druid. His purpose was to observe and invent. His robe was green symbolising budding life. Pales Pales was a Roman god of cattle-rearing. Pallas In Greek mythology Pallas was one of the Titans. He was a son of Crius and Eurybia and brother of Astraeus and Perses. He married Styx and fathered Zelus, Cratos, Bia and Nike. Pan Pan was the Greek god who looked after shepherds and their flocks. His parentage is unsure. In some accounts he is the son of Zeus, in others the son of Hermes. His mother was a nymph. Pandarus In Greek mythology, Pandarus was the leader of the forces of Zeleia in Lycia at the Trojan War. He was the second best Greek archer (next to Paris) and fought in the Trojan War as an archer. Pandion In Greek mythology, Pandion was a son of Erichthonius, the King of Athens. Pandora Pandora was a woman made by the gods. She was taken to Epimetheus by Hermes. He made her his wife, against his brother's advice. Pandora came with a sealed vase. Her husband was tempted and opened the vase from which came all the troubles, weariness and illnesses that mankind is now burderned with. Paris In Greek mythology, Paris was a prince of Troy whose abduction of Helen, wife of King Menelaus of Sparta, caused the Trojan War. Helen was promised to him by the goddess Aphrodite as a bribe, in his judgment between her beauty and that of two other goddesses, Hera and Athena. Paris killed the Greek hero Achilles by shooting an arrow into his heel, but was himself killed by Philoctetes before the capture of Troy. Pasiphae In Greek mythology, Pasiphae was the wife of King Minos of Crete and mother of Phaedra and of the Minotaur. Patecatl In Aztec mythology, Patecatl was the god of medicine. Patroclus Patroclus was a cousin and close friend of Achilles. He was killed by Hector in the Trojan wars. Pax Pax is an alternative name for Eirene. Paynal In Aztec mythology, Paynal was the messenger to Huitzilopochtli. Pegasus Pegasus was the winged horse offspring of Medusa and Poseidon. Pehrer Pehrer was an ancient Egyptian god. Peirithous In Greek mythology, Peirithous was a King of the Lapiths and a son of Ixion and Dia. He waged war against the Centaurs and helped Theseus carry off the Amazon Antiope and later Helen. He tried to abduct Persephone, but was bound to a stone seat by her husband Hades and remained a prisoner in the underworld. Pelias Pelias was king of Iolcus and half-brother of Jason. Penelope In Greek mythology, Penelope was the wife of Odysseus, the king of Ithaca; their son was Telemachus. While Odysseus was absent at the siege of Troy she kept her many suitors at bay by asking them to wait until she had woven a shroud for her father-in-law, but unraveled her work each night. When Odysseus returned, after 20 years, he and Telemachus killed her suitors. Peneus Peneus was a river god. He was a son of Oceanus and Tethys. Persephone Persephone was a Greek goddess. She was the daughter of Zeus and Demeter. Hades obtained sanction from Zeus to carry her off by force and marry her. Perseus Perseus found Medusa asleep and cut her head off which he presented to Athene. He married Andromeda. Petro loa In Voodoo, the Petro loa are a group of easily annoyed spirits symbolised by the whip. Phaea In Greek mythology, Phaea was the Crommyonium Sow a wild pig said to have been the offspring of Echidna and Typhon. It ravaged the town of Crommyon on the Isthmus of Corinth until it was destroyed by Theseus. Phaedra In Greek mythology, Phaedra was a daughter of Minos, King of Crete and Pasiphae. Her unrequited love for Hippolytus led to his death and her suicide. Pheme Pheme was the goddess of fame. She was a daughter of Gaea. Phoebus Phoebus was the Greek god of enlightenment. Picus Picus was a Roman god. He was the son of Saturnus and father of Faunus. His wife was Canens. He was a prophet and god of the forest. Pie In Voodoo, Pie is a grave soldier loa who lies at the bottom of ponds and rivers. He makes floods. Pinga In Eskimo mythology, Pinga is a female spirit who watches carefully over men's actions, especially their treatment of animals. Pitho Pitho was the daughter of Aphrodite. She was the goddess of persuasion. Pleiades The Pleiades were the seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione. They were turned into doves by Zeus and and their image put into the stars to save them from the attentions of Orion. Pleuron In Greek mythology, Pleuron was a son of Aetolus and Pronoe and brother to Calydon. He married Xanthippe by whom he fathered Agenor, Sterope, Stratonice and Laophonte. He is said to have founded the town of Pleuron in Aetolia. Pluto Pluto was the Roman name for the Greek god Hades. Poena Poena was the attendant of punishment to Nemesis. Polites Polites was a son of Priam and Hecabe. He was killed before them by Neoptolemus. Pollux Pollux was the Roman name for Polydeuces. Polybus Polybus was king of Corinth. He raised Oedipus as his own son. Polydeuces Polydeuces was twin brother of Castor. He was a son of Zeus and Leda. He was born from an egg after Zeus visited Leda disguised as a swan. Polydorus In Greek mythology, Polydorus was a son of Cadmus and Harmonia. he was King of Thebes and husband of Nycteis by whom he fathered Labdacus. Polymnia Polymnia was the muse of song and oratory. Polynices In Greek mythology, Polynices was a son of Oedipus. He and his brother Eteocles were supposed to rule Thebes in alternate years, but Eteocles refused to relinquish the throne, and Polynices sought the help of Adrastus. Polynices and Eteocles killed each other in single combat. Polyphemus In Greek mythology Polyphemus was the most famous of the Cyclops. He is described as a giant cannibal living alone in a cave on Mount Etna. Odysseus and his companions unwarily sheltered in his cave, and Polyphemus killed and ate four of them before Odysseus intoxicated him with wine and when he fell asleep poked his eye out with a blazing stake. Polyphemus was also the despised lover of Galatea. Pomona Pomona was a Roman goddess of garden fruits. Poseidon Poseidon was the Greek god of the sea. He was a son of Cronus. Priapus Priapus was the Greek god of fertility in nature. He was a son of Dionysus and Aphrodite. Primitive druid The primitive druid was an order of druid involved with teaching science and religion. His robe was white symbolising light, purity and knowledge. Procne In Greek mythology, Procne was a daughter of King Pandion and Zeuxippe. She married Tereus. Procris In Greek mythology, Procris was a daughter of Erechtheus and wife of Cephalus. Artemis gave her the hound Laelaps which she gave to her husband. Procrustes In ancient Greek legends, Procrustes was a robber. He robbed people whilst they slept. If his victim was too short for his bed he was stretched to death. If the victim was too long for his bed, his feet or legs were cut off. Theseus treated Procrustes in the same way. Proetus In Greek mythology, Proetus was a son of Abas and the twin brother of Acrisius. In a dispute between the two brothers over the kingdom of Argos, Proetus was defeated and expelled. He fled to Iobates in Lycia and married his daughter Stheneboea. Iobates restored Proetus to his kingdom by force and Acrisius then agreed to share it, surrendering Tiryns to him. When Bellerophon came to Proetus to be purified for a murder, Sthenebeoa fell in love with him. Bellerophon refused her and she charged him with making improper proposals to her. Proetus then sent him to Iobates with a letter asking Iobates to murder Bellerophon. Prometheus Prometheus was a Greek hero. He was a son of the Titan Japetus. Prometheus obtained fire for mankind from Zeus. Psyche Psyche was the personification of the passion of love. She appears in Roman mythology. Pygmalion In Greek mythology, Pygmalion was a king of Cyprus who made an image in ivory of a maiden. He fell in love with the image and asked Venus to endow it with life. She did, and Pygmalion married the maiden. Pylades In Greek mythology, Pylades was son of Strophius and Anaxibia. He assisted Orestes in murdering Clytemnestra and eventually married his sister Electra. Qebhsennuf Qebhsennuf was the ancient Egyptian god of the West. His cannopic jar receives the liver and the gall-bladder. Quetzalcoati In Aztec and Toltec mythology, Quetzalcoati was the feathered serpant god. Quetzalcoatl In ancient Mexican mythology, Quetzalcoatl was the god of the air. He presided over commerce, and was said to have predicted the coming of the Spaniards. Rada loa In Voodoo, the Rada loa are the chief deities. Ragnarok In Norse mythology, ragnarok is the ultimate battle between good and evil from which a new order will come. Raja Guru In Batak mythology, Raja Guru is the gods' huntsman. He catches souls with his hounds Sordaudau and Auto Portburu. When he catches a soul that person dies suddenly. Raja Indainda In Batak mythology, Raja Indainda is the thunder god. He is the spy and messenger of the other gods. Rakshasa In Hindu mythology, the rakshasa are demons capabale of assuming the form of animals or humans they are completely evil, powerful creatures that delight in spreading fear, confusion, chaos, and destruction among human families and communities, finishing the trouble they cause in a murderous, ghoulish feast upon human flesh. They are among the most feared of all creatures, for they delight in mental torture of their victims . Ran In Norse mythology Ran is the wife of Aegir. It is she who uses a net to draw the sailors of sinking ships to their doom. Ranno Ranno was the ancient Egyptian god of gardens. he was represented as an asp. Rati-mbati-ndua In Fiji mythology, Rati-mbati-ndua is the god of the underworld who devours the dead. He lacks arms, but has great wings. Ravana In Hindu mythology, Ravana is the demon King of Lanka who abducted Sita, the wife of Rama. Revenant In Voodoo, a revenant is a spirit of the dead who feeling neglected returns to plague their living relatives. Rhadamanthus Rhadamanthus was a son of Zeus and Europa. He was famed for his wisdom and justice, and so after his death was made one of the judges of the underworld. Rhamnusia Rhamnusia was an alternative name for Nemesis. Rhea Rhea was the Greek goddess of the earth, mountains and forests. Runes The runes are the letters of the alphabet peculiar to the ancient Teutonic peoples of north west Europe. There are 3 runic alphabets; the Norse, with 16 characters, the Anglo-Saxon with 40 and the German. Saxon tradition ascribes the invention of the runes to Woden. Their use reduced under christianity because of their connection with magic. They were used for casting spells as well as divining the future. Runic wand A runic wand was a smooth willow wand inscribed with runic characters (runes). Sabians The Sabians were a sect which arose about 830 and who followed a religion of the ancient Syrians modified by Hellenic influences. Saga In Norse mythology, Saga was the daughter of Odin. She was the goddess of poetry. Sajara Sajara is the Rainbow-god of the Songhai people of eastern Mali. He is represented by a forked tree where a white ram is sacrificed to him. Salamanders The Salamanders are elementals evolved in the realm of Fire. Sam The Sam was an ancient Egyptian amulet for sexual pleasure. Samedi In Voodoo, Samedi is an important loa, god of the cemetery. Sarpedon Sarpedon was a son of Zeus and Europa. He went to Asia Minor and became the king of the Lycians after helping Cilix of Cilicia to defeat them. He helped Troy in the Trojan wars before being killed by Patroclus. Sati In Egyptian mythology, Sati was the goddess of the lower heavens (the air). Saturnus Saturnus was the Roman god of learning and agriculture. He appeared to king Janus and gave lessons on agriculture to his subjects. Satyr The satyrs were attendants to the god Dionysus. Savitar In Hindu mythology, Savitar is an all-powerful sun god. He cut off one hand at a sacrifice, and priests gave him a golden hand to replace it. Scarab The Scarab was an Egyptian amulet associated with Khepera. Sceiron In Greek mythology, Sceiron (Sciron) was a robber who haunted the frontier between Attica and Megaris. He robbed travellers and kicked them into the sea where they were eaten by a tortoise that lived there. He was killed by Theseus. Seb In Egyptian mythology, Seb was the earth god. He was the father of Osiris. Seidr Seidr was a form of Norse magic ascribed to Odin and Gullveig. It was mainly used for harmful purposes. Selene Selene was a Greek goddess of the moon. Semele In Greek mythology, Semele was a daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia. She was beloved by Zeus and bore him Dionysus. Serapis In Egyptian mythology, Serapis was another name for Osiris, and was known as the judge of the underworld. Serviteur In Voodoo, a serviteur is someone who becomes posessed by a loa during a ceremony. Set see "Seth" Seth In Egyptian mythology, Seth (Set) was the devil and enemy of Osiris. Shahar In Canaanite mythology, Shahar was the god of the dawn, and twin brother of Shalim. He was a son of El and Asherah. Shalim In Canaanite mythology, Shalim was the god of the dusk. He was the twin brother of Shahar and a son of El and Asherah. Shango In Yoruba mythology, Shango is an earth god. He was the King of Oyo, but because his citizens were dissatisfied with his tyranical rule he rode off into the forest and rose up into heaven where he became a god of thunder and lightning. He is the god of justice and fair play. Shapash In Caananite mythology, Shapash is the sun goddess. Shen The Shen was an ancient Egyptian amulet representing the sun's orbit and symbolising eternity. Silenius Silenius was the oldest satyr. Silvanus Silvanus was a Roman god of the forest. Sisyphus In Greek mythology, Sisyphus was an evil King of Corinth. After he died he was condemned in the underworld to roll a huge stone uphill, which always fell back before he could reach the top. Skuld In Norse mythology, Skuld was the Norn of the future. Sleipnir In Norse mythology, Sleipnir was the swift horse ridden by Odin. Sobo In Voodoo, Sobo is a loa who looks like a handsome soldier. Sodza In Hua mythology, Sodza is the great god who lives in heaven and to whom the priests pray for rain. Sogblen In Hua mythology, Sogblen is a god who mediates between priests and Sodza. He carries the priests prayers to Sodza and brings back promises of good crops. Sogbo In Fon mythology, Sogbo is the god of thunder, lightning and fire. Sol Sol was the Roman name for the Greek god Helios. Somnus Somnus was an alternative name for the Greek and Roman god Hypnos. Sousson-Pannan In Voodoo, Sousson-Pannan is an ugly loa covered in sores. He is totaly evil and drinks spirits and blood. Sphinx The Sphinx is a monster which appears in both Greek and Eyptian mythology. Both sphinx have the body of a lion and the head of a woman. The Greek sphinx has wings, the Egyptian does not. In Greek mythology, the Sphinx posed a riddle to all who seeked to pass. This riddle was at last explained by Edipus, where upon the Sphinx destroyed itself. The Egyptian Sphinx was a goddess of wisdom and knowledge. Stheino Stheino was one of the gorgons. Strophius In Greek mythology, Strophius was King of Phocis. Styx In Greek and Roman mythology, the Styx was the principal river in the underworld. Styx was the name of a nymph who was the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She dwelt at the entrance to Hades in a lofty grotto which was supported by silver columns. Styx took her children to help Zeus in the fight against the Titans. Suada Suada is an alternative name for Pitho. Succubus In folk-lore, Succubus were female spirits who seduced men and had intercourse with them whilst they slept. Surtr In Norse mythology, Surtr was a giant who lived in the extreme south, and whose flaming sword guarded the bounds of Muspelheim. Sutalidihi In Cherokee mythology, Sutalidihi is the sun-spirit. Sylphs The Sylphs are elementals evolved in the realm of Air. Tahit In Tlingit mythology, Tahit is the god of fate. Taio In Lakalai mythology, Taio is the moon goddess. Taisch Taisch was the Gaelic name given to "second sight", the involuntary ability of seeing the future or distant events. It originated in the Scottish highlands. Takuskanskan In Dakota mythology, Takuskanskan is the wind-spirit and trickster. Talaus In Greek mythology, Talaus was King of Argos. He was the son of Nias and Pero. Talaus sailed with the Argonauts. Talos In Greek mythology, Talos was a bronze man given to Europa by Zeus to guard Crete. He would clutch people to his breast and jump into a fire so that they were burnt alive. Tammuz In Sumerian mythology, Tammuz was a god of agriculture. He died in midsummer, and was brought back from the underworld by his lover Ishtar. Tantalus In Greek mythology, Tantalus was a son of Zeus. He was king of Phrygia, Lydia. He was admitted to the table of the gods, but displeased them and was punished by being put in a lake such that he just couldn't reach the water with his lips, and being tempted by fruit above him which again was just out of reach. Taranis In Druid mythology, Taranis is the god of the wheel, associated with forces of change. Tartarus In Greek mythology, Tartarus was the part of Hades where the wicked were punished. Taxet In Haida mythology, Taxet is a sky-god who receives the souls of those who die by violence. Tcolawitze In Hopi mythology, Tcolawitze is the fire-spirit. Telepylos Telepylos was the capital city of the Laestrygones. Telesphorus Telesphorus was the god of that which sustains the convalescent. He is depicted with Aesculapius and Hygea. Teoyaomqui In Aztec mythology, Teoyaomqui is the god of dead warriors. Terminus Terminus was the Greek and Roman god of boundaries. Terpsichore Terpsichore was the muse of dancing. Tet The Tet was an ancient Egyptian amulet representing the tree trunk in which the goddess Isis concealed the body of her dead husband. Tethys Tethys was a Titan woman. Teucer There are two descriptions for Teucer, both refer to Greek mythology. The first is that Teucer was the first King of Troy. He was a son of the river god Scamander and Idaea. The second that Teucer was son of Telamon and Hesione and the best archer in the Greek army in the Trojan War. He would have shot Hector if Zeus had not broken his sbowstring. Thalia Thalia was the muse of comedy and burlesque. Thanatos Thanatos was the ancient Greek god of death and of pain. Themis In Greek mythology, Themis was a daughter of Uranus and Gaea. She was the Greek goddess of human rights. Theseus In Greek mythology, Theseus was a son of Aegeus and Aethra. He was king of Athens. Stories about him include his slaying of the Minotaur. Thiassi In Norse mythology, Thiassi was a giant who slay Thor and cast his eyes up into heaven where they shone thereafter as stars. Thor Thor was the Norse god of thunder. Thoth Thoth was the ancient Egyptian god of wisdom. He was a lover of Nut, and playing draughts with the moon won from her a seventy second part of every day which he compounded into five days which he added to the original Egyptian calendar of 360 days. Thyrsus A thyrsus was a wand wreathed with ivy leaves, and topped with a pine- cone carried by the Ancient Greeks as a symbol of Bacchus. Ti Jean Quinto In Voodoo, Ti Jean Quinto is an insolent loa in policeman form who lives under bridges. Tiamat In Babylonian mythology, Tiamat is the salt water Ocean. In the beginning there was only Apsu and Tiamat. Titan In Greek mythology, the Titans were the 12 sons of Ge and Uranus. Titanomachia Titanomachia was the 10 year war waged in Thessaly by Zeus and the Olympian gods against Cronos and the Titans led by Atlas. The war deposed the Titans. Titans see "Titan" Tithonus In Greek mythology, Tithonus was a son or brother of Laomedon the king of Troy. He was made immortal by by Zeus at the request of Eos who loved him. Tlaloc In Aztec mythology, Tlaloc is the great rain and fertility god. He lived at Tlalocan with the corn goddesses. Tlalocan In Aztec mythology, Tlalocan was the paradise of Tlaloc. It was where the souls of those killed by lightning, dropsy, skin diseases and those sacrificed to Tlaloc went. Tlazolteotl In Aztec mythology, Tlazolteotl was the goddess of licentiousness. Tonacatecuhtli In Aztec mythology, Tonacatecuhtli was the creator and provider of food. Tonatiuh In Aztec mythology, Tonatiuh was a sun-god, the eagle and heavenly warrior. Triton Triton was a Herald of Neptune. In Greek mythology the Tritons were sea- gods with the upper half of a human and the lower part of the body that of a fish. They carried a trumpet which the blew to soothe the waves at the command of Poseidon. Troll In Icelandic mythology, Trolls were a race of giants. They appear in various Northern mythologies. In Norse mythology Trolls are represented as a type of goblin. Tros Tros was the grandson of Dardanus and the father of Ilus. He gave his name to the city of Troy. Tule In Zande mythology, Tule is the Spider god who brought from heaven the seeds of all the plants on earth which he scattered in all the countries. Tyche Tyche was the Greek goddess of luck. Tydeus Tydeus was the son of Oeonus and Calydon. After commiting a murder whilst a youth he fled to the court of Adrastus. Tyndareus Tyndareus was the king of Sparta. He was deposed by his brother Hippocoon, and reinstated by Hercules. Typhon In Greek mythology, Typhon was the father of destructive and fierce winds. He is dereived from the Egyptian Set or Seth. Tyr In Norse mythology, Tyr was the god of war and athletic sports. Tyr had one hand bitten off by the wolf Fenris, after he put it in the wolve's mouth as a pledge of security when the wolf allowed himself to be bound in a net until the judgement day. Ulala In Haida mythology, Ulala was a man-eating ogress. Ulle In Norse mythology, Ulle is the god of the chase. Ullr In Norse mythology, Ullr is the god of war and the chase. He dwells in the Dale of Bows. Ulysses Ulysses was the Roman name for Odysseus. Undines The Undines are elementals evolved in the realm of Water. Unicorn The unicorn is a mythical horse with a straight horn projecting from the forehead. Urania Urania was the muse of astronomy. Uranus In Greek mythology, Uranus was a son of Gaea. He later married Gaea. Urd In Norse mythology, Urd was the Norn of the past. Usukun In Lacandones mythology, Usukun is a troglodyte who rules earthquakes. Uta In Maori mythology, Uta is a hero and the husband of Houmea. Utchat The Utchat was an amulet representing the eye of Horus and used in ancient Egypt. According to the book of the dead, the amulet should be made of lapis-lazuli or mak stone. However, these amulets have been found made of almost every conceivable material. Uttu In Sumerian mythology, Uttu was the daughter of Enki and Ninkurra. Her mother warned her to avoid the advances of her father Enki. When Enki made advances on her she demanded cucumbers, apples and grapes as a gift. Enki supplied the fruits and as a result of their union eight plants spring forth. Enki ate the plants and was cursed by Uttu, subsequently becoming ill in eight different parts of his body. Utu In Sumerian mythology, Utu was the sun god. He was the son of Nanna and Ningal. Valhalla In Norse mythology valhalla is the paradise where the souls of dead warriors go to. Vampire In Slav mythology, a Vampire is an undead corpse which lives by drinking the blood of the living. Varuna In Hindu mythology, Varuna is a thousand-eyed god who sees all that happens in the world. Vayu In Hindu mythology, Vayu is the god of the winds. Venus Venus was the Roman name for the Greek goddess Aphrodite. Verdandi In Norse mythology, Verdandi was the Norn of the present. Vertumnus Vertumnus was a Roman god of garden fruits and seasons. He was the husband of Pomona. Vesta see "Hestia" Victoria Victoria is an alternative name for Nike. Ville au Camp In Voodoo, Ville au Camp is the underwater capital of the loas. Vingulf In Norse mythology, Vingulf was the mansion in Asgard where the godesses lived. Vithar In Norse mythology, Vithar was the god second in strength to Thor, and who would kill the wolf Fenris by wrentching the wolve's jaws asunder. Vritra In Hindu mythology, Vritra is the snake of darkness. Enemy of Indra. Vulcan Vulcan was the Roman name for the Greek god Hephaestus. Wakinyan In Dakota mythology, Wakinyan is the thunder-spirit. Wakonda In Sioux mythology, Wakonda is the Great Spirit. Woden Woden was the Anglo-Saxon form of the name of the god called Odin by the Norse. Xilonen In Aztec mythology, Xilonen was the goddess of young maize. She was a wife of Tezcatlipoca. Xipe Totec In Aztec mythology, Xipe Totec was the god of seedtime. Xochipilli In Aztec mythology, Xochipilli was the god of feasting and young maize. Xuthus In Greek mythology, Xuthus was a son of Helen by the nymph Orseis. He was King of Peloponnesus and the husband of Creusa. After the death of his father, Xuthus was expelled from Thessaly by his brothers and went to Athens, where he married the daughter of Erechtheus. Yacatecuhtli In Aztec mythology, Yacatecuhtli was the god of merchant adventurers. Yagis In Kwakiutl mythology, Yagis is a sea monster that overturns canoes and eats their crews. Yarikh In Canaanite mythology, Yarikh was the moon god. Yaxche In Maya mythology, Yaxche is the tree of heaven under which good souls rejoice. Ymir In Norse mythology Ymir is a giant. In the beginning there was just Ymir and Ginnunggap. Ymir was slain by Odin, Vili and Ve and out of his blood they made the sea, out of his flesh the earth and out of his bones the rocks and out of his skull the cavity of heaven. Yum Kaax In Maya mythology, Yum Kaax is the maize god. Zagreus Zagreus was a son of Zeus. He was torn apart and eaten by Titans apart from his heart which Athene saved. He is sometimes identified with Dionysus. Zelus In Greek mythology, Zelus was son of the Titan Pallas and Styx. He was a constant companion of Zeus and personified zeal. Zephyrus Zephyrus was the west wind god. Zethus In Greek mythology, Zethus was a son of Zeus and Antiope and twin brother of Amphion. Zeus Zeus was the third king of the Greek gods. He had his throne on mount Olympus. He was a son of Cronus. Zeuxippe In Greek mythology, Zeuxippe was the daughter of Eridanus and the wife of Pandion. Zobops In Voodoo, the zobops are an order of male sorcerers. Zombie In Voodoo, a zombie is the spirit of a person killed by a sorcerer and resurected by evil houngans. Zu In Babylonian mythology, Zu is an evil lesser-god who steals the tablets of destiny from Enlil while he was washing, and flies away to his mountain. He was killed by Lugalbanda who was sent by the gods to retrieve the tables of destiny. PLACES OF THE WORLD Aachen Aachen is an ancient German city near the Belgian and Dutch borders. It was the scene of coronations until the 16th century. Aare The Aare is a river in Switzerland. It flows 290 km through Brienz into the Rhine and is the longest river wholly in Switzerland. Aargau Aargau (Argovie) is a northern canton of Switzerland. Aarhuus Aarhuus is an ancient seaport in Denmark on the east coast of Jutland. Aasvar The Aasvar are a group of small islands off the Norwegian coast in the Arctic Circle. Abakan Abakan is a town in east Siberia. Abakansk Abakansk is a fortified place in Siberia near the Upper Yenisei. It was founded by Peter the Great in 1707. Abana The Abana is a river near Damascus. Abano Abano is a village in Northern Italy famous for its mud-baths and warm springs. Abarim The Abarim are a mountain range in East Palestine (Israel). Abbeville Abbeville is a town in France on the River Somme. Abbiategrasso Abbiategrasso is a town in north Italy. Abbotsbury Abbotsbury is a village in Dorset. It is noted for its swannery which was founded in the 14th century. Abdera Abdera was an ancient Greek city on the Thracian coast. Its inhabitants were reputedly stupid. Abensberg Abensberg is a village in Bavaria, in the Danube Valley where Napoleon defeated the Austrians in 1809. Aber Aber is a Celtic prefix given to place names signifying the mouth or entrance of a river into the sea or into another river. Aberbrothock Aberbrothock is the old name for Arbroath. Aberdare Aberdare is a town in South Wales at the junction of the Cynon and Dare. Aberdeen Aberdeen is a city on the east coast of Scotland in the region of Grampian. Aberfan Aberfan is a town in Wales. A slag-heap slid into a school playground here in 1966 killing 144 people, most of them children. Abergavenny Abergavenny is a town in England. It was a coal and iron mining centre around 1900. Aberystwith Aberystwith is a seaport in Wales on the Cardigan Bay. Abingdon Abingdon is a town in Berkshire 80 km north west of London. It was an important Saxon town where King Offa had a palace. Abinger Hammer Abinger Hammer is a village in Surrey noted for a remarkable clock which just out over the Dorking to Guildford road. There is a monument here marking the spot where Bishop Wilberforce was killed in a riding accident in 1873. Abo Abo is a one-time capital of Finland. It was capital until 1819 when it was supplanted by Helsinki. Abydos Abydos is an ancient city in north Egypt. Abyss An abyss is a very deep gorge. Acadia Acadia is the old name of Nova Scotia. Accra Accra is the capital of Ghana. Achaea Achaea was a district of ancient Greece on the south shore of the gulf of Corinth. Aconcagua Aconcagua is an extinct volcano and the highest peak of the Andes. Addis Ababa Addis Ababa is the capital of Ethiopia. Adelaide Adelaide is a seaport in Australia. Capital of south Australia. Adelie land Adelie land is a French owned part of Antarctica. Aden Aden is a country in south west Arabia. Adrianople Adrianople was the scene of the battle in 378 when the Romans were defeated by the Visigoths. Adriatic The adriatic sea is the mediterranean sea between Italy and the Balkans. Aegean The aegean sea is between Greece and Asia minor. Afghanistan Afghanistan is a country in Asia. It has a total area of 647,500 km2 and a land area of 647,500 km2 The climate is arid to semiarid with cold winters and hot summers. The terrain is mostly rugged mountains with plains in north and southwest. Natural resources include natural gas, crude oil, coal, copper, talc, barites, sulphur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semi-precious stones. The religion is 74% Sunni Muslim, 15% Shia Muslim, 11% other. The language is 50% Pashtu, 35% Afghan Persian (Dari), 11% Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen), 4% thirty minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) with much bilingualism. Africa Africa is a large continent. It straddles both the equator and zero degrees longitude. Agadir Agadir is a seaport in South Morocco. The original town was wrecked by an earthquake in 1960, and the new town built south of the old city in an area of greater geological stability. Agana Agana is the capital of Guam. Agen Agen is a market town in France. It is the site of a bridge over the Garonne River. Agincourt Agincourt is a village in north west France where Henry V defeated the French army in 1415. Agra Agra is a town in Uttar Pradesh on the Jumna River. It was the capital of the Mogul Empire. Agulhas Agulhas is a rocky projection 160 km east of the Cape of Good Hope. It is the most southerly part of Africa. Ahlen Ahlen is a town in Germany on the river Werse. It is a coal mining town with metal and engineering works. Ahvaz Ahvaz is the capital of Khuzestan province in Iran. It has an airport. Ajanta Ajanta is a village in south central India. Al-Uqsur Al-Uqsur is the Arab name for Luxor. Alabama Alabama is a state in south USA. Alamein Alamein is a place in north east Egypt where Axis forces were defeated in 1942 by the Allies. Alaska Alaska is a state in the extreme north west of America. Alatau The Alatau are three mountain ranges in central Asia on the Russian and Chinese frontiers. Alba Longa Alba Longa was the chief city of the league of the Latins in ancient Latium. It was reportedly built by Ascanius some 300 years before the foundation of Rome. Albania Albania is a Balkan state between Greece and Yugolsavia. Alberta Alberta is the western prairie province of Canada. Alcaniz Alcaniz is a town in north east Spain. Alcira Alcira is a strongly fortified town in Valencia Province, Spain. It was founded by the Carthaginians. Aldbourne Aldbourne is a large village in Wiltshire. Aldeburgh Aldeburgh is a town in Suffolk. During the 16th century it was a seaport. Aldermaston Aldermaston is a village in Berkshire, England. It is home to Britain's atomic weapons research establishment. Alderney Alderney is one of the Channel Islands in the English Channel. Aldershot Aldershot is a town in Hampshire and home of the British army. Aldworth Aldworth is a village in Berkshire. Aleppo Aleppo is an important market city in north Syria. Aletsch The Aletsch is the most extensive glacier in Europe. It is 16 km long. Aleutian The aleutian islands progress south west from Alaska. Aleutians The Aleutians are a chain of islands in the north pacific ocean. They stretch west south west from Alaska. Alexandria Alexandria is a city and seaport of Egypt. Alfriston Alfriston is an ancient town in Sussex. The Star Inn at Alfriston is one of the oldest pubs in England, dating back to the 15th century. Algeria Algeria is a republic in north Africa. It has a total area of 2,381,740 km2. The climate is arid to semiarid with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers along the coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in the summer. The terrain is mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow, discontinuous coastal plain. Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc. The religion is 99% Sunni Muslim (state religion), 1% Christian and Jewish. The language is Arabic (official), French, and Berber dialects. Algiers Algiers is the capital of Algeria Alhama Alhama is a town in Southern Spain in Granada province on the Motril 40 km south-west of Granada. It is renowned for its warm baths and drinking waters. It was ruined in 1884 by an earthquake. Alhaurin Alhaurin is a spa town in southern Spain. Alice Springs Alice Springs is a town in Australia. It was originally a telegraph station on the Todd river. Aliwal Aliwal is a village in Punjab on the left bank of the Sutley. A battle was fought here on January 28, 1846 between the Sikhs and the British army resulting in the total defeat of the Sikhs. Allhallows Allhallows is a small holiday resort on the Thames Estuary in Kent. It is the site of an Elizabthan iron beacon erected to warn of invasion. Almaden Almaden is a town in Ciudad Real province, Spain. It has large mercury deposits. Alphen Alphen is a market town in the Netherlands 16 km south east of Leiden. Alps The Alps are the highest mountain range in Europe. They are 960 km long and separate south and central Europe. Alresford Alresford is a market town in Hampshire. Alston Alston is a town in Cumbria, England. It is the site of limestone quarrying. Altai The Altai is a mountain range in west Siberia and Mongolia. Altamira Altamira is a cave near the village of Santillana del Mar. It contains remarkable paleolithic wall paintings. Altdorf Altdorf is the capital of Uri canton, Switzerland. Alton Alton is a town in Hampshire, England. It was the site of the Watney's Brewery. Alton is a town on the Mississippi in Illinios in the USA. Amasra Amasra is a sea port on the Black Sea in north Turkey. Amazon The Amazon is a major river in South America. Amba Alagi Amba Alagi is a mountain in Ethiopia 129 km north of Magdala. It is 10000m high. Amberley Amberley is a village in Sussex. It was home to the Bishops of Chichester (in Amberley Castle). Ambleteuse Ambleteuse is a French seaport 10 km from Boulogne. James II landed here in 1688 in his flight from England. Ambleteuse was also the sight where Napoleon assembled his flotilla of barges to invade Britain. America America is a large continent in the western hemisphere. It comprises North America, Central America and South America. Amsterdam Amsterdam is the largest city in the Netherlands. It is the commercial and intellectual centre of the Netherlands. It stands on the river Amstel. Amu Darya The Amu Darya is a river in Asian Russia. It rises in the Pamirs and flows to the Aral Sea. It is 2398 km long. Anatolia Anatolia is a region of central Turkey. Ancona Ancona is the capital of Marche region in Italy. Andes The Andes are a mountain range running north south in South America. Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh is a state in east India. Andorra Andorra is an autonomous republic in the Pyrenees between France and Spain. Andorra has a total area of 450 km2. The climate is temperate; snowy, cold winters and cool, dry summers. The terrain is rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys. Natural resources are hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore and lead. The religion is virtually all Roman Catholic. The language is Catalan (official). Many people also speak some French and Castilian. Andover Andover is an old town in Hampshire. It was once an importan wool centre. Anglesey Anglesey is an island off the north west coast of Wales. Angola Angola is a country in west Africa. It has a Total area of 1,246,700 km2. The climate is semiarid in the south and along the coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April). The terrain is a narrow coastal plain which rises abruptly to a vast interior plateau. Natural resources are petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite and uranium. The religion is 47% indigenous beliefs, 38% Roman Catholic, 15% Protestant. The language is Portuguese (official) and various Bantu dialects. Anhui Anhui is a province in east China. Anhwei Anhwei is a province of China. Ankara Ankara is the capital of Turkey. Antarctica The antarctic is the south polar continent. It has a total area of about 14,000,000 km2. The climate is severe low temperatures which vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than the Antarctic Peninsula in the west; warmest temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing. The terrain is about 98% thick continental ice sheet, with average elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 meters; mountain ranges up to 5,000 meters high; ice-free coastal areas include parts of southern Victoria Land, Wilkes Land, and the scientific research areas of Graham Land and Ross Island on McMurdo Sound; glaciers form ice shelves along about half of coastline. Natural resources are coal and iron ore; chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum, and hydrocarbons have been found in small quantities along the coast; offshore deposits of oil and gas Antilles The Antilles are a group of islands in the caribbean. Antofag'asta Antofag'asta is a town in Chile on the Pacific coast. It has a port and smelting plant serving the local silver mines. Antwerp Antwerp is a seaport in Belgium on the river Scheldt. It is also an important diamond centre. Anzio Anzio was the scene of the Allied invasion of Italy during the Second World War in 1944. Aosta Aosta is the capital of Valle d'Aosta. Apapa Apapa is a seaport in Nigeria on the mainland opposite Lagos. Apennines The apennines are a chain of mountains stretching the length of the Italian peninsular. Apia Apia is the capital city of Western Samoa. It is a port on the north coast of Upolu island in the West Pacific. It was at one time home to Robert Louis Stevenson. Appalachians The Appalachians are a mountain system in eastern North America stretching 2400km from Alabama to Quebec. Apulia Apulia is a region of Italy comprising the south eastern heel. Aquila Aquila is the capital of Abruzzi province in Italy. Aquitaine Aquitaine is a region of south west France. It was an English possession from 1152 until 1452. Arabia Arabia is a country in south west Asia comprised of independent states. Arabistan Arabistan is a former name of the Iranian province of Khuzestan. Arad Arad is an industrial town in the Negev desert in Israel. Aral The Aral Sea is an inland sea in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Ararat Ararat is a mountain in Turkey close to the border with Armenia. It is 3932 metres tall. Archipelago An archipelago is a group of islands caused by the sea rising over a hilly landscape. Archipelagos are often volcanic in origin. Arctic The Arctic is the north polar region. The climate is persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow. The terrain at the central surface is covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack which averages about 3 meters in thickness, although pressure ridges may be three times that size; there is a clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly straight line movement from the New Siberian Islands (USSR) to Denmark Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the ice pack is surrounded by open seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and extends to the encircling land masses. Natural resources are sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals, whales). Arctic ocean The arctic ocean is the sea north of Europe, America and Asia. Ardeche The ardeche is a river in south east France. Ardennes The Ardennes is a wooded plateau in North-East France, South East Belgium and Northern Luxembourg, cut through by the river Meuse. There was heavy fighting here during the Great War and the Second World War. Arequipa Arequipa is a city in Peru at the base of the volcano El Misti. It was founded in 1540 by Pizarro. Today it is a busy commercial and cultural centre. Argentina Argentina is a republic in South America. It has a total area of 2,766,890 km2. The climate is mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in the southwest. The terrain is rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border. Natural resources are fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, crude oil, uranium The religion is 90% nominally Roman Catholic (less than 20% practicing), 2% Protestant, 2% Jewish, 6% other The language is Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French. Argos Argos was a city in ancient Greece at the head of the Gulf of Nauplia. It was a cult centre of the goddess Hera. Arizona Arizona is a state in USA. Arkansas Arkansas is a state in central south USA. Arlberg Arlberg is an Alpine pass forming the main western entry to Austria. Armagh Armagh is a county in Northern Ireland. Armenia Armenia is a republic in east Europe. Arnold Arnold is an industrial town in Nottinghamshire, England. Arran Arran is an island in Scotland. Arras Arras is the capital of Pas-de-Calais department in France. It is a market town famous for its tapestry. It was alsmost destroyed during the Great War. Aruba Aruba is an island in the Caribbean. It was one of the Netherlands Antilles until 1986 when it achieved full autonomy. Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh is a union territory in India. It is located in the Himalayas on the borders of Tibet and Burma. Arundel Arundel is a market town on the River Arun in West Sussex, England. It is the site of Arundel castle, the home of the Duke Of Norfolk. Ascension Ascension Island is a British island of volcanic origin in the south Atlantic. It is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns. Ascot Ascot is a town in Berkshire. The race course at Ascot was laid in 1711 on the orders of queen Anne. Ashburnham Ashburnham is a town in Sussex. It was the last place where the Sussex iron industry survived, its iron foundery closing in the 19th century. Ashford Ashford was once a village in Kent, but became an important railway junction and so grew into a major commercial town. It has one of the oldest cattle markets in England. Ashkhabad Ashkhabad is the capital city of Turkmen. Ashmore Ashmore is the highest village in Dorset, 213 metres up in the chalk hills of Cranbourne Chase. Asia Asia is the largest continent. It is the landmass east of Europe. Asia Minor Asia Minor is an historical name for Anatolia, the Asian part of Turkey. Asmara Asmara is the capital city of Eritrea. It is situated on the Red Sea. Assam Assam is a state in India between east Pakistan and Burma. It is famed for its tea. Assisi Assisi is a town in Umbria, Italy. It was the birthplace of Saint Francis. Assyria Assyria was an empire in the Middle East from 2500BC until 612BC in what was then called Mesopotamia, now Iraq. Asturias Asturias is an autonomous region of northern Spain. It is a major coal producing area. Aswan Aswan is a winter resort town in Egypt. Atacama The Atacama is an extensive desert in South America covering a large area of northern Chile. Athens Athens is the capital city of Greece. Atlanta Atlanta is the capital and largest city in Georgia, USA. Atlantic see "atlantic_ocean" Atlantic ocean The atlantic ocean is the sea to the west of Europe and east of America. Atlas The Atlas are a mountain range in north west Africa. They extend from the Atlantic coast of Morocco to the Gulf of Gabes in Tunisia. They are 2414 km long. Attica Attica is a region of Greece comprising Athens and the district around it. Auckland Auckland is a city and seaport of New Zealand. Auschwitz Auschwitz is a town near Krakow in Poland. It was the site of a camp used by Nazis to exterminate Jews during the Second World War. Austerlitz Austerlitz is a town in Czechoslovakia, formerly in Austria, where Napoleon defeated Alexander I of Russia and Francis II of Austria in 1805. Austin Austin is the state capital of Texas. Australasia Australasia is the countries of Australia, New Zealand etc. Australia Australia is an island continent in the southern hemisphere. Austria Austria is a republic in central Europe. It has a total area of 83,850 km2. The climate is temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain in lowlands and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional showers. The terrain is mostly mountains with Alps in west and south; mostly flat, with gentle slopes along eastern and northern margins. Natural resources are iron ore, crude oil, timber, magnesite, aluminum, lead, coal, lignite, copper, hydropower The religion is 85% Roman Catholic, 6% Protestant, 9% other The language is German. Auvergne Auvergne is an ancient province of central France. Auxerre Auxerre is the capital of Yonne department in France. It is a commercial and industrial centre. It is the site of a Gothic Cathedral. Avebury Avebury is a village in Wiltshire, England 10 km west of Marlborough. It is built on the world's largest stone circle. Avignon Avignon is the capital of Vaucluse department in France. It is an ancient Roman town at the crossing of the Rhone. Avignon is the Provencal tourist centre. Avila Avila is a town and capital of Avila province in Spain. It was the birth place of St. Teresa. Avington Avington is a village in Hampshire on the River Itchen. Avon Avon is a non-metropolitan county in southern England based upon the Lower Avon valley and Severnside. The River Avon flows 128 km from the Cotswolds to enter the Bristol Channel at Avonmouth. Awe Awe is a freshwater loch in Strathclyde, south east of Oban. It is drained by the River Awe into Loch Etive. Axbridge Axbridge is a town in Somerset. Anglo-Saxon and Norman Kings hunted stags on the Mendips from here. During the Middle Ages Axbridge became a wool centre producing knitted stockings. Axminster Axminster is an industrial town in Devon famous for its carpets. Aylesford Aylesford is an old village in Kent 5 km from Maidstone. Aylsham Aylsham is a market town in Norfolk on the River Bure. Ayrshire Ayrshire was once a county of south west Scotland. Azerbaijan Azerbaijan is a republic in Asia. The religion is traditionally Shi'ite Muslim. The language is Turkic. Azores The Azores are an island group in the atlantic ocean. Azov Sea see "Black_Sea" Babel Babel is the old Hebrew name for the city of Babylon. Babylon Babylon was the capital of the ancient Chaldean empire in Asia. Its hanging gardens were one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, until it was sacked by Cyrus of persia in 538 b.C. Bactria Bactria was a region of central Asia comprising modern Afghanistan, Pakistan and central Soviet Asia. Bacup Bacup is a market town in Lancashire, England 31 km north east of Manchester. Baden Baden was a state in south west Germany. In 1952 it was made part of Baden-Wurttemberg. Baden-Wurttenberg Baden-Wurttenberg is an administrative region of Germany. Baghdad Baghdad is the capital city of Iraq. Bahamas The Bahamas are a group of islands in the Caribbean. They have a total area of 13,940 km2. The climate is tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream The terrain is long, flat coral formations with some low rounded hills. Natural resources are salt, aragonite, timber. The religion is Baptist 29%, Anglican 23%, Roman Catholic 22%, smaller groups of other Protestants, Greek Orthodox, and Jews The language is English; some Creole among Haitian immigrants. Bahrain Bahrain is a country composed of a group of islands in the Arabian gulf. It has a total area of 620 km2. The climate is arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers. The terrain is mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment. Natural resources are oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish. The religion is Muslim (70% Shia, 30% Sunni) The language is Arabic (official); English also widely spoken; Farsi, Urdu Baikal Lake Baikal is the largest freshwater lake in Asia, and the deepest freshwater lake in the world. Baku Baku is the capital of Azerbaydzhan. It is a port on the Caspian Sea. Bala Bala is a lake and town in Gwynedd, North Wales. Balaton Lake Balaton is the largest lake in Hungary. It is 596 km2. Baldwin Baldwin is a fishing town on Long Island, New York, USA. Balearic islands The Balearic islands are a group in the Mediterranean. Bali Bali is an island in Indonesia. Balkans The Balkan Peninsular (Balkans) are a mountain range between the Adriatic and Ionian seas in eastern Europe. Balkash Balkash is a lake in Kazakh. It covers an area of 6680 square meters. Balsas The River Balsas flows 800 km east to the Pacific through the valley of Morelos in Mexico. Baltic see "Baltic_Sea" Baltic Sea The Baltic Sea (The Baltic) is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean which opens into the North Sea by narrow channels between Denmark and Sweden. Baltimore Baltimore is an industrial city and seaport in Maryland, USA. It is the home of Johns Hopkins university. Baluchistan Baluchistan is a mountainous desert area comprising part of Iran, part of Pakistan and part of Afghanistan. Bamako Bamako is the capital city of Mali. It is on the River Niger. Bamako is the main industrial centre of Mali. Bamberg Bamberg is a city in Bavaria, Germany. It is an important river port on the Trans-European waterway. Bandung Bandung is a commercial city and capital of Jawa Barat province on the island of Java. Bangalore Bangalore is the capital city of Karnataka state in south India. Bangkok Bangkok is the capital city of Thailand. Bangladesh Bangladesh is a country in Asia. It has a total area of 144,000 km2. The climate is tropical; cool, dry winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); cool, rainy monsoon (June to October). The terrain is mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast. Natural resources are natural gas, uranium, arable land, timber. The religion is 83% Muslim, about 16% Hindu, less than 1% Buddhist, Christian, and other. The language is Bangla (official), English widely used. Bangui Bangui is the capital of the Central African Republic. It stands on the River Ubangi. Banjul Banjul is the capital city of Gambia. It is also the chief port of Gambia, and is situated on an island at the mouth of the River Gambia. Bantustan Bantustan (Bantu Homelands) was the name until 1978 of the Black National States in the Republic of South Africa. Barbados Barbados is an island in the Caribbean. It has a total area of 430 km2. The climate is tropical; rainy season (June to October). The terrain is relatively flat; rises gently to central highland region. Natural resources are crude oil, fishing, natural gas. The religion is 70% Anglican, 9% Methodist, 4% Roman Catholic, 17% other, including Moravian The language is English. Barcelona Barcelona is a city and sea port in Spain. It is the capital city of Catalonia. Bari Bari is the capital of Apulia region in southern Italy. It is an industrial city and port on the Adriatic coast. Bari is renowned for its electronics industry and being the site of Italy's first nuclear power station. Barnstaple Barnstaple is a town in Devon. It was a major ship-building town in the Middle Ages. Barotseland Barotseland was a native kingdom in Africa. It is now part of Zambia. Barranquilla Barranquilla is a seaport in north Colombia on the River Magdalena. Basel Basel is the capital city of Basel canton in Switzerland. Bashkir Bashkir is an autonomous republic in eastern Europe. It was annexed by Russia in 1557, and was given autonomy in 1919. Basing Basing was once the site of a Norman castle which was replaced in the 16th century by a Tudor mansion. It is a village just outside Basingstoke in Hampshire. Basingstoke Basingstoke is a town 80km south and west of London. It was once a small market town, it developed an industry of light engineering in the middle of the 20th century. During the 1960s and 1970s Basingstoke was expanded and finance industries moved in. Basque Basque is 3 provinces of Spain close to the border with France. Some of the residents wish to form a separate Basque state. Basra Basra is the only port in Iraq. It is located in the Shatt-al-Arab delta, 97 km from the Persian Gulf. Bath Bath is a city in England. Bath is a faming community and mineral spa in east Jamaica. The spa was discovered by a runaway slave in the 1690s. Batley Batley is an old town in Yorkshire, 10 km south west of Leeds. Battle Battle is a town in East Sussex, England. It was the scene of the battle of Hastings in 1066. Bavaria Bavaria is an administrative region of Germany. Bay of Biscay The Bay Of Biscay is a stormy area of the Atlantic Ocean west of France and north of Spain. Bay of Pigs The Bay of Pigs is an inlet on the south coast of Cuba. It was the site of an unsuccessful invasion attempt by the USA in 1961. Bayern Bayern is the German name for Bavaria. Bayeux Bayeux is a town in Calvados department, France 29 km north west of Caen. Bayreuth Bayreuth is a town in Bavaria 68 km north east of Nuremberg. Beaminster Beaminster is a town in Dorset. Beaulieu Beaulieu is a village in southern Hampshire on the Beaulieu River. Beccles Beccles is a town in Suffolk on the River Waveney. Bedfordshire Bedfordshire is a county in central southern England. Beijing Beijing (formerly Peking) is the capital city of China. Beirut Beirut is the capital city of Lebanon. It is a sea port which was devastated by the civil war of the 1970s and 1980s. Belfast Belfast is the capital of northern Ireland. It is an industrial port and has suffered from guerrilla activity since 1968. Belfort Belfort is a town in France between the Vosges and the Jura mountains. Belgian Congo The Belgian Congo is a former name of Zaire. It was used from 1908 until 1960. Belgium Belgium is a kingdom in west Europe. It has a total area of 30,510 km2. The climate is temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy. The terrain is flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged mountains of Ardennes Forest in southeast .Natural resources are coal, natural gas. The religion is 75% Roman Catholic; remainder Protestant or other. The language is 56% Flemish (Dutch), 32% French, 1% German; 11% legally bilingual; divided along ethnic lines. Belgrade Belgrade is the capital of Yugolsavia and Serbia. It is a river port situated on the Danube and linked with the port of Bar on the Adriatic. Belize Belize (formerly British Honduras) is a country in Central America south of Mexico and east of Guatemala. The terrain is mainly forest. The religion is about 60% Roman Catholic and 35% Protestant. The language is English (official) Spanish is widely spoken, and native Indian dialects. Belize City Belize City was the capital city of Belize until following its destruction by a hurricane in 1961 it was decided to move the capital inland to Belmopan in 1970. Belorussia Belorussia is a republic in eastern Europe. Belsen Belsen was the site of a Nazi concentration camp in Lower Saxony during the second World War. Bembridge Bembridge is the most easterly village on the Isle Of Wight. Ben Lawers Ben Lawers is a mountain in Perth and Kincross, Scotland. It is 1215m high. Ben Nevis Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in the British Isles. It stands 1342 meters high in the Grampians in Scotland. Benfleet Benfleet is a residential town in Essex, England. Bengal Bengal was a province of British India. It was divided in 1947 into West Bengal and East Bengal. East Bengal fought for independance from India and formed Bangladesh in 1972. Benghazi Benghazi is an historic city and industrial port in north Libya on the Gulf of the Sirte. Benin Benin is a province in west Africa. It has a total area of 112,620 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north. The terrain is mostly flat to undulating plain; some hills and low mountains. Natural resources are small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber The religion is 70% indigenous beliefs, 15% Muslim, 15% Christian. The language is French (official); Fon and Yoruba most common vernaculars in south; at least six major tribal languages in north. Benin City Benin City is a former slave centre in Nigeria. Bere Regis Bere Regis is a water-cress growing village in Dorset. During the Middle Ages it was famed for its fairs, and was a resort of Kings. Bergen Bergen is a seaport and city in Norway. Bering Sea The bering sea is the northern part of the Pacific ocean. It separates America from Asia. Berkeley Berkeley is a village in Gloucestershire near to the River Seven, 24 km north of Bristol. It was the scene of the murder of Edward II. Berkshire Berkshire is a county of southern England. Berlin Berlin is a large industrial city in Germany. Bermuda Bermuda is an island in the Caribbean. It has a total area of 50 km2. The climate is subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter. The terrain is low hills separated by fertile depressions. Natural resources are limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism. The religion is 37% Anglican, 14% Roman Catholic, 10% African Methodist Episcopal (Zion), 6% Methodist, 5% Seventh-Day Adventist, 28% other. The language is English Bern Bern is the capital city of Bern canton and the federal capital of Switzerland. It stands on the Aare River. Bernese Alps The Bernese Alps (Bernese Oberland) are a mountain range in Berne Canton, Switzerland. Bexhill-On-Sea Bexhill-On-Sea is a popular seaside resort in Sussex. Bhopal Bhopal is an industrial city and capital of Madhya Pradesh in central India. Bhutan Bhutan was a state in India, it is now a country in south east Asia. Biafra The Republic of Biafra was an African state established in 1968 within Nigeria. Civil war led to its destruction in 1970. Bideford Bideford is a town in Devon. It was a major seaport from 1550 until 1750. Bihar Bihar is a state in north east India. Bikini Atoll Bikini Atoll is an atoll in the Marshall Islands, in the north Pacific, where the USA conducted atomic weapon tests between 1946 and 1963. Bilbao Bilbao is an industrial seaport in Spain. Binham Binham is a village in Norfolk. It was originally a Benedictine priory and centre founded around 1100. Bio-Bio The Bio-Bio is the longest river in Chile. It is about 370 km long. It flows from the Andes to the Pacific. Bioko Bioko is an island in the Bight of Bonny, West Africa. It is part of Equatorial Guinea. It was formerly a Spanish possession and known as Fernando Po. Birkenhead Birkenhead is a seaport on the River Mersey opposite Liverpool. Birmingham Birmingham is a city in the English midlands. Birmingham is an industrial city in Alabama, USA. Birnam Birnam is a village in Pert and Kinross, Scotland. It is mentioned in Macbeth. Bisceglie Bisceglie is a seaport town on the east coast of Italy. Bishop's Cannings Bishop's Cannings is a village in Wiltshire. Bishop's Waltham Bishop's Waltham is an old town in Hampshire. Biskra Biskra is a winter resort and market town in Algeria. Bisley Bisley is a village in Surrey and home to the National Rifle Association. Annual rifle shooting contests are held at Bisley. Bissau Bissau is the capital city and chief port of Guinea-Bissau. It stands on an island at the mouth of the Geba river. It was originally a fortified slave-trading centre, in 1869 it became a free port. Black Country The Black Country is the area of central England around and to the north of Birmingham. It is a heavily industrialized area which got its name in the 19th century from its belching chimneys. Black Forest The Black Forest is a mountainous coniferous forest region of Baden- Wurttenberg in west Germany. It is bounded to the west and south by the Rhine which separates it from the Vosges. Black Prairie The Black Prairie is a region of Texas which extends 560 km south west from the Ouachita Mountains to Austin. It contains some very fertile areas which are primarily used for growing cotton. Black River Black River is a fishing town in south west Jamaica. Watchout for the crocodiles if you visit! Black Sea The Black Sea is an inland sea of Europe. Blackpool Blackpool is a seaside resort town in Lancashire, England. Blakeney Blakeney is a small town on the north coast of Norfolk at the estuary of the River Glaven. Blantyre-Limbe Blantyre-Limbe is the chief industrial and commercial centre for Malawi. Blarney Blarney is a small town in County Cork, Ireland. Blenheim Blenheim is a village in Bavaria. It was the scene of a battle in 1704 when English troops under the Duke of Marlborough defeated the French and Bavarian armies. Bloemfontein Bloemfontein is the capital of the Orange Free State and the judicial capital of the Republic of South Africa. Blois Blois is a city in France on the right bank of the loire river. Blue mountains The blue mountains are a mountain range in east Jamaica famed for coffee. Blue Ridge Mountains The Blue Ridge Mountains are a mountain range extending from West Viginia to Georgia in the USA. Bocking Bocking is a town in Essex on the outskirts of Braintree. Bodmin Moor Bodmin Moor is a plateau in Cornwall comprised of rough grass. Boeotia Boeotia was a central district of ancient Greece. Bognor Regis Bognor Regis was one of the first English seaside resorts. Bogota Bogota is the capital of Columbia. Bohemia Bohemia is the western area of Czechoslovakia. Bolivia Bolivia is a republic in south America. It has a total area of 1,098,580 km2. The climate is varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid. The terrain is high plateau, hills, lowland plains. Natural resources are tin, natural gas, crude oil, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron ore, lead, gold, timber The religion is 95% Roman Catholic; active Protestant minority, especially Evangelical Methodist. The language is Spanish, Quechua, and Aymara (all official). Bologna Bologna is an industrial city and the capital of Emilia-Romagna in Italy. It is 80km north of Florence. Bombay Bombay is a city and seaport in India. Bonchurch Bonchurch is a village on the Isle of Wight. Bondu Bondu (Bondou) was once a sovereign country in West Africa inhabited by the Foulahs. Bonin Bonin is a group of islands in the north Pacific. Bonn Bonn is an industrial city and former capital of West Germany. Boothia Boothia is a peninsular on the Canadian Arctic coast. Bootle Bootle is a town in Merseyside, England. It shares a line of docks with Liverpool. It's industry includes tanning, ship-repairing and a tin plant. Bophuthatswana Bophuthatswana is an independant Bantu territory in South Africa. It was established by the then apartheid govenment of South Africa to consolidate their policy of apartheid. Borbonnais Borbonnais was once a province in France, and later a duchy. Bordeaux Bordeaux is a port on the Garonne and capital of Aquitaine in south west France. Borders The Borders are a region of Scotland. Boreham Boreham is a village in Essex. Borneo Borneo is an island in the east Indian archipelago. Boscombe Boscombe is a village in Wiltshire. Bosham Bosham is the most westerly town in Sussex. It was here that King Cnut demonstrated that even he had not the pwoer to turn back the sea. Bosnia Bosnia is a country in south east Europe. Part of Yugolsavia. Bosporus The Bosporus is a 27km long strait joining the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara and forming part of the water division between Europe and Asia. Boston Boston is the capital of Massachusetts. Botany Bay Botany Bay is an inlet on the east coast of Australia. It was chosen in 1787 as the site for a penal colony. Botswana Botswana is a country in southern Africa. It has a total area of 600,370 km2. The climate is semiarid; warm winters and hot summers. The terrain is predominately flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest Natural resources are diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver, natural gas. The religion is 50% indigenous beliefs, 50% Christian. The language is English (official), Setswana Bourg Bourg is a town in Eastern France. Bourges Bourges is an ancient city in France. It is at the confluence of the Auron and Yevre 200 km south of Paris. Bourgogne Bourgogne is a region of France and former independant kingdom. It was incorporated into France in 1477. Bournemouth Bournemouth is a seaside resort in Hampshire. It was a small village until the 19th century and it has been growing ever since. Bouvet Island Bouvet Island is an island in Antarctica. It has a total area of 58 km2. The climate is antarctic. The terrain is volcanic; maximum elevation about 800 meters; the coast is mostly inacessible. Bovington Bovington is a village in Dorset. It is the site of the British Army tank research centre and museum. Box Hill Box Hill is a 700 foot high hill in Surrey. It is a popular beauty spot. Brabant Brabant is a former duchy of western Europe comprising part of Belgium and the Netherlands. Bradford Bradford is an industrial city in west Yorkshire in England. It is 14km west of Leeds. It was once an important wool and later cloth manufacturing centre but this has declined since the 1970s. Bradford Abbas Bradford Abbas is a village in Dorset. Brading Brading was a harbour on the Isle of Wight, however since 1880 a 2 km long causeway has cut off the town from the sea. Brahmaputra The Brahmaputra is a 2900km long river in Asia. It is a tributary of the Ganges. Braintree Braintree is a town in Essex. It formed around the junction of important Roman roads. Braintree derived its prosperity from the silk trade which followed the wool trade. Bramber Bramber is a village in Sussex. It is the site of the Exhibition of Humerous Taxidermy, a museum established in the late 19th century by William Potter. Brancaster Brancaster is a village in Norfolk. It was originally a Roman fort (Branodunum). Brand's Hatch Brand's Hatch is a motor racing circuit in Kent. Brandenburg Brandenburg is a former Prussian and German province. It was divided in 1945 between Poland and Germany. Brasil Brasil is the Brazilian name for Brazil. Brasov Brasov is an industrial town in Romania at the foot of the Transylvanian Alps. It was part of Hungary until 1920. Brasso Brasso is the Hunagarian name for the Romanian town of Brasov. Bratislava Bratislava (Pressburg) is an industrial port on the Danube in Czechoslovakia. Braunschweig Braunschweig is the German name for Brunswick. Bray Bray is a village in Berkshire set on a bend in the River Thames. A 17th century vicar of Bray continualy changed his religion in keeping with that of the King of the day inorder to keep his living, so the story goes. Brazil Brazil is the largest country in south America. It has a total area of 8,511,965 km2. The climate is mostly tropical, but temperate in south. The terrain is mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and narrow coastal belt Natural resources are iron ore, manganese, bauxite, nickel, uranium, phosphates, tin, hydropower, gold, platinum, crude oil, timber. The religion is 90% Roman Catholic (nominal). The language is Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French. Brazzaville Brazzaville is the capital city of the Congo. It is an industrial port on the Zaire river opposite Kinshasa. Breamore Breamore is a village on the edge of the New Forest in Hampshire. It is the site of one of the few complete Anglo-Saxon churches in England. Bremen Bremen is an old town on the banks of the river Weser in Germany 64km from the North Sea. It is an industrial and commercial centre. Brenner Pass The brenner pass is the lowest pass over the alps. Brentwood Brentwood is a town in Essex just off the main London to Chelmsford road. Brescia Brescia is an historic industrial city in northern Italy 84km east of Milan. Breslau Breslau is the German name of Wroclaw. Brest Brest is a naval base and industrial port on the Rade de Brest at the western extremity of Brittany, France. Bretagne Bretagne is the French name for Brittany. Bretton Woods Bretton Woods is a township in New Hampshire, USA. Breydon Water Breydon Water is an extension of the estuary of the River Yare in Norfolk. It was a natural harbour in Roman times. Bridgetown Bridgetown is a port and the capital city of Barbados. It was founded in 1628. Bridgwater Bridgwater grew from being a village to a major river-port during the Middle Ages. Bridlington Bridlington is a sea-side resort town in north east England. Bridport Bridport is a town in Dorset. It was an important rope-making town once, hence the expression "Bridport Dagger" which referred to a hangman's noose. Brighton Brighton is a sea-side resort town in Sussex. It was formerly called Brighthelmstone. Brisbane Brisbane is the capital of Queensland in Australia. Bristol Bristol is a city at the confluence of the rivers Avon and Frome in west England. Britain Britain is the collective name for England, Scotland, Wales and northern Ireland. British Antarctic Territory The British Antarctic Territory is a colony created in 1962 and comprising all British territories south of latitude 60 degrees south. British Columbia British Columbia is a province of western Canada on the Pacific. British Honduras British Honduras is a former name of Belize. British Isles The British Isles are a group of islands off the north west coast of Europe consisting of Great Britain, Ireland, The Channel Islands, Orkney, Shetland, Isle of Man and other islands. Brittany Brittany is a region of north west France in the Breton peninsular between the Bay of Biscay and the English Channel. Brixen Brixen is an old city in Austria in the Tyrol. Brixham Brixham is a fishing port in Devon on Tor Bay. Brixia Brixia is the ancient name for Brescia. Brno Brno is an industrial city in central Czechoslovakia. Broads The Norfolk Broads are a combination of lakes, rivers and cuts in Norfolk famous for their boating. They are largely man made, water filled pits left by turf cutters of years ago. Broadway Broadway is a major street in Manhattan, New York, famed for its theatres. Brocken Brocken is the highest summit of the Harz mountains, 1141 metres. Brockenhurst Brockenhurst is a village in the New Forest in Hampshire. Brockville Brockville is a town in Ontario on the left bank of the St Lawrence Brownsea Island Brownsea Island is the largest island in Poole Harbour, in Dorset. It is 2 km long and 1 km wide. Bruges Bruges is the capital of west Flanders. It is a mediaeval town connected by a canal to its port Zeebrugge. Brugge Brugge is the Flemish name for Bruges. Brunei Brunei is a country in the far east. It has a total area of 5,770 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid, rainy. The terrain is flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland in west Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, timber. The religion is 60% Muslim (official); 8% Christian; 32% Buddhist and indigenous beliefs. The language is Malay (official), English, and Chinese. Brunswick Brunswick is an industrial city in Lower Saxony, Germany. It was the capital of the duchy of Brunswick from 1671. Brussel Brussel is the Flemish name for Brussels. Brussels Brussels is the capital of Belgium. It is an industrial city first settled in the 6th century, and a city from 1321. It became the capital of belgium in 1830. Bruton Bruton is a town in Somerset. Bucaramanga Bucaramanga is an industrial and commercial city in north central Columbia. It was founded by the Spanish in 1622. Bucharest Bucharest is the capital of Romania. Buchenwald Buchenwald was the site of a Nazi concentration camp in Germany during the Second World War. Buckingham Buckingham is a market town on the river Ouse in Buckinghamshire, England. It is 24km north west of Aylesbury. Buckinghamshire Buckinghamshire is a county in south east England. Bucuresti Bucuresti is the Romanian name for Bucharest. Budapest Budapest is the capital city of Hungary. Buenos Aires Buenos Aires is the capital city of Argentina. Bulawayo Bulawayo is an industrial city and railway junction in Zimbabwe on the River Matsheumlope. Bulgaria Bulgaria is a country in central Europe. It has a total area of 110,910 km2. The climate is temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers. The terrain is mostly mountains with lowlands in north and south. Natural resources are bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land The religion is religious background of population is 85% Bulgarian Orthodox, 13% Muslim, 0.8% Jewish, 0.7% Roman Catholic, 0.5% Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian, and other. The language is Bulgarian; secondary languages closely correspond to the ethnic breakdown. Bunbury Bunbury is a town and seaport in Western Australia. Bungay Bungay is a market town in Suffolk. Burgenland Burgenland is a federal state in south east Austria. Burghclere Burghclere is a village in Hampshire. Burgundy Burgundy is a region in east France. Burma Burma is a country in Asia south of Tibet. It has a total area of 678,500 km2. The climate is tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April). The terrain is central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands. Natural resources are crude oil, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas. The religion is 85% Buddhist, 15% animist beliefs, Muslim, Christian, or other. The language is Burmese; minority ethnic groups have their own languages. Burnham-on-crouch Burnham-on-Crouch is a town in Essex. It is an estuary town noted for its boat-building and yachting. Bursa Bursa is a city in north west Turkey. It was the capital of the Ottoman Empire from 1326 until 1423. Burundi Burundi is a country in east Africa. It has a total area of 27,830 km2. The climate is temperate, warm with the occasional frost in the uplands. The terrain is mostly rolling to hilly highland with some plains. Natural resources are nickel, uranium, rare earth oxide, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet exploited), vanadium The religion is about 67% Christian (62% Roman Catholic, 5% Protestant), 32% indigenous beliefs, 1% Muslim. The language is Kirundi and French (official); Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area). Burwell Burwell is a village in Cambridgeshire. Bury St Edmunds Bury St Edmunds is a city in Suffolk. Buscot Buscot is a village in Berkshire next to the Thames. Byblos Byblos was an ancient Phoenician city 32km north of Beirut. Today it is called Jebeil. Byzantium Byzantium was the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Today it is called Istanbul. Cadarache Cadarache is a French nuclear research site north east of Aix-en- Provence. Cadiz Cadiz is a city and seaport in Spain. Cagliari Cagliari is the capital of Sardinia in Italy. Cairo Cairo is the capital city of Egypt. Caister-on-Sea Caister-on-Sea is a seaside town in Norfolk on the outskirts of Great Yarmouth. It was a Roman town and also an Anglo-Saxon town in the past. Calabria Calabria is a mountainous earthquake region occupying the toe of Italy. Calais Calais is a seaport in France. Calcutta Calcutta is a city in India in the province of Bengal. Calgary Calgary is a city in Alberta, Canada. Cali Cali is a city in south west Colombia in the Cauca Valley. It was founded in 1536. California California is a state in the west USA. Callao Callao is the chief fishing and commercial port of Peru. It is 12km south west of Lima. It was founded in 1537 and destroyed by an earthquake in 1746. Calleva Atrebatum Calleva Atrebatum was the Roman name for their settlement at what is now called Silchester. Calne Calne is a market town in Wiltshire. Camargue The Camargue is a marshy area of the Rhone delta south of Arles in France. Cambodia Cambodia is a country in the far east. South east of Thailand. It has a total area of 181,040 km2. The climate is tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to October); dry season (December to March); little seasonal temperature variation. The terrain is mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north. Natural resources are timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential. The religion is 95% Theravada Buddhism, 5% other. The language is Khmer (official), French Cambridge Cambridge is a famous university town situated on the river Cam 80 km north of London in Cambridgeshire. Cambridgeshire Cambridgeshire is a county in east England. Camden Camden is a port on the river Delaware in New Jersey, USA. Cameroon Cameroon is a country in west Africa. Most recently noted for it's football team's performance in the world cup. It has a total area of 475,440 km2. The climate is varies with terrain from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north. The terrain is diverse with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center, mountains in west, plains in north. Natural resources are crude oil, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower potential. The religion is 51% indigenous beliefs, 33% Christian, 16% Muslim. The language is English and French (official), 24 major African language groups. Campeche Campeche is a Mexican port and capital of Campeche state. It was founded in 1540. Camulodunum Camulodunum was the Roman name for Colchester. Canaan Canaan is an area of the Palestinian coast. The people who lived in Canaan in the 1st millenium BC were known to the Greeks as Phoenicians. Canada Canada is a country occupying the northern most part of America. It has a total area of 9,976,140 km2. The climate is varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north. The terrain is mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast. Natural resources are nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, crude oil, natural gas. The religion is 46% Roman Catholic, 16% United Church, 10% Anglican. The language is English and French (both official). Canary Islands The Canary islands are an archipelago in the atlantic ocean off the north west coast of Africa. Canberra Canberra is a territory in Australia and also the capital city of Australia since 1908. Cantabria Cantabria is an autonomous region of northern Spain. Canterbury Canterbury is an ancient city in Kent. Canton A canton is a territorial division of Switzerland. Canton is the former name of Kwangchow in China. Canvey Island Canvey Island is an island in the Thames estuary in Essex. Cape Cod Cape Cod is a peninsular in south east Massachusetts, USA where in 1620 the English Pilgrims landed at Provincetown. Cape Horn Cape Horn is the most southerly point of South America. Cape of Good Hope The Cape of Good Hope is a South African headland forming a peninsular between Table Bay and False Bay. Cape Province The Cape Province is the largest province of South Africa. Cape Town Cape Town is a city and seaport in South Africa. Cape Verde Cape Verde is a group of 14 volcanic islands in the Atlantic ocean. It has a total area of 4,030 km2. The climate is temperate; warm, dry, summer precipitation very erratic. The terrain is steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic. Natural resources are salt, basalt rock, pozzolana, limestone, kaolin, fish The religion is Roman Catholicism fused with indigenous beliefs. The language is Portuguese and Crioulo, a blend of Portuguese and West African words Capodimonte Capodimonte is a village north of Naples in Italy famous for its porcelain. Cappadocia Cappadocia is an ancient region of Asia Minor in modern east central Turkey. Capri Capri is a small island at the south entrance of the bay of Naples. It has an area of 4 square miles. Caracas Caracas is the capital of Venezuela. Carbonia Carbonia is a town in Sardinia. It was built in 1937. Carchemish Carchemish (now Karkamis) was the centre of the Hittite New Empire. Cardiff Cardiff is the capital of Wales. It is a port with docks on the Bristol Channel. Caribbean The Caribbean is the sea north of South America and east of Central America. Caribbean Sea The Caribbean Sea is part of the Atlantic Ocean between the noth coasts of South America and Central America and the West Indies. Carinthia Carinthia is an alpine federal state in south east Austria bordering Italy and Yugoslavia. Carlow Carlow is a county in the Republic of Ireland. Carmarthenshire Carmarthenshire was once a county in south Wales. It was merged with Cardigan and Pembroke in 1974 to form Dyfed. Carmona Carmona is a town in Spain. Carniola Carniola was a duchy of Austria. Carolina North Carolina and South Carolina are states in the USA. Caroline islands The Caroline islands are an archipelago in the north west Pacific. Carpathians The carpathians are a mountain range in central Europe. Cartagena Cartagena is a port and industrial city in north west Colombia. Carthage Carthage was an ancient city on the north west coast of Africa. Casablanca Casablanca is a port and commercial and industrial centre on the Atlantic coast of Morocco. Caspian The Caspian sea is a large salt water lake between Europe and Asia. It is the world's largest inland sea at 422,170 km2. It is fed by the River Volga. Caspian Sea see "Caspian" Casquets The Casquets are dangerous rocks 11 km west of Aldernay. Castile Castile is an historic kingdom in central Spain. Castilla-La Mancha Castilla-La Mancha is an autonomous region of central Spain. Castilla-Leon Castilla-Leon is an autonomous region of central Spain. Castries Castries is a port and capital city of St. Lucia on the north west coast of the island. Catalonia Catalonia is an autonomous region in north east Spain. Caucasus The Caucasus are a series of mountain ranges between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea. Cavendish Cavendish is a village in Suffolk. It is the former ancestoral village of the Dukes of Devonshire. Cawston Cawston is a village in Norfolk 19 km north west of Norwich. Cayenne Cayenne is the capital of French Guiana. Cayman The Cayman are 3 islands in the caribbean west and north of Jamaica. They have a total area of 260 km2. The climate is tropical marine with warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April). The terrain is a low-lying limestone base surrounded by coral reefs. Natural resources are fish, the climate and beaches that foster tourism. The religion is United Church (Presbyterian and Congregational), Anglican, Baptist, Roman Catholic, Church of God, other Protestant denominations. The language is English. They were first settled by military deserters in the 17th century, and became home to pirates in the 18th century. They were then administered along with Jamaica until independance in 1962. Cebu Cebu is a city and Island in the Philippines. Celebes Celebes is the English name for the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. Central African Republic The Central African Republic is a country in Africa. It has a total area of 622,980 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers. The terrain is vast, flat to rolling, monotonous plateau; scattered hills in northeast and southwest. Natural resources are diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil. The religion is 24% indigenous beliefs, 25% Protestant, 25% Roman Catholic, 15% Muslim, 11% other; animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian majority. The language is French (official); Sangho (lingua franca and national language); Arabic, Hunsa, Swahili. Central America Central America is the isthmus connecting north and south America. Cephalonia Cephalonia is the largest of the Ionian islands off the west coast of Greece. It has an area of 260 square miles. Ceuta Ceuta is a coastal town in Morocco but owned by Spain. Ceylon Ceylon was the name for what is now called Sri Lanka. Chablais Chablais is a district of France south of Lake Geneva. Chad Chad is a country in Africa. It has a total area of 1,284,000 km2. The climate is tropical in south, desert in north. The terrain is broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south. Natural resources are small quantities of crude oil (unexploited but exploration beginning), uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad) The religion is 44% Muslim, 33% Christian, 23% indigenous beliefs, animism. The language is French and Arabic (official); Sara and Sango in south; more than 100 different languages and dialects are spoken. Chahar Chahar was once a province in China. It was divided in 1947 between Inner Mongolia, Shansi and Hopei. Chaldaea Chaldaea was in ancient times, the southerly part of Babylonia. Chale Chale is a coastal village on the Isle of Wight. Champagne Champagne is a region of France famed for its sparkling wine. Chandernagore Chandernagore is a city in India, 35 km north of Calcutta in the state of West Bengal. Chandigarh Chandigarh is a city in India. Capital of the Punjab. Chang Jian The Chang Jian is the longest river in China. It flows 6300km from Tibet to the Yellow Sea. Changchun Changchun is an industrial city and the capital city of Jilin province, China. Changsha Changsha is a river port on the Chang Jiang River. It is the capital city of Hunan province, China. Channel island see "channel islands" Channel islands The Channel islands are a group of British owned islands in the English channel off the north west coast of France. Chard Chard is a town in Somerset. Charing Charing is a village in Kent. Charlottesville Charlottesville is a town in Virginia USA. It stands on the banks of the river Rivanna. Charmouth Charmouth is a coastal village in Dorset famed for its fossils. Chatham Chatham is a naval town in Kent. Chawton Chawton is a village in Hampshire 2 km south of Alton. Cheddar Gorge Cheddar Gorge is a 2 km long limestone gorge in Somerset. Chefoo Chefoo is a port in Shantung province, China. Chekiang Chekiang is a province of China. Chelmsford Chelmsford is a market town in Essex, England 48 km north east of London. Cheltenham Cheltenham is a spa and resort town in England. It stands at the foot of the Cotswolds on the Chelt river. Chelyabinsk Chelyabinsk is an industrial town and capital of Chelyabinsk region in western Siberia. Chengchow Chengchow is capital of Honan province. Chengdu Chengdu (formerly Chengtu) is an ancient city and capital of Sichuan province, China. Cher The Cher is a river in central France. It is a 322 km long tributary of the Loire which it enters near Tours. Chernobyl Chernobyl is a town in the Ukraine. Cheshire Cheshire is a county in north west England. Chesil Bank The Chesil Bank is a huge bank of shingle which connects Portland with mainland England and extends north west almost to Brisport. It is 29 km long. Cheviot hills see "Cheviots" Cheviots The Cheviots are a range of hills 56km long mainly in Northumberland, forming part of the border between England and Scotland. Chianti Chianti is a mountain region in Tuscany. It lends its name to the localy made dry red and white wines. Chicago Chicago is a city in Illinois, on the south shore of Lake Michigan. It has the 2nd largest population of American cities. Chichen Itza Chichen Itza is a Mayan city in Yucatan, Mexico. Chichester Chichester is the county town of West Sussex. It is an ancient city, formely called Noviomagus by the Romans when they established a base here in 43. Chideock Chideock is a village in Dorset. Chilcomb Chilcomb is a small village in Hampshire 3 km from Winchester. Chile Chile is a country in west South America. It is bordered by the Pacific. It has a total area of 756,950 km2. The climate is temperate; desert in north; cool and damp in south. The terrain is low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes in east. Natural resources are copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum. The religion is 89% Roman Catholic, 11% Protestant, and small Jewish population. The language is Spanish. Chilhuahua Chilhuahua is the capital of Chilhuahua state, Mexico. Chiltern Hills The Chiltern Hills are a chalk escarpment in England. Their highest point is near Wendover which is 276m high. China China is a country in east Asia. It is divided into provinces and has a total area of 9,596,960 km2. The climate is extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north. The terrain is mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east. Natural resources are coal, iron ore, crude oil, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, world's largest hydropower potential. The religion is officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclectic; most important elements of religion are Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism; about 2-3% Muslim, 1% Christian. The language is Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect); also Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, and minority languages. China Sea The China sea is a western division of the Pacific ocean. Chios Chios is one of the Greek islands. Chippenham Chippenham is a market town in Wiltshire. Chislehurst Chislehurst is a village in Kent. It was an important Druid centre in ancient times. It is the site of a labyrinth of caves and tunnels which were used during the Second World War as an air-raid shelter for some 15000 people. Chittagong Chittagong is a city and port in Bangladesh, 16km from the mouth of the Karnaphuli river on the Bay of Bengal. Chogori see "K2" Chongqing Chongqing is a city in Sichuan province, China. Christchurch Christchurch is a town in Hampshire adjoining Bournemouth at the junction of the Stour and the Avon. Christchurch is a city on South Island, New Zealand on the Avon. Christmas island Christmas island is an atoll in the Indian ocean. Cisalpine Cisalpine was the southern region of the Roman province of Gallia (north Italy). Ciskel Ciskel is a Bantu homeland in South Africa. Clacton-on-sea Clacton-on-sea is a seaside holiday resort town in Essex. Clare Clare is a town in Suffolk on the Melford to Haverhill road. Clare is a county on the west coast of Ireland. Cleeve Cloud Cleeve Cloud is the highest point in the Cotswolds. It is 309m above sea level. Clermont-Ferrand Clermont-Ferrand is the capital city of Puy-de-Dome department in the Auvergne region of France. Cleveland Cleveland is a county in north east England. Cleveland is a large city in Ohio, USA. Clovelly Clovelly is a fishing village in Devon. Cludad Juarez Cludad Juarez is a city on the Rio Grande in Chihuahua state in north Mexico. Clwyd Clwyd is a county in north Wales. Clyde The Clyde is a river which flows 170 km through Strathclyde region of south west Scotland through Glasgow. Coal Market Coal Market, offically called Crescent, is a small rural community beside the main Spanish Town to Bog Walk road in Jamaica. It is a strongly PNP ghetto, and not a place tourists should visit unarmed. Across the road is the notorious River Side go-go club where many an unsuspecting tourist has been robbed by the prostitutes who work there. Coban Coban is a market town in Guatemala. Cobham Cobham is a former Roman town in Kent. Cochin Cochin is a sea port in Kerala, India. Cochin China Cochin China is the Mekong Delta region which was part of Indo-China, but is now south Vietnam. Coco The Coco River flows 480 km to the Caribbean sea through Honduras and Nicaragua. Cocos Islands The Cocos Islands (Keeling Islands) are 20 small coral islands in the Indian ocean. Their total area of 14 km2. The climate is pleasant, modified by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year; moderate rainfall The terrain is flat, low-lying coral atolls. The only natural resource is fish. The language is English Coddenham Coddenham is a village in Suffolk. It was a Roman settlement, called Combretonium. Coggeshall Coggeshall is a village in Essex on the old Roman road from Colchester to the West Country. Colchester Colchester is a town in Essex. It was founded before the Romans and was previously called Camulodunum. It stands on the river Colne. Colditz Colditz is a town in eastern Germany. It is the site of a castle used as a prisoner of war camp by the Nazis during the second World War where habitual escapers were kept. Colima Colima is a volcano in Mexico. It is 3850 metres high. Cologne Cologne is an industrial and commercial port in Germany. Colombia Colombia is a country in South America. It has a total area of 1,138,910 km2 The climate is tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands. The terrain is mixture of flat coastal lowlands, plains in east, central highlands, some high mountains. Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds. The religion is 95% Roman Catholic. The language is Spanish Colombo Colombo is the capital city of Sri Lanka. Colorado Colorado is a west central state of the USA. Colorado Desert The Colorado Desert is an irrigated area in California, USA. Coltishall Coltishall is a village in Norfolk. The RAF have a station 3 km north of the village. Colton Colton is a market town in south east California. Columbia Columbia is the state capital of South Carolina. The Columbia River is a major river in north America. It rises in the rocky mountains and flows 2240 km. Colyton Colyton is a small town in Devon. Comayaguela Comayaguela is a city and former capiyal of Hinduras. Combretonium Combretonium was the Roman name for Coddenham in Suffolk. Como Lake Como is a tourist resort in Italy. It has spectacular mountain scenery. Comoros Comoros is an archipelago in the Indian Ocean. It has a total area of 2,170 km2 The climate is tropical marine; rainy season (November to May). The terrain is volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains to low hills. Natural resources are negligible. The religion is 86% Sunni Muslim, 14% Roman Catholic. The language is Shaafi Islam (a Swahili dialect), Malagasy, French. Compton Compton is a village in Surrey 5 km from Guidford. Conakry Conakry is the capital of Guinea. It is a port on the island of Tumbo linked with the mainland by a causeway. Concord Concord is a town in California, USA. It is a residential and commercial center in the San Francisco area. Concord is a textile producing town in Massachusetts, USA. Concordia Concordia is a port on the Uruguay River in Argentina. Congleton Congleton is a town in east Cheshire on the south west margin of the Pennines in England. Congo The Congo is a republic in west central Africa. It has a total area of 342,000 km2. The climate is tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator. The terrain is coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern basin. Natural resources are petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, natural gas. The religion is 50% Christian, 48% animist, 2% Muslim. The language is French (official); many African languages with Lingala and Kikongo most widely used. Coniston Coniston is a town in Ontario, Canada. It was built by and for the local nickel mining company. Connacht Connacht is a province in west Ireland. Connaught Tunnel The Connaught Tunnel is a 8 km long railway tunnel under mount Sir Donald in Canada. It is the longset tunnel in north America. Connecticut Connecticut is a state in the USA. Constantinople Constantinople is the former name of Istanbul. Content Content is a small rural bush community beside the Rio Cobra river in Jamaica between Bog Walk and Spanish Town. Continent A continent is a continuous land mass. Cook Captain James Cook was an English sailor and explorer. In 1768 he sailed around the world. He discovered Easter island in 1772. Cook islands The Cook islands are a group of polynesian islands north east of New Zealand. They have a total area of 240 km2. The climate is tropical; moderated by trade winds. The terrain is low coral atolls in north; volcanic, hilly islands in south. Natural resources are negligible. The religion is Christian, majority of populace members of Cook Islands Christian Church . The language is English. Cook Strait The cook strait is the water separating north and south New Zealand. Cookham Cookham is a village in Berkshire. Copenhagen Copenhagen is the capital of Denmark. Copford Copford is a village in Essex. Coral Sea The Coral Sea is part of the Pacific Ocean lying between north east Australia, New Guinea, The Solomon Islands, New Hebrides and New Caledonia. Cordilleras The Cordilleras are a mountainous western section of North America. Corfu Corfu is the most northerly, and second largest of the Ionian islands. Cork Cork is the largest county of the Republic of Ireland. Cornwall Cornwall is a county in south west England. Corregidor Corregidor is an island at the mouth of Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines. Corsica Corsica is an island in the Mediterranean west of Italy and owned by France. Cos Cos (Kos) island is a Greek island in the Aegean sea. It is the 2nd largest of the Dodecanese islands and gives its name to the cos lettuce. Costa Rica Costa Rica is a republic in Central America. It has a total area of 51,100 km2. The climate is tropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November). The terrain is coastal plains separated by rugged mountains. Natural resources are the potential for hydropower. The religion is 95% Roman Catholic. The language is Spanish (official), English spoken around Puerto Limon. Cotacachi Cotacachi is a volcano in Ecuador. It is 4937 metres high. Cote d'Or The Cote d'Or is a department in east France. It is the heart of ancient Burgundy. Cotonou Cotonou is the chief port and the largest city in Benin. Cotopaxi Cotopaxi is the worlds highest volcano. It stands 5978 metres tall in Ecuador. Cotswold Hills see "Cotswolds" Cotswolds The Cotswold Hills (Cotswolds) are a limestone escarpment in Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire. They are the source of the River Thames. County A county is an administrative unit of a country. County Down County Down is a county in south east Northern Ireland. Covehithe Covehithe is a village in Suffolk. It was once a town, but declined in the 17th century into a village. Coventry Coventry is an industrial city in the West Midlands, England. It suffered heavy bombing during the Second World War. Cranborne Cranborne was once a market town, it is now a village in Dorset. Cranbrook Cranbrook is a market town in Kent. In the 15th century it was the centre of the local weaving industry. Cranleigh Cranleigh is a country town in Surrey. Crawley Crawley is a town in Sussex. The old town dates back to the 14th century at least. A new town was built around as an overspill for London in the 1970s. Crete Crete is the largest Greek island. Cricklade Cricklade is a town in north Wiltshire on the River Thames 13 km north west of Swindon. It was a fortified township during Anglo-Saxon times. Crimea The crimea is the north peninsular region of the Ukraine. Croatia Croatia is a republic in Europe. Part of Yugolsavia. Cromer Cromer is a seaside resort town in Norfolk. Crowhurst Crowhurst is a village in Surrey. Croydon Croydon was once a village in Surrey. Since 1820 Croydon has grown to become a suburb of greater-London. Ctesiphon Ctesiphon is the ruined royal city of the Parthians and later capital of the Sassanian empire, 19km south east of Baghdad. Cuba Cuba is a large island in the Caribbean off the south coast of Florida. It has a total area of 110,860 km2. The climate is tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October). The terrain is mostly flat to rolling plains with rugged hills and mountains in the southeast. Natural resources are cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica. The religion was at least 85% nominally Roman Catholic before Castro assumed power. The language is Spanish. Cumae Cumae is an ancient city in Italy on the coast 16km west of Naples. Cumberland Cumberland is a former county of north west England. Cumbria Cumbria is a county in north west England. Curacao Curacao is an island in the Caribbean. Cuzco Cuzco is a city in south Peru and capital of Cuzco department. It was the capital city of the ancient Inca empire. Cyprus Cyprus is an island in the eastern mediterranean. Cyrenaica Cyrenaica is an area of east Libya which was colonized by the Greeks in the 7th century BC and later held by the Egyptians, Romans, Arabs, Turks and Italians. Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia is a land locked country in east central Europe. It has a total area of 127,870 km2. The climate is temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters. The terrain is mixture of hills and mountains separated by plains and basins. Natural resources are coal, timber, lignite, uranium, magnesite, iron ore, copper, zinc. The religion is 50% Roman Catholic, 20% Protestant, 2% Orthodox, 28% other. The language is Czech and Slovak (official), Hungarian. Dacca see "Dhaka" Dachau Dachau was the site of a Nazi concentration camp during the Second World War in Bavaria. Dacia Dacia was a region of ancient Europe, north of the Danube occupied by the Getae, and then later a Roman province. Dagenham Dagenham is an industrial town on the River Thames in Essex. It is host to the Ford motor car factory. Dagestan Dagestan is a Caucasian republic, formerly part of the Soviet Union. It is a mountainous country with a small population for its area, approximately 50000 square kilometers. Dahomey Dahomey is the former name (until 1975) of Benin. Dakar Dakar is the capital of Senegal. Dalalven The Dalalven is a 520 km long river in south central Sweden used for transporting timber. Dalkey Dalkey is a town in the republic of Ireland on the west coast 6km north of the Wicklow border. It is a residential resort town. Dallas Dallas is an industrial town in Texas. It has been made famous by a soap opera of the same name. Daman Daman is a seaport in India on the Gulf of Cambay, 161 km north of Bombay. It was conquered by the Protugese in 1531 who made it a permanent settlement in 1558. Damanhur Damanhur is a market town on the west margin of the Nile delta, 40 km south east of Alexandria in Egypt. Damascus Damascus is the capital of Syria. Dambovitta The Dambovitta is a river in Romania. It rises in Mount Omul in the Transylvanian Alps and flows south through Bucharest to the River Danube. Damietta Damietta is an ancient town in Egypt on one of the principal branches of the Nile some few miles from the mouth of the river. Danbury Danbury is a small village in Essex. Danelagh Danelagh (Danelaw) was the ancient name of a strip of land extending along the east coast of England from the Thames to the Tweed. It was ceded by Alfred to Guthrun, King of the Danes, after the battle of Ethandune. The inhabitants were governed by a modification of Danish law, rather than English law until the Norman conquest when it was captured by the Normans. Danewerk Danewerk was an ancient wall some 9 to 12 metres high extending along the southern frontier of Schleswig from the North Sea to the Baltic. It was built in the 10th century and destroyed in 1864 after being captured by the Austrians and Prussians. Danube The Danube is the 2nd longest river in Europe. Danzig Danzig is the German name for Gdansk. Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam is a seaport in Tanzania. It was the capital until 1974. Dardanelles The Dardanelles is a Turkish strait connecting the Sea of Marmara with the Aegean Sea. Dartford Dartford is an industrial town in Kent. Dartmouth Dartmouth is a seaport in Devon on the mouth of the river Dart. Darwin Darwin is the capital of the Northern Territory, Australia. Dawlish Dawlish is a seaside resort town in Devon. Dead Sea The dead sea is a large lake partly in Israel and partly in Jordan. Death Valley Death valley is a 225 km long depression in south east California. Debenham Debenham is a village in Suffolk at the source of the River Deben. Debrecen Debrecen is the third largest city in Hungary 193km east of Budapest. Dee The River Dee rises in the Cairngorn Mountains in west Aberdeenshire and flows 140 km to the North Sea at Aberdeen. Deira Deira was an ancient Anglian kingdom. It stretched from the Tees to Humber, and inland to the borders of the British realm of Strathclyde. With Bernicia it formed the Kingdom of Northumbria. Delaware Delaware is a state in north east USA. Delhi Delhi is a union territory in India. Delhi is the capital city of delhi territory, India. Delphi Delphi was a city of ancient Greece. Demerara Demerara is a region in Guyana which has leant its name to raw cane sugar. Denmark Denmark is a kingdom in northern Europe, north of Germany. It has a total area of 43,070 km2. The climate is temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers. The terrain is low and flat to gently rolling plains. Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone. The religion is 97% Evangelical Lutheran, 2% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 1% other. The language is Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Eskimo dialect); small German-speaking minority. Denver Denver is a village in Norfolk on the edge of the Fens. It is host to a 13th century church. Derby Derby is an industrial city in Derbyshire, England. Derbyshire Derbyshire is a county in north central England. Derwent The River Derwent rises on the Yorkshire Moors and flows 92 km to the Ouse. Desert A desert is an area without sufficient vegetation to support human life. Detroit Detroit is a city in Michigan, USA. The Detroit is a River in the USA. Devizes Devizes is an old market town in Wiltshire. Devon Devon is a county in south west England. Dhaka Dhaka (Dacca) is the capital of Bangladesh. Dijon Dijon is the capital city of Cote d'Or in France. Dili Dili is the capital of East Timor. Diss Diss is a town in Norfolk 29km south west of Norwich. It was once renowned for the manufacture of Suffolk hempen cloth. Dixie Dixie is a name given to the southern states of the USA. Djibouti Djibouti is a republic in Arabia. It has a total area of 22,000 km2. The climate is desert; torrid, dry. The terrain is coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountains. Natural resources are geothermal areas. The religion is 94% Muslim, 6% Christian. The language is French (official); Arabic, Somali, and Afar widely used. Dnepropetrovsk Dnepropetrovsk is a city in the Ukraine. Dnieper The Dnieper is a river in Russia. It rises in Smolensk and flows 2250 km south to the Black Sea east of Odessa. Dodoma Dodoma replaced Dar es Salaam as the capital of Tanzania in 1974. Doha Doha is the capital of Qatar. Dominica Dominica is an island in the Caribbean. Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic is a country in the east of the island Hispaniola. It has a total area of 48,730 km2. The climate is tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation. The terrain is rugged highlands and mountains with fertile valleys interspersed. Natural resources are nickel, bauxite, gold, silver. The religion is 95% Roman Catholic. The language is Spanish. Don The don is a river in Russia. It rises south of Moscow and flows 1900 km to the Sea of Azov. Donegal Donegal is a sea port in County Donegal, Ireland. Donetsk Donetsk is a city in the Ukraine. Dong Ting The Dong Ting is a large lake in Hunan province, China. It receives water from the Xi Jiang and Yuan rivers. Dorchester Dorchester is a market town in Dorset, England on the River Frome. Dordogne The Dordogne is a river in south west France. Dorking Dorking is a market town in the Mole Valley, Surrey, England. Dornoch Dornoch is a resort town in Scotland. Dorset Dorset is a county in south west England. Dortmund Dortmund is an industrial centre in the Ruhr, Germany. Douglas Douglas is the capital of the Isle of Man. Douro The Douro is a river in Spain. It flows 800 km through northern Portugal to the Atlantic at Oporto. Downe Downe is a quiet village in Kent. Downham Market Downham Market is a town in Norfolk on the River Ouse 19 km south of Kings Lynn. It was an important settlement in Roman times. Drayton Drayton is an agricultural town in Berkshire. It was a village prior to the Great War. Dresden Dresden is a city in Germany, it was razed to the ground by allied bombing. Dublin Dublin is the capital of Ireland. It is situated at the mouth of the River Liffey in south east Ireland. Dudley Dudley is a town in the West Midlands. Dumfries Dumfries is a region of Scotland. Dumfriesshire Dumfriesshire is a former county of southern Scotland. Dun Laoghaire Dun Laoghaire is a port and suburb of Dublin, Ireland. Dunbartonshire Dunbartonshire is a former county of Scotland. Dundee Dundee is a city and fishing port on the north side of the Firth of Tay, Scotland. Dunedin Dunedin is a port on Otago harbour, South Island, New Zealand. Dunfermline Dunfermline is an industrial town in Fife, Scotland. Dungeness Dungeness is an expanse of shingle jutting into the sea at the edge of Romney Marsh in Kent. Dunkirk Dunkirk is a town and port in north France. It was the scene of a massive evacuation of allied troops during the second world war. Dunwich Dunwich is a village in Suffolk. It was once a thriving town, but today is an isolated seaside resort. Durban Durban is the principle seaport of Natal. Durham Durham is a county in north east England. Dushanbe Dushanbe is the capital of Tadzhik. It was previously called Stalinabad. Dusseldorf Dusseldorf is an industrial city on the right bank of the Rhine, Germany. Dutch Guiana Dutch Guiana is a former Dutch colony which became Suriname in 1948. Dvina The dvina is a river in Russia. It flows to the white sea at Arkhangelsk. Dyfed Dyfed is a county in south west Wales. Dymchurch Dymchurch is a seaside resort in Kent. Ealing Ealing is a borough of London. East Anglia East Anglia is a region in east England. East Clandon East Clandon is a village near Guildford in Surrey. East Grinstead East Grinstead is a town in Sussex. East Sussex East Sussex is a county in south east England. East Timor East Timor is a disputed territory on the island of Timor in the Malay Archipelago. It was formerly a Portugese colony until 1975. Eastbourne Eastbourne is an old English settlement which only became a town in 1883. Today it is a popular seaside resort. Easter Island Easter Island is an island in the south Pacific ocean belonging to Chile. Eastern Roumelia Eastern Roumelia is an area of Bulgaria south of the Balkan mountains. It was part of the Turkish empire, and in 1878 became an autonomous province and then subsequently became part of Bulgaria. Ecuador Ecuador is a republic in South America. It has a total area of 283,560 km2. The climate is tropical along coast becoming cooler inland. The terrain is coastal plain (Costa), inter-Andean central highlands (Sierra), and flat to rolling eastern jungle (Oriente). Natural resources are petroleum, fish, timber. The religion is 95% Roman Catholic. The language is Spanish (official); Indian languages, especially Quechua. Eden The River Eden rises in the Pennines and flows 105 km to the Irish Sea at Solway Firth. Edinburgh Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. Edmonton Edmonton is the capital of Alberta. Effingham Effingham is an old town in Surrey. It was prominent in Elizabethan times as the home of the Howards of Effingham. Egham Egham is an historic town in Surrey on the River Thames and next to the fields of Runnymede. Egypt Egypt is a republic in north east Africa. It has a total area of 1,001,450 km2. The climate is desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters. The terrain is vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta. Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc. The religion is 94% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 6% Coptic Christian and other. The language is Arabic (official); English and French widely understood by educated classes. Eire Eire is the Gaelic name for the Republic of Ireland. El Salvador El Salvador is a republic in Central America. It has a total area of 21,040 km2. The climate is tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April). The terrain is mostly mountains with narrow coastal belt and central plateau. Natural resources are hydropower and geothermal power, crude oil. The religion is about 97% Roman Catholic, with activity by Protestant groups throughout the country The language is Spanish, Nahua (among some Indians). Elba Elba is an island 10 km west of Italy which exports iron ore. Elbe The elbe is one of the principal rivers in Germany. Elbert Elbert is a mountain in Colorado. It is the highest peak of the Rocky Mountains at 4401m. Elbruz The Elbruz is the highest mountain in Europe, standing 5642 meters. It is in the Caucasus, Georgia. Elgin Elgin is a royal borough in Scotland. Elgin is a town in Illinois, USA where electrical equipment is manufactured. Ellice Island Ellice Island was a former British colony, it is now called Kiribati. Ellice Islands Ellice Islands is the former name of Tuvalu. Ellis Island Ellis Island is an island off the shore of New Jersey, USA. Elveden Elveden is a small village in Suffolk. Elveden was home to Admiral Keppel who died here in 1786. Ely Ely is a town in Cambridgeshire. It was originally on an island in the River Ouse, but the Fens were drained in the 17th century. Emilia-Romagna Emilia-Romagna is a region of northern and central Italy including much of the Po Valley. Emsworth Emsworth is a port on Chichester harbour in Hampshire. England England is a country in west Europe. It is the largest division of the united kingdom. English Channel The English Channel is a stretch of water between England and France. Entebbe Entebbe is a town in Uganda. Scene of a famous hijacking. Ephesus Ephesus was an ancient Greek seaport in Asia Minor. Epidaurus Epidaurus was an ancient Greek city and port on the east coast of Argolis. Epping Forest Epping Forest is a forest in Essex. It is 6000 acres today, down from the 60000 acres of the 18th century. It was purchased for the public in 1882. Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea is a republic in west central Africa. It has a total area of 28,050 km2. The climate is tropical; always hot, humid. The terrain is coastal plains rise to interior hills; islands are volcanic. Natural resources are timber, crude oil, small unexploited deposits of gold, manganese, uranium. The religion is natives all nominally Christian and predominantly Roman Catholic; some pagan practices retained. The language is Spanish (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo. Erebus Erebus is a volcano in Antartica. It stands 4023 metres high. Eridu Eridu was an ancient city of Mesopotamia. Erie Lake Erie is the fourth largest of the Great Lakes of North America. Eritrea Eritrea is a province in north Ethiopia. Eritrea has been at war for independence for many years. Esher Esher is a residential town on the River Mole in Surrey. It was the site of a KGB "dead-letter-box" during the 1970's. Essen Essen is a city in Germany. Essex Essex is a county in south east England. Estonia Estonia is a country in east Europe. Physicaly, Estonia is comprised of lakes and marshes in partly forested plains. The language is Estonian. Religion is mainly Lutheran. Ethiopia Ethiopia is a country in north east Africa. It has a total area of 1,221,900 km2. The climate is tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation; prone to extended droughts. The terrain is high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley. Natural resources are small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash. The religion is 40-45% Muslim, 35-40% Ethiopian Orthodox, 15-20% animist, 5% other. The language is Amharic (official), Tigrinya, Orominga, Arabic, English (major foreign language taught in schools). Etna Etna is a volcano in north east Sicily. It erupted in 1971 and 1979. Euboea Euboea is a mountainous island off the east coast of Greece in the Aegean Sea. Euclid Euclid is a manufacturing town in Ohio, USA. Euphrates The Euphrates is a river in south west Asia. It rises in the Armenian uplands and joined by the Tigris enters the Persian Gulf as the Shatt-al Arab. Eure Eure is an agricultural department of Normandy, France. Europe Europe is a continent west of the ural mountains and east of the atlantic. Everest Everest is the earth's highest mountain. Ewell Ewell is a town in Surrey, which has now been all-but swallowed into a suburb of greater London. Exe The River Exe rises on Exmoor in north devon and flows 87 km to the English Channel at Exeter. Exeter Exeter is a city in Devon. It is the administrative capital of Devon and host to a livestock market. Exmoor Exmoor is a heather moor in Devon. Extremadura Extremadura is a region in west Spain. Eye Eye is a town in Suffolk. Eyre Lake Eyre is Australia's largest lake. Falkland Islands The Falkland Islands are an island group in the south Atlantic. They comprise a total area of 12,170 km2. The climate is cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but does not accumulate. The terrain is rocky, hilly, mountainous with some boggy, undulating plains. Natural resources are fish and wildlife. The religion is primarily Anglican, Roman Catholic, and United Free Church; Evangelist Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutheran, Seventh-Day Adventist. The language is English Falmouth Falmouth is a seaport in Cornwall. False Bay False Bay is an inlet on the East side of the Cape Of Good Hope peninsular in South Africa. Far east The far east is that part of Asia east of India. Farnborough Farnborough is a town in Hampshire, home to the RAF. Farnham Farnham is a town in Surrey noted for its Georgian houses and other fine architecture, even the fast-food restaurant is in-keeping with the general appearance. Faroe Islands The Faroe Islands are 320 km north-west of the Shetland Islands in the north sea. They have a total area of 1,400 km2 The climate is mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy. The terrain is rugged, rocky, some low peaks; cliffs along most of coast. Natural resources are fish. The religion is Evangelical Lutheran. The language is Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish. Fatsa Fatsa is a small market town on the Black Sea in north Turkey. It is a very traditional Muslim town. Felbrigg Felbrigg is a village 3 km south of Cromer in Norfolk. Felixstowe Felixstowe is a seaport and seaside resort in Suffolk. It was the site of a Roman fort, and in the 16th century a castle was built to defend the port. Fens The Fens are a marsh in Cambridgeshire. Fermanagh Fermanagh is a county in southern Northern Ireland. Ferro Ferro is the most southern of the Canary Islands. Fes Fes is a city and former capital of Morocco. It is located in a valley north of the Great Atlas mountains, 160 km east of Rabat. Fez Fez is a city in Morocco 160km east of Rabat. It is one of the sacred cities in Islam. Fife Fife is a region of Scotland. Fiji Fiji is a group of 322 islands in the south west Pacific. They have a total area of 18,270 km2. The climate is tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation. The terrain is mostly mountains of volcanic origin. Natural resources are timber, fish, gold, copper; offshore oil potential. The religion is Fijians are mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu with a Muslim minority. The language is English (official); Fijian; Hindustani. Filey Filey is a seaside resort town in North Yorkshire. It is 8km south east of Scarborough. Finland Finland is a republic in Scandinavia. It has a total area of 337,030 km2. The climate is cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes. The terrain is mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills. Natural resources are timber, copper, zinc, iron ore, silver. The religion is 97% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.2% Eastern Orthodox, 1.8% other The language is 93.5% Finnish, 6.3% Swedish (both official); small Lapp- and Russian-speaking minorities. Finnmark Finnmark is the most Northern county of Norway. It is inhabited by Lapps. It has large copper deposits. Firenze Firenze is the Italian name for Florence. Fishbourne Fishbourne is a town 2 km west of Chichester. It is the site of a Roman Palace. Flanders Flanders is a region between the river Scheldt and the coast on the France and Belgium border. It is divided into east and west Flanders. Fleet Fleet is a town in Hampshire. Florence Florence is the capital of Tuscany. Flores Flores is the most westerly island of the Azores. Florida Florida is the most south east state of the USA. Folkestone Folkestone is a popular seaside resort and cross-channel seaport in Kent. Fordwich Fordwich is a village on the River Stour 4 km east of Canterbury in Kent. Formentera Formentera is one of the Balearic Islands. Fort Sumter Fort Sumter is a fort in Charleston harbour, South Carolina, USA. The first shots of the American Civil War were fired at Fort Sumter. Fort-de-France Fort-de-France is the capital of Martinique. Forth The Forth River rises in South Perth on the north east side of Loch Lomond and flows 106 km to the Firth of Forth. Fortunate Islands The Fortunate Islands is a former name for the Canary Islands. Foulness Foulness is the largest island in the Thames estuary in Essex. Framlingham Framlingham is a market town in Suffolk. Franche-Comte Franche-Comte is a region in eastern France. Frankfurt see "Frankfurt-am-Main" Frankfurt-am-Main Frankfurt-am-Main is a city in Hesse, Germany. Freetown Freetown is the capital city of Sierra Leone. It is a port on the Atlantic coast. French Guiana French Guiana is a country on the north coast of South America. It has a total area of 91,000 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation. The terrain is low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small mountains. Natural resources are bauxite, timber, gold (widely scattered), cinnabar, kaolin, fish. The religion is predominantly Roman Catholic. The language is French. French Polynesia French Polynesia is a territory in the south Pacific. It has a total area of 3,941 km2. The climate is tropical, but moderate. The terrain is mixture of rugged high islands and low islands with reefs. Natural resources are timber, fish, cobalt. The religion is mainly Christian; 55% Protestant, 32% Roman Catholic. The language is French (official), Tahitian. French Sudan French Sudan is a former name of Mali. Frensham Frensham is a beauty spot in Surrey. It is comprised of a common more than 1 square miles in area with prehistoric bowl barrows and two large lakes. Freshwater Freshwater is a town on the Isle of Wight. Fressingfield Fressingfield is a village in Suffolk. Friendly Islands Friendly Islands is another name for Tonga. Friesland Friesland is a maritime province of the Netherlands. Frimley Frimley is a prehistoric and Roman village in Surrey. Frinton Frinton is a seaside resort town in Essex. Friuli-Venezia Giulia Friuli-Venezia Giulia is an autonomous agricultural and wine-growing region of north east Italy. Frome Frome is a market town in the Mendips, Somerset, England on the River Frome. The River Frome is a river which rises in north Dorset and flows to Poole. Froyle Froyle is a village in Hampshire. Fuji see "Fujiyama" Fujiyama Mount Fuji (Fujiyama) is a volcanno in Japan and also Japan's highest peak. Fukien Fukien is a province of China. Fukuoka Fukuoka is an industrial town and port on the north west coast of Kyushu island, Japan. Fukushima Fukushima is the chief town of Joban. Fuzhou Fuzhou is an industrial port and capital of Fujian province in south east China. Gabon Gabon is a country in central Africa. It has a total area of 267,670 km2. The climate is tropical; always hot, humid. The terrain is narrow coastal plain; hilly interior; savanna in east and south. Natural resources are crude oil, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron ore. The religion is 55-75% Christian, less than 1% Muslim, remainder animist. The language is French (official), Fang, Myene, Bateke, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi. Gaborone Gaborone is the capital city of Botswana. It became the capital in 1965. Galicia Galicia is a mountainous, fertile autonomous region of north west Spain. Galilee The Sea of Galilee is an alternative name for Lake Tiberias in northern Israel. Gallego The Gallego is a river in north east Spain. It rises in the Pyrenees and flows south to the river Ebro at Zaragoza. It is 176km long. Gallipoli Gallipoli is a port in European Turkey. Galway Galway is a coastal town in the Republic Of Ireland. It is a university town and also features marble quarries and a fishing industry. Gambia Gambia is a country in west Africa. It has a total area of 11,300 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May). The terrain is flood plain of the Gambia River flanked by some low hills. Natural resources are fish. The religion is 90% Muslim, 9% Christian, 1% indigenous beliefs. The language is English (official); Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars. Ganges The ganges is a sacred river in India. Gansu Gansu is a province of north west China. Garonne The Garonne is a river in south west France. It rises at mount Maladetta in the Pyrenees and flows via Toulouse to the Gironde estuary. It is 720km long. Garut Garut is a mountain resort town in West Java, Indonesia. Gascony Gascony is an ancient province in south west France. Gateshead Gateshead is a town on the river Tyne opposite Newcastle in Tyne And Wear, England. Gatwick Gatwick is England's second most important airport. It was opened in 1958 on te London to Brighton route in Surrey. When it was opened it was the most modern airport in Europe. Gaza Gaza is the capital city of the Gaza Strip. Gaza Strip The Gaza Strip is an area of Israel. It has a total area of 380km2. The climate is temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers. The terrain is flat to rolling, sand and dune covered coastal plain. Natural resources are negligible. The religion is 99% Muslim (predominantly Sunni), 0.7% Christian, 0.3% Jewish. The language is Arabic, Israeli settlers speak Hebrew, English widely understood. Gdansk Gdansk (Danzig) is a port in Poland. Geneva Geneva is the capital of Switzerland. Genoa Genoa (Genova) is a town and seaport in north west Italy. Genova Genova is the Italian name for Genoa. Georgetown Georgetown is a port and the capital city of Guyana. Georgia Georgia is a state in the south USA. Georgia is a country in east Europe. Germany Germany is a country in central Europe. The climate is temperate; cloudy, cold winters with frequent rain and snow; cool, wet summers. The terrain is lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south. The east is mostly flat plain with hills. Natural resources are lignite, potash, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, nickel, iron ore, coal, potash, timber. The religion is 47% Protestant, 7% Roman Catholic, 46% unaffiliated or other. The language is German Gettysburg Gettysburg is a site in Pennsylvania of a decisive battle in the American Civil War. Ghana Ghana is a country in west Africa. It has a total area of 238,540 km2 The climate is tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north. The terrain is mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area. Natural resources are gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber. The religion is 38% indigenous beliefs, 30% Muslim, 24% Christian, 8% other. The language is English (official); African languages include Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga. Ghats The ghats are a mountain range in south India. Ghent Ghent is a city and port in East Flanders, north west Belgium. Gibraltar Gibraltar is an island south of Spain and north of Morocco. It has a total area of 6.5 km2. The climate is Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers. The terrain is a narrow coastal lowland borders. Natural resources are negligible. The religion is 75% Roman Catholic, 8% Church of England, 2.25% Jewish. The language is English and Spanish are primary languages; Italian, Portuguese, and Russian also spoken; English used in the schools and for official purposes. Gilbert Island Gilbert Island was a former British colony, it is now called Tuvalu. Givors Givors is a town on the river Rhone in France, 16km south of Lyons. It is a manufacturing town producing glass. Giza Giza is a suburb of Cairo, Egypt. It is the site of the great pyramids and the Spinx. Glandford Glandford is a village in Norfolk. Glasgow Glasgow is a city and the administrative headquarters of Strathclyde, Scotland. Glastonbury Glastonbury is a town in Somerset. Glossop Glossop is a town in Derbyshire, England at the foot of the Pennines. Gloucestershire Gloucestershire is a county in south west England. Glynde Glynde is a village in Sussex, England. Goa Goa is a union territory of India. Gobi The gobi is a desert partly in China and Mongolia. Godthaab Godthaab is the capital of Greenland. Golan Heights The Golan Heights is a plateau on the Syrian border with Israel. It was annexed by Israel in 1981. Goose Bay Goose Bay is a town in Labrador, Canada on the Churchill river. It features an international airport. Gorky Gorky is a city on the river Oka and river Volga in the Soviet Union. It is a university city and was named after Maxim Gorky who was born there. Goteborg Goteborg is a port and industrial city in west Sweden. Gotland Gotland is an island in the Baltic belonging to Sweden, and with many old buildings. It's revenue is primarily derived from tourism. Gough island Gough Island is an island in the atlantic ocean. Graciosa Graciosa is an island of the Azores. Grain Coast Grain Coast is a former name of Liberia Grampian Grampian is a region of Scotland. Gran Chaco The Gran Chaco is a large lowland plain in northern Argentina, western Paraguay and south-east Bolivia. Granada Granada is a city in the Sierra Nevada in Andalucia, southern Spain. Grand Canal The Grand Canal is the world's longest canal. It runs 1600km from Hangzhou to Tianjin, China. Grand Canyon The grand canyon is a vast gorge in Arizona. Grantchester Grantchester is a village 3 km south of Cambridge in Cambridgeshire. Gravesend Gravesend is a sea port in Kent, England on the south bank of the river Thames. Graz Graz is a city in Austria. It stands on the river Mur at the foothills of the Alps. Great altai The great altai are a mountain range in Mongolia and Siberia. Great Australian Bight The Great Australian Bight is a broad bay in south Australia notorious for its storms. Great Barrier Reef The Great Barrier Reef is a chain of coral reefs and islands 2000km long off the east coast of Queensland, Australia. Great Bear Lake The Great Bear Lake is a lake in the Arctic Circle in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Great Bookham Great Bookham is a village in Surrey, the site of Polesden Lacey a Regency house built in 1824. Great Divide The Great Divide is a mountain range extending 3700km from Cape York Peninsular, Queensland to Victoria in Australia. Great Lakes The Great Lakes are a series of five freshwater lakes along the USA and Canada border. Great Ouse The Great Ouse River rises in Northamptonshire near Brackley and flows 251 km to The Wash. Great Rift Valley The Great Rift Valley is the longest split in the earth's surface extending 8000km from the Dead Sea to Mozambique. Great Slave Lake Great Slave Lake is a lake in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Great Yarmouth Great Yarmouth is a town in Norfolk where the River Bure, River Waveney and River Yare converge to flow out into the North Sea. It was granted its charter in 1208 by King John. Greece Greece is a country and island group in south east Europe. It has a total area of 131,940 km2. The climate is temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers. The terrain is mostly mountains with ranges extending into sea as peninsulas or chains of islands. Natural resources are bauxite, lignite, magnesite, crude oil, marble. The religion is 98% Greek Orthodox, 1.3% Muslim, 0.7% other. The language is Greek (official); English and French widely understood. Greenham Common Greenham Common is an area of common land near to Newbury, England. It was the site of a USA missile base and peace protests during the 1980s. Greenland Greenland is the world's largest island. It is in the north Atlantic ocean. It has a total area of 2,175,600 km2. The climate is arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters. The terrain is flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but a narrow, mountainous, barren, rocky coast. Natural resources are zinc, lead, iron ore, coal, molybdenum, cryolite, uranium, fish. The religion is Evangelical Lutheran. The language is Eskimo dialects, Danish. Greenwich Village Greenwich Village is a region of lower Manhattan, popular with artists. Grenada Grenada is an island in the Caribbean. It has a total area of 340 km2. The climate is tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds. The terrain is volcanic in origin with central mountains. Natural resources are timber, tropical fruit, deepwater harbors. The religion is largely Roman Catholic; Anglican; other Protestant sects. The language is English (official); some French patois. Grenadines The Grenadines are a chain of 600 small islands in the Caribbean. Gris-Nez Gris-Nez is a city in north east France on the coast, and the nearest point to Dover in England. Gruzia Gruzia is the Russian name for the country of Georgia. Guadalajara Guadalajara is an industrial city and capital of Jalisco state in western Mexico. Guadalcanal Guadalcanal is the largest of the Solomon islands. Guadeloupe Guadeloupe is an island in the Caribbean. It has a total area of 1,780 km2. The climate is subtropical tempered by trade winds; relatively high humidity. The terrain is Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin with interior mountains; Grand-Terre is low limestone formation. Natural resources are cultivable land, beaches, and climate that foster tourism. The religion is 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu and pagan African. The language is French, creole patois. Guam Guam is the largest of the Mariana islands. It has a total area of 541 km2. The climate is tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season from July to December; little seasonal temperature variation. The terrain is volcanic origin, surrounded by coral reefs; relatively flat coraline limestone plateau (source of most fresh water) with steep coastal cliffs and narrow coastal plains in north, low-rising hills in center, mountains in south. Natural resources are fishing (largely undeveloped), tourism (especially from Japan). The religion is 98% Roman Catholic, 2% other. The language is English and Chamorro, most residents bilingual; Japanese also widely spoken. Guangdong Guangdong is a province in south China. Guangxi Guangxi is a region in south China. Guangzhou Guangzhou is the capital of Guangdong. Guatemala Guatemala is a republic in Central America. It has a total area of 108,890 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands. The terrain is mostly mountains with narrow coastal plains and rolling limestone plateau (Peten). Natural resources are crude oil, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle. The religion is predominantly Roman Catholic; also Protestant, traditional Mayan. The language is Spanish, but over 40% of the population speaks an Indian language as a primary tongue (18 Indian dialects, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi). Guatemala City Guatemala City is the capital of Guatemala. Guayaquil Guayaquil is a city and the chief port of Ecuador. Gubla Gubla was the Babylonian name for Byblos. Guernsey Guernsey is the second largest Channel island. It has a total area of 194 km2. The climate is temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast. The terrain is mostly level with low hills in southwest. Natural resources are cropland. The religion is Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Baptist, Congregational, Methodist. The language is English, French; Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts. Guiana Guiana is the north east part of South America which includes French Guiana, Guyana and Suriname. Guildford Guildford is the capital city of Surrey county. It is an old town on the banks of the River Wey. Guinea Guinea is a republic in west Africa. It has a total area of 245,860 km2. The climate is generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds. The terrain is generally flat coastal plain, hilly to mountainous interior. Natural resources are bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium, hydropower, fish. The religion is 85% Muslim, 5% indigenous beliefs, 1.5% Christian. The language is French (official); each tribe has its own language. Guinea Bissau Guinea Bissau is a republic in west Africa. It has a total area of 36,120 km2. The climate is tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoon-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds. The terrain is mostly low coastal plain rising to savanna in east. Natural resources are unexploited deposits of petroleum, bauxite, phosphates; fish, timber. The religion is 65% indigenous beliefs, 30% Muslim, 5% Christian. The language is Portuguese (official); Criolo and numerous African languages. Guiyang Guiyang (formerly Kweiyang) is the capital of Guizhou province, south China. Guizhou Guizhou (formerly Kweichow) is a province in south China. Gujarat Gujarat is a state in west India. Gulf of Finland The Gulf of Finland is the eastern arm of the Baltic Sea, separating Finland from Estonia. Guyana Guyana is a republic in South America. It has a total area of 214,970 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January). The terrain is mostly rolling highlands; low coastal plain; savanna in south. Natural resources are bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish. The religion is 57% Christian, 33% Hindu, 9% Muslim, 1% other. The language is English, Amerindian dialects. Gwent Gwent is a county in south Wales. Gwynedd Gwynedd is a county in north west Wales. Haarlem Haarlem is an industrial town in the west Netherlands. Haifa Haifa is a port in north east Israel. Hainan Hainan is an island in the south China sea. Haiphong Haiphong is an industrial port in north Vietnam. Haiti Haiti is a republic in the west of the island of Hispaniola. It has a total area of 27,750 km2. The climate is tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds. The terrain is mostly rough and mountainous. Natural resources are bauxite. The religion is 75-80% Roman Catholic (of which an overwhelming majority also practice Voodoo), 10% Protestant The language is French (official) spoken by only 10% of population; all speak Creole. Halesworth Halesworth is a small market town in Suffolk. Halicarnassus Halicarnassus was an ancient city in Asia Minor (now Bodrum) where the tomb of Mausolus was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Halifax Halifax is the capital of Nova Scotia, and east Canada's main port. Halstead Halstead is a small town in the Colne valley in Essex. Hamburg Hamburg is a city and the largest inland port in Europe. It is located on the Elbe in Germany. Hamilton Hamilton is the capital of Bermuda. Hampshire Hampshire is a county in south England. Hangchow Hangchow is a former name of Hangshou. Hangzhou Hangzhou is a port and the capital of Zhejiang province, China. Hanoi Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam. Hanover Hanover is an industrial city and the capital of Lower Saxony in Germany. Happisburgh Happisburgh (pronounced Haysborough) is a coastal village in Norfolk. Harare Harare is the capital of Zimbabwe. Harbin Harbin is a port on the Songhua river in north east China. It is the capital of Heilongjiang province. Harleston Harleston is a town in Norfolk on the River Waveney. Harlow Harlow is a new town in Essex. It was designed and built to relieve London of some residents and industry. Harrisburg Harrisburg is the capital city of Pennsylvania, USA. It stands on the Susquehanna River. Hartford Hartford is the capital of Connecticut. Hartz see "Harz" Harwell Harwell is a village in Berkshire. It is the site of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment. Harwich Harwich is a seaport in Essex. It is located where the River Stour and the River Orwell meet to flow out into the North Sea. Haryana Haryana is a state in north west India. Harz The Harz (Hartz) is the most northerly mountain range of Germany extending roughly 100km from south-east to north-west and about 32 km wide embracing the towns of Klausthal, Goslar and Blankenburg. The highest peak is Brocken. Haslemere Haslemere is a small town set in the Weydown common in Surrey. Hastings Hastings is a sea town in Sussex. William the conqueror invaded at hastings in 1066 where he defeated King harold 2nd. Havana Havana is the capital of Cuba. Havant Havant is a town in Hampshire. Originally a market town, it is now an over spill of Portsmouth. Haverhill Haverhill (pronounced Hayverill) is a town in Suffolk. Hawaii Hawaii is a group of islands in the Pacific and a state of the USA. Heacham Heacham is a village in Norfolk. Heathfield Heathfield is a village, now expanding into a town, in Sussex. It was an important centre of the Sussex iron industry in previous times. Hebei Hebei is a province in north China. Hebrides The Hebrides is a group of 500 islands west of Scotland. Hefei Hefei is the capital of Anhui province, China. Heilongjiang Heilongjiang is a province in north east China. Heilungkiang Heilungkiang is a province of China. Hellshire Hellshire is a hilly region in south-east Jamaica extending to the coast. The Hellshire Hills are a very beautiful part of the island sporting magnificient cactii and are the home to a variety of wildlife including Iguana. Helsinki Helsinki is the capital of Finland. Hemel Hempstead Hemel Hempstead is a new town in Hertfordshire. It was founded in 1947 on the south slopes of the Chiltern Hills. Henan Henan is a province in east China. Hengrave Hengrave is a village in Suffolk. It is noted for its tiny church and magnificent mansion. Herat Herat is the capital of Herat province, Afghanistan, on the north bank of the Hari Rud. Hercegovina Hercegovina is an area of Yugolsavia. Hereford and Worcester Hereford and Worcester is a county in west central England. Herringfleet Herringfleet is a village in north east Suffolk. Hertfordshire Hertfordshire is a county in south east England. Hesse Hesse is an administrative region in Germany. Heydon Heydon is a village in Norfolk. Highland Region The Highland Region is an administrative region of Scotland. Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh is a state in north west India. Himalayas The Himalayas are a mountain range in central Asia. Hindhead Hindhead is a twon in Surrey on the old Portsmouth to London road (now the A3). Hindu Kush Hindu Kush is a mountain range in central Asia. Hiroshima Hiroshima is an industrial city and port on the south coast of Honshu, Japan. It was destroyed on the 6th of August 1945 when it was the target of the first atomic bomb. Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) is the chief port and an industrial city in south Vietnam. Saigon was the capital of South Vietnam from 1954 until 1976. Hobart Hobart is the capital of Tasmania. Hohhot Hohhot (formerly Huhehot) is the capital of Inner Mongolia. Hokkaido Hokkaido is the most northern of the main Japanese islands. Hollesley Hollesley (pronounced Hozely) is a small village in Suffolk. Hollywood Hollywood is a suburb of Los Angeles, California. It is the centre of the USA film industry. Holt Holt is a town in Norfolk. Homs Homs is the capital of Homs district in western Syria. Honan Honan is a province of China. Honduras Honduras is a republic in Central America. It has a total area of 112,090 km2. The climate is subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains. The terrain is mostly mountains in interior, narrow coastal plains. Natural resources are timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fish. The religion is about 97% Roman Catholic; small Protestant minority. The language is Spanish, Indian dialects. Hong Kong Hong Kong is an island off the coast of China. It has a total area of 1,040 km2/ The climate is tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in autumn. The terrain is hilly to mountainous with steep slopes; lowlands in north. Natural resources are outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar. The religion is 90% eclectic mixture of local religions, 10% Christian. The language is Chinese (Cantonese), English. Honiara Honiara is the capital of the Solomon islands. Honington Honington is a town in Suffolk. Honolulu Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii on the south coast of Oahu. Honshu Honshu is the principal Japanese island. Hopa Hopa is a sea port on the Black Sea in east Turkey. Hopei Hopei is a province of China. Horsforth Horsforth is a town in west Yorkshire. Horsham Horsham is a town in West Sussex on the river Arun. Horsham is a town in Victoria, Australia on the river Wimmera. Horta Horta is a town on Fayal Island in the Azores. It features an excellent harbour and is a base for transatlantic flights. Houston Houston is a port in Texas linked by a canal to the Gulf of Mexico. Huang He Huang He (formerly Hwang-ho) is the chinese name for the Yellow River. Hubei Hubei is a province in central China. Hudson Bay Hudson Bay is an inland sea of north east Canada linked with the Atlantic by the Hudson Strait and with the Arctic by the Foxe Channel. Huhehot see "Hohhot" Hull Hull is a city and port on the River Humber in Humberside, England. Humberside Humberside is a county in north east England. Hunan Hunan is a province of China. Hungary Hungary is a republic in central Europe. It has a total area of 93,030 km2. The climate is temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers. The terrain is mostly flat to rolling plains. Natural resources are bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils. The religion is 67.5% Roman Catholic, 20.0% Calvinist, 5.0% Lutheran, 7.5% atheist and other. The language is 98.2% Hungarian, 1.8% other. Hungerford Hungerford is an old town in Berkshire on the Roman road to Bath. It was the scene of a massacre commited by Michael Ryan in the early 1990s. Hupei Hupei is the former name of Hebei province, China. Huron Huron is the second largest of the Great Lakes. Hwang-ho see "Huang_He" Hyderabad Hyderabad is the capital of Andhra Pradesh. Hythe Hythe is a town in Kent. It was formerly a sea port, it is now a seaside resort. Ibadan Ibadan is the capital of Oyo state, Nigeria. Ibiza Ibiza is one of the Balearic Islands. Iceland Iceland is a republic island in the north Atlantic. It has a total area of 103,000 km2. The climate is temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers. The terrain is mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply indented by bays and fiords. Natural resources are fish, hydroelectric and geothermal power, diatomite. The religion is 95% Evangelical Lutheran, 3% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 2% no affiliation. The language is Icelandic. Idaho Idaho is a state in north west America. Ightham Ightham is a village in Kent. Ijsselmeer Ijsselmeer is a lake in the Netherlands. It was formed in 1932 after the Zuider Zee was cut off by a dyke from the North Sea. Ile-de-France Ile-de-France is a region of northern France. Ilfracombe Ilfracombe is a seaside resort in Devon. Illinois Illinois is a midwest state of USA. Ilminster Ilminster is a town in Somerset, England. Its chief industries concern the manufacture of concrete and radio valves. Immingham Immingham is a port on the Humber in Humberside, England. It has a deep- sea oil terminal. Imphal Imphal is the capital of Manipur state in India. Inchon Inchon is the chief port of Seoul, South Korea. India India is a country in south Asia. It has a total area of 3,287,590 km2. The climate varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north. The terrain is upland plain in south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north. Natural resources are coal, iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, comite, natural gas, diamonds, crude oil, limestone. The religion is 82.6% Hindu, 11.4% Muslim, 2.4% Christian, 2.0% Sikh, 0.7% Buddhist, 0.5% Jains, 0.4% other. The language is Hindi, English, and 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telgu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; 24 languages spoken by a million or more people and numerous other languages and dialects. Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; English is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindustani is spoken widely throughout northern India. Indian ocean The Indian ocean is the sea separating Africa from Australia. It has a total area of 73,600,000 km2 Indiana Indiana is a state in midwest USA. Indonesia Indonesia is a group of 3000 islands in south east Asia. They have a total area of 1,919,440 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands. The terrain is mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains. Natural resources are crude oil, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver. The religion is 88% Muslim, 6% Protestant, 3% Roman Catholic, 2% Hindu, 1% other. The language is Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official); English and Dutch leading foreign languages; local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese. Indus The Indus is a river rising in Tibet and flowing 3059 km to the Arabian sea. Inn The River Inn is a European river which flows through Switzerland, the tyrol, Austria and Bavaria for 512km to the River Danube at Passau. Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia is an autonomous region of China. Innsbruck Innsbruck is the capital of Tirol state in western Austria. It is a tourist and winter sports centre. It hosted the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics. Inverness Inverness is a town in the Highland Region, Scotland. Iona Iona is an island in the Hebrides. Iowa Iowa is a state in midwest USA. Iowa City Iowa City is a city in Iowa state, USA. It was once the state capital. Ipoh Ipoh is the capital of Perak state in north west Malaysia. Ipswich Ipswich is the county town of East Suffolk. Iran Iran is a country in south west Asia. It has a total area of 1,648,000 km2. The climate is mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast. The terrain is rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts. Natural resources are petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulphur. The religion is 95% Shia Muslim, 4% Sunni Muslim, 2% Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and Bahai. The language is 58% Persian and Persian dialects, 26% Turkic and Turkic dialects, 9% Kurdish, 2% Luri, 1% Baloch, 1% Arabic, 1% Turkish, 2% other. Iraq Iraq is a country in south west Asia. It has a total area of 434,920 km2. The climate is desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers. The terrain is mostly broad plains; reedy marshes in southeast; mountains along borders with Iran and Turkey Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, phosphates, sulphur. The religion is 97% Muslim (60-65% Shia, 32-37% Sunni), 3% Christian or other. The language is Arabic (official), Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian. Irazu Irazu is an active volcano in Costa Rica. Ireland Ireland is a country and island west of Wales. It has a total area of 70,280 km2. The climate is temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time. The terrain is mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hills and low mountains; sea cliffs on west coast Natural resources are zinc, lead, natural gas, crude oil, barite, copper, gypsum, limestone, dolomite, peat, silver. The religion is 94% Roman Catholic, 4% Anglican, 2% other. The language is Irish (Gaelic) and English; English is the language generally used, with Gaelic spoken in a few areas, mostly along the western seaboard. Irian Jaya Irian Jaya is the western portion of the island of New Guinea. Irkutsk Irkutsk is a city in southern Russia. It was founded in 1652. Irrawaddy The Irrawaddy is the main river in Burma. It flows 2090 km from the Mali and N'mai rivers to the Bay of Bengal. Islamabad Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan. Islay Island Islay Island is one of the Inner Hebrides. It has an area of 609 square km and is chiefly used for dairy farming and distilling. Isle of Man The Isle of Man is an island in north west Britain. Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight is an island south of Hampshire. Islington Islington is a borough of London. It was previously called Isendone and Iseldone by the Romans. Israel Israel is a Jewish country in south west Asia. It has a total area of 20,770 km2. The climate is temperate; hot and dry in desert areas. The terrain is Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central mountains; Jordan Rift Valley Natural resources are copper, phosphates, bromide, potash, clay, sand, sulphur, asphalt, manganese, small amounts of natural gas and crude oil. The religion is 83% Judaism, 13.1% Islam (mostly Sunni Muslim), 2.3% Christian, 1.6% Druze The language is Hebrew (official); Arabic used officially for Arab minority; English most commonly used foreign language. Istanbul Istanbul is a major city in Turkey. Italy Italy is a country in south Europe. It has a total area of 301,230 km2. The climate is predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south. The terrain is mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands. Natural resources are mercury, potash, marble, sulphur, dwindling natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, coal The religion is almost 100% nominally Roman Catholic. The language is Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking; significant French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region; Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area. Ithake Ithake is an Ionian island in the Aegean sea. Ivory coast The ivory coast is a republic in west Africa. It has a total area of 322,460 km2. The climate is tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons-warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October). The terrain is mostly flat to undulating plains; mountains in northwest. Natural resources are crude oil, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt, bauxite, copper The religion is 63% indigenous, 25% Muslim, 12% Christian. The language is French (official), over 60 native dialects; Dioula most widely spoken Ixworth Ixworth is a village in Suffolk. Izmir Izmir (formerly Smyrna) is a port and naval base in Turkey. It is the headquarters of NATO's south east command. Jackson Jackson is the capital city of Mississippi state in the USA. Jackson is a town in Michigan, USA on the Grand River. Jaipur Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan. Jamaica Jaimaica is an island in the Caribbean. It has a total area of 10,990 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior. The terrain is mostly mountains with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain. Natural resources are bauxite, gypsum, limestone. The religion is predominantly Protestant (including Anglican and Baptist), some Roman Catholic. The majority of the population also believe in a form of magic known as Obeah. The language is English, Patois. Jammu Jammu is a state in north India Jan Mayen Jan Mayen Island is an island in the Artci Ocean. It has a total area of 373 km2. The climate is arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog. The terrain is volcanic island, partly covered by glaciers; Beerenberg is the highest peak, with an elevation of 2,277 meters. Japan Japan is a country in east Asia. It is comprised of several islands. It has a total area of 377,835 km2. The climate is varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north. The terrain is mostly rugged and mountainous. Natural resources are negligible mineral resources, fish. The religion is most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist rites; about 16% belong to other faiths, including 0.8% Christian. The language is Japanese. Java Java is an Indonesian island. Jedda see "Jiddah" Jericho Jericho is an Israeli-administered town in Jordan north of the Dead Sea. Jersey Jersey is the largest of the Channel islands. It has a total area of 117 km2. The climate is temperate; mild winters and cool summers. The terrain is gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along north coast. Natural resources are agricultural land. The religion is Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Congregational New Church, Methodist, Presbyterian The language is English and French (official), with the Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts. Jerusalem Jerusalem is an ancient city in Palestine. In 1948 it was divided bwteen Jordan, and the newly formed Israel. Jiangsu Jiangsu is a province on the coast of east China. Jiangxi Jiangxi is a province in south east China. Jiddah Jiddah (Jedda) is a port in Hejaz, Saudi Arabia on the east shore of the Red Sea. Jilin Jilin is a province in north east China. Jimma Jimma is a coffee producing town in Ethiopia. Jinan Jinan is the capital of Shandong province, China. Jinja Jinja is a manufacturing town on the shore of Lake Victoria in Uganda. Jinsha Jiang The Jinsha Jiang is a river in China. It rises in south west China and flows to Yibin where it forms the Chang Jiang. ce. It is hos Joban Joban is a district of north east Honshu in Japan. Johannesburg Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa. It is situated on the Witwatersrand river in Transvaal. â6 †ï‘ø ¾êÇ\ Johnstown Johnstown is an industrial town in Pennsylvania on the Conemaugh River. Jones Town Jones Town is an old ghetto region of Kingston, Jamaica. It is troubled by shootings involving gangs of youths from neighbouring regions. Jordan Jordan is a kingdom in south west Asia. It has a total area of 91,880 km2. The climate is mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April). The terrain is mostly desert plateau in east, highland area in west; Great Rift Valley separates East and West Banks of the Jordan River. Natural resources are phosphates, potash, shale oil. The religion is 92% Sunni Muslim, 8% Christian. The language is Arabic (official); English widely understood among upper and middle classes. Judaea Judaea was a division of Palestine during Roman times. Jugoslavia see "Yugolsavia" Juneau Juneau is the capital city of Alaska. Jura Jura is a mountain range in Switzerland and France. Jura is a French department on the border of France and Switzerland. Jura Mountains The Jura mountains run along the French Swiss border. Jutland Jutland is a peninsular of northern Europe. It was the scene of a naval battle during the first world war. K2 K2 (Chogori) is the second highest mountain in the Karakoram range on the border between China and Pakistan. It stands 8858 meters. It was first climbed in 1954 by an Italian expedition. Kabul Kabul is the capital of Afghanistan. Kairouan Kairouan is a Muslim holy city in Tunisia and a noted centre of carpet manufacturing. Kalahari desert The Kalahari desert is a semi-desert forming most of Botswana. Kalgan Kalgan is a city in north east China, now known as Zhangjiakou. Kalimantan Kalimantan is a province of Indonesia on the island of Borneo. Kamchatka Kamchatka is a mountainous peninsular separating the Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk. Kampala Kampala is the capital of Uganda. Kampuchea Kampuchea is a former name of Cambodia. Kandy Kandy is a city in central Sri Lanka. Kangchenjunga Kangchenjunga is a 8598 meter high mountain in the Himalayas on the Nepal and Sikkim border. It was first climbed in 1955 by a British expedition. Kano Kano is the capital of Kano state in northern Nigeria. Kanpur Kanpur is the capital of Kanpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Kansas Kansas is a state in central USA. Kansu Kansu is a province of China. Kaohsiung Kaohsiung is a sea port on the south west coast of Taiwan. It has aluminium works and also oil refineries. Kaposvar Kaposvar is a town in south west Hungary on the Kapos River. Kara Sea The Kara Sea is the part of the Arctic Ocean east of Novaya Zemlya. Between July and September it provides navigation to the Siberian ports. Kara-Kum The Kara-Kum is a sand desert in Turkmen east of the Caspian Sea. Karachi Karachi is the largest city and chief seaport in Pakistan. Karakoram Karakoram is a mountain range in central Asia. Karakorum Range The Karakorum Range is the part of the Himalayas between Kashmir and China. Karelia Karelia is an autonomous republic in Russia. Karen Karen is a white suburb of Nairobi in Kenya. Karnataka Karnataka (formerly Mysore) is a state in south west India. Karroo Karroo is a high plateau in the West Cape province of South Africa. It is irrigated by the Verwoerd dam on the Orange River. Kashmir Kashmir is an area of Asia divided between Pakistan and India. Kathmandu see "Katmandu" Katmandu Katmandu is the capital of Nepal. Katowice Katowice is an industrial city in Upper Silesia, southern Poland. Katyn Forest The Katyn Forest is a forest near Smolensk. Kawasaki Kawasaki is an industrial city on Honshu island, Japan. Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is a country in central Asia. Kazan Kazan is the capital of Tatar. It is a city on the banks of the river Volga. Keeling Islands see "Cocos_Islands" Kent Kent is a county in south east England. Kenton Kenton is a large village in Devon. Kentucky Kentucky is a state in south central USA. Kenya Kenya is a country in east Africa. It has a total area of 582,650 km2. The climate is varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior. The terrain is low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile plateau in west Natural resources are gold, limestone, diotomite, salt barytes, magnesite, feldspar, sapphires, fluorspar, garnets, wildlife The religion is 38% Protestant, 28% Roman Catholic, 26% indigenous beliefs, 6% Muslim The language is English and Swahili (official); numerous indigenous languages. Kerala Kerala is a state of south west India. Kerkira Kerkira is the Greek name for Corfu. Kermadec Islands The Kermadec Islands are a group of volcanic islands in the Pacific Ocean 960km north east of New Zealand. They were annexed by New Zealand in 1887. Kerman Kerman is a mountanous and desert region of south east Iran. It includes a large copper mining and refining plant. Kerry Kerry is a county in Munster province, Ireland. Ketama Ketama is the principal hash growing town in Morocco. Visitors are advised to stay away as the area is guarded by armed drug gangs. Kettering Kettering is a market town in Northamptonshire, England. Kharkov Kharkov is the capital of Kharkov region in the Ukraine. Khartoum Khartoum is the capital of Sudan. Khuzestan Khuzestan is a province in west Iran. It borders on Iraq. It is a large petroleum centre. Khyber Pass The Khyber Pass is a narrow gap in the Hindu Kush mountains separating Afghanistan and Pakistan. Kiangsi Kiangsi is a province of China. Kiangsu Kiangsu is a province of China. Kiev Kiev is the capital of Ukraine. Kigali Kigali is the capital of Rwanda. Kildare Kildare is a county of Leinster province, Ireland. Kilimanjaro Kilimanjaro is an inactive volcano in Tanzania. It is the site of the only glacier on the equator. Kilkenny Kilkenny is a county of Leinster province, Ireland. King A King is a male sovereign ruler of an independent state. King's Lynn King's Lynn (formerly Bishop's Lynn) is a seaport in Norfolk. Kingsbridge Kingsbridge is a town serving the South Hams farming district of Cornwall. Kingston Kingston is the capital of Jamaica. Kingston-upon-Thames Kingston-upon-Thames is an area of suburban greater London. Kingstown Kingstown is the capital of St. Vincent. Kinshasa Kinshasa (formerly Leopoldville) is the capital of Zaire. Kirghizia Kirghizia is a country in central Asia. Kiribati Kiribati is a country in the central Pacific. It has a total area of 717 km2. The climate is tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds. The terrain is mostly low-lying coral atolls surrounded by extensive reefs. Natural resources are phosphate (production discontinued in 1979). The religion is 48% Roman Catholic, 45% Protestant (Congregational), some Seventh-Day Adventist and Baha'i The language is English (official), Gilbertese. Kirin Kirin is the former name for Jilin, a province in China. Kirov Kirov is a town in Russia on the Vyatka river. Kishinev Kishinev is the capital of Moldavia. Kismayu Kismayu is a port in in Somalia. Kitakyushu Kitakyushu is an industrial city and port on north Kyushu in Japan. Klondike The Klondike is a former gold-mining area in the Yukon, Canada. Kobe Kobe is a deep water port in south Honshu, Japan. Korea Korea is two countries in east Asia, North Korea and South Korea. Kosciusko Kosciusko is the highest mountain in Australia. It is 2229 meters high, and is located in New South Wales. Kosovo Kosovo is an autonomous region of Serbia. Kourou The Kourou is a river in French Guiana. Kowloon Kowloon is a peninsular on the coast of China. Krakow Krakow is a city in Poland on the Vistula. Krems Krems is a market town in Austria on the river Danube. It was founded in the 10th century as an imperial fortress. Kristiansand Kristiansand is a seaport on the west coast of Norway. Krondstadt Krondstadt is the German name for the Romanian town of Brasov. Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur is the capital of Malaysia. Kuibyshev Kuibyshev (Kuybyshev) is the capital of Kuibyshev region, Russia. It is aport at the junctions of the river Volga and river Samara. Kunming Kunming is the capital of Yunnan province, China. Kurdistan Kurdistan is a region in south west Asia. Kuril Islands The Kuril Islands are a chain of 50 small islands stretching from the north east of Hokkaido, Japan. Kurils see "Kuril_Islands" Kuwait Kuwait is a country in south west Asia. It has a total area of 17,820 km2. The climate is dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters. The terrain is flat to slightly undulating desert plain. Natural resources are petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas. The religion is 85% Muslim (30% Shia, 45% Sunni, 10% other), 15% Christian, Hindu, Parsi, and other. The language is Arabic (official); English widely spoken. Kuwait City Kuwait City is the capital of Kuwait. Kwangtung Kwangtung is a province of China. Kweichow Kweichow is a province of China. Kyoto Kyoto was the capital of Japan from 794 until 1868. It is a University town on Honshu island linked by a canal with Biwa Lake. Kyushu Kyushu is the most southernly of the Japanese islands. La Paz La Paz is a city in Bolivia. It was founded by the Spanish in 1548. La Plata La Plata is a seaport city in Argentina. La Rioja La Rioja is a region of northen Spain. Labrador Labrador is the mainland part of the province of Newfoundland. Ladoga Lake Ladoga is the largest lake in Europe. It is located north east of Leningrad. Ladysmith Ladysmith is a town in Natal. It was besieged by Boers from November the 2 nd 1899 until February 28th 1900 when it was relieved by Sir R. H. Buller. Lagash Lagash was a Sumerian city north of Shatra in Iraq. It was important from 3000BC to 2700BC. It was discovered in 1877 by Earnest de Saroec. Lagos Lagos is the former capital of Nigeria. Lahore Lahore is the capital of Punjab. Lake Chad Lake Chad is a lake on the north east boundary of Nigeria. Lake Geneva Lake Geneva is the largest of the central European lakes. It is between Switzerland and France. Lake Magadi Lake Magadi is a soda lake in the Rift Valley below Nairobi in Kenya. It is one of the hottest places in Kenya. It is a popular spot for bird watching. Lake Michigan Lake Michigan is a lake in north central USA. Lake Owens Lake Owens is a lake in southern California on the east flank of Sierra Nevada. Lake Superior Lake Superior is the largest of the Great Lakes, and the second largest lake in the world. Lake Victoria Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa at 69400 km2. It lies between Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania and is a source of the Nile. Lakshadweep Lakshadweep is a group of coral islands in the Indian Ocean 320km off the Malabar coast. 10 of the islands are inhabited. Lampedusa Lampedusa is the largest of the Pelagi islands. It is between Malta and the Tunisian coast. Lancashire Lancashire is a county in north west England. Lancing Lancing is a village on the south coast of West Sussex, England; 3km east of Worthing. Langport Langport is an industrial town in Somerset. Languedoc-Roussillon Languedoc-Roussillon is a region in southern France. Lansing Lansing is the capital of Michigan. Lanzhou Lanzhou is the capital of Gansu province, China. Laois Laois is a county in Leinster province, Ireland. Laos Laos is a country in south east Asia. It has a total area of 236,800 km2. The climate is tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April). The terrain is mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus. Natural resources are timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones. The religion is 85% Buddhist, 15% animist and other. The language is Lao (official), French, and English. Lapland Lapland is a region of Europe within the arctic circle. Laptev Sea The Laptev Sea is an inlet of the Arctic Ocean between Severnaya Zemlya and New Siberian Island. Larissa In mythology, Larissa was a city in thessaly where Achilles was reportedly born. Las Palmas Las Palmas is a tourist resort on the north east coast of Gran Canaria. Latium Latium was an ancient region of central Italy on the Tyrrhenian Sea, extending between Etruria and Campania, and inhabited by the Latins, Volsci and Aequi. Latvia Latvia is a country in east Europe. The climate is mild. Physicaly the country is wooded lowland, marshes and lakes. The language is Latvian. The religion is mainly Lutheran Protestant with some Roman Catholic. Lausanne Lausanne is a resort and the capital of Vaud canton in western Switzerland. Laxfield Laxfield is a village in Suffolk. Lazio Lazio is a region of west central Italy. It was called Latium by the Romans. Le Havre Le Havre is an industrial port in Normandy, north west France on the River Seine. Le Mans Le Mans is the capital town of Sarthe department in north west France. It is host to a world famous motor race. Leadenhall Leadenhall is a meat and poultry market in London. It is so named because it was originaly held in a lead roofed hall at the corner of Gracechurch street. Leatherhead Leatherhead is an old town in Surrey. Lebanon Lebanon is a country in west Asia. It has a total area of 10,400 km2. The climate is Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers. The terrain is narrow coastal plain; Al Biqa (Bekaa Valley) separates Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon Mountains Natural resources are limestone, iron ore, salt; water-surplus state in a water-deficit region. The religion is 75% Islam, 25% Christian, NEGL% Judaism; 17 legally recognized sects-4 Orthodox Christian (Armenian Orthodox, Greek Orthodox, Nestorean, Syriac Orthodox), 7 Uniate Christian (Armenian Catholic, Caldean, Greek Catholic, Maronite, Protestant, Roman Catholic, Syrian Catholic), 5 Islam (Alawite or Nusayri, Druze, Ismailite, Shia, Sunni), and 1 Jewish. The language is Arabic and French (both official); Armenian, English Ledbury Ledbury is a market town in Herefordshire, England at the west foor of the Malvern hills. Leeds Leeds is a dismal industrial city in west Yorkshire, England. It stands on the River Aire. Leek Leek is a market town in Staffordshire, England 18 km north east of Stoke-On-Trent. Leeuwarden Leeuwarden is the capital city of Friesland province in the Netherlamds. It is noted for its cattle market. Leicester Leicester is an industrial city on the River Soar in England. Leicestershire Leicestershire is a county in central England. Leigh Leigh is a market town in Greater Manchester, England. Leinster Leinster is a south eastern province of the Republic of Ireland. Leipzig Leipzig is the capital city of Leipzig county in eastern Germany. It is 145km south west of Berlin. Leitrim Leitrim is a county in Connacht province in the Republic of Ireland bounded to the north west by Donegal Bay. Lemnos In mythology, Lemnos was a small island at the mouth of the Hellespont. Hephaestus landed on Lemnos when Zeus threw him out of heaven, and set up a forge on the island. Lena The Lena is one of the great navigatable Siberian rivers. It is 4480km long. Leningrad Leningrad was the name given to the town of Petrograd in 1924 which stands at the head of the Gulf of Finland in Russia. Leon Leon is a city in west Nicaragua. It was founded in 1524, and was the capital of Nicaragua until 1855. Leopoldville Leopoldville was a former name of Kinshasa city in Zaire. Leopolis Leopolis was a suburb founded by Pope Leo 4th in the 9th century. It was later renamed Leonine City and became a part of the city of Rome. Leptis Magna Leptis Magna was a city in Libya, 120km east of Tripoli. It was founded by the Phoenicians, conquered by Carthage and finally by the Romans in 47BC. Lesbos Lesbos is the former name of the Greek island of Lesvos. Lesotho Lesotho is a country within South Africa. It has a total area of 30,350 km2. The climate is temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers. The terrain is mostly highland with some plateaus, hills, and mountains. Natural resources are some diamonds and other minerals, water, agricultural and grazing land The religion is 80% Christian, rest indigenous beliefs. The language is Sesotho (southern Sotho) and English (official); also Zulu and Xhosa Lewes Lewes is the county town of East Sussex. Lewes came into prominence shortly after William The Conqueror invaded and erected a fort here. Lexington Lexington is a city in Massachusetts, USA. On the 19th April 1775 it was the scene of a battle during the American War of Independance. Lhasa Lhasa is the capital of the autonomous region of Tibet, in China. Liaoning Liaoning is a province of north eastern China. Liberia Liberia is a country in west Africa. It has a total area of 111,370 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers. The terrain is mostly flat to rolling coastal plains rising to rolling plateau and low mountains in northeast Natural resources are iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold. The religion is 70% traditional, 20% Muslim, 10% Christian. The language is English (official); more than 20 local languages of the Niger-Congo language group; English used by about 20%. Liberty City Liberty City is a mainly black slum area of Miami. It is generally considered a no-go area for whites, however much of its reputation is built upon racial prejudice rather than facts. It is the drug centre of Miami. Libreville Libreville is the capital city of Gabon. It stands on the estuary of the River Gabon. Libreville was founded in 1849 as a refuge for slaves freed by the French. Libya Libya is an arab country in north Africa. It has a total area of 1,759,540 km2. The climate is Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior. The terrain is mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions. Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, gypsum. The religion is 97% Sunni Muslim. The language is Arabic; Italian and English are widely understood in major cities. Lidice Lidice is a mining village in Czechoslovakia which was destroyed by the Nazis in 1942 as a reprisal for the assassination of Heydrich. Liechtenstein Liechtenstein is a country in west Europe. It has a total area of 160 km2. The climate is continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers. The terrain is mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western third. Natural resources are hydroelectric potential. The religion is 82.7% Roman Catholic, 7.1% Protestant, 10.2% other. The language is German (official), Alemannic dialect. Liege Liege is an industrial city and capital of Liege province in Belgium. It stands south east of Brussels on the Meuse River. Lille Lille is an industrial city, and the capital of Nord-Pas-de-Calais in France. Lilongwe Lilongwe is the capital of Malawi. Lima Lima is the capital of Peru. Limerick Limerick is the county town of Limerick in the Republic of Ireland. It was founded in the 12th century, and today is the main port in western Ireland. Limpsfield Limpsfield is a village in Surrey with a Norman church. Lincolnshire Lincolnshire is a county in central England. Linlithgowshire Linlithgowshire is a former name of West Lothian in Scotland. Linz Linz is a port on the river Danube in Austria. It features iron and steel works. Lipa Lipa is a town in the Philippines. It is a sugar, cocoa and maize processing centre. Lippe The Lippe is a 176 km long tributary river of the Rhine. Lisboa Lisboa is the Portugese name for Lisbon. Lisbon Lisbon is the capital of Portugal. Lithuania Lithuania is a country in east Europe. Littlehampton Littlehampton is a quiet seaside resort town in Sussex. Liverpool Liverpool is a city and seaport in Merseyside, north west England. It is Europe's main Atlantic port. Livingston Livingston is a new town in West Lothian, Scotland. It was founded in 1962 as an industrial town. Livingstone Livingstone is a town in Zambia on the Zambesi River. It was once the capital of Zambia. Livonia Livonia was a region of Europe which comprised much of what is today Latvia and Estonia. Ljubljana Ljubljana is the capital of Slovenia. Llanberis Llanberis is a mountain pass between Snowdon and Clyder Fawr in Gwynedd, Wales. Llanstephan Llanstephan is a village in Dyfed, Wales at the mouth of the River Towy. The Normans built a castle here. Loanda Loanda is a former name of Luanda, in Angola. Loch Lomond Loch Lomond is Scotland's largest lake. It is 70 km2. Loch Ness Loch Ness is a lake in the Highland region of Scotland reportedly the home of a sea monster. Locomotion Locomotion is the idea of movement from one place to another. Loddon Loddon is a small town in Norfolk. Lodz Lodz is an industrial town in central Poland 120km south west of Warsaw. Loire The Loire is the longest river in France. It rises in Cevennes and flows 1050 km to the Bay of Biscay at St. Nazaire. Lombardy Lombardy is a major industrial area in north Italy. Lome Lome is the capital of Togo. Lomza Lomza is a town in Bialystok, Poland on the Narew River. London London is the capital of England. Londonderry Londonderry is a county in Northern Ireland. Londrina Londrina is a city in Parana, Brazil. It is an industrial and commercial centre handling coffee, maize, cotton and livestock. Long Beach Long Beach is a Pacific coast resort and industrial suburb of Los Angeles. Long Island Long Island is an island off the coast of Connecticut and New York in the USA. Longford Longford is a county of Leinster province, Republic of Ireland. Looe Looe is a fishing village and tourist resort in Cornwall. Lorient Lorient is a sea port in Morbihan department, north west France. Lorraine Lorraine is a region of France. Los Alamos Los Alamos is a town in New Mexico, USA. It was the site for the testing of the first atomic bomb. Los Angeles Los Angeles is a city in south California, USA. It is the busiest port in California. It is one of the world's largest urban areas. Lostwithiel Lostwithiel is a market town in Cornwall, England on the River Fowey south east of Bodmin. Lot Lot is a department in south west France. Primary industry includes livestock, wine, cereals, coal and iron. Lothian Lothian is a region of Scotland. Lough Neagh Lough Neagh is a lake in Northern Ireland. It is the largest lake in the Britsh Isles at 396 km2. Loughrea Loughrea is a market town in Galway, Ireland. Louisiana Louisiana is a state in south USA. Louisville Louisville is a city on the Ohio river in Kentucky, USA. It is a university city and host to the world's largest tobacco market. Lourdes Lourdes is a town in south west France. It has a christian shrine to St. Bernadette which has a reputation for miraculous cures. Louth Louth is a county of Leinster in the Republic of Ireland. Lower Hutt Lower Hutt is an industrial city in New Zealand. Lower Saxony Lower Saxony is an area of North West Germany. Lowestoft Lowestoft is a seaside town in Suffolk. Luanda Luanda is the capital city of Angola. It was founded in 1575 and became a Portugese administrative centre and later an outlet for slaves being transported to Brazil. It is still a seaport today. Lucea Lucea is a sea port in north Jamaica. Lucerne Lucerne is the capital of Lucerne canton in Switzerland. Lucerne stands on the Reuss River where it flows out of Lake Lucerne. Lucerne grew up around the Benedictine monastery established around 750. Lucknow Lucknow is the capital of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is an industrial city which during the Indian mutiny against British rule was beseiged for several months. Ludham Ludham is a village on the Broads in Norfolk. Lumbini Lumbini is the borthplace of Buddha in the foothills of the Himalayas near the Nepalese-Indian border. A shrine and sacred garden were established here in 1970 by the Nepalese government. Lundy Island Lundy Island is a small island, 5 km long and 1 km wide, off the north Devon coast. Lusaka Lusaka is the capital of Zambia. Luton Luton is a town in Bedfordshire, England in the Chiltern Hills. Luxembourg Luxembourg is a small country in western Europe. It has a total area of 2,586 km2. The climate is modified continental with mild winters and cool summers. The terrain is mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle floodplain in the southeast Natural resources are iron ore which is no longer exploited. The religion is 97% Roman Catholic, 3% Protestant and Jewish. The language is Luxembourgish, German, French; many also speak English. Luxor Luxor is a village in Egypt on the East bank of the River Nile near the ruins of Thebes. Luzon Luzon is the largest island of the Philippines. Lydford Lydford was once a town in Devon, it is now a village. Lydia Lydia was an ancient kingdom in Anatonia around 6BC. Lyme Regis Lyme Regis is a town in Dorset. It was a busy medieval port. During the 18th century it became a seaside resort. It is still a good place to look for fossils. Lyndhurst Lyndhurst is a town in the New Forest in Hampshire. Lyons Lyons (Lyon) is an industrial city and capital of Rhone department in France. It is the third largest city in France and is situated at the confluence of the Rhone and Saone rivers. M'pongo M'pongo was a former name for the area now called Gabon. Macao see "Macau" Macapa Macapa is a city at the mouth of the Amazon river in Brazil. Macau Macau is a country in east Asia. It has a total area of 16 km2. The climate is subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers. The terrain is generally flat. Natural resources are negligible. The religion is mainly Buddhist; 17,000 Roman Catholics, of whom about half are Chinese The language is Portuguese (official); Cantonese is the language of commerce. Macclesfield Macclesfield is a town in Cheshire, England at the foot of the Pennines. It is 16km south of Stockport. Macedonia Macedonia is a republic of Yugolsavia. Maceio Maceio is a seaport in Brazil. Mackenzie The Mackenzie River flows 1800 km from the Great Slave Lake in the Northwest territories of Canada north west to the Atlantic Ocean. Madagascar Madagascar is an island country in the Indian ocean east of Africa. It has a total area of 587,040 km2. The climate is tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south. The terrain is narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center. Natural resources are graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish. The religion is 52% indigenous beliefs; about 41% Christian, 7% Muslim. The language is French and Malagasy (official) Madeira Madeira is a group of islands off the north west coast of Africa. Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh is a state in central India. Madras Madras is the capital of Tamil Nadu. Madrid Madrid is the capital of Spain. Madurai Madurai is a city in Tamil Nadu, India. It is the site of the 16th century Hindu temple of Sundareswara. Magadha Magadha was a kingom of ancient India. Magdeburg Magdeburg is an industrial city and port on the River Elbe in eastern Germany. Maghreb Maghreb is a name for north west Africa. Maharashta Maharashta is a state in west central India. Maharashtra Maharashtra is a state in west central India. Maidenhead Maidenhead is a town in Berkshire. Maidstone Maidstone is the county town of Kent. It stands on the River Medway. Maidstone came into prominence in the 14th century when it was a centre of revolt. Maine Maine is a state in north east USA. Majorca Majorca is the largest of the Balearic Islands. Makhachkala Makhachkala is the capital of Dagestan. Malabo Malabo is the capital of Equatorial Guinea. Malaga Malaga is an industrial seaport and holiday resort in Spain. Malawi Malawi is a country in south east Africa. It has a total area of 118,480 km2. The climate is tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November) The terrain is narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills, some mountains Natural resources are limestone; unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxite The religion is 55% Protestant, 20% Roman Catholic, 20% Muslim; traditional indigenous beliefs are also practiced The language is English and Chichewa (official); other languages important regionally. Malaysia Malaysia is a country in south east Asia. It has a total area of 329,750 km2. The climate is tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons The terrain is coastal plains rising to hills and mountains. Natural resources are tin, crude oil, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite. The religion is Peninsular Malaysia - Malays nearly all Muslim, Chinese predominantly Buddhists, Indians predominantly Hindu; Sabah - 38% Muslim, 17% Christian, 45% other; Sarawak - 35% tribal religion, 24% Buddhist and Confucianist, 20% Muslim, 16% Christian, 5% other. The language is Peninsular Malaysia - Malay (official); English, Chinese dialects, Tamil; Sabah - English, Malay, numerous tribal dialects, Mandarin and Hakka dialects predominate among Chinese; Sarawak - English, Malay, Mandarin, numerous tribal languages. Maldives The Maldives is a 1196 island group country in the Indian ocean. They have a total area of 300 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August). The terrain is flat with elevations only as high as 2.5 meters. Natural resources are fish. The religion is Sunni Muslim. The language is Divehi (dialect of Sinhala; script derived from Arabic); English spoken by most government officials. Maldon Maldon is a town in Essex on the River Blackwater. Male Male is the capital of the Maldives. Mali Mali is a country in north west Africa. It has a total area of 1,240,000 km2. The climate is subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February. The terrain is mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast Natural resources are gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium; bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited. The religion is 90% Muslim, 9% indigenous beliefs, 1% Christian. The language is French (official); Bambara spoken by about 80% of the population; numerous African languages Mallorca see "Majorca" Malmo Malmo is an industrial port in south west Sweden. Malta Malta is an island country in the mediterranean. It has a total area of 320 km2. The climate is Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers. The terrain is mostly low, rocky, flat to dissected plains; many coastal cliffs. Natural resources are limestone, salt. The religion is 98% Roman Catholic. The language is Maltese and English (official) Malton Malton is a market town in north Yorkshire, England on the River Derwent. Maluku The Maluku are a group on Indonesian islands formerly known as the Spice Islands. Malvinas Malvinas is the Argentine name for the Falkland Islands Mamore The Mamore is a river in north Bolivia and Brazil. It rises in the Andes. It is 1920km long. Managua Managua is the capital city of Nicaragua. It is on the shore of lake Managua. Manama Manama is the capital and a free trade port of Bahrain. Manaus Manaus is the capital of Amazonas in Brazil. It stands on the Rio Negro near to its confluence with the Amazon. Manche Manche is a department in north west France. Primary industry is dairy farming and cattle. Manchester Manchester is a major city in north west England on the River Irwell 50 km east of Liverpool. Manchuria Manchuria is the European name for a region of north east China. Mandalay Mandalay is the chief town of Upper Burma. It stands on the River Irrawaddy 495 km north of Rangoon. Manhattan Manhattan is an island, 20 km long and 4 km wide lying between the Hudson and East rivers and forming a borough of the city of New York in the USA. Manila Manila is the capital of the Philippines. Manipur Manipur is a state in north east India. Manitoba Manitoba is a province in west Canada. Mantle The mantle is the layer of the earth's crust between the crust and the core. Maputo Maputo is the capital of Mozambique. Maracaibo Maracaibo is an oil-exporting port in Venezuela on the channel connecting Lake Maracaibo with the Gulf of Venezuela. Marche Marche is a region of east central Italy consisting of the provinces of Ancona, Ascoli Piceno, Macerata and Pesaro e Urbino. Margate Margate is a seaside resort town in Kent. Mariana Trench The mariana trench is a 2414 km long gorge in the north west Pacific. Marianas The Marianas is an archipelago in the north west Pacific. Market Bosworth Market Bosworth is a village 19km west of Leicester in England. Marlborough Marlborough is a town in Wiltshire. Marmara Marmara is a small inland sea separating Turkey in Europe from Turkey in Asia. It is 275 km long and 80 km wide. Marocco Marocco is a 19th century spelling for Morocco. Marple Marple is a residential town in Greater Manchester, England. It is 5km east of Stockport. Marrakesh Marrakesh is a town in Morocco in the foothills of the Atlas Mountains. Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the sun. Marseilles Marseilles is the chief seaport in France, and an important industrial centre. Marshall Islands The Marshall islands are a group of 2 chains of islands in the west Pacific. They have a total area of 181.3 km2. The climate is wet season May to November; hot and humid; islands border typhoon belt The terrain is low coral limestone and sand islands. Natural resources are phosphate deposits, marine products, deep seabed minerals The religion is predominantly Christian, mostly Protestant. The language is English universally spoken and is the official language; two major Marshallese dialects from Malayo-Polynesian family; Japanese. Martinique Martinique is an island country in the Caribbean. It has a total area of 1,100 km2. The climate is tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to October) The terrain is mountainous with indented coastline and dormant volcanos. Natural resources are coastal scenery and beaches, cultivable land. The religion is 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu and pagan African. The language is French, Creole patois. Maryland Maryland is an eastern state of the USA. Maseru Maseru is the capital of Lesotho. Massachusetts Massachusetts is a state in the USA. Massif Central Massif Central is a mountainous plateau region of southern central France. Mataro Mataro is a seaport in Spain near Barcelona. Mato Grosso Mato Grosso is a region of south west Brazil. Mauritania Mauritania is a country in north west Africa. It has a total area of 1,030,700 km2. The climate is desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty. The terrain is mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central hills. Natural resources are iron ore, gypsum, fish, copper, phosphate. The religion is nearly 100% Muslim. The language is Hasaniya Arabic (national); French (official); Toucouleur, Fula, Sarakole, Wolof. Mauritius Mauritius is an island country in the Indian ocean east of Madagascar. It has a total area of 1,860 km2. The climate is tropical modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May). The terrain is small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains encircling central plateau. Natural resources are arable land, fish. The religion is 51% Hindu, 30% Christian (mostly Roman Catholic with a few Anglicans), 17% Muslim, 2% other The language is English (official), Creole, French, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bojpoori. Mayo Mayo is a county in Connacht province, Republic of Ireland. Mayotte Mayotte is an island in the Comoro Archipelago. It has a total area of 375 km2. The climate is tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November). The terrain is generally undulating with ancient volcanic peaks, deep ravines. Natural resources are negligible. The religion is 99% Muslim; remainder Christian, mostly Roman Catholic. The language is Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French. Mbabane Mbabane is the capital of Swaziland. Mbabne Mbabne is the capital of Swaziland. Meath Meath is a county in Leinster province, Republic of Ireland. Mecca Mecca is a city in Saudi Arabia and the birth place of Muhammad. Medellin Medellin is an industrial town in central Cordillera, Columbia. Medina Medina is a city in Saudi Arabia 355km north of Mecca. Mediterranean The mediterranean is an inland sea separating Africa from Europe. Medoc Medoc is a wine producing region of bordeaux in south west France. Medway The River Medway is a river dividing East and West Kent. It flows to the Thames estuary. Meghalaya Meghalaya is a state in north east India. Megiddo Megiddo is the site of a former fortress town in northern Israel. Mekong The Mekong is a river which rises in Tibet and flows 4500km to the South China Sea. Melbourne Melbourne is the capital of Victoria. Melksham Melksham is a town in Wiltshire on the River Avon. In medieval times Melksham was surrounded by forest, but it has developed since then. Memphis Memphis is a city on the river Mississippi in Tennesse, USA. It was the site of the assassination of Martin Luther King in 1968. Mendips The mendips are a range of hills 40 km long and 8 km wide in Somerset. Mercia Mercia was a region of England in Anglo-Saxon times. Meroe Meroe was an ancient city in Sudan on the Nile near Khartoum. It was the capital of Nubia from 600BC until 350AD. Mersey The Mersey River rises in the Pennines and flows 113 km to the Irish Sea at Liverpool. Merseyside Merseyside is a metropolitan county in north west England. Mesopotamia Mesopotamia was the land between the river Euphrates and the river Tigris. Today it is part of Iraq. Mexico Mexico is a country in Central America. It has a total area of 1,972,550 km2. The climate is varies from tropical to desert. The terrain is high, rugged mountains, low coastal plains, high plateaus, and desert Natural resources are crude oil, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber The religion is 97% nominally Roman Catholic, 3% Protestant. The language is Spanish. Mexico City Mexico City is the capital of Mexico. Miami Miami is a city and port in Florida. Michigan Michigan is a state in northern USA. Michipicoten The Michipicoten River flows 200 km through Ontario to Lake Superior. Mid Glamorgan Mid Glamorgan is a county in Wales. Middlesbrough Middlesbrough is a town in Cleveland, England. Middlesex Middlesex was once an English county. It is now part of Greater London. Midhurst Midhurst is a small town in Sussex. Midi-Pyrenees Midi-Pyrenees is a region of south western France. Midlands The Midlands is a region of England corresponding roughly with the old region of Mercia. Midway Islands The Midway Islands are 2 islands in the Pacific north west of Honolulu. They have a total area of 5.2 km2. The climate is tropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds. The terrain is low, nearly level. Natural resources are fish and wildlife. Milan Milan is an industrial city and the capital of Lombardy in Italy. Milano Milano is the Italian name for Milan. Milwaukee Milwaukee is an industrial port in Wisconsin, USA. Mindanao Mindanao is the 2nd largest of the philippines. Minehead Minehead is a seaside resort town in Somerset. During the Middle Ages Minehead was an important fishing port. Minnesota Minnesota is a north west state in the USA. Minorca Minorca is the 2nd largest Balearic Island. Minsk Minsk is an industrial city and capital of Byelorussia. Mississippi Mississippi is a southern state of the USA. Missouri Missouri is a central state in the USA. The Missouri is the longest river in the USA. It is 3942km long. Missouri River The Missouri River is a river in central USA. It is a tributary of the Mississippi which it joins at St Louis. Misti Misti is an inactive volcano in Peru. It stands 5801 metres high. Mitidja Mitidja is a plain in Algeria. It borders the Meditteranean. Mjosa Mjosa is the largest lake in Norway. It is 88km long. Moab Moab was an ancient country in Jordan east of the southern part of the River Jordan and the Dead Sea. Mobile Mobile is a seaport in Alabama on the River Mobile. Modane Modane is a town in south east Savole in France. Modena Modena is a town in Italy. Modesto Modesto is a town in California, USA. Primary industry is peach production. Mogadishu Mogadishu is the capital and chief port of Somalia. Mojave see "Mojave_Desert" Mojave Desert The Mojave Desert is an arid region of southern California. Moldavia Moldavia is a country in east Europe. Mombasa Mombasa is an industrial port in Kenya, built upon Mombasa Island and the adjacent mainland. Mon Mon is an island off the coast of Sjaaelland, Denmark. Mona Passage The Mona Passage is the straight in the Caribbean sea separating Hispaniola from Puerto Rico. Monaco Monaco is a country in south Europe. It has a total area of 1.9 km2 The climate is Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. The terrain is hilly, rugged, rocky. It has no natural resources. The religion is 95% Roman Catholic. The language is French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque. Monaghan Monaghan is a county of Ulster province, Northern Ireland. Mondego The Mondego is a 208 km long river in Portugal. Mongolia Mongolia is a country in central east Asia. It has a total area of 1,565,000 km2. The climate is desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) The terrain is vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in southeast Natural resources are coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold The religion is predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, about 4% Muslim. The language is Khalkha Mongol used by over 90% of population; minor languages include Turkic, Russian, and Chinese. Monmouthshire Monmouthshire is a former county of Wales. Monrovia Monrovia is the capital of Libya. Mont Blanc Mont Blanc is the highest mountain in the Alps at 4807 meters high. Montana Montana is a state in west USA. Monte Bello Island Monte Bello Island is a small island off the north west coast of Australia. The first British atomic weapon was exploded here in 1952. Montenegro Montenegro is a region of Yugolsavia. Monteria Monteria is the capital city of Cordoba province in Colombia. Monterrey Monterrey is an industrial city in north east Mexico. Montevideo Montevideo is the capital of Uruguay. Montreal Montreal is an inland port and industrial city in Quebec, Canada. It stands at the junction of the Ottawa River and St. Lawrence River. Montserrat Montserrat is a volcanic island in the Caribbean. Moravia Moravia is a district of central europe. Morelia Morelia is a town in west Mexico. It is built on a rocky hill. Moreton Moreton is a town in Dorset beside the River Frome. Morocco Morocco is a country in north west Africa. It has a total area of 446,550 km2. The climate is Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior. The terrain is mostly mountains with rich coastal plains. Natural resources are phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt The religion is 98.7% Muslim, 1.1% Christian, 0.2% Jewish. The language is Arabic (official); several Berber dialects; French is language of business, government, diplomacy, and postprimary education. Moscow Moscow is the capital of Russia. Mount Cook Mount Cook is the highest point at 3764 meters of the Southern Alps, in New Zealand. Mount Erebus see "Erebus" Mount Fuji see "Fujiyama" Mount McKinley Mount McKinley is a mountain peak in Alaska, the highest in North America at 6194 meters. Mount of Olives The Mount of Olives is a range of hills east of Jersualem. Mount St Helens Mount St Helens is a volcanic mountain in Washington state, USA. Mozambique Mozambique is a country in south east Africa. It has a total area of 801,590 km2. The climate is tropical to subtropical. The terrain is mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in northwest, mountains in west Natural resources are coal, titanium. The religion is 60% indigenous beliefs, 30% Christian, 10% Muslim. The language is Portuguese (official); many indigenous dialects. Munchen see "Munich" Munich Munich is an industrial city and the capital of Bavaria, Germany. Munster Munster is a southern province of the Republic of Ireland. Murmansk Murmansk is a seaport in north west Russia on the Barents Sea. Murray The Murray is the principal river in Australia. Muscat Muscat is the capital of Oman. My Lai My Lai is a village in southern Vietnam. It was the scene of the massacre of 109 civilians by USA troops under the command of Lt William Calley in 1968. Mycenae Mycenae was an ancient Greek city in the East Peloponnese which gave its name to the Mycenaen civilization. N'Djamena N'Djamena is the capital of Chad. Nachingwea Nachingwea is a military training base in Tanzania that was used by the ANC. Nadir The Nadir is the point opposite to the Zenith, i.e., the point of the heavens directly below the observer. Nagaland Nagaland is a state in north east India. Nagano Nagano is a city on the River Sinanogawa in Japan. It is a cultural centre with industry comprised of publishing, manufacturing and food- processing. Nagasaki Nagasaki is an industrial port on Kyushu Island, Japan. It was destroyed by an antomic bomb dropped on it by the USA on 9th August 1945. Nagorno Karabakh Nagorno Karabakh is a region of Azerbaijan. Nagoya Nagoya is the 3rd city of Japan. It is a major port and industrial centre. Naha Naha is the capital city of Okinawa Island. Nairobi Nairobi is the capital of Kenya. Naivasha Lake Naivasha was a Maasai grazing ground outside of Nairobi until it was discovered by Joseph Thomson in 1884. The British persuaded the Maasai to give up their grazing rights so that villas for white settlers could be built. Today Lake Naivasha is a beauty spot and home to a plethora of wildlife. Nakua'lofa Nakua'lofa is the capital of Tonga. Namibia Namibia is a country in south west Africa. It has a total area of 824,290 km2. The climate is desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic. The terrain is mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in east. Natural resources are diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, zinc, salt, vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspected deposits of coal and iron ore. The religion is predominantly Christian. The language is Afrikaans principal language of about 60% of white population, German of 33%, and English of 7% (all official); several indigenous languages. Nanchang Nanchang is an industrial city and the capital of Jianqxi province, China. Nanjing Nanjing is the capital of Jiangsu. Nanning Nanning is an industrial river port and the capital of Guangxi Zhuang region, China. Naples Naples is an industrial port and capital of Campania, Italy on the Tyrrhenian Sea coast. Naseby Naseby is a village in Northamptonshire, England. It was the scene of a decisive battle in the English civil war when the Royalists were defeated by the Oliver Cromwell and General Fairfax. Nashville Nashville is the capital of Tennessee. Nassau Nassau is the capital of the Bahamas. Natal Natal is a province in South Africa north east of Cape Province in southern Africa. Nauru Nauru is an island country in the south west Pacific (Polynesia). It has a total area of 21 km2. The climate is tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February). The terrain is sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised coral reefs with phosphate plateau in center. Natural resources are phosphates. The religion is Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Roman Catholic). The language is Nauruan, a distinct Pacific Island language (official); English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes. Navarre Navarre is an autonomous mountain region of northern Spain. Nebraska Nebraska is a state in central USA. Negev The Negev is a desert in south Israel. Negril Negril is a tourist resort in west Jamaica. The beach is 11km long and protected by an off-shore reef. If you visit, watchout for the "wolves". If you don't know what a "wolf" is, then be prepared to spend a lot of money! Nepal Nepal is a country in the himalayas. It has a total area of 140,800 km2. The climate is varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winter in south The terrain is Tarai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, central hill region, rugged Himalayas in north Natural resources are quartz, water, timber, hydroelectric potential, scenic beauty; small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore. The religion is only official Hindu state in world, although no sharp distinction between many Hindu (about 88% of population) and Buddhist groups; small groups of Muslims and Christians. The language is Nepali (official); 20 languages divided into numerous dialects. Netherlands The Netherlands is a country in west Europe. has a total area of 37,290 km2. The climate is temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters. The terrain is mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeast. Natural resources are natural gas, crude oil, fertile soil. The religion is 36% Roman Catholic, 27% Protestant, 4% other, 33% unaffiliated. The language is Dutch. Netherlands Antilles The Netherlands Antilles are two groups of islands in the caribbean belonging to the Netherlands, but having full autonomy. Netherlands Antilles The Netherlands Antilles are two islands in the Caribbean near Venezuela. Nevada Nevada is a state in west USA. New Brighton New Brighton is a town in Merseyside, England at the entrance to the Mersey estuary. It is a resort and residential town. New Brunswick New Brunswick is a province in east Canada. New Brusnwick New Brusnwick is a maritime province in east Canada. New Caledonia New caledonia is an island group in the south Pacific. It was discovered by Cook on 4th September 1774. New Guinea New Guinea is an island in the south west Pacific. New Hampshire New Hampshire is a state in north east USA. New Hebrides New Hebrides was the name of Vanuatu until 1980. New Jersey New Jersey is a state in north east USA. New Mexico New Mexico is a state in south west USA. New Orleans New Orleans is a commercial and industrial city and river port on the Mississippi river in Louisiana, USA. New South Wales New south Wales is a state in south east Australia. New York New York is a state in north east USA. New Zealand New Zealand is a two island country in the south Pacific. It has a total area of 268,680 km2. The climate is temperate with sharp regional contrasts. The terrain is predominately mountainous with some large coastal plains. Natural resources are natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower, gold, limestone The religion is 81% Christian, 18% none or unspecified, 1% Hindu, Confucian, and other. The language is English (official), Maori. Newbury Newbury is a town in Berkshire north of Basingstoke. It was a prehistoric settlement and the Normans built a castle here. Today Newbury is famous the world over for its race course. Newcastle Upon Tyne Newcastle-Upon-Tyne is an industrial port and commercial centre in Tyne And Wear, England. Newfoundland Newfoundland is a province in north east Canada bordering the Atlantic. Newhaven Newhaven is a seaport town in Sussex. It hosts the cross-channel ferry service to Dieppe. Newport Newport is a town on the Isle of Wight. It is the commercial capital of the Isle of Wight and is situated on the River Medina. Newquay Newquay is a seaside resort in Cornwall. It was first a settlement during the Iron age. Ngong Ngong is an area of Kenya outside Nairobi. The Ngong Hills are revered by the Maasai. One Maasai story tells how a giant stripped over Kilimanjaro on his way north, and as he fell his hand squeezed the earth and formed the Ngong Hills. Niagra Falls Niagra Falls is two waterfalls on the Niagra River, on the Canada and USA border, separated by Goat Island. Niamey Niamey is the capital of Niger. Nicaragua Nicaragua is a country in Central America. It has a total area of 129,494 km2. The climate is tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands. The terrain is extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior mountains and a narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes. Natural resources are gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish. The religion is 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Protestant. The language is Spanish (official); English - and Indian - speaking minorities on the Atlantic coast. Nice Nice is a tourist city in southern France. Nicosia Nicosia is the capital of Cyprus. Niedersachsen Niedersachsen is the German name for Lower Saxony. Niger Niger is a country in west Africa. It has a total area of 1,267,000 km2. The climate is desert, mostly hot, dry, dusty and tropical in the extreme south. The terrain is predominately desert plains and sand dunes with flat to rolling plains in the south and hills in the north. Natural resources are uranium, coal, iron ore, tin and phosphates. The religion is 80% Muslim, remainder indigenous beliefs and Christians. The language is French (official); Hausa, Djerma. Nigeria Nigeria is a country in west Africa. The climate is tropical in the center and arid in the north. The terrain is southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus with mountains in the southeast and plains in north. Natural resources are crude oil, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc and natural gas. The religion is 50% Muslim, 40% Christian, 10% indigenous beliefs. The language is English (official); Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Fulani, and several other languages also widely used. Nile The Nile is the world's longest river and is in Africa. Ningxia Hui Ningxia Hui is an autonomous region of north west China. Niue Niue (Savage Island) was formerly one of the Cook Islands. It has a total area of 260 km2. The climate is tropical; modified by southeast trade winds. The terrain is steep limestone cliffs along coast, central plateau. Natural resources are fish, arable land. The religion is 75% Ekalesia Nieue (Niuean Church)-a Protestant church closely related to the London Missionary Society, 10% Mormon, 5% Roman Catholic, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventist. The language is Polynesian tongue closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English. Niut Ammon Niut Ammon was the Egyptian name of the city of Thebes. Norfolk Norfolk is a county on the east coast of England. Norfolk Island Norfolk Island is a remote Pacific island. It was discovered by Cook in 1774. It was a penal settlement from 1788 to 1853. It is now a tourist resort. It has a total area of 34.6 km2. The climate is subtropical, mild, little seasonal temperature variation. The terrain is volcanic formation with mostly rolling plains. Natural resources are fish. The religion is Anglican, Roman Catholic, Uniting Church in Australia, and Seventh-Day Adventist. The language is English (official) and Norfolk - a mixture of 18th century English and ancient Tahitian. Normandy Normandy is a region of north France. North Carolina North Carolina is a state in the USA. North Dakota North Dakota is a state in the USA. North Korea North Korea is a country in east Asia. has a total area of 120,540 km2. The climate is temperate with the rainfall concentrated in the summer. The terrain is mostly hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow valleys; coastal plains wide in west, discontinuous in east. Natural resources are coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold, pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower, The religion is Buddhism and Confucianism; religious activities now almost nonexistent. The language is Korean. North Moravia North Moravia is a region of Czechoslovkia. North Sea The North Sea is the sea to the east of Britain. North-West Passage The North-West Passage is a sea route from the Atlantic to the Pacific around the north of Canada. Northamptonshire Northamptonshire is a county in central England. Northern Ireland Northern Ireland is a part of Ireland which was created in 1921 when the mainly Protestant counties of Ulter withdrew from the newly formed Irish Free State. It is part of Great Britain and comes under English rule. Northern Territory Northern territory is a territory of Australia. Northumberland Northumberland is a county in north England. Northumbria Northumbria was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom covering north east England and south east Scotland. Northwest territories Northwest territories are a territory of Canada. Norway Norway is a Scandinavian country in north west Europe. It has a total area of 324,220 km2. The climate is temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior; rainy year-round on west coast. The terrain is glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords; arctic tundra in north. Natural resources are crude oil, copper, natural gas, pyrites, nickel, iron ore, zinc, lead, fish, timber, hydropower. The religion is 94% Evangelical Lutheran (state church), 4% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 2% other. The language is Norwegian (official); small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities. Norwich Norwich is a city in Norfolk, England on the River Wensum. It has a university and a castle. Its main industry is footwear and printing. Norwich is a town in Conneecticut, USA. Its industry is comprised primarily of textiles. Nottingham Nottingham is an industrial city in Nottinghamshire, England. Nottinghamshire Nottinghamshire is a county in central England. Nouakchott Nouakchott is the capital of Mauritania. Nova Scotia Nova scotia is a province in east Canada. Novi Sad Novi Sad is an industrial and commercial city and capital of Vojvodina province, Yugoslavia. It is located on the River Danube. Noviomagus see "Chichester" Novosibirsk Novosibirsk is an industrial city in west Siberia. Nuba The nuba is a mountain range in Sudan. Nukua'lofa Nukua'lofa is the capital of Tonga. Numazu Numazu is a manufacturing town on Honshu island, Japan. Nuremberg Nuremberg is an industrial city in Bavaria, Germany. Nuuk Nuuk is the Greenland name for Godthaab. Nykobing Nykobing is a seaport in Denmark. Oadby Oadby is a town in Leicestershire. It is 5KM south east of Leicester. Oahu Oahu is the main island of Hawaii. Honolulu is on Oahu island. Oare Oare is a village in Somerset in the Exmoor valley. Oaxaca Oaxaca is the capital city of Oaxaca state in Mexico. It is the site of gold and silver mines. Oaxaca is a mountainous, agricultural state on Mexico's Pacific coast. Ob The Ob is a river in Siberia. It flows 4160 km from the Altai mountains to the Gulf of Ob. Oberammergau Oberammergau is a village in Bavaria. Ocean An ocean is a great expanse of water which surrounds the land masses of the earth. Oder The Oder river flows 896 km from Moravia to the Baltic through Silesia and Pomerania forming a frontier between Poland and Germany. Odessa Odessa is a port on the Black Sea built by the Empress Catharine of Russia in 1784. Offa's Dyke Offa's Dyke is an earthwork which was constructed by Offa, then King of Mercia, in in the 8th century as a boundary between Wales and England. Offaly Offaly is a county of Leinster province, Republic of Ireland. Offenbach Offenbach is a town in Germany on the River Malne. Ogbomosho Ogbomosho is a commercial city in western Nigeria. Ohio Ohio is a mid west state in the USA. It was settled by the French in 1673. Okehampton Okehampton is a town in Devon on dartmoor. Okhotsk The Sea of Okhotsk is an arm of the North Pacific Ocean between the Kamchatka Peninsula and Sakhalin. It is frozen most of the year, clearing in summer, and is often fogbound. Okinawa Okinawa is an island in the west Pacific. Oklahoma Oklahoma is a state in south west USA. Olenek The Olenek is a river in northern Siberia. It flows 2160 km west from the Lena River to the Laptev Sea. Olten Olten is a town in Switzerland on the River Aare. Olympus Olympus is the name of several mountains in Greece. The most famous being Miunt Olympus north of Thessaly. Oman Oman is a country in Arabia. Omdurman Omdurman is a city in Sudan on the White Nile, opposite Khartoum. It was the scene of a battle in 1898 when the Mahdi were defeated by the British under Kitchener. Omsk Omsk is a city in west Siberia at the confluence of the Irtysh and Om rivers. It is an important railway port on the Trans-Siberian railway. Omuta Omuta is a seaport town in west Kyushu, Japan, on the Amakusa Sea coast. Ontario Ontario is a province in central Canada. Lake Ontario is the smallest and easternmost of the Great Lakes. It is on the USA Canada border and drains into the St. Lawrence River. Oporto Oporto is an industrial city in Portugal on the Douro river, 5km from its mouth. Orange Free State The Orange Free State is a province of South Africa. Orasul Stalin Orasul Stalin was the name of the Romanian town of Brasov from 1948 to 1956. Oregon Oregon is a state in the west of the USA. Orinocco The Orinocco is a river in South America. It flows 2400km through Venezuela to form part of the boundary with Colombia. Orinoco The orinoco is a river in south America. Orissa Orissa is a state in north east India. Orkney see "Orkney_Islands" Orkney islands The orkney islands are a group of islands off the north east coast of Scotland. Osaka Osaka is an industrial port on Honshu island, Japan. Oshogbo Oshogbo is a city and trading centre on the River Niger in west Nigeria. Oslo Oslo is the capital of Norway. Ostava Ostava is an industrial city in Czechoslovakia. Osterreich Osterreich is the Austrian name for Austria. Ostia Ostia is an ancient town in Italy near the mouth of the Tiber. Otaru Otaru is a seaport town in Japan. Ottawa Ottawa is the capital of Canada. Otterbourne Otterbourne is a village in Hampshire in the Itchen valley on the Southampton to Winchester road. Ouagadougou Ouagadougou is the capital of Burkina Faso. Oudh Oudh is a region of northern India, it is now part of Uttar Pradesh. Ouse The Ouse is a river formed by the river Swale and river Ure. It flows through North Yorkshire and Humberside to the humber estuary. It is 208km long. The Ouse is a river in East Sussex which flows to the English Channel at Newhaven. It is 48km long. The Great Ouse is a river which rises in south Northamptonshire and flows north east to the Wash. It is 250km long. Oxford Oxford is a famous university city about 80 km west of London. Oxfordshire Oxfordshire is a county in south England. Ozark Mountains The Ozark Mountains are a forested mountain range in Oklahoma and Arkansas, USA. Ozd Ozd is a town in Hungary. Pacific The Pacific ocean is the world's largest ocean. Padstow Padstow is a fishing town in Cornwall. Padua Padua is a city in north Italy, 45km west of Venice. Pakistan Pakistan is a muslim republic in south Asia. It has a total area of 803,940 km2. The climate is mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north. The terrain is flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan plateau in west. Natural resources are land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited crude oil, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone. The religion is 97% Muslim (77% Sunni, 20% Shia), 3% Christian, Hindu, and other. The language is Urdu and English (official); total spoken languages-64% Punjabi, 12% Sindhi, 8% Pashtu, 7% Urdu, 9% Balochi and other; English is lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries, but official policies are promoting its gradual replacement by Urdu. Palau Palau was a former name, until 1981, of the Republic of Belau in the west Pacific. Palermo Palermo is a seaport and the capital of Sicily. Palestine Palestine is the area of between the mediterranean and the river Jordan. Palma Palma is an industrial port and resort and capital of the Balearic Islands on Majorca. Pamirs The Pamirs is a plateau in central Asia. Pampas Pampas are flat, treeless plains in Argentina between the Andes and the Atlantic. Panama Panama is a country in central America. It has a total area of 78,200 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May). The terrain is interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland plains; coastal areas largely plains and rolling hills. Natural resources are copper, mahogany forests, shrimp. The religion is over 93% Roman Catholic, 6% Protestant. The language is Spanish (official); 14% speak English as native tongue; many Panamanians bilingual. Panama Canal The Panama Canal is a canal across the Panama isthmus connecting the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans. Panama City Panama City is the capital of Panama. Panipat Panipat is a town in north west India on the Jumna river. It has been the scene of a number of battles. Papaloa The Papaloa is a river in Mexico. Papeete Papeete is the capital of Tahiti. Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea is a country in the south west Pacific. It has a total area of 461,690 km2. The climate is tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation. The terrain is mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills. Natural resources are gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil potential. The religion is over half of population nominally Christian (490,000 Roman Catholic, 320,000 Lutheran, other Protestant sects); remainder indigenous beliefs. The language is 715 indigenous languages; English spoken by 1-2%, pidgin English widespread, Motu spoken in Papua region. Paraguay Paraguay is a country in South America. It has a total area of 406,750 km2. The climate is varies from temperate in east to semiarid in far west. The terrain is grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran Chaco region west of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the river, and dry forest and thorny scrub elsewhere. Natural resources are iron ore, manganese, limestone, hydropower, timber. The religion is 90% Roman Catholic; Mennonite and other Protestant denominations. The language is Spanish (official) and Guarani. Paramaribo Paramaribo is the capital of Surinam. Parana The Parana is a river in South America formed by the confluence of the Rio Grande and Paranaiba. Paris Paris is a port and the capital city of France. Parma Parma is the capital city of Parma province in Italy. It is from Parma that parmesan cheese comes. Parnassus Parnassus is a mountain in central Greece. It stands 2457 meters high and was revered as the home of Apollo. Paros Paros is a Greek island west of Naxos. It is the source of Parian marble. Parthia Parthia was an ancient country in west Asia in what is now north eastern Iran. Passchendaele Passchendaele is a village in west Flanders, Belgium near to Ypres. Patras Patras is an industrial city on the Gulf of Patras, in Greece. Pays de la Loire Pays de la Loire is an agricultural region of west France. Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor is a USA naval base in Oahu, Hawaii. Peking see "Beijing" Peloponnese Peloponnese is a peninsula forming the southern part of Greece. Pemba Pemba is an island with Tanzania. Pembrokeshire Pembrokeshire is a former county in the extreme south west of Wales. It became part of Dyfed in 1974. Penang Penang is a port on the island of Penang in Malaysia. Pennines The pennines are a mountain range in England. Pennsylvania Pennsylvania is a state in north east USA. Pentland Firth The Pentland Firth is the most difficult navigational passage on the coasts of the United Kingdom due to the great strength of the tidal streams. Pentland Hills The Pentland Hills are a range of rounded hills in the Lothian, Borders and Strathclyde regions of Scotland. Pentonville Pentonville is a prison in Islington, London. Penzance Penzance is a town in Cornwall, England. It was the first Cornish town to become a resort. Penzance gained its prosperity from the local tin-mining industry, and smuggling. It was razed to the ground in 1595 by the Spanish, but was rebuilt. Perlis Perlis is a State of Malaysia. Perranporth Perranporth is a village in Cornwall. It was originally a tin-mining village, reaching its peak in 1874. Today it is a seaside resort. Persepolis Persepolis was the ancient capital of the Persian Empire. It was located 65km north west of Shiraz. Persia Persia was an ancient kingdom in south west Asia. Persian Gulf The Persian Gulf is a shallow bay linked by the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman to the Arabian Sea. Perth Perth is the capital of western Australia. Perthshire Perthshire is a former inland county of central Scotland. Peru Peru is a country in South America. It has a total area of 1,285,220 km2. The climate varies from tropical in the east to dry desert in the west. The terrain is western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva). Natural resources are copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash. The religion is predominantly Roman Catholic. The language is Spanish and Quechua (official), Aymara. Peshawar Peshawar is the capital of North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Petersfield Petersfield is a town in Hampshire. It was first chartered in the 12th century, and became properous through the wool trade and then became an important coaching centre. Today Petersfield is a lot quieter. Petrograd Petrograd was the name of Leningrad from 1914 until 1924. Petropavlovsk Petropavlovsk is the capital and only town in Kamchatka. Petworth Petworth is an old country town in Sussex. It is the site of Petworth house, a great mansion built by the Duke of Sommerset towards the end of the 17th century. Pharos Pharos is an island off Alexandria on which stood a tower lighthouse built by Ptolemy Philadelphus. Philadelphia Philadelphia is an industrial city and port on the Delaware river in Pennsylvania, USA. Philippines The Philippines is an archipelago country in the Pacific Ocean and South China Sea. It has a total area of 300,000 km2. The climate is tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October). The terrain is mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands. Natural resources are timber, crude oil, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper. The religion is 83% Roman Catholic, 9% Protestant, 5% Muslim, 3% Buddhist and other. The language is Pilipino (based on Tagalog) and English; both official.*Poland Poland is a country in central Europe. Phnom Penh Phnom Penh is the capital of Kampuchea. Phoenicia Phoenicia was a country in the ancient world. It was located on a narrow strip of land along the coast of what is now called Lebanon. Phoenix Phoenix is the capital of Arizona. Phom Penh Phom Penh is the capital of Kampuchea. Phrygia Phrygia is a former kingdom of western Asia covering Anatolia. Picardy Picardy was a province of northern France between Normandy and Flanders. Pichincha Pichincha is an inactive volcano in Ecuador. It stands 4789 metres high. Piddletrenthide Piddletrenthide is one of the most scenic villages in Dorset. Piedmont Piedmont is a region of northern Italy bordering Switzerland on the north and France on the west. Pilgrims' Way The Pilgrims' Way is a track running from Winchester to Canterbury, England which was the route of medieval pilgrims visiting the shrine of Thomas a Becket. Pisa Pisa is a city in Tuscany, Italy famous for its leaning tower. Pitcairn islands The Pitcairn islands are a British colony north east of New Zealand. They have a total area of 47 km2. The climate is tropical, hot, humid, modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March). The terrain is rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs. Natural resources are miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish. The religion is 100% Seventh-Day Adventist. The language is English (official); also a Tahitian/English dialect. Pittsburgh Pittsburgh is an industrial city and inland port where the Allegheny and Monogahela meet to form the Ohio River in Pennsylvania, USA. Pizen Pizen is an industrial city and capital of Zapadocesky region, Czechoslovakia. Plymouth Plymouth is a city and seaport in Devon. Pointe-Noire Pointe-Noire is the chief port of the Congo. It was the capital of the Congo from 1950 until 1958. Poitou-Charentes Poitou-Charentes is a region of west central France. Poland Poland is a country in central Europe. It has a total area of 312,680 km2. The climate is temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers. The terrain is mostly flat plain, mountains along southern border. Natural resources are coal, sulphur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt. The religion is 95% Roman Catholic (about 75% practicing), 5% Russian Orthodox, Protestant, and other. The language is Polish. Pompeii Pompeii was an ancient city in Italy at the foor of Vesuvius, 21km south east of Naples. It was destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius in 79. Pondicherry Pondicherry is a union territory of south east India. Poole Poole is a sea port in Dorset, England. It is famed for its pottery. Popocatapetl Popocatapetl is a volcano in Mexico. It is 5452 metres high. Popocatepeti Popocatepeti is a volcano in Amecameca, south east Mexico. It is 5340 meters high. Porlock Porlock is a village in Somerset on the edge of Exmoor. Port Antonio Port Antonio is a small town with two natural harbours in east Jamaica. Port Au Prince Port Au Prince is the capital of Haiti. Port Elizabeth Port Elizabeth is an industrial port in Cape province, South Africa. Port Louis Port Louis is the capital of Mauritius. Port moresby Port moresby is the capital of Papua New Guinea. Port Morseby Port Morseby is a port and the capital of Papua New Guinea, on the south coast of New Guinea. Port of Spain Port of Spain is the capital of Trinidad and Tobago. Port Rashid Port Rashid is a port serving Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. Portmore Portmore was a large swamp in south-east Jamaica. During the mid-1990's it was drained and a large housing estate built upon it. As the area is very flat and exposed, temperatures rise to amongst the highest on the island. Porto Novo Porto Novo is the capital of Benin. Portsmouth Portsmouth is a seaport in Hampshire. It is home to the Royal Navy. The first dock was built in 1194 by Richard I. In 1495 the world's first dry dock was built at Portsmouth. Portugal Portugal is a country in south west Europe. It has a total area of 92,080 km2. The climate is maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south. The terrain is mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in south. Natural resources are fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marble. The religion is 97% Roman Catholic, 1% Protestant denominations, 2% other. The language is Portuguese. Powys Powys is a county in central Wales. Poznan Poznan is an industrial city in western Poland. Prague Prague is the capital of Czechoslovakia. Praia Praia is the capital of Cape Verde. Pressburg Pressburg is the German name for Bratislava. Pretoria Pretoria is the administrative capital of South Africa. Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island is a province of Canada. It was originally called Isle St-Jean by Cartier who discovered it in 1534. Provence Alpes Cote d'Azur Provence Alpes Cote d'Azur is a region in south east France. Prussia Prussia was a kingdom in northern Germany from 1618 until 1867 when it became part of Germany. Puddletown Puddletown is one of the most attractive villages in Dorset. Puerto Rico Puerto Rico is a country in the Caribbean. It has a total area of 9,104 km2. The climate is tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature variation. The terrain is mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north; mountains precipitous to sea on west coast Natural resources are some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore crude oil. The religion is mostly Christian, 85% Roman Catholic, 15% Protestant denominations and other. The language is Spanish (official); English is widely understood.*Punjab Punjab is a state in north west India. Pune Pune is an industrial city in Maharashtra, India. It was formerly called Poona. Punjab Punjab is a state in north west India. Pusan Pusan is the chief industrial port of South Korea. Pyongyang Pyongyang is the capital of North Korea. Pyrenees The Pyrenees are a mountain range between France and Spain. Pyrford Pyrford is an ancient village near to Woking in Surrey, England. It was founded at a ford over the river Wey. Qatar Qatar is a country in Arabia. It a total area of 11,000 km2. The climate is desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer. The terrain is mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel. Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, fish. The religion is 95% Muslim. The language is Arabic (official); English is commonly used as second language.*Queensland Queensland is a state in north east Australia. Qinghai Qinghai is a province in north west China. Qisarya Qisarya is a Mediterranean port north of Tel Aviv, Israel. Quantocks The Quantocks are a 19 km long ridge of hills in Somerset. Quebec Quebec is a province and also the capital of the province in east Canada. Queen Camel Queen Camel is a village in Somerset. Queensland Queensland is a state in north east Australia. Quezon City Quezon City is a town in the Philippines on Luzon island. It was the capital of the Philippines from 1948 until 1976. Quito Quito is the capital of Ecuador. Rabat Rabat is the capital of Morocco. Rajasthan Rajasthan is a state in north west India. Ramsgate Ramsgate is a town in Kent. It was once an important port, after 1827 it became popular as a seasid resort following a visit by George IV. Rangoon Rangoon is the capital of Burma. Rannoch Rannoch is a loch in Perth and Kinross. It is 14km long and 1.6km wide. It drains into the river Tay. Rapa Nui Rapa Nui is another name for Easter Island. Raung Raung is a volcano in Indonesia. It stands 3332 metres high. Rawalpindi Rawalpindi is a city in Punjab province, Pakistan at the foothills of the Himalayas. Razorbill The razorbill is a north atlantic sea bird. Reading Reading is a city in Berkshire north of Basingstoke. Reading is on the River Thames and because of its strategic importance was occupied by the Danes in 871. Red Sea The Red Sea is a submerged section of the Great Rift Valley. It is a sea 2000km long with Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia and Saudi Arabia on its shores. Regina Regina is the capital of Saskatchewan. Regnum see "Selsey" Reigate Reigate is an old town in Surrey. It was not called Reigate until the 12th century, previous to that it was the manor of the Earl of Surrey. Reims Reims is the capital of Champagne Ardenne region in France. Rennes Rennes is an industrial city and capital of Ille-et-Vilaine department, western France. Reunion Reunion is an island in the Indian ocean. Reykjavic Reykjavic is the capital of Iceland. Reykjavik Reykjavik is the capital of Iceland. Rhine The rhine is a river that rises in Switzerland and flows through Germany and the netherlands. Rhode Island Rhode island is the smallest state in the USA. Rhodes Rhodes is a Greek island. Rhodesia Rhodesia was a white ruled country in Africa. It went over to black rule and divided into Zambia and Zimbabwe. Rhone The Rhone is a river that rises in Switzerland and flows to Lyon in France. Ribble The River Ribble rises in the Pennines and flows 121 km to the Irish Sea near Southport. Richmond Richmond is a Royal manor on the River Thames in greater London. Rif The Rif Mountains are a mountain range in Morocco. They extend along the north African coast for 320 km from the Straits of Gibraltar. Riga Riga is the capital city of Latvia. It is a Baltic sea port. Ringwood Ringwood is a market town in Hampshire by the River Avon. Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro is a city in south east Brazil. It is a sea port. It is the capital city of Guanabara state and former federal state capital. Rio Grande The Rio Grande is a river rising in the rockies in Colorado and flowing to the Gulf of Mexico. The Rio Grande is the headstream of the River Parana in Brazil. It is 1040km long. River Derwent The River Derwent is the largest river in Tasmania. It is 190km long. The River Derwent is a river in Derbyshire. It is a tribute of the River Trent. It is 96km long. The River Derwent is a river in north Yorkshire. It is a tribute of the River Ouse. It is 91km long. River Lea The river Lea rises in the Chiltern hills near Luton and flows south and east into the river Thames at East London. It is 74km long. River Ribble The River Ribble rises in the Pennines and flows west to the Irish sea near Preston. It is 120km long. River Tay The Tay river flows south east from Loch Tay in Perth and Kinross to the Firth of Tay. It is 188km long and the longest river in Scotland. River Thames The river Thames rises in the Cotswold hills and flows past Oxford, Reading, Windosr and London to the North Sea. It is 336km long. River Trent The River Trent rises in north staffordshire, flows around the south Pennines and joins the River Ouse to form the Humber estuary. It is 240km long. River Tummel The River Tummel is a tributary of the River Tay. It is 88km long. River Wear The river Wear rises in the Pennines, and flows through Durham to the North Sea at Sunderland. It is 96km long. Riyadh Riyadh is the royal capital of Saudi Arabia. It is 368km inland from the Persian Gulf. Rize Rize is a market city in east Turkey. Rochdale Rochdale is a town in Greater Manchester, England. It was the site of the founding of the cooperative movement in 1844. Rochester Rochester is a town in Kent. It was originally a Celtic settlement, it is now a connercial town. Rockall Rockall is a small island in the Atlantic Ocean 320km west of the Outer Hebrides. It was annexed by Britain in 1955. Rocky Mountains The rocky mountains are a mountain range in west USA. Romania Romania is a country in south east Europe. It has a total area of 237,500 km2. The climate is temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms. The terrain is central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the plain of Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps. Natural resources are crude oil (reserves being exhausted), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt. The religion is 80% Romanian Orthodox; 6% Roman Catholic; 4% Calvinist, Lutheran, Jewish, Baptist. The language is Romanian, Hungarian, German. Rome Rome is the capital of Italy. Romsey Romsey is a market town in the Test Valley, Hampshire. It stands on the River Test 14km north west of Southampton. Ronda Ronda is an ancient Moorish town in Malaga, Spain. Ronne Ronne is the capital of Bornholm Island in Denmark. It is a fishing port and ceramics centre. Roosendaal Roosendaal is a sugar-refining town in the Netherlands. Roquefort Roquefort is a town in south France famous for its particular brand of cheese. Rorke's Drift Rorke's Drift is a ford on the Buffalo River in South Africa, about 32km south-east of Dundee. It was the scene of a famous and gallant defence by a few British soldiers against 4000 Zulus on January 22, 1879 in which a large number of Victoria Cross medals were awarded for bravery. Roscoff Roscoff is a seaport on the north coast of France. It was here that Mary Steuart landed in 1548. Roscommon Roscommon is a county of Connacht province, Republic of Ireland. Roseau Roseau is the capital of Dominica. Ross Dependency The Ross Dependency is a large area of the Antarctic belonging to New Zealand. Rossendale Fells The Rossendale Fells is an upland in south east Lancashire. They are an extension of the Pennines between the River Mersey and River Ribble. Their altitude is mainly above 360m. Rostock Rostock is a medieval city in Germany close to the Baltic coast. Rostov Rostov is a port on the River Don near to the Azov Sea. It is one of Russia's oldest agricultural centres. Rother The Rother is a river in Derbyshire and south Yorkshire. It is 34km long. Rotherham Rotherham is a manufacturing town in South Yorkshire on the River Don 6km north east of Sheffield. Rothwell Rothwell is a coal mining town in West Yorkshire. It stands on the River Aire 5km south east of Leeds. Rotorua Rotorua is a spa town in Auckland, New Zealand. Rotterdam Rotterdam is a city and seaport in the Netherlands. Rottingdean Rottingdean is a village in Sussex 6 km from Brighton. Ruhr The Ruhr is a river in Germany. Runnymede Runnymede is a green expanse of meadows outside Egham in Surrey. Russia Russia is a country in east Europe. Rustavi Rustavi is a new town in Georgia 32km south east of Tbilisi. It has a large metallurgical plant. Rutbah Rutbah is a town on the trans-desert route from Iraq to Haifa. Rwanda Rwanda is a country in central Africa. It has a total area of 26,340 km2. The climate is temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible. The terrain is mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west. Natural resources are gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas, hydropower. The religion is Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous beliefs and other 25%. The language is Kinyarwanda, French (official); Kiswahili used in commercial centers. Ryde Ryde is a seaport on the Isle of Wight. It is a popular seaside resort and is the main point of entry to the island with connecting ferries to Portsmouth. Rye Rye is a town in Surrey popular with tourists for its Tudor, Stuart and Georgian houses. Ryssel Ryssel is the Flemish name for Lille. Ryukyu Islands The Ryukyu Islands are the southernmost island group of Japan. Saarland Saarland is a heavily forested state in Germany. Sahara The Sahara is a north African desert extending from the Atlantic to the Nile. Saigon see "Ho_Chi_Minh_City" Saint Lucia Saint Lucia is a country in the Caribbean. Sakartvelo Sakartvelo is the Georgian name for the country of Georgia. Sakhalin Sakhalin is an island in the Pacific north of Japan. Salado The Salado is a river in north west Argentina. It is 800km long. Salch Salch is a seaport near Fez in Morocco. Salcombe Salcombe is a seaside resort town in Devon. Salerno Salerno is the capital of Salerno province in south Italy. The allied landings took place here in 1943. Salisbury Salisbury is the former name of Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe. Salisbury is an old town in Wiltshire built upon the junction of the River Avon and the River Nadder. Salt Lake City Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah, USA. Salvador Salvador is a port and naval base in Bahia state, Brazil. Salzburg Salzburg is the capital of Salzburg state, Austria. It stands on the River Salzburg. Samarkand Samarkand is the capital of Samarkand region, Uzbek. Samoa Samoa is a volcanic island group in the south west Pacific. San Antonio San Antonio is a city in south Texas, USA. San Diego San Diego is a city and military base in California, USA. San Francisco San Francisco is a Pacific port in California, USA. San Jose San Jose is the capital of Costa Rica. San Juan San Juan is the capital of Puerto Rico. San Luis San Luis is the capital of San Luis province in Argentina. It is a cattle, grain and wine producing centre. San Luis Potosi San Luis Potosi is a silver-mining city and the capital of San Luis Potosi state in central Mexico. San Marino San Marino is a country in north Italy. It has a total area of 60 km2. The climate is Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers. The terrain is rugged mountains. Natural resources are building stones. The religion is Roman Catholic. The language is Italian. San Salvador San Salvador is the capital of El Salvador. San'a San'a is the capital of North Yemen. Sandhurst Sandhurst is a village in berkshire. Sandown Sandown is a seaside resort on the Isle of Wight 3 km north of Shanklin. Sandwich Sandwich is an old town and one time naval port in Kent. Sandwich Islands The Sandwich Islands is a former name of Hawaii. Sangay Sangay is a volcano in Ecuador. It is 5410 metres high. Santiago Santiago is the capital of Chile. Santillana del Mar Santillana del Mar is a village in Santander provibce, Spain. Santo Domingo Santo Domingo is the capital and chief sea port of the Dominican Republic. Sao Paulo Sao Paulo is a city in Brazil. It is South America's leading industrial city producing electronics, steel and chemicals. Sao Tome Principe Sao Tome Principe is a country off the west coast of Africa. It has a total area of 960 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May). The terrain is volcanic, mountainous. Natural resources are fish. The religion is Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist. The language is Portuguese (official). Sapele Sapele is a town in Nigeria south of Benin. It is a plywood plant. Sapporo Sapporo is the capital of Hokkaido, Japan. Saragossa Saragossa is an industrial city in Aragon, Spain. Sarajevo Sarajevo is the capital of Bosnia Hercegovina. Sarawak Sarawak is a Malaysian state on the island of Borneo. Sardinia Sardinia is a mountainous island in the mediterranean. Sargasso Sea The Sargasso Sea is part of the north Atlantic. Circling ocean currents leave it static, and its surface is covered with floating weed. Sark Sark is one of the Channel islands. Saskatchewan Saskatchewan is a province in west Canada. Saskatoon Saskatoon is a town in Canada. It is 241 km north west of Regina. Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia os a country in Arabia. Sauerland Sauerland is a district in west Germany. Savanna-La-Mar Savanna-La-Mar is a sea port in south west Jamaica. It has an unusual claim to fame as the port most devastated by hurricanes in the world. Save The save is a river which rises in the alps and flows through Yugolsavia and Italy and terminates in the danube at belgrade. Savoy Savoy is an area of France between the Alps, Lake Geneva and the Rhone. Saxony Saxony was a former kingdom in germany. Scandinavia Scandinavia is a peninsula in north west Europe. Scarpe The scarpe is a river in France. Scilly Islands The Scilly Islands are a group of 140 islands south west of Cornwall. Scotland Scotland is a country north of England. Scyros Scyros is an island in the aegean sea. Theseus was killed and buried on Scyros. Scythia Scythia is a region north of the Black Sea between the Carpathian mountains and the river Don. Sea of Okhotsk see "Okhotsk" Sedgemoor Sedgemoor is a battlefield in Sommerset where the Duke of Monmouth was defeated on july the 6th 1685. Sedlescombe Sedlescombe is a village in Sussex dating back to at least Anglo-Saxon times. Seine The Seine is a French river. Selsey Selsey was once an island in the English Channel, it is now a peninsular in Sussex. It was the site of a Roman settlement called Regnum. Selworthy Selworthy is a village in the Vale of Porlock, in Somerset. Semarang Semarang is a port in north Java. Sempach Sempach is a town in Switzerland where Swiss independance was gained in 1386. Senegal Senegal is a country in west Africa. It has a total area of 196,190 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has strong southeast winds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry harmattan wind. The terrain is generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast. Natural resources are fish, phosphates, iron ore. The religion is 92% Muslim, 6% indigenous beliefs, 2% Christian (mostly Roman Catholic). The language is French (official); Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo. Seoul Seoul is the capital of South Korea. Serajevo Serajevo is the capital of Bosnia in Yugolsavia. Serbia Serbia is a country in Yugolsavia. Sevenoaks Sevenoaks is a residential town in Kent. Severn The Severn is a river in England. It rises in Plynlimmon and flows 354 km to the Bristol Channel. Seville Seville is a sea port on the Guadalquir River in Spain. It is the capital city of Seville province. It is a major commercial, industrial and cultural centre. Seychelles The seychelles is an island group country in the Indian ocean north of Madagascar. It has a total area of 455 km2. The climate is tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May). The terrain varies. The Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others are coral, flat, elevated reefs Natural resources are fish, copra, cinnamon trees. The religion is 90% Roman Catholic, 8% Anglican, 2% other. The language is English and French (official); Creole. Sfax Sfax is a sea-port in Tunisia. Shaanxi Shaanxi is a province of north west China. Shaftesbury Shaftesbury is a town in Dorset. It was originally an Anglo-Saxon fortified town. Shamokin Shamokin is a town in Pennsylvania. Shandong Shandong is a province in north east China. Shanghai Shanghai is a port on the Huang-pu and Wusong rivers in Jiangsu province, China. Shanklin Shanklin is a town in the Isle of Wight. Shannon The Shannon is the longest river in Ireland. Shansi Shansi is a province of China. Shantung Shantung is a province of China. Shanxi Shanxi is a province in north west China. Sharjah Sharjah is a member state of the United Arab Emirates. It is located on the Arabian Gulf, north east of Dubai. Sharpeville Sharpeville is a black township on South Africa. Shatt-al-Arab Shatt-al-Arab is the waterway formed by the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris. It flows 190km to the Arabian Gulf. Sheba Sheba was the ancient name for what is now South Yemen. Shechem Shechem was an ancient city in Palestine, and the capital of Samaria. Sheffield Sheffield is an industrial city in Yorkshire, England. It is famous for its steel industries, and fine cutlery. Shekel The shekel is the currency of Israel. Shendi Shendi is a town in Egypt. Shensi Shensi is a province of China. Shenyang Shenyang is the capital of Liaoning. Sherborne Sherborne is a picturesque village in Dorset. Sherwood Forest Sherwood Forest is an area of west Nottinghamshire, England. It was formerly a royal forest. Shetland The shetland are a group of islands north of Scotland. Shikoku Shikoku is the smallest of the four main Japanese islands. Shropshire Shropshire is a county in west England. Shusha Shusha is a town and former fortress in Azerbaijan. Siberia Siberia is a region of north Asia. Sichuan Sichuan is a province in central China. Sicily Sicily is an island south west of Italy. Sidmouth Sidmouth is a seaside resort town in Devon. Sierra Leone Sierra Leone is a country in west Africa. It has a total area of 71,740 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April) The terrain is coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau, mountains in east. Natural resources are diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite. The religion is 30% Muslim, 30% indigenous beliefs, 10% Christian, 30% other or none. The language is English (official); regular use limited to literate minority; principal vernaculars are Mende in south and Temne in north; Krio is the language of the resettled ex-slave population of the Freetown area and is lingua franca. Sierra Madre Sierra Madre is a system of 3 mountain ranges in Mexico. Sikkim Sikkim is a state in north east India. Silchester Silchester is a village in Hampshire. It was originally a Celtic settlement. The Romans formed a settlement, calling it Calleva Atrebatum. Silesia Silesia is a region in Europe. Sinai Sinai is an Egyptian peninsula at the head of the Red Sea. Singapore Singapore is an island country in south east Asia. It has a total area of 632.6 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid, rainy; no pronounced rainy or dry seasons; thunderstorms occur on 40% of all days (67% of days in April). The terrain is lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water catchment area and nature preserve. Natural resources are fish, deepwater ports. The religion is majority of Chinese are Buddhists or atheists; Malays nearly all Muslim (minorities include Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, Taoists, Confucianists). The language is Chinese, Malay, Tamil, and English (official); Malay (national). Sinop Sinop is a sea port with a natural harbour on the Black Sea in north Turkey. In 1853 the Russians sank the Turkish fleet at Sinop and so began the Crimean War. Siquijor Siquijor is an island in the Philippines 32 km south of sebu. Skiddaw Skiddaw is a mountain in Cumbria north of Keswick. It is 931 metres tall. Skien Skien is a town in Norway. Skopje Skopje is an industrial city and the capital of Macedonia. Skye Skye is an island of the Hebrides. Slamat Slamat is a volcano in Indonesia. It is 3428 metres high. Sligo Sligo is a county of Connacht province, Republic of Ireland. Slovakia Slovakia is a region of eastern Czechoslovakia. Slovenia Slovenia is a country in Yugolsavia. Smarden Smarden is a village in Kent. Snowdon Mount Snowdon is a 1085 metres high mountain in Wales. Sofia Sofia is the capital of Bulgaria since 1878. Sokal Sokal is a town in Ukraine. It was the scene of a battle between Russian cavalry and Austrian forces in august 1914. Solomon islands The Solomon islands are a country in the west Pacific. They have a total area of 28,450 km2. The climate is tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather. The terrain is mostly rugged mountains with some low coral atolls. Natural resources are fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates. The religion is almost all at least nominally Christian; Anglican, Seventh-Day Adventist, and Roman Catholic Churches dominant. The language is 120 indigenous languages; Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca; English spoken by 1-2% of population. Somalia Somalia is a country in north east Africa. It has a total area of 637,660 km2. The climate is desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), cooler southwest monsoon (May to October); irregular rainfall; hot, humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons. The terrain is mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north. Natural resources are uranium, and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt. The religion is almost entirely Sunni Muslim. The language is Somali (official); Arabic, Italian, English. Somerset Somerset is a county in south west England. Somme The Somme is a river in north France. It was the scene of a bloody battle in 1917. Sompting Sompting is a small town in Sussex, and site of one of the oldest churches in England. Sonning Sonning is a village 5 km from Reading on the River Thames in Berkshire. Soria Soria is the capital of Soria district in Spain. It is located on the River Duero. It is a medieval looking town. South Africa South Africa is a country in south Africa. It has a total area of 1,221,040 km2. The climate is mostly semiarid; subtropical along coast; sunny days, cool nights. The terrain is vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow coastal plain. Natural resources are gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas. The religion is most whites and Coloreds and roughly 60% of blacks are Christian; roughly 60% of Indians are Hindu, 20% Muslim. The language is Afrikaans, English (official); many vernacular languages, including Zulu, Xhosa, North and South Sotho, Tswana. South America South America is an American continent. South Australia South Australia is a state in Australia. South Carolina South Carolina is a state in south east USA. South Dakota South Dakota is a state in the USA. South georgia South Georgia is an island south east of the Falkland Islands. The climate is variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year, interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow. The terrain is largely barren and has steep, glacier-covered mountains. South Glamorgan South Glamorgan is a county in south Wales. South Korea South Korea is a country in east Asia. It has a total area of 98,480 km2. The climate is temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter. The terrain is mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south. Natural resources are coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower The religion is strong Confucian tradition; vigorous Christian minority (28% of the total population); Buddhism; pervasive folk religion (Shamanism); Chondokyo (religion of the heavenly way), eclectic religion with nationalist overtones founded in 19th century, claims about 1.5 million adherents. The language is Korean; English widely taught in high school. South Moravia South Moravia is a region of Czechoslovakia. South West Africa South West Africa was a former name of Namibia. Southampton Southampton is a naval town in Hampshire, England. It is situated at the head of Southampton water on a peninsular between the estuaries of the River Test and the River Itchen. It is one of Britain's biggest container ports. Soweto Soweto is a township in South Africa. Spain Spain is a country in south west Europe. It has a total area of 504,750 km2. The climate is temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast. The terrain is large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees in north. Natural resources are coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, potash, hydropower. The religion is 99% Roman Catholic, 1% other sects. The language is Castilian Spanish; second languages include 17% Catalan, 7% Galician, and 2% Basque. Spandau Spandau is a suburb of Berlin, Germany. Spanish Town Spanish Town is the former capital of Jamaica.*Sparta Sparta was a city in ancient Greece. Sparta Sparta was a city in ancient Greece. Spey The River Spey rises in the Grampian Mountains at Inverness and flows 177 km to the Moray Firth. Spice Islands see "Maluku" Spitsbergen Spitsbergen is an island of Svalbard. Split Split is an Adriatic port in Yugoslavia. Spratly Islands The Spratly Islands are a group of 50 islands in the south China Sea. They have a total area of less than 5 km2. The climate is tropical. The terrain is flat. Natural resources are fish, guano; oil and natural gas potential. Sri Lanka Sri Lanka is an island country south of India. has a total area of 65,610 km2. The climate is tropical; monsoonal; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October). The terrain is mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south- central interior. Natural resources are limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay. The religion is 69% Buddhist, 15% Hindu, 8% Christian, 8% Muslim. The language is Sinhala (official); Sinhala and Tamil listed as national languages; Sinhala spoken by about 74% of population, Tamil spoken by about 18%; English commonly used in government and spoken by about 10% of the population. St Agnes St Agnes is a town in Cornwall, England. St Austell St Austell is a china clay mining town in Cornwall. St George's St George's is a port and the capital of Grenada. St Helena St Helena is an island in the south Atlantic. It has a total area of 410 km2. The climate is tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds. The terrain is rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains. Natural resources are fish. The religion is Anglican majority; also Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, and Roman Catholic. The language is English. St Ives St Ives is a seaport in Cornwall. During the 19th century it was one of Britain's busiest pilchard ports. St John's St John's is the capital of Newfoundland. St Lawrence The St Lawrence is a river in east north America. St Moritz St Moritz is a winter sports centre in south east Switzerland. St Pierre and Miquelon St Pierre and Miquelon are a territorial collectivity of France comprising eight small islands off the south coast of Newfoundland, Canada. St. Kitts and Nevis St. Kitts and Nevis is the larger of the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean. It has a total area of 360 km2. The climate is subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November). The terrain is volcanic with mountainous interiors. Natural resources are negligible. The religion is Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic. The language is English St. Lucia St. Lucia is one of the Windward Islands in the Caribbean. It has a total area of 620 km2. The climate is tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to April, rainy season from May to August. The terrain is volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleys. Natural resources are forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal potential. The religion is 90% Roman Catholic, 7% Protestant, 3% Anglican. The language is English (official), French patois. St. Pierre and Miquelon St. Pierre and Miquelon are 8 small islands south of Newfoundland. They have a total area of 242 km2. The climate is cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy. The terrain is mostly barren rock. Natural resources are fish, deepwater ports. The religion is 98% Roman Catholic. The language is French. Stade Stade is a town in Saxony, Germany. Staffordshire Staffordshire is a county in west central England. Stalingrad Stalingrad was the name of the city of Volgograd from 1925 until 1961. Stanley Stanley is the capital of the Falkland Islands. Steep Point Steep Point is the westernmost extremity of Australia. Stockholm Stockholm is the capital of Sweden. Stone Stone is a village near Dartford in Kent. Stonehenge Stonehenge is an ancient stone circle in Wiltshire. Stopham Stopham is a village in Sussex at the meeting of the River Rother and River Arun. Stour The Stour is the name of several rivers in England. Strait of Dover The Strait of Dover is a stretch of water separating England from France and linking the English Channel with the North Sea. Strait of Gibraltar The Strait of Gibraltar is the strait separating north Africa from Spain. Strait of Messina The Strait of Messina is a channel in the central Mediterranean separating Sicily from mainland Italy. Strasbourg Strasbourg is a city on the River Ill, in Bas-Rhin department, France. It is the capital of Alsace. Stratford upon Avon Stratford upon Avon is a market town on the River Avon in Warwickshire, England. It was the birth place of William Shakespeare. Strathclyde Strathclyde is a region of Scotland. Strood Strood is a town in Kent on the Medway opposite Rochester. Stuttgart Stuttgart is a city in Germany. It is the capital of Baden-Wurttenberg region. Styria Styria is a province in Austria. Styx The styx was a river in Greek mythology surrounding the underworld. Sudan Sudan is a country in north east Africa. It has a total area of 2,505,810 km2. The climate is tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April to October). The terrain is generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in east and west. Natural resources are modest reserves of crude oil, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, crude oil. The religion is 70% Sunni Muslim (in north), 20% indigenous beliefs, 5% Christian (mostly in south and Khartoum). The language is Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, and Sudanic languages, English; program of Arabization in process. Sudbury Sudbury is a city in Ontario, Canada. Suez Canal The Suez Canal links the Mediterranean and Red seas. Suffolk Suffolk is a county in east England. Sulawesi Sulawesi is one of the Sunda islands, in Indonesia. Sumatra Sumatra is the 2nd largest Indonesian island. Sumbawa Sumbawa is an Indonesian island between Flores and Lombok. It has a wet climate and sparse population. Sunday Island Sunday Island is the largest, and only inhabited of the Kermadec Islands of New Zealand. It is a meteorological and radio station. Sunderland Sunderland is a sea port in Tyne And Wear, England at the mouth of the River Wear. Sunderland is an industrial town. Surabaya Surabaya is a port on the Island of Java. Suriname Suriname is a country on the north coast of South America. It has a total area of 163,270 km2. The climate is tropical; moderated by trade winds. The terrain is mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swamps. Natural resources are timber, hydropower potential, fish, shrimp, bauxite, iron ore, and modest amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, gold. The religion is 27.4% Hindu, 19.6% Muslim, 22.8% Roman Catholic, 25.2% Protestant (predominantly Moravian), about 5% indigenous beliefs. The language is Dutch (official); English widely spoken; Sranan Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki) is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others; also Hindi Suriname Hindustani (a variant of Bhoqpuri), and Javanese. Surrey Surrey is a county in south England. Sussex Sussex is the collective term of East Sussex and West Sussex. Sutton Hoo Sutton Hoo is a village in Suffolk. In 1939 a a Saxon ship burial was discovered and excavated here. Svalbard Svalbard is an archipelago in the Arctic. It has a total area of 62,049 km2. The climate is arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year. The terrain is wild, rugged mountains; much of high land ice covered; west coast clear of ice about half the year; fjords along west and north coasts. Natural resources are coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc, wildlife, fish. The language is Russian, Norwegian. Swale The river Swale is a river in North Yorkshire. It joins with the river Ure to form the river Ouse. It is 96km long. Swanage Swanage is a seaside resort town in Dorset. Swaziland Swaziland is a country in south east Africa. It has a total area of 17,360 km2. The climate is varies from tropical to near temperate. The terrain is mostly mountains and hills; some moderately sloping plains. Natural resources are asbestos, coal, clay, tin, hydroelelectric power, forests, and small gold and diamond deposits The religion is 60% Christian, 40% indigenous beliefs. The language is English and siSwati (official); government business conducted in English. Sweden Sweden is a country in north Europe. It has a total area of 449,960 km2. The climate is temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north. The terrain is mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west. Natural resources are zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber, uranium, hydropower potential. The religion is 93.5% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.0% Roman Catholic, 5.5% other. The language is Swedish, small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities; immigrants speak native languages. Switzerland Switzerland is a country in west Europe. It has a total area of 41,290 km2. The climate is temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers. The terrain is mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a central plateau of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes. Natural resources are hydropower potential, timber, salt. The religion is 49% Roman Catholic, 48% Protestant, 0.3% Jewish. The language is distributed amongst the total population-65% German, 18% French, 12% Italian, 1% Romansch, 4% other; Swiss nationals-74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other. Sydney Sydney is the capital of new south Wales. Syria Syria is a country in west Asia. It has a total area of 185,180 km2. The climate is mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast. The terrain is primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; mountains in west. Natural resources are crude oil, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum. The religion is 74% Sunni Muslim; 16% Alawite, Druze, and other Muslim sects; 10% Christian (various sects); tiny Jewish communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and Aleppo. The language is Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian; French widely understood. Szczecin Szczecin is an industrial port on the River Oder, in north west Poland. Szechwan Szechwan is a province of China. Tadzhikistan Tadzhikistan is a country in south east Europe. Tahiti Tahiti is an island in Polynesia. Taipei Taipei is the capital of Taiwan. Taiwan Taiwan is a country in south east Asia. It has a total area of 35,980 km2. The climate is tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year. The terrain is eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains in west. Natural resources are small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos. The religion is 93% mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist; 4.5% Christian; 2.5% other. The language is Mandarin Chinese (official); Taiwanese and Hakka dialects also used. Taiyuan Taiyuan is the capital of Shanxi. Tallinn Tallinn is the capital of Estonia. Tamar The River Tamar rises in the Devonian Hills in Devon and flows 97 km to the English Channel at Plymouth. Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu is a state in south east India. Tampa Tampa is a port and resort in western Florida, USA. Tampere Tampere is a city in south west Finland. Tana Tana is a lake in Ethiopia and a source of the Blue Nile. Tanganyika Lake Tanganyika is the deapest lake in Africa. It is situated in the Great Rift Valley. Tanger Tanger (Tangier, Tangiers) is a port in northern Morocco. Tangier see "Tanger" Tangiers see "Tanger" Tannenberg Tannenberg is a village in Poland (formerly in Prussia). It was the scene of the rout of Teutonic Knights by the Poles and Lithuanians in 1410 and of a heavy defeat of the Russians by the Germans in 1914. Tanta Tanta is a town in Egypt 88km north of Cairo. Tanzania Tanzania is a country in east Africa. It has a total area of 945,090 km2. The climate is varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands. The terrain is plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south. Natural resources are hydropower potential, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel. The religion is mainland - 33% Christian, 33% Muslim, 33% indigenous beliefs; Zanzibar - almost all Muslim. The language is Swahili and English (official); English primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education; Swahili widely understood and generally used for communication between ethnic groups; first language of most people is one of the local languages; primary education is generally in Swahili. Taranto Taranto is a naval base and port in Apulia, south east Italy. Tartary Tartary was a former name for the wide band of country extending through central Asia from the seas of Japan to the Caspian Sea. Tashkent Tashkent is the capital city of Uzbek. Tasmania Tasmania is an island south of Australia. Tatra Mountains The Tatra Mountains are the highest group of the Carpathians. They are partly in Czechoslovakia, and partly in Poland. Taunton Taunton is the county capital of Somerset. Tauris Tauris was an ancient name for the Crimea. Tavistock Tavistock is an industrial town in Devon. It is the scene of the Goose Fair held every year in October. Tay The River Tay rises in the Grampian mountains and flows 188 km to the Firth of Tay. Tayside Tayside is a region in Scotland. Tees The River Tees rises in Cumberland and flows 113 km to the North Sea. Teeside Teeside is an industrial area at the mouth of the River Tees, Cleveland, England. Tegucigalpa Tegucigalpa is the capital of Honduras. Tehran Tehran is the capital of Iran. Teifi The Teifi is a river in south Wales. It rises in the Cambrian mountains and flows south west to Cardigan Bay. It is 150km long. Tel Aviv Tel Aviv is a city in Isreal on the Mediterranean coast. Telepylos In mythology, Telepylos was the capital city of the Laestrygones. Tenerife Tenerife is the largest island in the Canary Islands. Tennessee Tennessee is a state in east central USA. Tenterden Tenterden is a town in Kent. Teotihuacan Teotihuacan is an ancient in city in central Mexico. It was the capital and religious centre of the Toltec civilization. Tetuan Tetuan is a town in Morocco where cannabis produced in the Rif is distributed. Texas Texas is a state in south USA. Thailand Thailand is a country in south east Asia. Thames The River Thames rises in the Cotswolds near Cirencester and flows 336 km to the North Sea. Thatcham Thatcham is belived to be the oldest village in Berkshire with traces of a settlement as far back as 6000BC. The Gaboon The Gaboon is a former name for the territory which is now Gabon. Thebes Thebes was an ancient city in Egypt on the banks of the river Nile. Thessaloniki Thessaloniki (Salonica) is a port in Macedonia, north east Greece. Thessaly Thessaly is a region of east central Greece on the Aegean. Thika Thika is a satellite town of Nairobi in Kenya. It is one of the biggest Pineapple producing areas in Kenya (owned by Del Monte mainly). Thimbu Thimbu is the capital of Bhutan. Thohoyandou Thohoyandou is the capital of Venda. Thrace Thrace is the ancient name of an area of south east Europe. It is now part of Greece. Tian Shan Tian Shan is a mountain system on the China border. Tianjin Tianjin is a port and industrial city in Hubei province, China. Tibet Tibet is a country in south west China. Ticino Ticino is a canton in Switzerland on the south slopes of the Alps and bordering Italy. It contains a number of tourist resorts. Tien Shan Tien Shan is a mountain chain in central Asia along the Chinese border. Translated, Tien Shan means Celestial Mountains. Tientsin Tientsin is a province of China. Tierra del Fuego Tierra del Fuego is an island group off the coast of South America separated from the mainland by the Strait of Magellan and Cape Horn. Tigris The River Tigris flows 1600km through Turkey and Iraq to the Euphrates above Basra. Tijuana Tijuana is a city and resort in north west Mexico. Timbuktu Timbuktu is a town in Mali. Timor Timor is the largest and most easterly of the Sunda islands, part of Indonesia. The island is divided into West Timor and East Timor. Tintagel Tintagel is a village in Cornwall associated with the legends of King Arthur. Tipperary Tipperary is a county of Munster province, Republic of Ireland. Tirana Tirana is the capital of Albania. Tiryns Tiryns is an ancient Greek city in the Peloponnesus on the Plain of Argos. Titicaca Lake Titicaca is the largest lake in South America. It is located in the Andes between Bolivia and Peru. Titograd Titograd is the capital of Montenegro, Yugoslavia. Tobago Tobago is an island in the Caribbean. Tobruk Tobruk is a port in Libya. Togo Togo is a country in west Africa. It has a total area of 56,790 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north. The terrain is gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes. Natural resources are phosphates, limestone, marble. The religion is about 70% indigenous beliefs, 20% Christian, 10% Muslim. The language is French, both official and language of commerce; major African languages are Ewe and Mina in the south and Dagomba and Kabye in the north. Tokyo Tokyo is the capital of Japan. Toledo Toledo is a city on the River Tagus in central Spain. Tolpuddle Tolpuddle is a small village in Dorset. Tombstone Tombstone is a former silver-mining town in the desert of south east Arizona. Tonbridge Tonbridge is an ancient town in Kent on the River Medway. Tonga Tonga is a country in the south west Pacific. It has a total area of 748 km2. The climate is tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December). The terrain is most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base. Natural resources are fish, fertile soil. The religion is Christian; Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents. The language is Tongan, English. Torgau Torgau is a town in the Leipzig district of Germany. Toronto Toronto is the capital of Ontario. Torquay Torquay is a seaside resort town in Devon. Until 1790 it was a quiet fishing village, then during the Napoleonic wars it hosted the wives of Naval officers who were based on ships anchored at Torbay. From the middle of the 19th century it became a popular seaside resort. Toulon Toulon is a port and the capital of Var department, south east France. It stands on the Mediterranean coast 48km south east of Marseilles. Toulouse Toulouse is the capital of Haute-Garonne department, southern France. Towy The Towy River rises in the hills between Cardigan and Radnor in Wales and flows 106 km to Carmarthen Bay. Trabzon Trabzon is a sea port on the Black Sea in east Turkey. It boasts the best football team in Turkey. Transkei Transkei is the largest Bantu homeland in South Africa. Transvaal The Transvaal is a province in north east South Africa. Transylvania Transylvania is a mountainous area in north west and central Romania. Trent see "River_Trent" Trentino-Alto Adige Trentino-Alto Adige is an autonomous region of northern Italy. Trieste Trieste is a port on the Adriatic, opposite Venice, in Italy. Tring Tring is a market town in Hertfordshire, 14km north west of Hemel Hempstead. Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago is a country in the Caribbean. It has a total area of 5,130 km2. The climate is tropical; rainy season (June to December). The terrain is mostly plains with some hills and low mountains. Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, asphalt. The religion is 36.2% Roman Catholic, 23.0% Hindu, 13.1% Protestant, 6.0% Muslim, 21.7% unknown. The language is English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish. Tripoli Tripoli is the capital of Libya. Tripura Tripura is a state in north east India. Tristan da Cunha Tristan da Cunha is a group of islands in the south Atlantic comprising part of the British dependancy of St Helena. Trowbridge Trowbridge is a town in Wiltshire. In the 16th century is had an extensive cloth industry. Today it is the administrative centre of Wiltshire. Troy Troy was a city in Asia minor that was the scene of the Trojan war. Troyes Troyes is the capital of Aube department in north east France. It stands on the River Seine. Trujillo Trujillo is a city in north west Peru. Truro Truro is a city in Cornwall on the Fal estuary. During the middle ages Truro was an important port for the transportation of mineral ores. Today it is primarily a market town. Tubarao Tubarao is a coal-mining town in south Brazil on the east coast. Tubuai Tubuai is an archipelago in French Polynesia, in the south Pacific Ocean. Tudela Tudela is a market town in northern Spain. Tula Tula is the capital of Tula oblast in Russia. Tulsa Tulsa is an important petroleum producing town in Oklahoma. It was founded in 1880. Tummel see "River_Tummel" Tunbridge Wells Tunbridge Wells is a royal town in Kent, England. Tundra A tundra is a region of high latitude almost devoid of trees resulting from the presence of permafrost. Tungurahua Tungurahua is a volcano in Ecuador. It is 5033 metres high. Tunis Tunis is the capital of Tunisia. Tunisia Tunisia is a country in north Africa. Tunja Tunja is the capital of Boyaca department, Colombia. Turin Turin is the capital of Piedmont in north west Italy. Turkana Lake Turkana is a lake in the Great Rift Valley, mainly in Kenya but the northern end is in Ethiopia. Turkey Turkey is a country partly in Europe and partly in Asia. It has a total area of 780,580 km2. The climate is temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior. The terrain is mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau (Anatolia) Natural resources are antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulphur, iron ore. The religion is 98% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 2% other (mostly Christian and Jewish). The language is Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic. Turkmenistan Turkmenistan is a constituent republic in Asia. Turks and Caicos Islands The Turks and Caicos Islands are islands in the Caribbean. They have a total area of 430 km2. The climate is tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry. The terrain is low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps. Natural resources are spiny lobster, conch. The religion is Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Methodist, Church of God, Seventh-Day Adventist. The language is English (official). Tuscany Tuscany is a region of central Italy. Tuva Tuva was a part of Mongolia until 1911, it is now an autonomous republic in Asia. Tuvalu Tuvalu is a country in the south west Pacific. Tweed The River Tweed rises in the Tweedsmuir Hills and flows 156 km to the North Sea at the Scottish and England border. Tyne The River Tyne rises in Northumberland and flows 72 km to the North Sea at Tynemouth. Tyne and Wear Tyne and Wear is a metropolitan county in north east England. Tyrone Tyrone is a county of Northern Ireland. Tyrrhenian Sea The Tyrrhenian Sea is part of the Mediterranean between Italy and Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily. Ubangi The River Ubangi is a major river in central Africa. It is a tributary of the River Zaire. It rises on the border of the Central African Republic and Zaire and flows west and south 2240km to the River Zaire at Irebu. Ubangi-Shari Ubangi-Shari is a former name of the Central African Republic. Udmurt Udmurt is an autonomous republic in the foothills of the Urals. Uganda Uganda is a country in east Africa. It has a total area of 236,040 km2. The climate is tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast. The terrain is mostly plateau with rim of mountains. Natural resources are copper, cobalt, limestone, salt. The religion is 33% Roman Catholic, 33% Protestant, 16% Muslim, rest indigenous beliefs. The language is English (official); Luganda and Swahili widely used; other Bantu and Nilotic languages. Uist The Noth Uist and South Uist islands are 2 of the outer Hebrides off the north west coast of Scotland. Uitenhage Uitenhage is a summer resort town in Cape province, South Africa. Ukraine Ukraine is a country in east Europe. Ulaan Baataar Ulaan Baataar (formerly Ulan Bator) is the capital of Mongolia. Ulan Bator see "Ulaan_Baataar" Ulster Ulster was a kingdom in northern Ireland. It was annexed by England in 1461. Ume The Ume is a river in Sweden. It flows to the gulf of Bothnia. It is 400 km long. Umea Umea is the capital of Vasterbotten province in north east Sweden. It stands at the mouth of the Ume river on the gulf of Bothnia. Umm al Qaiwain Umm al Qaiwain is one of the United Arab Emirates. Umtata Umtata is the capital of Transkei, South Africa. Uncia Uncia is a tin mining town in Oruro department, Bolivia. United Arab Emirates The United Arab Emirates is a country in Arabia. It has a total area of 83,600 km2. The climate is desert; cooler in eastern mountains. The terrain is flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of vast desert wasteland; mountains in east. Natural resources are crude oil and natural gas. The religion is 96% Muslim (16% Shia); 4% Christian, Hindu, and other. The language is Arabic (official); Farsi and English widely spoken in major cities; Hindi, Urdu. United States of America see "USA" Unye Unye is a modern coastal town on the Black Sea in north Turkey. Upnor Upnor is a resort town on the River Medway in Kent. Upper Volta Upper Volta is a former name of Burkina Faso. Ural see "ural_mountains" Ure The River Ure is a river in North Yorkshire. It flows east and south east to join with the River Swale to form the River Ouse. It is 80km long. Uruguay Uruguay is a country in South America. It has a total area of 176,220 km2. The climate is warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown. The terrain is mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland. Natural resources are soil, hydropower potential, minor minerals. The religion is 66% Roman Catholic, 2% Protestant, 2% Jewish, 30% nonprofessing or other. The language is Spanish. Uruguay River The Uruguay River rises in south Brazil and flows 1360 km to Rio de la Plata. Urumqi Urumqi is an industrial city, and the capital of Xinjiang Uygur region, China. USA The USA is country in north America. It has a total area of 9,372,610 km2. The climate is mostly temperate, but varies from tropical (Hawaii) to arctic (Alaska); arid to semiarid in west with occasional warm, dry chinook wind. The terrain is vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low mountains in east; rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged, volcanic topography in Hawaii. Natural resources are coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, crude oil, natural gas, timber. The religion is Protestant 61% (Baptist 21%, Methodist 12%, Lutheran 8%, Presbyterian 4%, Episcopalian 3%, other Protestant 13%), Roman Catholic 25%, Jewish 2%, other 5%; none 7%. The language is predominantly English; sizable Spanish-speaking minority. Ushuala Ushuala is a free port and naval base at the tip of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Utah Utah is a state in west USA. Utrecht Utrecht is an industrial city and the capital of Utrecht province in the central Netherlands. It stands on the Kromme Rijn, 35 km south east of Amsterdam. Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh is a state in north India. Uzbekistan Uzbekistan is a country in Asia. Vaduz Vaduz is the capital of Liechtenstein. Valencia Valencia is an industrial city and the capital of Valencia region, eastern Spain. Valladolid Valladolid is an industrial town and the capital of Valladolid region, Spain. Valle d'Aosta Valle d'Aosta is an autonomous region in north west Italy. Valletta Valletta is the capital of Malta. Valverde Valverde is the capital of Ferro island. Van Van is a city on the shores of Lake Van in Turkey. Van Diemen's Land Van Diemen's Land is a former name for Tasmania. Vancouver Vancouver is an industrial city and port. It is Canada's main Pacific port. Vancouver Island Vancouver Island is an island off the west coast of Canada. Vanuatu Vanuatu is a country and group of islands in the south Pacific. It has a total area of 14,760 km2. The climate is tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds. The terrain is mostly mountains of volcanic origin; narrow coastal plains. Natural resources are manganese, hardwood forests, fish. The religion is nominally Christian. The language is English and French (official); pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama). Varanasi Varanasi is a Hindu holy city in Uttar Pradesh, on the Ganges. Varna Varna is a port on an inlest of the Black Sea in Bulgaria. Vatican City The Vatican City is a country within Rome. It has a total area of 0.438 km2. The climate is temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers (May to September) The terrain is low hill. It has no natural resources. The religion is Roman Catholic. The language is Italian, Latin, and various other languages. Venda Venda is a black national state near the Zimbabwe border, in South Africa. Veneto Veneto is a region in north east Italy. Venezuela Venezuela is a country in South America. It has a total area of 912,050 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands. The terrain is Andes mountains and Maracaibo lowlands in northwest; central plains (llanos); Guyana highlands in southeast. Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, diamonds. The religion is 96% nominally Roman Catholic, 2% Protestant. The language is Spanish (official); Indian dialects spoken by about 200,000 Amerindians in the remote interior. Venice Venice is a city, port and naval base on the Adriatic coast in Italy. Verdun Verdun is a fortress town on the Meuse in north east France. Vermont Vermont is a state in USA. Versailles Versailles is the capital city of Les Yvelines department, in north France. Vesuvius Vesuvius is an active volcano south east of Naples, Italy. Vichy Vichy is a health resort town on the river Allier, in Allier department, France. Victoria Victoria is a state in Australia. Victoria is a port and the capital of the Seychelles on Mahe island. Victoria (Port) Victoria is the main port and harbour between Hong Kong and Kowloon. Victoria (State) Victoria is a state in Australia. Victoria Falls The Victoria Falls is a waterfall on the Zambezi river on the border bwteen Zambia and Zimbabwe. Vienna Vienna is the capital of Austria. Vientiane Vientiane is the capital and chief port of Laos on the Mekong river. Vietnam Vietnam is a country in south east Asia. It has a total area of 329,560 km2. The climate is tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March). The terrain is low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in far north and northwest. Natural resources are phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil deposits, forests. The religion is Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, Roman Catholic, indigenous beliefs, Islamic, Protestant. The language is Vietnamese (official), French, Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian). Villahermosa Villahermosa is the capital of Tabasco region in south east Mexico. It is an agricultural market town with rich local petroleum deposits. Villarrica Villarrica is a town in south east Paraguay. Villaviencio Villaviencio is a town on the foothills of the Andes in east Colombia. Vilnius Vilnius is the capital of Lithuania. Vilyui The River Vilyui flows east from Siberia into the Lena River. Virgin islands The virgin islands are 100 islands in the caribbean. They have a total area of 352 km2. The climate is subtropical, tempered by easterly tradewinds, relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season May to November. The terrain is mostly hilly to rugged and mountainous with little level land. Natural resources are tourism. The religion is 42% Baptist, 34% Roman Catholic, 17% Episcopalian, 7% other. The language is English (official), but Spanish and Creole are widely spoken. Virginia Virginia is a state in south USA. Virginia Water Virginia Water is a park in Surrey. It was founded in 1746 by the Duke of Cumberland. Visby Visby is the capital of Gotland. Vladivostok Vladivostok is a port on the Amur Bay on the Pacific coast. Volga The Volga is the longest river in Europe. It rises in the Valdai plateau and flows 3540 km to the Caspian Sea. Volgograd Volgograd is an industrial city on the River Volga in south west Russia. It was formerly called Tsaritsyn and then Stalingrad. Volta The Volta is the main river in Ghana. Wake Island Wake Island is a coral atoll in the Pacific Ocean. Iy has a total area of 6.5 km2. The climate is tropical. The terrain is an atoll of three coral islands built up on an underwater volcano; central lagoon is former crater, islands are part of the rim; average elevation less than four meters. It has no natural resources. Wakhan Salient The Wakhan Salient is a narrow strip of Afghanistan bordering Russia, China and Pakistan. Wales Wales is a principality west of England. Wall Street Wall Street is a street in Manhattan, New York where the USA stock exchange is located. Wallingford Wallingford is a town in Berkshire. It is situated at a ford over the River Thames. Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna is an island in the south Pacific Ocean. It has a total area of 274 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to October). The terrain is volcanic origin; low hills. Natural resources are negligible. The religion is largely Roman Catholic. The language is French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language). Wantage Wantage is a market town in Berkshire. Wardour Wardour castle is a castle in Wiltshire. It was built in 1392 on the authority of Ricard II. During the civil war it was twice beseiged. In 1643, with Lord Arundell away, his wife Blanche with the help of 25 fighting men held out against a patliamentary army of 1300 men, only surrendering when mines were used. Wareham Wareham is a town in Dorset. Warfield Warfield is a village in Berkshire. It is the site of one of the few ancient clearings of Windsor Forest. Warlingham Warlingham is a town in Surrey. Warsaw Warsaw is the capital of Poland. Warwickshire Warwickshire is a county in central England. Washington Washington is a state in north west USA. Washington DC Washington DC is the capital of the USA. Waterford Waterford is a county of Munster province, Republic of Ireland. Waterloo Waterloo is a village in Belgium that was the scene of a battle in 1815 when the British commander wellington defeated the French emperor napoleon. Wealden Wealden is a district of East Sussex stretching from Uckfield to the South Coast. Wear The Wear is a river in England. It rises in the Pennines and flows through Durham to the North Sea at Sunderland. It is 96km long. Weddell Sea The Weddell Sea is an arm of the south Atlantic south east of Cape Horn. Wei The Wei is a river in Shaanxi province, west China. It rises in the highlands of Kansu and flows east to the Yellow River. Wellington Wellington is the capital of New Zealand. It is in north island. Wells Wells is a cheese producing city in Somerset. West Bank The West Bank is an autonomous region of Israel. It has a total area of 5,860 km2. The climate is temperate, temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters. The terrain is mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in west, but barren in east. Natural resources are negligible. The religion is 80% Muslim (predominantly Sunni), 12% Jewish, 8% Christian and other. The language is Arabic, Israeli settlers speak Hebrew, English widely understood. West Bengal West Bengal is a state in north east India. West Glamorgan West Glamorgan is a county in south west Wales. West Ham West Ham is an area of East London bordered by the river Thames and river Lea. West Malling West Malling is a town in Kent. It became prominent when an abbey was established during Norman times. West Midlands The West Midlands is a metropolitan county in central England. West Sussex West Sussex is a county in south east England. West virginia West VIrginia is a state in east USA. West Yorkshire West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in north east England. Westdean Westdean is a hamlet in the Friston Forest in Sussex. Westerham Westerham is a village in Kent. Western Australia Western Australia is a state in Australia. Western Sahara The Western Sahara is a country in north Africa. It has a total area of 266,000 km2. The climate is hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore currents produce fog and heavy dew. The terrain is mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces rising to small mountains in south and northeast. Natural resources are phosphates, iron ore. The religion is Muslim. The language is Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic. Western Samoa Western Samoa is a country in the Pacific Ocean It has a total area of 2,860 km2. The climate is tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season (May to October). The terrain is narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky, rugged mountains in interior. Natural resources are hardwood forests, fish. The religion is 99.7% Christian (about half of population associated with the London Missionary Society; includes Congregational, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Latter Day Saints, Seventh-Day Adventist). The language is Samoan (Polynesian), English. Westmeath Westmeath is a county of Leinster province, Republic of Ireland. Weston-Super-Mare Weston-Super-Mare is a large seaside resort town in Somerset. Wexford Wexford is a county of Leinster province, Republic of Ireland. Wey The river Wey rises in west Weald and flows north through Hampshire and Surrey into the river Thames near Weybridge. It is 56km long. Weybridge Weybridge is an old town in Surrey on the River Wey. Weymouth Weymouth is a popular seaside resort and seaport in Dorset. The world's first bathing machine was used at Weymouth in 1763. White Russia White Russia is another name for Belorussia. Whitehall Whitehall is a street in London where many of the government buildings are situated. Whitstable Whitstable is a seaside resort in north Kent. Wicklow Wicklow is a county of Leinster province, Republic of Ireland. Wiltshire Wiltshire is a county in south west England. Wimbledon Wimbledon is a town in Greater London. It is home to a tennis tournament. Winchester Winchester is a city in Hampshire. It was the Anglo-Saxon capital of England. Windermere Windermere is the largest English lake. It is in Cumbria and supplies water to Manchester. Windhoek Windhoek is the capital of Namibia. Windsor Windsor is a town in Berkshire 32km west of London. It is on the river Thames. Windward Islands The Windward Islands is a name for the West Indies. Winnipeg Winnipeg is the capital of Manitoba, Canada. Lake Winnipeg is a lake 64km north of Winnipeg the city in Manitoba. It contains several large islands. Winsford Winsford is a town in Cheshire. Wirral The Wirral is a peninne metropolitan district of Merseyside. Wisconsin Wisconsin is a state in north USA. Wivenhoe Wivenhoe is a town in Essex, England on the river Colne. Woking Woking is a town in Surrey. The old town dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, but modern Woking developed with the railway in the late 1830s. Wokingham Wokingham is a market town in Berkshire close to Windsor Forest. Wolverhampton Wolverhampton is an industrial town in the West Midlands, England. Wookey Hole Wookey Hole is one of the most extensive cave networks in Britian. It is located in the southern slopes of the Mendips in Somerset. Worcestershire Worcestershire was a county in central England until 1974 when it merged with Herefordshire to form Hereford and Worcester. Worms Worms is an industrial town on the Rhine in Germany. Worthing Worthing is a seaside resort in Sussex noted for its sea fishing. Wroclaw Wroclaw is an industrial river port on the Oder, in Poland. Wuhan Wuhan is a river port and the capital of Hubei province, China. Wye The River Wye rises in Plynlimmon and flows 209 km to the Severn near Chepstow. Wyoming Wyoming is a state in west USA. Xanthi Xanthi is a town in Thrace, Greece. It stands on the river Mesta and is the centre of a tobacco growing area. Xi Jiang Xi Jiang (formerly Si-Kang) is a river which rises in Yunnan, China and flows 1900 km to the South China Sea. Xi'an Xi'an is the capital of Shaanxi. Xining Xining is the capital of Qinghai. Yakut Yakut is an autonomous republic in Asia. Yakutsk Yakutsk is the capital of Yakut. Yalta Yalta is a seaport in southern Ukraine. In 1945 it hosted a conderence between Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin. Yamoussoukro Yamoussoukro is the capital of Ivory Coast. Yangtze Kiang Yangtze Kiang is the former name of the Chang Jian River. Yaounde Yaounde is the capital of Cameroon. Yare The Yare is a river in Norfolk, England. It flows to the North Sea at Gorleston. It is 80km long. Yarmouth Yarmouth is an historic sea port on the Isle of Wight. Yedo Yedo was the name of Tokyo, Japan until 1868. Yellow River The Yellow River rises in Kunlun Shan in China and flows into Bo Hai. It is 4640km long. Yellow Sea The Yellow Sea is the gulf of the Pacific between China and Korea. Yellowknife Yellowknife is the capital of the Northwest Territories. Yemen Yemen is 2 countries, in Arabia. The Yemen Arab Republic has a total area of 195,000 km2. The climate is desert; hot and humid along coast; temperate in central mountains; harsh desert in east. The terrain is narrow coastal plain (Tihama); western mountains; flat dissected plain in center sloping into desert interior of Arabian Peninsula. Natural resources are crude oil, rock salt, marble; small deposits of coal, nickel, and copper; fertile soil. The religion is 100% Muslim (Sunni and Shia) The language is Arabic. People's Democratic Republic of Yemen has a total area of 332,970 km2. The climate is desert; extraordinarily hot and dry. The terrain is mostly upland desert plains; narrow, flat, sandy coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains. Natural resources are fish, oil, minerals (gold, copper, lead). The religion is Sunni Muslim, some Christian and Hindu. The language is Arabic. Yenisei The Yenisei River rises in Tuva and flows 4100 km across Siberia to the Arctic Ocean. Yeovil Yeovil is an industrial town in Somerset. Yerevan Yerevan is the capital of Armenia. Yinchuan Yinchuan is the capital of Ningxia Hui, in north west China. Yokohama Yokohama is a port on Tokyo Bay, Japan. York York is a city in north east England. Yorkshire Yorkshire is a county in north east England. Ypres Ypres is a town in Belgium that was the scene of a battle in world war 1. Yucatan Yucatan is a peninsular inc Central America divided between Mexico, Belize and Guatemala. Yugolsavia Yugolsavia is a country in south east Europe. It is currently in turmoil due to civil war, and may spilt into separate countries. It has a total area of 255,800 km2. The climate is temperate; hot, relatively dry summers with mild, rainy winters along coast; warm summer with cold winters inland. The terrain is mostly mountains with large areas of karst topography; plain in north. Natural resources are coal, copper, bauxite, timber, iron ore, antimony, chromium, lead, zinc, asbestos, mercury, crude oil, natural gas, nickel, uranium. The religion is 50% Eastern Orthodox, 30% Roman Catholic, 9% Muslim, 1% Protestant, 10% other. The language is Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian (all official); Albanian, Hungarian. Yukon The Yukon is a territory in north west Canada. The Yukon river flows 3185 km to the Bering Sea. Yunnan Yunnan is a province of China. Zagreb Zagreb is the capital of Croatia. Zaire Zaire is a country in central Africa. It has a total area of 2,345,410 km2. The climate is tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October. The terrain is vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in east. Natural resources are cobalt, copper, cadmium, crude oil, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, coal, hydropower potential. The religion is 50% Roman Catholic, 20% Protestant, 10% Kimbanguist, 10% Muslim, 10% other syncretic sects and traditional beliefs. The language is French (official), Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo and Tshiluba. Zambia Zambia is a country in central Africa. It has a total area of 752,610 km2. The climate is tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April). The terrain is mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains. Natural resources are copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, hydropower potential. The religion is 50-75% Christian, 1% Muslim and Hindu, and the remainder indigenous beliefs. The language is English (official) and about 70 indigenous languages. Zanzibar Zanzibar is an island within Tanzania. Zaragoza Zaragoza is the Spanish name for Saragossa. Zeebrugge Zeebrugge is a ferry port on the North Sea coast in Belgium. Zenith The zenith is the highest point in the heavens above an observers head. Opposite to the nadir. Zhejiang Zheijang is a province in south east China. Zimbabwe Zimbabwe is a country in central Africa. It has a total area of 390,580 km2. The climate is tropical and moderated by altitude with a rainy season from November to March. The terrain is mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in east. Natural resources are coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin. The religion is 50% syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs), 25% Christian, 24% indigenous beliefs, and a few Muslim. The language is English (official); Shona and Ndebele. Zurich Zurich is an industrial and financial city in Zurich canton, Switzerland on Lake Zurich. FAMOUS PEOPLE Aaron Aaron was the brother of Moses. Ababdeh The Ababdeh were (are?) a nomadic African tribe inhabiting Egypt between the Nile and the Red Sea. Abbess An Abbess is the female superior of a community of nuns. Abbot An abbot is the superior of a community of monks. Abelard Pierre Abelard was a French philosopher. He was born in 1079, dying in 1142. He founded scholastic theology. Aborigine An aborigine is a member of an indigenous people. Absalom Absalom was the third and favourite son of David. He was killed leading a rebellion against his father. Accadians The Accadians were the primitive inhabitants of Babylonia described in the cuneiform inscriptions. Accountant An accountant is someone who keeps accounts. Achaeans The Achaeans were one of the four races into which the ancient Greeks were divided. Acheson Edward Goodrich Acheson was an American Inventor. He was born in 1856, dying in 1931. He invented carborundrum and artificially prepared graphite. Acrobat An acrobat is someone who performs daring gymnastics. Acton John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton was a British historian. He was born at Naples in 1834 and died in 1902. Actor An actor is a dramatic performer. One who performs in plays. Adalbert Saint Adalbert was a missionary in north Germany and Poland. He was born in 955, dying in 997. He was martyred in Bremen. Adam Robert Adam was a Scottish architect and designer. He was born in 1728 and died in 1792. He was responsible for the Adelphi. Addison Joseph Addison was an English essayist and poet. He was born in 1672, dying in 1719. He was co-author of the spectator. Adept An adept is someone who is proficient at some thing. Adler Alfred Adler was an Austrian psychologist. He was born in 1870, dying in 1937. He put forward the the theory of the inferiority complex. Admiral Admiral is a rank in the navy. Aedh Aedh was King of Scotland from 877 to 878. Aesop Aesop was the author of fables about animals. He lived around 620 - 560 BC. Afghan An Afghan is an inhabitant of Afghanistan. African An African is an inhabitant of Africa. Aga The Aga was the title of the leader of the Ottoman empire. Agnes Agnes is the patron saint of virgins. Ainos The Ainos were the aboriginal inhabitants of Japan. They were a short race, averaging about 5 feet in height with black hair and typicaly hairy bodies. As recently as 1900 they inhabited the island of Yesso. Akkas The Akkas are a dwarfish race found in Central Africa. They average 4.5 feet in height with brown skin, large heads and a projecting jaw. They are a hunting race, renowned for their skill with a bow and arrow. Alamanni Luigi Alamanni was an Italian poet. He was born in 1495 at Florence and died in 1556. Alani The Alani (Alans) were a warlike tribe which migrated from Asia westwards at the time of the decline of the Roman empire. During the 5th century they merged with the Vandals. Alans see "Alani" Alaric II Alaric II was King of the Visigoths from 484 until 507 when he was killed at the battle of Poictiers by the army of the Franks. Albani Francesco Albani was an Italian painter. He was born in 1578 at Bologna and died in 1660. Alboin Alboin was King of the Lombards from 561. He died in 573 when he was assassinated at the orders of his wife Rosamond. Albrechtsberger Johann Georg Albrechtsberger was a German composer. He was born in 1736 and died in 1809. he taught Beethoven and Moscheles amongst others. Albret Jeanne D'Albret was Queen of Navarre and wife of Antoine de Bourbon. She was born in 1528 and died due to poisoning in 1572. Albuquerque Affonso de Albuquerque was a Portugese admiral. He was born in 1452 and died in 1515. He was viceroy of Portugese West Africa in 1503. Alcaeus Alcaeus was a son of Perseus and Andromeda. Aldhelm Saint Aldhelm was born in 640 and died in 709. He was abbot of Malmsebury and later the bishop of Sherborne. He was an architect and poet. Aldington Richard Aldington was an English writer and poet. He was born in 1892 and died in 1962. He was born in Hampshire. He wrote a controversial biography of Lawrence of Arabia. Ale'Gria Ciro Ale'Gria was a Peruvian novelist. He was born in 1900 and died in 1967. He was imprisoned and fled to Chile where he lived in exile. Alessandro Scarlatti Alessandro Scarlatti was an Italian composer. He was born in 1659 and died in 1725. He founded modern Italian Opera. Alexander Alexander was King of Scotland from 1107 to 1124. Alexander II Alexander II was King of Scotland from 1214 to 1249. Alexander III Alexander III was King of Scotland from 1249 to 1286. Alexandra Queen Alexandra was the daughter of Christian IX of Denmark. She was born in 1844, dying in 1925. She married Edward VII in 1863 when he was the prince of Wales. Alfred Alfred was King of the west Saxons and King of England from 871 to 901. Algonkins The Algonkins are a family of North American Indians, they consisted of four groups: The Eastern group comprising the Massachusetts, Narragansets, Mohicans, Delewares and others; North Eastern group; Western group comprising the Miamis, Illinis and others; North Western group including the Ojibbewas. Ali Bey Ali Bey was a ruler of Egypt. He was born in 1728 in the Caucasus and died in 1773. He was taken to Egypt and sold as a slave, but became virtual governor of Egypt. Ali Pasha Ali Pasha was an Albanian chief. He was born in 1741 and died in 1822. Alibert Jean Louis Baron Alibert was a French physician. He was born in 1766 and died in 1837. He was chief physician at the Hospital St. Louis. Alison Archibald Alison was a Scottish theologian and writer on aesthetics. He was born in 1757 in Edinburgh and died in 1839. Allende Salvador Allende was a radical Chilean marxist democrat leader who became president in 1970, but was killed in a military coup in 1973. Amundsen Roald Amundsen was a Norwegian explorer. First to reach south pole. Anacreon Anacreon was a Greek lyric poet. He was born in 569BC and died in 475BC Anaxagoras Anaxagoras was an Ionian philosopher. He went to Athens in 464BC and inspired Pericles and Euripides with his love of science. He was born in 488BC and died in 428BC. Anderson Gerry Anderson is a highly innovative creator of children's science fiction adventure television programmes. His creations of Thunderbirds, Joe-90, and Stingray are legendary. More recently he created "Space Precinct" probably one of the most expensive television cereals yet produced costing over 1 million pounds per episode to produce. Andrea Del Sarto Andrea Del Sarto was a Florentine artist born in 1487, he died in 1531. He was a pupil of Piero di Cosimo and influenced by Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. Andromeda Andromeda was a daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopea. Perseus found her bound to a rock as a sacrifice to a sea monster. Perseus rescued her after killing the sea monster so that she might become his wife. Angelico Fra Angelico was an Itailian painter. He was born in 1387 and died in 1455. He especially painted religious frescoes. Anne Anne was Queen of England from 1702 to 1714. She was born in 1665 and died in 1714. She was a daughter of James II. Anouilh Jean Anouilh was a French dramatist. He was born in 1910 and died in 1987. Apache The apache are a tribe of Indians that live in Arizona. Apuleius Lucius Apuleius was a Roman lawyer, philosopher and author. He lived around 160. Arab The Arabs are a Semitic race of people who originally inhabited Saudi Arabia and the neighboyring countries. Arabs see "Ara" Archimedes Archimedes was a great ancient Greek mathematician. Aristotle Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher. Armstrong Neil Armstrong was the first man to step onto the moon in 1969. Arnold Bennett Arnold Bennett was a British novelist. He was born at Hanley in Staffordshire in 1867, and died in 1931. Arthur King Arthur was the son of Uther Pendragon and ruled Britain around the 5th century. Asoka Asoka was an Indian emperor and upholder of Buddhism. He was born in 269BC and died in 232BC. Asser Asser was a welsh monk who lived during the 9th century and is credited with writing about the life of King Alfred. Astaire Fred Astaire was the adopted name of Frederick Austerlitz, an American actor, singer and dancer. He was born in Omaha, Nebraska in 1899 and died in 1987. He starred in numerous films, including Top Hat, Easter Parade, and Funny Face, many of the films contain inventive dance sequences which he designed and choreographed himself. He made ten classic films with the most popular of his dancing partners, Ginger Rogers. He later played straight dramatic roles in such films as On the Beach. Athelstan Athelstan succeeded Edward as King of England from 924 to 940. Attila Attila was King of the Huns. He was born in 406, dying in 453. Aurangzeb Aurangzeb was a Mogul emperor of India. He was born in 1618 and died in 1707. Austen Jane austen was an English author. She was born in Hampshire in 1775. She died in 1817. Aztec The Aztecs were an American Indian tribe inhabiting Mexico. Babbage Charles Babbage was a British mathematician. He designed an analytical engine which was the forerunner of th modern computer. He was born in 1801 and died in 1871. Baber Baber was the founder of the Mogul dynasty which ruled northern India for 300 years. He was born in 1483, dying in 1530. Babi The Babi are a Persian religious sect formed in 1843 by Bab Ed Din. Bach Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer. He was born at Eisenach in 1685. He died in 1750. Bacon Francis Bacon was an English philosopher. He was born in 1561 and died in 1626. Roger Bacon was the founder of English philosophy. He was born in 1220, dying in 1294. In 1257 he became a fanciscan friar. Baden-Powell Baden-Powell was a British soldier. He was born in 1857. He died in 1941. He was the founder of the scouting movement. Baggara The Baggara are a Muslim Bedouin people of the Nile Basin. Baird John Logie Baird was a Scottish scientist. He pioneered television. He was born in 1888, dying in 1946. Baker A baker is a person who manufacturers bread. Baldwin Stanley Baldwin was an English statesman. He was born in 1867, dying in 1947. He was prime minister three times. Banks Sir Joseph Banks was a British botanist who accompanied Captain Cook on his first voyage and was mainly responsible for the colonization of Australia. He was born in 1743 and died in 1820. Nathaniel Prentiss Banks was an American politician and soldier. He defended Washingston from Jackson's army in 1862. He was born in 1816 and died in 1894. Thomas Banks was an English sculptor. He was born in 1735 and died in 1805. He made the monument to Dr. Watts in Westminster Abbey. Banshee A banshee is a fairy who forewarns of death by wailing. Barbour John Barbour was the father of Scottish poetry. He was born in 1316 and died in 1395. Barbusse Henri Barbusse was a French writer. He was born in 1874 and died in 1935. Bard A bard was a celtic poet. Barents Willem Barents was a Dutch navigator who discovered Spitzbergen on his third voyage to find a north east passage to Asia in 1594. He died in 1597. Baring-Gould Sabine Baring-Gould was an English author or numerous hymns and novels. He was born in 1834 and died in 1924. Barlow Jane Barlow was an Irish novelist. She was born in 1860 and died in 1917. Her works are renowned for their depiction of the Irish peasantry. Barnum Phineas Taylor Barnum was an American showman who launched the enterprise known as "the greatest show on earth". He was born in 1810 and died in 1891. Barrantes Vicente Barrantes was a Spanish publicist and author. He was born in 1829 and died in 1898. Barratt Reginald Barratt was an English watercolour artist famous for his perfection of draughtmanship. He was born in 1861 and died in 1917. Barrett Sir William Fletcher Barrett was a British scientist. He was the principal founder of the Society for Psychical Research. He was born in 1844 and died in 1925. Barrington George Barrington was an Irish pick-pocket and author. He was deported to Botany Bay. He was born in 1755 and died in 1840. He wrote the line "we left our country for our country's good". Samuel Barrington was a British admiral who gained distinction during the Seven Years War. He was born in 1729 and died in 1800. Barry Sir John Wolfe Barry was a civil engineer who built Tower Bridge. He was born in 1836 and died in 1918. Bartok Bela Bartok was a Hungarian composer. He was born in 1881, dying in 1945. Bastien-Lepage Jules Bastien-Lepage was a French painter. He was born in 1848 and died in 1884. His works include Sarah Bernhardt and Joan of Arc listening to the voices. Batak The Batak are a number of distinct but related peoples of northern Sumatra in Indonesia. Beaker People The Beaker People were people of Iberian origin who spread out over Europe in the 2nd millenium BC. They are belived to have built Stonehenge in England. They are called the Beaker People because their remains include earthenware beakers. Beardsley Aubrey Vincent Beardsley was a black-and-white decorative artist. He was born in 1872 and died in 1898. Beethoven Beethoven was a German composer. Bell Alexander Graham Bell was a Scottish inventor. He was born in Edinburgh in 1847 and died in 1922. He invented the telephone whilst working at a school for teachers of the deaf in Boston. Belloc Hilaire Belloc was a French author born in 1870. In 1902 he became a British subject. He died in 1953. Bemba The Bemba are an African people of northern Zambia. Benet Stephen Vincent Benet was an American writer. He was born in 1898 and died in 1943. He wrote the poem John Brown's Body which deals with the American Civil War. Benn Anthony Wedgwood Benn is a British labour MP. He was born in 1925. He is son of the 1st viscount of Stansgate. He was the 1st person to disclaim his title under the Peerage Act. Berber The berbers are a race of people in north Africa. Berthelot Marcellin Pierre Eugene Berthelot was a French chemist and politician. He was born in 1827, dying in 1907. He was the first person to produce organic compounds synthetically. Berzelius Jons Jakob Berzelius was a Swedish chemist. He was born in 1779, dying in 1848. He was the founder of electrochemical theory and designed the system of chemical symbols still in use. Bessemer Sir Henry Bessemer was born in 1813, dying in 1898. He invented the bessemer Converter which is a three stage process for maKing cheap steel. Best Charles Herbert was a Canadian physiologist. He was born in 1899, dying in 1978. With Banting he discovered the use of insulin in treating diabetes. Betjeman Sir John Betjeman was an English poet. He was born in 1906, dying in 1984. He was the poet laureate from 1972 to 1984. Bevan Aneurin bevan was a British socialist politician. He was born in 1897, dying in 1960. He devised the national health service which came into operation in 1948. Beveridge William Henry Beveridge was the first baron beveridge. He was born in 1879, dying in 1963. He was an economist who designed the present British social Security service. Bevin Ernest bevin was an British trade unionist. He was born in 1881, dying in 1951. He was foreign secretary from 1945 to 1951. Bhave Vinova Bhave is an Indian reformer and leader of the sarvodaya movement. He was born in 1895. He was a follower of ghandi and campaigned for help for landless peasants. Bichat Marie Francois Xavier Bichat was a French physiologist. He was born in 1771 and died in 1802. He studied tissue and formed the basis of modern histology. Biddle John Biddle was an English unitarian. He was born in 1615, dying in prison in 1662. He was imprisoned for his controversial writings. Binyon Laurence Binyon was a poet, art critic and orientalist. He was born in 1869, dying in 1943. He worked at the British museum fvrom 1893 to 1933. Birch Samuel John Lamorna Birch was an English lanscape painter. He was born in 1869, dying in 1955. Birkbeck George Birkbeck founded the mechanics' institutes. He was born in 1776, dying in 1841. Bishop Sir Henry Rowley Bishop was an English composer. He was born in 1786, dying in 1855. He wrote home sweet home. Bismarck Otto Eduard Leopold Von Bismarck was a pRussian diplomat and statesman. He was born in 1815, dying in 1898. He was the main architect of the German empire. Bismark Otto bismark was Prussian prime minister in 1862, and chancellor of Germany in 1867. He became the first chancellor of the German empire in 1871. Bizet Bizet was a French composer born in paris in 1838. He died in 1875. Black Sir James Black is a British scientist. He was born in 1924. He was awarded a nobel prize for medicine in 1988 for his work on drugs which prevent heart attacks. Black Baron Black Baron was the alias of one Christopher Pile, an English man, who in the mid-1990's wrote a series of computer viruses employing an advanced polymorphic technique he called "SMEG". In all three variants of SMEG were developed and distributed; Pathogen, Queeg and Smeg 3. Blackfeet The blackfeet are a north American Indian tribe. Blackwell Elizabeth Blackwell was the first woman to obtain an MD degree. She was born in 1821 in England. She graduated from the College of Geneva in New York in 1849. Blackwood William Blackwood was a Scottish publisher. He was born in 1776 in Edinburgh and died in 1834. He started publishing "Blackwood's Magazine" in 1817. Blake William Blake was an English poet and artist. He was born in London in 1757. He died in 1827. Blane Sir Gilbert Blane was a Scottish physician. He was born in 1749 in Ayrshire and died in 1834. He was private physician to Admiral Rodney, and then physician to the fleet in the West Indies, in which position he introduced the use of lime-juice and other means of preventing scurvy among sailors. He wrote "Elements of Medical Logic". Blanqui Jerome Adolphe Blanqui was a French economist. He was born in 1798 at Nice and died in 1854 in Paris. He was introduced to economics while studying medicine at Paris. He favoured a free-trade policy and wrote a number of works including "Precis Elementaire d'Economie Politique". Blasius St. Blasius was Bishop of Sebaste in Armenia. He was said to have been martyred around 316 by torture with a wool-comb, from which he became the patron saint of wool-combers. Bleriot Louis Bleriot made the first crossing of the English channel in an aircraft. The aircraft was his monoplane. The crossing took place on july 25th 1909. Blicher Steen Stensen Blicher was a Danish poet and novelist. He was born in 1782 and died in 1848. His novels give an accurate account of country life in Jutland in the middle of the 19th century. Bligh William Bligh was the commander of the ship "Bounty" when the crew mutinied in the South Seas. He was born in 1753 in Plymouth and died in 1817 in London. The mutiny occured while the Bounty was on course for Jamaica. Bligh and 18 men were cast adrift in a boat not far from Tonga. After a journey of 4000 miles they reached Timor and made it back to England. The mutineers sailed to Pitcairn Island where their ancestors still live. Bloch Marcus Eliezer Bloch was a naturalist. He was born in 1723 at Anspach and died in 1799. His main work was on fish, and he wrote "Natural History Of Fishes" in 1785 which included 432 colour plates. Bloemaart Abraham Bloemaart was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1565 and died in 1657. Blondel Blondel was a French minstrel and poet of the 12th century. He is a legendary character, tales about him being recorded in "Chronicles of Rheims". One story tells how his master was taken prisoner, and Blondel trying to find him walked all Palestine and Germany singing his master's favourite song until at last the song was taken up and answered by the imprisoned master. Blue-stocking A Blue-stocking was a litterary lady. The term was applied around the time of Dr Johnson when ladies would hold conversation with distinguised literary men. One of the men, Benjamin Stillingfleet, always wore blue stockings and his conversation was so prized at the meetings that in his absence the ladies would remark, "we can do nothing without the blue- stockings", and hence the meetings became known as blue-stocking clubs, and the ladies who attended them as blue-stockings. Boers The boers were early Dutch colonists in South Africa. Bogos The Bogos are a Hamitic people of Northern Syria. Boiars The boiars were an order of the Russian aristocracy next in rank to the ruling Princes. The order was abolished by Peter the Great. Bonnard Pierre Bonnard was a French painter famous for painting nudes. He was born in fontenay-aux-roses in 1867. He died in 1947. Bonzes Bonzes was the name used by Europeans for Buddist priests around 1900. Borgia Lucretia Borgia was the daughter of Pope Alexander VI. She was born in 1480 and died in 1523. Borrow George Borrow was an English writer. He was born in 1803 and died in 1881. he wrote the Dictionary of the Gypsy Language in 1874. Boscan-Almogaver Juan Boscan-Almogaver was a Spanish poet. He was born in the late 15th century and died in 1540. He introduced Italian forms into Spanish poetry. Boscovich Roger Joseph Boscovich was an Italian astronomer and geometrician. He was born in 1711 at Ragusa and died in 1787 in Milan. Bosworth Joseph Bosworth was an English philologist. He was born in 1790 in derbyshire and died in 1876. He studied the Anglo-Saxon language and wrote several works on it including "Anglo-Saxon Grammar" and "Dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon Labguage". Bottiger Karl August Bottiger was a German archaeologist. He was born in 1760 and died in 1835. In 1814 he was appointed chief inspector of the museum of Antiquities in Dresden. Bottomley Horatio Bottomley was an English politician and financier. He was born in 1860, dying in 1933. He was imprisoned for fraud. Boucicault Dion Boucicault was an Irish author and actor. He was born in 1822 at Dublin and died in 1890. Boulton Matthew Boulton was an English mechanical engineer. He was born in 1728 at Birmingham and died in 1809. In 1769 he formed a partnership with James Watt. Bowdich Thomas Edward Bowdich was an African explorer. He was born in 1790 and died in 1824 of disease in the Gambia. Bowdoin James Bowdoin was an American statesman. He was born in 1727 at Boston and died in 1790. In 1785 he was appointed govenor of Massachusetts. Bower Archibald Bower was a Scottish writer. He was born in 1686 and died in 1766. He wrote "A History of The Popes" which was remarkable for its zeal against the Popery. Bowker Sir Reginald James Bowker was a British statesman. He was born in 1901. He was ambassador to Burma from 1948 to 1950, ambassador to Turkey from 1954 to 1958 and ambassador to Austria from 1958 to 1961. Bowles William Lisle Bowles was an English poet. He was born in 1762 at King's Sutton and died in 1850. Bowman Sir William Bowman was an English anatomist and surgeon. He was born in 1816 and died in 1892. He collaborated with Todd in writing "The Physiological Anatomy". Bowyer William Bowyer was an English printer. He was born in 1699 in London and died in 1777. In 1729 he became printer of the votes of the House Of Commons. In 1767 he was nominated printer of the journals of the House of Lords. Brindley James Brindley was an English engineer. He was born in 1716 and died in 1772. He built the Bridgewater Canal in 1758 and the Grand Trunk Canal. Bromius Bromius was another name for Dionysus. Bruce Smith Bruce Smith is drum player with the rock group Public Image Ltd. Burke Clement Burke was premier drummer with the 70's punk band Blondie. He also provided backing vocals for many tracks. Bushman The bushman are an aboriginal people living in south Africa. Byrd Richard Evelyn Byrd was an American scientist and explorer. He started his career in the navy, but took up flying. In 1926 he flew over the North Pole. He was born in 1888 and died in 1957. William Byrd was an English composer. He was born in 1543 and died in 1623. Byron Lord George Gordon Byron was an English poet. He was born in 1788 and died in 1824. Cabot John Cabot was an Italian navigator. He was born in Genoa in 1450 and died in 1498. He discovered Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. Caligula Caligula was a Roman Emperor, alleged to be mad he was assassinated by a guard. Caliph Caliph is the title of the civic and religious leader of Islam. Calvin John Calvin was a Swiss religious reformer. He was born in 1509 and died in 1564. He was influenced by Martin Luther. Campbell Sir Malcolm Campbell was a British racing motorist. He set land speed records and speed-boat speed records. He was born in 1885 and died in 1949. Donald Campbell was the son of Malcolm Campbell. He broke the world water speed record on Ullswater in 1955. He was born in 1921 and died in 1967. Camus Albert Camus was a French writer. He was born in 1913 and died in 1959. Canaletto Antonio Canaletto was an Italian painter. He was born at Venice in 1697 and died in 1768. He painted scenes. Canute King canute ruled England from 1016 to 1035. Captain Captain is a rank in the armed services. Carnegie Andrew Carnegie was an American industrialist and philanthropist. He was born at Dunfermline in 1835 and died in 1919. Carroll Lewis Carroll was the pen-name of Charles Dodgson. He was a writer of poetry and children's books. He was born in 1832 and died in 1898. Carthusians The Carthusians were a religious order instituted by St. Bruno in 1084. Cartwright Edmund Cartwright was an English cleric and inventor. He was born in 1743 at Marnham and died in 1823. He invented a mechanical weaving machine. Catullus Gaius Valerius Catullus was a Roman lyric poet. He was born at verona in 84BC and died in 54BC. Cavell Edith Louisa Cavell was an English nurse who helped allied soldiers to escape from occupied territory during the Great War. She was caught and shot by the Germans. She was born in 1865 in Norfolk and died in 1915. Cavendish Henry Cavendish was an English scientist who investigated the nature of gases. He was born in 1731, dying in 1810. Caxton William Caxton was the first English printer. He was born in 1422 and died in 1491. He established a press in Westminster in 1477 and from there he issued about 80 books. Cecilia Saint Cecilia was a Christian martyr. She died in 230. She is associated with church music. Celaeno Celaeno was one of the harpies. Cellini Benvenuto Cellini was a Florentine goldsmith and sculptor. He was born in 1500 and died in 1571. Celsius Anders Celsius was a Swedish astronomer. He was born in 1701 and died in 1744. He invented the centigrade scale for measuring temperature. Celts The Celts were tribes which came to Britain from central Europe in the late Bronze age and again in the Iron Age. Centurion A centurion was an officer in the Roman army commanding 100 men. Cepheus Cepheus was the King of aethiopia. He displeased poseidon by having a beautiful daughter, andromeda. Poseidon then sent floods and a sea monster to terrorise the area until Cepheus gave his daughter as a sacrifice to the sea monster. Cervantes Saavedra Miguel de Cervantes was a Spanish writer. He was born in 1547 at Acala de Henares and died in 1616. He was the author of the book Don Quixote de la Mancha. Cezanne Paul Cezanne was a French painter. He was born in 1839 at Aix-en- Provence. He studied with Picasso. Chagall Marc Chagall was a Russian painter. He was born in 1887 at Vitebsk. Chamberlain Sir Austen Chamberlain was a British politician. He was born in 1863 at Birmingham and he died in 1937. He initiated the Locarno pact in 1925 which sought to reconcile France and Germany. Neville Chamberlain was a British politician. He was born in 1869 and died in 1940. He became Prime Minister in 1937. Champollion Jean Francis Champollion was a French scholar. He was born in 1790 and died in 1832. He deciphered Egyptian hieroglyphic writing from studing the Rosetta Stone. Chancellor The Chancellor of the Exchequer is a cabinet minister who looks after the nation's money. It is the oldest office in the British Government, dating back to the days of Henry I when the Chancellor sat at a table covered with a chequered cloth and received taxes collected by the sheriffs. Chardin Jean Baptiste Simeon Chardin was a French painter. He was born in 1699 and died in 1779. He painted still lifes and interior scenes. Charlemagne Charlemagne (Charles the Great) was king of France. He was born in 742 and died in 814. He extended the French empire into Italy. Charles I Charles I was King of England from 1625 to 1649. He was born in 1600 and died in 1649. Charles II Charles II was King of England from 1660 to 1685. Chateaubriand Francois Rene Vicomte de Chateaubriand was a politician and pioneer of the French Romantic Movement. He was born in 1768 and died in 1848. He was ambassador to Britain in 1822 and minister of Foreign Affairs from 1823 until 1824. Chatterton Thomas Chatterton was an English poet. He was born in 1752 and died in 1770. Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer was an English poet. He was born in 1340 and died in 1400. His works include the Canterbury Tales. Chekhov Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was a Russian writer born at Taganrog in 1860. He died in 1904. Cherokee The Cherokee are a north American Indian tribe. Chesterton Gilbert Keith Chesterton was an English author of essays, verse and novels. He was born in 1874 and died in 1936. Chiang Kai-Shek Chiang Kai-Shek was a Chinese political and military leader. He served with Sun Yat-Sen during the 1911 revolution and later became leader of the nationalist government. He opposed the communists and fled to Taiwan in 1950. Chippendale Thomas Chippendale was one of England's most famous furniture makers. He was born in 1718 in Yorkshire and died in 1779. Chopin Frederic Francois Chopin was a Polish composer. He was born in 1810 near Warsaw and died in 1849. He spent much of his life in Paris where he founded the modern style of piano playing. Churchill Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill was a Britsh statesman. He was born in 1874 at Blenheim Palace and died in 1965. He was Britains Prime Minister during the Second World War. Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Roman orator, politician and writer. He was born in 106BC and died in 43BC. Cimabue Cimabue was an Italian painter. He was born in 1240 and died in 1302. Claude Lorraine Claude Lorraine was a French landscape painter. He was born in 1600 at Lorraine and died in 1682. Claudius I Claudius I was born in 10BC at Lyons and died in 54. He became emperor following the assassination of Caligula. He was murdered by his wife Agrippina so that her son, Nero could be emperor. Clemenceau Georges Clemenceau was a French republican and statesman. He was born in 1841 at Mouilleron-en-Pareds and died in 1929. He was Prime Minister of France in 1906 and inaugurated a scheme of social reform. Cleopatra Cleopatra was a name of Egyptian queens. Cleopatra VI was a lover of caesar and following his murder mark Antony. She commited suicide in 31bc Clerk of the Peace A Clerk of the Peace is a county lawyer who gives advice to the Justices of the Peace and keeps records of his county. Clive Robert Clive was the principal founder of the British Empire in India. He is also known as Clive of India. He was born in 1725 at Market Drayton and died in 1774. As a child he formed a protection racket and demanded money from the local shop keepers! Clovis Clovis was King of the Franks. He was born in 465 and died in 511. He defeated the Gallo-Romans near Soissons and the Alemanni near Cologne in 496. Cobb John Rhodes Cobb was a British racing motorist. He established the world record of 394.2mph at Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah in September 1947. Cobett William Cobett was a British author and journalist. He was born in 1763 at Surrey and died in 1835. Cocteau Jean Cocteau was a French actor, poet, film director and play wright. He wrote the book Les Enfants Terribles. He was born in 1891 and died in 1963. Coleridge Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an English poet. He was born in 1772 and died in 1834. He is best remembered for his poem the Ancient Mariner. Colin Colin was King of Scotland from 967 to 971. Collins William Wilkie Collins was an English novelist. He was born in 1824 and died in 1889. William Collins was an English landscape painter. Colt Samuel colt of hartford, conneticut patented the first successful percussion revolver in England in 1835 and in America in 1836. Columbus Christopher Columbus was an Italian navigator. He was born in 1451 at Genoa and died in 1506. Inspired by the adventures of Marco Polo, Columbus sought a westerly route to the East. He discovered Cuba, the West Indies and the South American mainland. Comenius Johann Amos Comenius was a Czech educational reformer. He was born in 1592 at Moravia and died in 1671. He advised throughout Europe on the teaching of languages, suggesting that they should be taught by conversation and that pictures helped. Conductor In music, a conductor is a musician who directs the performance of a piece of music. Confucius Confucius was an ancient chinese philosopher. Congreve William Congreve was an English playwright. He was born in 1670 at Leeds and died in 1729. He was educated in Ireland. He went to London when he was in his early twenties. He wrote comedy plays. Conolly John Conolly was an English physician. He was born in 1794 in Lincolnshire and died in 1866. He introduced a new form of treatment for the mentally ill, whereby mechanical restraints were no longer used. Conon Conon was an Athenian general. He commanded the fleet of 413BC which was intended to prevent the Corinthians from relieving Syracuse during their war with Athens. Conrad Joseph Conrad was a British novelist. He was born in 1857 in the Ukraine and died in 1924. He spent twenty years at sea and then settled in Kent to work as a writer. Conrad I Conrad I was King of Germany in 911. He was killed in 918 while fighting the Hungarians. Conrad II Conrad II was King of Germany from 1024 until 1039. He tried to reform the country, repressing some of the more unpleasant aspects of the feudal system. Conrad III Conrad III was King of Germany from 1138 to 1152. He adopted the double headed eagle symbol which is still in use in Austria today. Conscience Hendrik Conscience was a Flemish novelist. He was born in 1812 at Antwerp and died in 1883. He wrote novels mainly dealing with the history of his country and provide accounts of everyday life in Belgium. Constable John Constable was an English landscape painter. He was born in 1776 at Suffolk and died in 1837. Constantine Constantine was King of Scotland from 863 to 877. Constantine The Great was a Roman emperor. He was born in 274, dying in 337. He was converted to christianity and made it the state religion. Constantine II Constantine II was King of Scotland from 900 to 943. Constantine III Constantine III was King of Scotland from 995 to 997. Consul A consul is an official who who looks after the trading interests of his country in foreign towns. Contras The contras are a right wing Nicaraguan guerrilla force. Cook Captain James Cook was an English sailor and explorer. In 1768 he sailed around the world. He discovered easter island in 1772. Cooper Sir Astley Paston Cooper was an English surgeon and the author of medical text books. He was born in 1768, dying in 1841. James Fenimore Cooper was an American novelist. He was born in 1789, dying in 1851. He wrote the last of rthe Mohicans and the Deerslayer. Anthony Ashley Cooper was an English philanthropist. He was born in 1801 and died in 1885. Copernicus Nicholas Copernicus was the founder of astronomy. He was born in 1478 at torun in poland. He died in 1543. He studied at cracow university and settled in frauenburg in 1512. He put forward the theory that the planets revolve around the sun. Coppee Francois Joachim Coppee was a French poet,novelist and dramatist. He was born in 1842, dying in 1908. Corelli Arcangelo Corelli was an Italian composer. He was born in 1653, dying in 1713. Corneille Pierre Corneille was a French dramatist. He was born in 1606, dying in 1684. He was a master of the classical tragedy. Cornwallis Charles Cornwallis was the 1st marquess of cornwallis. He was born in 1738, dying in 1805. He commanded the British forces which surrendered to the Americans at yorktown in 1781 and ended the American war of independance. Cornwell see "Le_Carre" Coroner A Coroner is a person who is appointed to enquire into the death of somebody who has died, or is thought to have died from unnatural causes. Corot Jean Baptiste Corot was a French landscape painter. He was born in 1796, dying in 1875. Correggio Antonio Allegri da Correggio was an Italian painter. He was born in 1494 at correggio. He died in 1534. He painted the ecce homo. Cortes Hernando Cortes was a Spanish adventurer. He was born in 1488, dying in 1547. He captured mexico for spain, and destroyed the ancient civilisation there. Coulomb Charles Coulomb was a French physicist. He was born in 1736 and died in 1806. He studied the distribution of electrical charges. The unit of electrical charge, the coulomb, is named after him. Coulton George Gordon Coulton was an English cholar and historian. He was born in 1858, dying in 1947. He wrote the book five centuries of religion. Couperin Francois Couperin was a French composer. He was born in 1668 near Paris and died in 1733. Courbet Gustave Courbet was a French painter. He was born in 1819 at Ornans and died in 1877. Cousin Victor Cousin was a French educationalist and philosopher. He was born in 1792, dying in 1867. He founded the eclectic school. Cousteau Jacques-Yves Cousteau is a French underwater explorer. He was born in 1910. He has pioneered aqualung diving and made numerous television documentaries. Coverdale Miles Coverdale was an English bishop. He was born in 1488 at Yorkshire, dying in 1568. He translated the bible in 1535. Coward Noel Coward was an English actor, playwright and composer. He was born in 1899. Cowper William Cowper was an English poet. He was born in 1731 and died in 1800. Cox David Cox was an English landscape painter. He was born in 1783, dying in 1859. Crabbe George Crabbe was an English poet. He was born in 1754, dying in 1832. Cranach Lucas Cranach was a German painter. He was born in 1472 at Kronach and died in 1553. Cranmer Thomas Cranmer was archbishop of canterbury under Henry VIII. He was born in 1489, dying in 1556 when he was burnt at the stake for refusing to revert his religion under Mary. Cripps Sir Stafford Cripps was a British labour mp. He was born in 1889, dying in 1952. He was chancellor of the exchequer in post-war Britain. Crispin Saint Crispin is the patron saint of shoe-makers. Crome John Crome was an English landscape painter. He was born in 1599 at Norwich and died in 1821. Crompton Samuel Crompton was an English inventor born in 1753 he died in 1827. He invented the spinning-mule in 1779. Cromwell Oliver Cromwell was protector of the commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. He was born at huntingdon in 1599, dying in 1658. During the English civil war he first served under the earl of Essex before reorganising the parliamentary army. He promoted the trial and execution of Charles I. Crookes Sir William Crookes was an English physicist. He was born in 1832, dying in 1919. He discovered the element thallium in 1861. He invented the crookes tube in 1874. Cruikshank George Cruikshank was an English artist. He was born in 1792 at London and died in 1878. He is remembered for his caricatures and book illustrations. Culpeper Nicholas Culpeper was a 17th century English medical writer and astrologer. Cummings Edward Estlin Cummings was an American writer and painter. He was born in 1894 and died in 1962. Cunard Sir Samuel Cunard was the founder of the Cunard shipping line. He was born in Wales in 1787, dying in 1865. Curie Marie Curie was a French scientist. She was born in 1867 at warsaw and died in 1934. She and her husband together separated radium in 1902. Curzon George Nathaniel Curzon was an English statesman. He was born in 1859 and died in 1925. He was foreign secretary from 1919 until 1924. Cyrus Cyrus was a Persian emperor. He was born in 559bc, dying in 529bc. Daci see "Getae" Daguerre Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre was a French scientist. He was born in 1789 and died in 1851. He discovered the process of photography and invented the diorama. Daimios The Daimios were a class of feudal Lords in Japan. In 1871 they were deprived of their priviledges and jurisdiction and made official govenors for the state in districts they had previously held as feudal rulers. Dalgarno George Dalgarno was a Scottish educationalist. He was born in 1627 at Aberdeen and died in 1687. He wrote "Didascalocophus" which was a tutor for the deaf. Dali Salvador Dali is a Spanish painter. He was born in 1904. He is a surrealist painter. Dalton John Dalton was an English scientist. He was born in 1766, dying in 1844. He is famous for discovering atomic theory. Dampier William Dampier was an English explorer. He was born in 1652. He died in 1715. Danebrog Danebrog were an order of Danish knights instituted in 1219, and revived in 1693. Dankalil The Dankalil (singular Dankali) are (were?) a number of tribes that inhabited East Africa near the Red Sea. They were generally fishermen or cattle rearers and practised Islam. Dante Alighieri Dante was an Italian poet. He was born in 1265 at Florence and died in 1321. Danton George Jacques Danton was one of the leaders of the French revolution. He was born in 1759 and died in 1794. Darius Darius was the name of three Persian kings. Darius the Great reigned from 521BC until 486BC. He was defeated by the Greeks at Marathon. Darlan Jean Darlan was a French admiral. He was c-in-c of the French navy from 1939 until 1940. He took part in the evacuation of Dunkirk. He later became pro-German and was assassinated by a fellow Frenchman in 1942. Darling Grace Darling was born in 1815 at Bamborough and died in 1842. She was the daughter of a lighthouse keeper at Longstone. On September 7th 1838 she and her father rowed out to a rock and rescued nine survivors from the wreck of the Forfashire. For this she was awarded a gold medal by the Humane Society. Darwin Charles Robert Darwin was an English naturalist. He was born in Shrewsbury in 1809, dying in 1882. He published his theory of evolution in a book entitled the origin of species in 1859. Daudet Alphonse Daudet was a French novelist. He was born in 1840 at Nimes and died in 1897. Daumier Honore Daumier was a French painter and cartoonist. He was born in 1808 at Marseilles and died in 1879. He produced almost 4000 lithographs. David David was King of Scotland from 1124 to 1153. Jacques Louis David was a French historical painter. He was born in 1748 and died in 1825. David II David II was King of Scotland from 1329 to 1371. Davy Sir Humphrey Davy was an English scientist. He was born in 1778 at Penzance and died in 1829. He discovered the anaesthetic properties of laughing gas. Dawber Sir Guy Dawber was an English architect. He was born in 1861, dying in 1938. He did a lot of work to bring about the restoration of buildings throughout England. Day Lewis Cecil Day Lewis was an English poet and critic. He was born in 1904, dying in 1972. He was professor of poetry at oxford university. He became the poet laureate in 1968. Dayak The Dayak are aboriginal people of Indonesian Borneo and Sarawak. De Forest Lee De Forest was an American inventor. He was born in 1873, dying in 1961. He was the first person to use alternating-current transmission. He improved the thermionic valve detector enabling wireless and sound films to be made. De Gaulle Charles De Gaulle was a French soldier and statesman. He was born in 1890 and died in 1969. During the Second World War he was leader of the Free French Forces. In 1944 he led the liberation forces that entered Paris, and defeating the Communists who had stayed in France and fought the Nazis, became head of the provisional government. De Quincey Thomas De Quincey was an English writer. He was born in 1785 and died in 1859. De Valera Eamon De Valera is an Irish national leader. He commanded an insurgent battalion during the uprising og Easter 1916. He established the independant state of Eire in 1937. Debussy Claude Achille Debussy was a French composer. He was born in 1862, dying in 1918. He was leader of the French impressionist school in music. Decemvirs The Decemvirs were the 10 magistrates who had absolute authority in Ancient Rome. Defoe Daniel Defoe was an English political writer. He was born in 1660, dying in 1731. He is perhaps most famous for writing the novel robinson crusoe. He was imprisoned for writing the work the shortest way with dissenters. Degas Edgar Degas was a French painter. He was born in 1834 at Paris and died in 1917. Dekker Thomas Dekker was an English dramatist and writer. He was born in 1570 and died in 1641. He wrote plays which provide a view of contemporary life in London. Delacroix Ferdinand Victor Eugene Delacroix was a French historical painter. He was born in 1798 at Charenton and died in 1863. Delambre Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre was a French astronomer. He was born in 1749 in Amiens and died in 1822. Delane John Thaddeus Delane was editor of the Times newspaper. He was born in 1817 and died in 1879. He became editor in 1841 and remained until 1877. During his editorship the newspaper gained in influence and circulation. Delavigne Jean Francois Casimir Delavigne was a French poet and dramatist. He was born in 1793 at Havre and died in 1843. Delaware Indians The Delaware Indians were a North American tribe of Indians of the Algonquin family. They were so called Delaware because they lived on the Delaware river, although they called themselves Lenni Lenape. Delibes Leo Delibes was a French composer. He was born in 1836 and died in 1891. Delius Frederick Delius was an English composer. He was born in 1862 at Bradford and died in 1934. Despite becoming blind and paralysed at the age of fifty he continued to compose. Dene The Dene are a North American Indian tribe found in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Descartes Rene Descartes was a French mathematician and philosopher. He was born in 1596 and died in 1650. He invented Cartesian geometry. Destri James Destri played keyboards with the 70's punk rock band Blondie. Devereux Robert Devereux was the Second Earl Of Essex. An Elizabethan soldier and courtier he was born in 1566 at Herefordshire and died in 1601. He was a lover to Elizabeth I. Diaghilev Sergi Pavlovich Diaghilev was a Russian impressario. He was born in 1872 and died in 1929. Dias Allan Dias is bass player with Public Image Ltd Diaz Porfirio Diaz was a Mexican general and politician. He was born in 1830 and died in 1915. He was elected president in 1876. Dickens Charles Dickens was a 19th century English novelist whose powerful imagery brought to public attention the terrible conditions endured by the poor. Diderot Denis Diderot was a French philosopher, novelist, playwright and critic. He was born in 1713 and died in 1784. Diggers The diggers were a pacifist and radical sect of 17th century England. Dike Dike was the attendant of justice to Nemesis. Diocletian Diocletian was a Roman Emperor. He was born in 243 and died in 313. He was proclaimed Emperor by the troops at Chalcedon in 284. Diogenes Diogenes was a Greek philosopher. He was born in 412BC and died in 323BC. Diplomat A Diplomat is a person sent to a foreign country as one of the representatives of his country. Traditionally diplomats have spied on their host country. Disney Walt Disney was an American artist and film producer. He was born in 1901 and died in 1967. He is best remembered for his animations. His first successful animated film was Mickey Mouse which was released in 1928. Disraeli Benjamin Disraeli was a British statesman and writer. He was born in 1804, dying in 1881. Donald Donald was King of Scotland from 860 to 863. Donald Bane Donald Bane was King of Scotland during 1093. Donald II Donald II was King of Scotland from 878 to 889. Donald Maclean Donald Maclean was a British diplomat. He defected to the Russians with Guy Burgess in 1951. Donatello Donatello was an Italian opera composer. He was born in 1797 and died in 1848. Donne John Donne was an English poet. He was born in 1573 at London and died in 1631. Dore Paul Gustav Dore was a French artist. He was born in 1833 at Strasbourg and died in 1883. Dostoievski Fyodor Dostoievski was a Russian novelist. He was born in 1821 at Moscow and died in 1881. He studied military engineering before joining the army. He was arrested in 1849 for being a member of a socialist society and sentanced to four years in Siberia. Douglas-Home Sir Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home is a British Conservative statesman. He was educated at Eton and Oxford. He entered Parliament in 1931. In 1960 he became Foreign Secretary. In 1963 he became Prime Minister. Dowland Hohn Dowland was an English lutanist and song writer. He was born in 1563 and died in 1626. Doyle Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was a British author. He trained in medicine, but started writing to earn some money. He is best remembered for creating the character Sherlock Holmes. Drake Sir Francis Drake was an English seaman. He was born in 1545, dying in 1596. Dreiser Theodore Dreiser was an American writer born in 1871. He died in 1945. Dreyfus Captain Alfred Dreyfus was a French officer falsely accused of espionage. He was born in 1859 and died in 1935. Druid The druids were ancient celtic priests. Their group still exists today in secret, despite the existence of charlatan groups claiming to be druids. Dryades The dryades were nymphs of the woods and trees. Dryden Hohn Dryden was a Britsh poet. He was born in 1631 and died in 1700. Duccio Di Buoninsegna Duccio was an Italian painter. He was born in 1255 and died in 1319. He founded the Sienese school. Duchamp Marcel Duchamp was a French artist. He was born in 1887 and died in 1968. Duell William Duell was executed for murder at Tyburn in 1740, but whilst undergoing dissection at Surgeons' Hall he came back to life. Duff Duff was King of Scotland from 962 to 967. Dufy Raoul Dufy was a French painter. He was born in 1877 and died in 1953. Dukas Paul Dukas was a French composer. He was born in 1865 at Paris and died in 1935. His most popular work is the Sorcerer's Apprentice which was used by Walt Disney in his film Fantasia. Duke Duke is the highest title in English peerage. Dumas Alexandre Dumas was a French novelist and dramatist. He was born in 1802 and died in 1870. He wrote The Three Musketeers, The Count Of Monte Cristo and The Black Tulip. Duncan Duncan was King of Scotland from 1034 to 1040. Duncan II Duncan II was King of Scotland during 1093. Duns Scotus John Duns Scotus was a Scottish philosopher. He was born in 1265 at Roxburghshire and died in 1308. Dunstan Archbishop Dunstan was advisor to King edgar of England. Duparc Henri Duparc was a French composer. He was born in Paris in 1848. He died in 1933. Durer Albrecht Durer was a German painter and engraver. He was born in 1471 at Nuremburg and died in 1528. Dvorak Antonin Dvorak was a Czech composer. He was born in 1841 and died in 1904. Dyck Sir Antony Van Dyck was a Dutch artist. He was born in 1599 at Antwerp and died in 1641. He was an assistant to Rubens. Eddington Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington was a British astronomer and mathematician. He was born in 1882 at Kendal and died in 1944. He studied the internal constitution of stars. Eddy Mary Baker Eddy was the founder of the Christian Science Movement. She was born in 1821 and died in 1910. Edgar Edgar was King of England from 959 to 975. Edgar was King of Scotland from 1097 to 1107. Edison Thomas Alva Edison was an American scientist. He was born in 1847 and died in 1931. He invented the carbon filiament electric lamp and the phonograph. Edmund Edmund (the Elder) succeeded Athelstan as King of England from 940 to 946. Edmund (ironside) was a son of ethelred and King of England in 1016. Edred Edred succeeded Edmund as King of England from 946 to 955. Edward Edward (the Elder) was King of England from 901 to 924. Edward (the martyr) was son of edgar and succeeded him as King of England from 975 to 978. Edward (the confessor) was a son of ethelred and King of England from 1042 to 1066. Edward I Edward I was King of England from 1272 to 1307. Edward II Edward II was King of England from 1307 to 1327. Edward III Edward III was son of Edward II and King of England from 1327 to 1377. Edward IV Edward IV was King of England from 1461 to 1483. Edward V Edward V was King of England in 1483. Edward VI Edward VI was King of England from 1547 to 1553. Edward VII Edward VII was King of England from 1901 to 1910. Edward VIII Edward VIII was King of England in 1936. Edwy Edwy (son of Edmund the Elder) succeeded Edred as King of England from 955 to 959. Egyptian An Egyptian is an inhabitant of Egypt. Ehrlich Paul Ehrlich was a German bacteriologist. He was born in 1854 and died in 1915. He shared the Nobel prize for medicine in 1908 and invented Salvarsan. Einstein Albert Einstein was a German Swiss physicist, born in 1879, and died 1955. Eisenhower Dwight David Eisenhower was an American President and military leader. He was born in 1890 at Texas and died in 1969. Electryon Electryon was a son of Perseus and Andromeda. Elgar Sir Edward Elgar was an English composer. He was born in 1857 and died in 1934. Eliot George Eliot was the published name of Mary Ann Evans. She was a famous English novelist who wrote silas Marner and mill On the Floss. Elizabeth Elizabeth was queen of England. Born 1533, and died 1603 she was queen from 1558 to 1603. Elizabeth II Elizabeth II is the queen of England. She ascended the throne in 1952. Empedocles Empedocles was a Greek philosopher. He was born in 495BC at Sicily and died in 435BC. He advocated the experimental method in science. Engels Friedrich Engels was the co-founder with Karl Marx of scientific socialism. He was born in 1820 and died in 1895. Epicurus Epicurus was a Greek philosopher. He was born in 341BC on the island of Samos and died in 270BC. He opposed the teachings of Plato as mystical, stating that knowledge of the world could only come from the study of the behaviour of matter. Epimetheus Epimetheus was the brother of prometheus. Epstein Sir Jacob Epstein was an American born sculptor who lived in England. He was born in 1880 and died in 1959. Erasmus Desiderius Erasmus was a Dutch scholar. He was born in 1466 at Rotterdam and died in 1536. He wrote much about the Greek and Latin classics. Eratosthenes Eratosthenes was an ancient Greek geographer and mathematician. Ethelred Ethelred was a son of Edgar and succeeded Edward the martyr as King of England from 978 to 1016. Euclid Euclid was a Greek mathematician. His book the Elements of Geometry set down how geometry was to be taught for the next 2000 years. He was born in 365BC and died in 275BC. Euripides Euripides was a Greek dramatist. He was born in 480BC at Phyla on the island of Salamis and died in 406BC. Evzone An evzone is a member of a select Greek infantry regiment. Eyck Hubert Van Eyck was born in 1370 and died in 1426. With his brother Jan he founded the flemish school of painting. Jan Van Eyck was born in 1390 and died in 1441. Fabius Maximus Fabius Maximus was the Roman dictator who saved Rome from Hannibal by deliberately avoiding battle. Falla Manuel de Falla was a Spanish composer. He was born in 1876 at Cadiz and died in 1946. Fama Fama was an alternative name for Pheme. Fantin-Latour Henri Fantin-Latour was a French painter. He was born in 1836 at Grenoble and died in 1904. Faraday Michael Faraday was a British chemist. He was born in 1791. He died in 1867. He discovered electrical currents and invented the dynamo. The farad is named after him. Faulkner William Harrison Faulkner was an American author. He was born in 1897 and died in 1962. Faure Gabriel Urbain Faure was a French composer. He was born in 1845 at Parniers and died in 1924. Fawkes Guy Fawkes was the English conspirator who tried to blow up Parliament during the Gunpowder Plot in 1604. He was born in 1570 and died in 1606. Feisal Feisal was king of Iraq. He was born in 1885 and died in 1933. He was appointed king of Syria in 1920 but deposed shortly afterwards. In 1921 he was elected King of Iraq. Fenian The Fenians were an organization of Irish Americans formed in the middle of the 19th century to promote revolution and the overthrow of the English government in Ireland. Fermat Pierre de Fermat was a French mathematician. He was born in 1601 at Toulouse and died in 1665. His most important work was on the theory of numbers. Fermi Enrico Fermi was an Italian physicist. He was born in 1901 at Rome and died in 1954. He worked primarily in nuclear energy. Fichte Johann Gottlieb Fichte was a German philosopher. He was born in 1762 and died in 1814. Field John Field was an Irish composer. He was born in 1782 at Dublin and died in 1837. He gave his first public piano recital when he was nine. Fielding Henry Fielding was an English writer. He was born in 1707 near Glastonbury and died in 1754. He wrote the novel Tom Jones. Fitzgerald Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was an American novelist. He was born in 1896 and died in 1940. He wrote The Great Gatsby. Fizeau A. H. L. Fizeau was a French physicist. He was born in 1819 at Paris and died in 1896. He measured the speed of light in 1849. Flamsteed John Flamsteed was an English astronomer. He was born in 1646 and died in 1719. He is remembered for cataloguing the stars. Flaubert Gustave Flaubert was a French novelist. He was born in 1821 and died in 1880. He had an unusual writing style in that he insisted that every word should be the most apt and every phrase exact. This meant it often took him a week to write one page. Flecker James Elroy Flecker was an English poet. He was born in 1884 at London and died in 1915. Fleming Sir Ambrose Fleming was an English scientist. He was born in 1849 and died in 1945. In 1904 he invented the thermionic valve. Foch Ferdinand Foch was a French soldier. He was born in 1851 at Tarbes and died in 1929. He became generalissimo of the Allied armies in 1918 and drove the Germans back during the Great War. Fokker Anthony Fokker was a Dutch airman and aeronautical engineer. He was born in 1860, dying in 1939. Folc-mote In Saxon England, a Folc-mote was an assembly of people to consult respecting public affairs. Ford Henry Ford was the founder of the Ford motor car company and the pioneer of the cheap motor car. Forster Edward Morgan Forster was an English novelist. He was born in 1879 and died in 1970. He wrote Howard's End and A Passage To India. Foucault Jean Bernard Leon Foucault was a French physicist. He was born in 1819, dying in 1868. He invented a pendulum to demonstrate the rotation of the earth by the rotation of its plane of oscillation. Fouquet Jean Fouquet was a French painter. He was born in 1420 at Tours and died in 1482. He was court painter to Charles VIII from 1475. Fourier Charles Fourier was a French socialist writer. He was born in 1772, dying in 1837. Fox George Fox was the founder of the Society Of Friends. He was born in 1624, dying in 1691. Charles James Fox was an English statesman. He was born in 1749 and died in 1806. Fox Indians The Fox Indians are a tribe of North American Indians belonging to the Algonquin family and found scattered over Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska. Fragonard Jean Honore Fragonard was a French painter. He was born in 1732 and died in 1806. France Anatole France was a French author. He was born in 1844 and died in 1924. He won the Nobel prize for literature in 1921. Franck Cesar Auguste Franck was a French composer. He was born in 1822 at Liege and died in 1890. He wrote one symphony and organ music. Franco General Francisco Franco was the dictator of Spain. He was born in 1892. He rose to power during the Spanish Civil War. Franklin Benjamin Franklin was an American statesman and scientist. He was born in 1706 at Boston and died in 1790. Franks The Franks were a Germanic tribe which overthrew the Romans in Gaul and gave origin to the name France for the area. Fraunhofer Joseph von Fraunhofer was a German physicist. He was born in 1787 at Strasbourg and died in 1826. Frazer Sir James George Frazer was a British scholar and anthropologist. He studied the religion and magic of primitive peoples, the findings of which he published in the book The Golden Bough. He was born in 1854 and died in 1941. Frederick II Frederick II (Frederick The Great) was King of Prussia. He was born in 1712 and died in 1786. He prefered the French way of life to the Prussian, and he improved the economy and conditions of his country. Fremiet Emmanuel Fremiet was a French sculptor. He was born in 1824 and died in 1910. His works include the statue of Ferdinand de Lesseps at the entrance to the Suez Canal. Frere Sir Henry Bartle Edward Frere was the South African High Commissioner, whose abortive attempt to unite South Africa resulted in the Zulu War. He was born in 1815 and died in 1884. Freshfield Douglas William Freshfield was an English explorer and mountaineer. He was born in 1845. He was the first person to climb mount Kazbek. Frisians The Frisians were a Germanic tribe who lived between the Rhine and the Ems during Roman times. They were a peaceful tributary of Rome untill opression drove them to hostilities. Frobisher Sir Martin Frobisher was an English navigator. He was born in 1535 and died in 1594. He distinguished himself against the Spanish Armada, and was the first Englishman to attempt a North-west passage to Cathay. Froding Gustav Froding was a Swedish poet. He was born in 1860 and died in 1911. Froebel Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel was a German educationalist. He was born in 1782 and died in 1852. He originated the kindergarten system of teaching young children. Froissart Jean Froissart was a French chronicler. He was born in 1333 at Valenciennes and died in 1405. Frontenac Louis de Baude Frontenac was a French colonial administrator. He was governor of Canada and conducted a campaign against the Iroquois in 1695. He was born in 1620 and died in 1698. Frost Robert Frost was an American poet. He was born in 1875 at San Fancisco and died in 1963. Fry Christopher Fry is an English dramatist. He was born in 1907. Fulton Robert Fulton was an American inventor. He was born in 1765 at Little Britain. Furlani The Furlani are inhabitants of Friuli, a once independant duchy at the head of the Adriatic, now part of Italy and Austria. Fuseli Henry Fuseli was a Swiss artist. He was born in 1741 at Zurich and died in 1825. He was a friend to William Blake, and was keeper of the Royal Academy from 1804 until 1825. Gadhel see "Gael" Gael Gael (Gadhel) is the name of the Celts inhabiting Scotland, Ireland and the Isle Of Man. Gael Albinnich Gael Albinnich are the Gael people of the Scottish Highlands. Gael Erinnich Gael Erinnich is the division of the Gael people living in Ireland. Gagarin Yuri Gagarin was a Russian cosmonaut and the first man to go into space in 1961. Gainsborough Thomas Gainsborough was an English painter. He was born in 1727 at Sudbury and died in 1788. He is remembered for his portraits and landscapes. Galen Claudius Galen was an ancient medical writer. He was one of the founders of anatomy and the founder of vivisection. Galileo Galileo was an Italian scientist. He was born in 1564, dying in 1642. He discovered the ring of saturn, jupiter's 4 major satellites and the sun's spots. Gallas The Gallas are a people of East Africa. They are tall, with dark brown skin, wiry bodies. Their nose is often straight or arched and they have moderate lips. Galsworthy John Galsworthy was a novelist. He was born in 1869, dying in 1933. He is famous for writing the forsyte saga. Galt John Galt was a Scottish author of stories dealing with Scottish life. He was born in 1779 and died in 1839. Galton Sir Francis Galton was an English anthropologist and eugenist. He made explorations in south west Africa. He established the theory of anticyclones in meterology. He was born in 1822 and died in 1911. Galvani Luigi Galvani was an Italian physiologist. He was born in 1737 and died in 1798. He made the first investigations into the action of electrical activity in the muscles of animals. Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi was an Indian national leader. He was born in 1869 and died in 1948. He sought Indian independance through non-violent civil disobedience which earned him great respect. Ganymeda Ganymeda is an alternative name for Hebe. Ganymedes Ganymedes was a son of the Trojan King Tros. He was carried off by Zeus and became the cup-bearer of the gods. Garibaldi Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian patriot and liberator. He was born in 1807 and died in 1882. Garrick David Garrick was an English actor. He was born in 1717 at Hereford and died in 1779. Gaskell Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell was an English novelist. She was born in 1810 and died in 1865. Gauchos The Gauchos are a native people of the Pampas of the La Plata countries in South America. They are descended from the Spanish invaders and are noted for their strong will, independence, horsemanship and skill with a lasso. Gauguin Paul Gauguin was a French painter. He was born in 1848 at Paris and died in 1903. Gauss Karl Friedrich Gauss was a German mathematician. He was born in 1777 at Brunswick and died in 1855. He demonstrated that a circle can be divided into 17 equal arcs by elementary geometry. Gautier Theophile Gautier was a French poet and novelist. He was born in 1811 at Tarbes and died in 1872. Gay John Gay was an English dramatist. He was born in 1685 at Barnstaple and died in 1732. Gay-Lussac Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac was a French scientist. He was born in 1778 at St. Leonard and died in 1850. He worked in the field of gases. Genghis Khan Genghis Khan was a Mongolian chieftain and warrior. He was born in 1162 and died in 1227. He conquered most of China, Turkistan and Afghanistan. Genii Genii is an alternative name for the daemons. Genseric Genseric was a Vandal king. He was invited to Africa in 429 by the Roman governor, Bonifactus. Genseric declared his independance, overthrew Bonifactus and in 455 took Rome. George I George I was King of England from 1714 to 1727. George II George II was a son of George I and King of England from 1727 to 1760. George III George III was King of England from 1760 to 1820. George IV George IV was King of England from 1820 to 1830. George V George V was King of England from 1910 to 1936. George VI George VI was King of England from 1936 to 1952. Gericault Theodore Gericault was a French painter. He was born in 1791 at Rouen and died in 1824. He introduced the idea of painting directly onto canvas. German Sir Edward German was an English composer. He was born in 1862 at Whitchurch and died in 1936. He produced light operas including Merrie England and Tom Jones. Gershwin George Gershwin was an American composer. He was born in 1898 at New York and died in 1937. He produced Porgy and Bess which was the first American folk opera. Getae The Getae (Daci) were an ancient people of Europe who lived at Thrace and then moved west to the north bank of the Danube where they became known by the Romans as the Daci. Ghiberti Lorenzo Ghiberti was a Florentine sculptor. He was born in 1378 and died in 1455. Ghirlandaio Domenico Ghirlandaio was a Florentine sculptor. He was born in 1449 and died in 1494. Gibbon Edward Gibbon was an English writer. He was born in 1737 at Putney and died in 1794. He wrote the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Gibbons Grinling Gibbons was an English woodcarver. He was born in 1648 at Rotterdam and died in 1720. Orlando Gibbons was an English composer. He was born in 1583 and died in 1625. Gide Andre Paul Guillaume Gide was a French writer. He was born in 1869 and died in 1951. Gilbert William Gilbert was an English physician and physicist. He was born in 1544 at Colchester and died in 1603. He coined the word electricity to describe the property of amber for attracting light objects. He also pioneered work into magnetism. Gillray James Gillray was an English artist and cariacturist. He was born in 1757 and died in 1815. Giorgione Giorgione was a Venetian painter. He was born in 1478 and died in 1510. Giotto de Bondone Giotto de Bondone was an Italian painter and architect. He was born in 1267 and died in 1337. Giraudoux Jean Giraudoux was a French poet, novelaist and playwright. He was born in 1882 and died in 1944. Girolamo Savonarola Girolamo Savonarola was an Italian religious and political reformer. He was born in 1452 and died in 1498. Girtin Thomas Girtin was an English watercolour artist. He was born in 1775 and died in 1802. Gladiator A gladiator was a Roman professional fighter. The first known instance of gladiators being exhibited was in 264BC by Marcus and Decimus Brutus at the funeral of their father. Gladstone William Ewart Gladstone was an English Liberal member of parliament. He was born in 1808 and died in 1898. He was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1852 until 1855 and Prime Minister from 1868 until 1874 and again from 1880 until 1885 and yet again from 1892 until 1894. Glazunov Alexander Glazunov was a Russian composer. He was born in 1865 at St. Petersburg and died in 1936. Glinka Mikhail Glinka was a Russian composer. He was born in 1803 at Smolensk and died in 1857. Gluck Christoph Willibald Von Gluck was a German composer of operas. He was born in 1714 at Bavaria and died in 1787. Godwin Godwin was Earl of the west saxons. He died in 1053. William Godwin was an English political writer and philosopher. He was born in 1756, dying in 1836. Goebbels Goebbels was the propaganda minister of the nazis. Goethe Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe was a German poet. He was born in 1749 and died in 1832. Gogh Vincent Van Gogh was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1853 at Brabant and died in 1890 after shooting himself. Gogol Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol was a Russian novelist and dramatist. He was born in 1809 and died in 1852. Golden Horde The Golden Horde were originally a powerful Mongol tribe, the name however became applied to all followers of Gengis Khan and of his grandson, Batu. Goldoni Carlo Goldoni was an Italian dramatist. He was born in 1707 at venice and died in 1793 at Paris. Goldsmith Oliver Goldsmith was a journalist. He was born in 1728 at Ireland and died in 1774. Gonds The Gonds are the aboriginal, non-Aryan inhabitants of the old territorial division of India called Gondwana. They lost their independance in 1781 to the Mahrattas. Gordon General Charles George Gordon was an English military leader. He was born in 1833 at Woolwich and died in 1885 following his capture during the seige of Khartoum. Gorky Maxim Gorky was a Russian writer. He was born in 1868 and died in 1936. Goths The Goths (Visigoths) were an east Germanic people that settled near the black sea in the 2nd century ad. Gounod Charles Francois Gounod was a French composer. He was born in 1818 at Paris and died in 1893. Goya Francisco Jose de Goya Y Lucientes was a Spanish painter. He was born in 1746 and died in 1828. Graces Graces is an alternative name for the charites. Graeae The Graeae were three daughters of Phorcys and Ceto. They had only one eye and one tooth between them which they shared. Perseus forced them to tell him where he could find medusa by stealing their solitary eye and tooth. Grahame Kenneth Grahame was a Scottish author. He was born in 1859 and died in 1922. He wrote The Wind In The Willows. Graves Robert Ranke Graves was an English poet and novelist. He was born in 1895. Gray Thomas Gray was an English writer. He was born in 1716 at London and died in 1771. Grecco El Grecco (Domenico Theotocopouli) was a Spanish painter. He was born in 1541 and died in 1614. Greek A Greek is an inhabitant of Greece. Greenaway Kate Greenaway was an English artist and book-illustrator. She was born in 1846 and died in 1901. Greene Graham Greene is a British author. He was born in 1904. Robert Greene was an English dramatist and poet. He was born in 1558 and died in 1592. Grenville Sir Richard Grenville was an Elizabethan English seaman. He was born in 1541 and died in 1591. He commanded Raleigh's expedition to Virginia. Grey Edward Grey was a British statesman. He was born in 1862 and died in 1933. He was Foreign Secretary in 1905. Grieg Edward Hagerup Grieg was a Norwegian composer. He was born in 1843 at Bergen and died in 1907. Grimm Jakob Ludwig Karl Grimm was a German philologist. He was born in 1785 and died in 1863. Wilhelm Karl Grimm was a German philologist. He was born in 1786 and died in 1859. Together with his brother Jakob they wrote a book of fairy tales. Grunewald Mathias Grunewald was a German religious painter. He was born in 1480 and died in 1530. Guardi Francesco Guardi was an Italian painter. He was born in 1712 at Venice and died in 1793. Guericke Otto von Guericke was a German physicist. He was born in 1602 at Magdeburg and died in 1686. He invented the air pump and demonstrated air pressure. Gutenburg Johann Gutenburg was a German printer. He was born in 1397 at Mainz and died in 1468. In 1454 he published the first bible using metal types. Guy Burgess Guy Francis DeMoncy Burgess was Executive Officer of the British Foreign Office. He defected to the Russians with Donald Maclean in 1951. Guy Fawkes Guy Fawkes was a Yorkshire catholic and one of the conspirators in the gunpowder plot. He was captured in the cellar of the houses of parliament, tried and executed. He was born in 1570, dying in 1606. Gwynn Nell Gwynn was an English actress and dancer. She was born in 1650 and died in 1687. She is remembered for her early career as an ornage seller outside the Drury Lane Theatre in London. Haakon VII Haakon VII was King of norway from 1905 to 1957. He was born in 1872, dying in 1957. He was a brave man who resisted the nazi occupation of norway during the second world war. Hadley George Hadley developed Halley's theory of trade winds by taking into account the earth's rotation and the displacement of air by tropical heat. He was born in 1685, dying in 1768. Hadrian Hadrian was a Roman emperor. He was born in 76, dying in 138. He visited England in 121 and built a protective wall to separate England from Scotland. Haggard Sir Henry Rider Haggard was an English novelist. He was born in 1856 and died in 1925. He wrote King Solomon's Mines. Hahn Otto Hahn was a German physical chemist who discovered nuclear fission. He was born in 1879 and died in 1968. Haig Douglas Haig was a British soldier. He was born in 1861 and died in 1928. He was commander-in-chief of the British troops in France during the Great War. Haile Selassie Haile Selassie was Emperor of Ethiopia and figure head of the Rastafarian movement, although he knew nothing about that! He was born in 1891. Hakluyt Richard Hakluyt was an English geographer. He was born in 1552 and died in 1616. Halifax Edward Halifax was a British statesman. He was born in 1881 and died in 1959. He was British Ambassador to the USA from 1940 until 1944. Halley Edmund Halley was Astronomer Royal from 1720. He was born in 1656 and died in 1742. He calculated the orbit of the comet named after him. Hals Franz Hals was a Dutch portrait painter. He was born in 1580 and died in 1666. Hamilton Mary Hamilton was tried in 1746 for marrying with her own sex. Han The Han are the majority ethnic group in China, numbering about 990 million. The Hans speak a wide variety of dialects of the same monosyllabic language, a member of the Sino-Tibetan family. Their religion combines Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, and ancestor worship. Handel George Frederick Handel was an Anglo-German composer. He was born in 1685 and died in 1759. Hannibal Hannibal was a Carthaginian leader. He was born in 247BC and died in 183BC after taking poison to avoid capture by the Romans. Hardicanute Hardicanute was a son of Canute and King of England from 1040 to 1042. Hardie James Keir Hardie was a Britsih labour leader. He was born in 1856 and died in 1915. He founded the Independant Labour Party in 1893. Hardy Thomas Hardy was an English author. He was born in 1840 at Dorchester and died in 1928. He wrote The Mayor of Casterbridge. Hargreaves James Hargreaves was a Lancashire weaver who invented the spinning-jenny. Harmonists The Harmonists were a religious sect founded at Wurtemberg in 1788 by George and Frederick Rapp. They endeavoured to re-establish the social practices of the early christian church, practising celibacy and holding all goods in common. They were persecuted and so moved to America in 1805. Harold Harold was son of Canute and was King of England from 1035 to 1040. Haroun-Al-Raschid Haroun-Al-Raschid was Caliph of Baghdad. He was born in 764 and died in 809. Harry Deborah (Debbie) Harry was lead singer with the 70's punk band Blondie. An ex-prostitute she excited young male audiences with her silky voice and short skirts. Harte Francis Bret Harte was an American poet. He was born in 1836 and died in 1902. Harvey William Harvey was an English physician. He was born in 1578 at Folkestone and died in 1657. He discovered the circulation of the blood. Hastings Warren Hastings was governor general of India. He was born in 1732 and died in 1818. In 1788 he was tried for high crimes and misdemeanors. The trial lasted 7 years until he was acquitted in 1795. Hathaway Anne Hathaway was reputedly the wife of Shakespeare. She was born in 1556 and died in 1623. Hausa The Hausa are a Muslim people of north Nigeria. Hawkins Sir John Hawkins was an Elizabethan sailor. He was born in 1532 and died in 1595. Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne was an American writer. He was born in 1804 and died in 1864. Haydn Franz Joseph Haydn was an Austrian composer. He was born in 1732, dying in 1809. Hazlitt William Hazlitt was an English writer. He was born in 1778 at Maidstone and died in 1830. Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a German philosopher. He was born in 1770 at Stuttgart and died in 1831. Heine Heinrich Heine was a German lyric poet. He was born in 1797 at Dusseldorf and died in 1856. Hellene Hellene is an alternate name for a Greek. Helmholtz Hermann von Helmholtz was a German scientist. He was born in 1821 at Ptsdam and died in 1894. He discovered the law of the conservation of energy in 1847. Helot The helot were a class of slaves in ancient sparta. Helvetii The Helvetii were a people living in the area now called Switzerland around Roman times. They were persecuted by the Romans under Vitellius for refusing to acknowledge him as Emperor and were almost wiped out. Hemingway Ernest Hemingway was an American novelist. He was born in 1898 at Oak Park and died in 1961. Henry Henry was a son of William The Conqueror and King of England from 1101 to 1135. Henry II Henry II was King of England from 1154 to 1189. Henry III Henry III was King of England from 1216 to 1272. Henry IV Henry IV was King of England from 1399 to 1413. Henry V Henry V was King of England from 1413 to 1422. Henry VI Henry VI was son of Henry V and King of England from 1422 to 1461. Henry VII Henry VII was King of England from 1485 to 1509. Henry VIII Henry VIII was King of England from 1509 to 1547. Herodotus Herodotus was a Greek historian. He was born in 484BC and died in 420BC. Herrick Robert Herrick was an English poet. He was born in 1591 and died in 1674. Herschel Sir William Herschel was an anglo-German astronomer. He was born in 1738 and died in 1822. He discovered the planet Uranus. Hertz Heinrich Rudolf Hertz was a German physicist. He was born in 1857, dying in 1895. He confirmed maxwell's electromagnetic theory of waves and discovered information about their behaviour. The measurement of the frequency of radio waves is named after him. Heruli The Heruli were an ancient Germanic people, originally found on the northern shores of the Black sea. Under the leadership of Odoacer they helped in the overthrow of the Western Empire. Around the end of the 6th century they ceased to exist as a separate people. Hesiod Hesiod was a Greek poet who lived around 730BC. Hesperides The hesperides were daughters of Atlas and Hesperis. Hildreth Richard Hildreth was an American historian. He was born in 1807, dying in 1865. He wrote the history of the united states. Hilliard Nicholas Hilliard was an English artist. He was born in 1547 and died in 1619. Hilton James Hilton was an English writer. He was born in 1900. He wrote goodbye Mr Chips. Hindemith Paul Hindemith was a German composer. He was born in 1895. Hindenburg Paul von Hindenburg was a German soldier and the second president of the German Reich. He was born in 1847 and died in 1934. Hipparchus Hipparchus was a Greek astronomer. He was born in 190BC and died in 120BC. He compiled the first known star catalogue. Hippocrates Hippocrates was a Greek doctor. He was born in 460BC and died in 370BC. He established medicine as a science. Hispanic A Hispanic is a person of Latin American descent from the Spanish- speaking nations, either native-born or an immigrant. Hitler Adolf Hitler was a German dictator. He was born in 1889 at Braunau and died in 1945 when he committed suicide. He was responsible for the Second Wold War and the murder of millions of Jews, Cripples, Homosexuals, Blacks, Gypsies and Communists throughout Europe. Hittites The Hittites were a civilization in Syria and Asia Minor around 2000BC until 700BC. Hmong A Hmong is a member of a south east Asian highland people. They are predominantly hill farmers, rearing pigs and cultivating rice and grain, and many are involved in growing the opium poppy. Estimates of the size of the Hmong population vary between 1.5 million and 5 million, the greatest number being in China. Although traditional beliefs remain important, many have adopted Christianity. Their language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family. The Hmong wear distinctive costumes and elaborate silver jewelry. They are relatively recent arrivals on the south east Asian peninsula, many having moved south in order to avoid harassment by Chinese emperors. Today the Hmong live in China (Guizhou, Yunnan, Hunan), Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, and Myanmar. Hobbema Meindert Hobbema was a Dutch artist. He was born in 1638 and died in 1709. He is remembered for his landscapes. Hobbes Thomas Hobbes was a British philosopher. He was born in 1588 at Malmesbury and died in 1679. He wrote Leviathan which was the first British political philosophy book. Hoffmann Ernst Theodor Hoffmann was a German writer and composer. He was born in 1776 and died in 1822. Hogarth William Hogarth was an English artist. He was born in 1697 at London and died in 1764. Holbein Hans Holbein was a German portrait and religious painter. He was born in 1497 at Augsburg and died in 1543. Holinshed Raphael Holinshed was an English chronicler. He lived in the 16th century and wrote The Chronicles Of England, Scotland and Ireland. Holst Gustav Holst was an English composer. He was born in 1874 at Cheltenham and died in 1934. Homer Homer was an ancient Greek poet. Hooch Pieter De Hooch was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1629 and died in 1680. He mainly painted pictures of bright domestic interiors. Hood Robin Hood was a legendary English folk hero who led a band of outlaws in Sherwood forest and opposed the tyranny and excessive taxes of King John. He is mentioned in the 14th century poem Piers Plowman. Thomas Hood was a British poet and humourist. He was born in 1799 and died in 1845. Hopewell Hopewell is a North American Indian agricultural culture of the central USA, dating from about 200. The Hopewell built burial mounds up to 12 m high and structures such as Serpent Mound in Ohio. Hopi The hopi are a north American Indian tribe living in Arizona. Hopkins Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins was a British scientist. He was born in 1861 and died in 1947. He discovered vitamins. Horace Quintus Horatius Flaccus Horace was a Roman lyric poet. He was born in 65BC at Venusia and died in 8BC. Horace Saussure Horace Saussure was a Swiss physicist born at Conches in 1740 he died in 1799. He invented the hygrometer. Hottentot The hottentot are a south African tribe. Houdon Jean-Antoine Houdon was a French sculptor. He was born in 1741 at Versailles and died in 1828. Housman Alfred Edward Housman was a British novelist. He was born in 1859 and died in 1936. Hovas The Hovas are a native race of Madagascar. Hudson Henry Hudson was an English sailor and explorer. He discovered the Hudson river and Hudson straight. Hugo Victor Marie Hugo was a French poet and novelist. He was born in 1802 at Besancon and died in 1885. His first poems were published in 1822. Huguenots The Huguenots were French protestants who suffered persecution from the Catholics for 200 years. Hui The Hui are one of the largest minority ethnic groups in China, numbering about 25 million. Members of the Hui live all over China, but are concentrated in the northern central region. They have been Muslims since the 10th century. Humboldt Alexander Humboldt was a German scientist and explorer. He was born in 1769 and died in 1859. He made several expeditions to South America and Central America. Hume David Hume was a British philosopher. He was born in 1711 at Edinburgh and died in 1776. Hunt William Holman Hunt was an English painter. He was born in 1827 at London and died in 1910. Huron Huron is a nickname for a member of a confederation of five Iroquoian North American Indian peoples living near lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario in the 16th and 17th centuries. They were almost wiped out by the Iroquois. In the 17th century, surviving Hurons formed a group called Wyandot, some of whose descendants now live in Quebec and Oklahoma. Huss John Huss was a Bohemian religious reformer. He was born in 1369 and died in 1415. Hutu The Hutu are the majority ethnic group of both Burundi and Rwanda, numbering around 9,500,000. The Hutu tend to live as peasant farmers. Traditionally they have been dominated by the Tutsi minority; there is a long history of violent conflict between the two groups. The Hutu language belongs to the Bantu branch of the Niger-Congo family. Huxley Thomas Henry Huxley was an English biologist. He was born in 1825 at Ealing and died in 1895. He was an outspoken supporter of Darwin. Huygens Christiaan Huygens was a Dutch scientist. He was born in 1629 and died in 1695. He invented the pendulum clock. Hycsos The Hycsos (Hykshos) or Shepherd Kings, were wandering tribes of Semitic descent who conquered Egypt in 2100BC and were driven out some five hundred years later. Hyder Ali Hyder Ali was a distinguisged Indian Prince. He was born in 1728 to a general in the service of the Rajah of Mysore. He died in 1782 during a war with the British. Hykshos see "Hycsos" Iban Iban is a replacement term for Dyak. Ibo The Ibo are a west African culture group occupying south east Nigeria and numbering about 18,000,000. Primarily cultivators, they inhabit the richly forested tableland, bounded by the river Niger to the west and the river Cross to the east. They are divided into five main groups, and their languages belong to the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo family. Ibsen Henrik Ibsen was a Norwegian dramatist. He was born in 1828 at Skien and died in 1906. Ifugao The Ifugao are an indigenous people of north Luzon in the Philippines, numbering approximately 70,000. In addition to practising shifting cultivation on highland slopes, they build elaborate terraced rice fields. Their language belongs to the Austronesian family. The Ifugao live in scattered hamlets and traditionally recognise a class of nobles, kadangya, who are obliged to provide expensive feasts on particular social occasions. Although indigenous beliefs remain, many Ifugao have adopted Christianity. Ina Ina was King of the West Saxons. He ascended to the throne in 689. In 728 he resigned his crown and went on pilgramage to Rome. Inca The Inca were an Indian tribe of Peru. Indulf Indulf was King of Scotland from 954 to 962. Ingres Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres was a French painter. He was born in 1780 at Montauban and died in 1867. He drew fine pencil portraits. Inuit The Innuit are a people inhabiting the Arctic coasts of North America, the east islands of the Canadian Arctic, and the ice-free coasts of Greenland. Inuktitut, their language, has about 60,000 speakers; it belongs to the Eskimo-Aleut group. The Inuit object to the name Eskimos given them by the Algonquin Indians. Ireland John Ireland was an English composer. He was born in 1879 at Bowden and died in 1962. He wrote a lot of music for the piano. Irish The Irish are people of Irish culture from Ireland or person of Irish descent. The Irish mainly speak English, though there are approximately 30,000-100,000 speakers of Irish Gaelic (see Gaelic language), a Celtic language belonging to the Indo-European family. Celtic tribes, the ancestors of the Irish, migrated to Ireland about 300 BC. Later known as Gaels (Irishmen), they settled on the Isle of Man and south west Scotland, and established colonies in west Wales, Devon, and Cornwall. Iroquois The Iroquois were a confederacy of 6 north American Indian tribes including the Mohawks, Oneidas and Senecas. They lived on the shores of the Mohawk river, and spread through to the Mississippi. Their expansion was checked by white settlers who wiped out several of the tribes and imprisoned others on squalid reservations. Irving Sir Henry Irving was a British actor, and the first to be knighted. He was born in 1838 and died in 1905. Washington Irving was an American writer. He was born in 1783 at New York and died in 1859. Isherwood Christopher Isherwood is an Anglo-American novelist and playwright. He was born in 1904. Israeli An Israeli is an inhabitant of Israel. Jackson Thomas Jonathan Jackson was an American Confederate general. He was born in 1824 and died in 1863. He was nicknamed "stonewall". Jacobites The Jacobites were people who wanted the return of the Stuart monarchy after the expulsion of James II by William III. James James was King of Scotland from 1424 to 1437. James was King of England from 1603 to 1625. Henry James was an american writer. He was born in 1843 and died in 1916. William James was an American psychologist. He was born in 1842 and died in 1910. James II James II was King of Scotland from 1437 to 1460. James II was King of England from 1685 to 1688. James III James III was King of Scotland from 1460 to 1488. James IV James IV was King of Scotland from 1488 to 1513. James V James V was King of Scotland from 1513 to 1542. James VI James VI was King of Scotland from 1567 to 1625. Janszoon William Janszoon was a Dutch explorer. He discovered Australia in 1606. Jat The Jat are an ethnic group living in Pakistan and north India, and numbering about 11 million; they are the largest group in north India. The Jat are predominantly farmers. They speak Punjabi, a language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European family. They are thought to be related to the Romany people. Javanese The Javanese are the largest ethnic group in the Republic of Indonesia. There are more than 50 million speakers of Javanese, which belongs to the western branch of the Austronesian family. Although the Javanese have a Hindu-Buddhist heritage, they are today predominantly Muslim, practising a branch of Islam known as Islam Jawa, which contains many Sufi features In pre-independence Indonesia, Javanese society was divided into hierarchical classes ruled by sultans, and differences in status were reflected by strict codes of dress. Arts and crafts flourished at the court. Although the majority of Javanese depend on the cultivation of rice in irrigated fields, there are many large urban centers with developing industries. Jeans Sir James Jeans wrote many popular books on astronomy. He was born in 1877 at Ormskirk and died in 1946. Jefferies John Richard Jefferies was an English essayist and naturalist. He was born in 1848 near Swindown and died in 1883. Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was the third President of the USA. He was born in 1743 and died in 1826. Jenner Sir Edward Jenner was an English physician. He was born in 1749 at Berkeley and died in 1823. He developed a vaccine for smallpox from cowpox, and thus created the concept of innoculation through mild infection to allow the body's immune system to develope strength against a particular virus. Jew The Jews are a Semitic race of people also known as the Hebrews and Israelites. Their early history is identified with Palestine, now Israel. The Jewish history is recorded in the Old Testament. Jewish see "Jew" Jews see "Jew" Jivaro The jivaro are a tribe of east Ecuador and north Peru. John John was King of England from 1199 to 1216. Augustus Edwin John was a British portrait painter. He was born in 1878 at Tenby and died in 1961. Johnny Rotten see "Lydon" Johnson Samuel Johnson was an English writer. He was born in 1709 and died in 1784. He was twice imprisoned for debt. John Baliol John Baliol was King of Scotland from 1292 to 1296. Jones Inigo Jones was an English architect. He was born in 1573 and died in 1652. Jongkind Johan Barthold Jongkind was a Dutch artist. He was born in 1819 at Latrop and died in 1891. Jonson Benjamin Jonson was a rival poet and dramatist to Shakespeare. He was born in 1572 and died in 1637. Jordaens Jacob Jordaens was a Dutch artist. He was born in 1593 at Antwerp and died in 1678. Joule James Prescott Joule was an English scientist. He was born in 1818 at Salford and died in 1889. He studied the relationship between heat and mechanical work. Joyce James Joyce was an Irish writer. He was born in 1882 at Dublin and died in 1941. He wrote Ulysses and Finnegan's Wake. Ju The Ju are the bushmen people of Botswana. Jung Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss scientist. He was born at Basle in 1875. He died in 1961. He is famous for developing a school of analytical psychology. Justice Of The Peace A Justice Of The Peace or JP is an unpaid magistrate who is not a lawyer. The office dates back to Edward I. Justinian Justinian was Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, Byzantium. He was born in 483 and died in 565. Jutes The Jutes were a Germanic tribe which settled in Kent and the Isle of Wight, England in AD 449. Juvenal Juvenal was a Roman satirist. He was born in 60 and died in 140. Kabyle The Kabyle are a group of Berber peoples of Algeria and Tunisia. They served as Zouave in the colonial French forces. Many Kabyles were notable in the fight for Algerian independence 1954-62. Their language belongs to the Afro-Asiatic family. Kafka Franz Kafka was a Czech writer. He was born in 1883 at Prague and died in 1924. Kandinsky Wassily Kandinsky was a Russian artist. He was born in 1866 at Moscow and died in 1944. Kant Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher. He was born at Konigsberg in 1724 and died in 1804. He wrote "Critique of Pure Reason" and "Critique of Practical Reason". Karen The Karen are a group of south east Asian peoples, numbering 1.9 million. They live in east Myanmar (formerly Burma), Thailand, and the Irrawaddy delta. Their language belongs to the Thai division of the Sino-Tibetan family. Kashmiri The Kashmiri are native to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Kauffman Angelica Kauffman was a Swiss painter. She was born in 1741 and died in 1807. Kazakh The Kazakh are a pastoral Kyrgyz people of Kazakhstan. Kazakhs also live in China (Xinjiang, Gansu, and Qinghai), Mongolia, and Afghanistan. There are 5-7 million speakers of Kazakh, a Turkic language belonging to the Altaic family. They are predominantly Sunni Muslim, although pre-Islamic customs have survived. Kazakhs herd horses and make use of camels; they also keep cattle. Traditionally the Kazakhs lived in tents and embarked on seasonal migrations in search of fresh pastures. Collectivized herds were established in the 1920s and 1930s. Kean Edmund Kean was an English actor. He was born in 1789 at London and died in 1833. Keats John Keats was an English poet. He was born in London in 1795 and died in 1821. Kekule Kekule was a German scientist. He was born in 1829 at Darmstadt and died in 1896. He worked on the structure of carbon compounds. Kelvin William Thomson Kelvin was a professor of Natural Philosophy at Glasgow. He was born in 1824 at Belfast and died in 1907. He determined the absolute zero of temperature. Kenneth Kenneth was King of Scotland from 843 to 860. Kenneth II Kenneth II was King of Scotland from 971 to 995. Kenneth III Kenneth III was King of Scotland from 997 to 1005. Kepler Johann Kepler was a German astronomer. He was born in 1571 near Stuttgart and died in 1630. He studied the motion of planets and proved that planets move in an elliptical path with the sun at one focus. Khachaturyan Aram Khachaturyan is a Soviet composer. He was born in 1904 at Tiflis. Khmer The Khmer are the largest ethnic group in Cambodia, numbering about 7 million. Khmer minorities also live in east Thailand and south Vietnam. The Khmer language belongs to the Mon-Khmer family of Austro-Asiatic languages. The Khmers live mainly in agricultural and fishing villages under a chief. They practise Theravada Buddhism and trace descent through both male and female lines. Traditionally, Khmer society was divided into six groups: the royal family, the Brahmans (who officiated at royal festivals), Buddhist monks, officials, commoners, and slaves. Khoikhoi The Khoikhoi (formerly Hottentot) are a people living in Namibia and the Cape Province of South Africa, and numbering about 30,000. Their language is related to San (spoken by the Kung) and belongs to the Khoisan family. Like the Kung, the Khoikhoi once inhabited a wider area, but were driven into the Kalahari Desert by invading Bantu peoples and Dutch colonists in the 18th century. They live as nomadic hunter-gatherers, in family groups, and have animist beliefs. Kierkegaard Kierkegaard was a Danish philosopher. He was born in 1813 at Copenhagen and died in 1855. Kikuyu The Kikuyu are an aboriginal people of central Kenya. Kim Philby Harold "Kim" Philby was a high-level British diplomat and a senior intelligence officer. He defected to the Russians in 1963. King A King is a male sovereign ruler of an independent state. Kingsley Charles Kingsley was an English writer. He was born in 1819 at Holme and died in 1875. He wrote Westward Ho! and The Water Babies. Kipling Rudyard Kipling was an Indian writer. He was born in 1865 at Bombay of Britsh parents. He died in 1936. He wrote The Jungle Book. Kirghiz The Kirghiz are a pastoral people numbering approximately 1.5 million. They inhabit the central Asian region bounded by the Hindu Kush, the Himalayas, and the Tian Shan mountains. The Kirghiz are Sunni Muslims, and their Turkic language belongs to the Altaic family. The Kirghiz live in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, China (Xinjiang), and Afghanistan (Wakhan corridor). The highest political authority is traditionally entitled khan. During the winter the Kirghiz live in individual family yurts. In summer they come together in larger settlements of up to 20 yurts. They herd sheep, goats, and yaks, and use Bactrian camels for transporting their possessions. Kitchener Horatio Herbert Kitchener was a British military leader. He was born in 1850 and died in 1916 on board the HMS Hampshire when the ship struck a mine and sank. He was commander-in-chief during the Boer war. He was secretary for war during the Great War. Klee Paul Klee was a Swiss painter. He was born in 1879 near Berne and died in 1940. Kneller Sir Godfrey Kneller was an Anglo-German artist. He was born in 1646 at Lubeck and died in 1723. He settled in England in 1674. Knox John Knox was a Scottish reformer and preacher. He was born in 1505 at Giffordgate and died in 1572. Koch Robert Koch was a German scientist. He was born in 1843 and died in 1910. He won the Nobel proze for medicine for discovering the bacteria which cause TB, cholera and anthrax. Kodaly Zoltan Kodaly was a Hungarian composer. He was born in 1882 and died in 1967. Kokoschka Oskar Kokoschka was an Austrian painter. He was born in 1886. Komi The Komi are a Finnish people living mainly in the tundra and coniferous forests of the autonomous republic of Komi in the north west Urals, Russia. They raise livestock, grow timber, and mine coal and oil. Their language, Zyryan, belongs to the Finno-Ugric branch of the Uralic family. Kreisler Fritz Kreisler was an Austrian violinist. He was born in 1875 and died in 1962. Kung The Kung (formerly Bushman) are a small group of hunter-gatherer peoples of the north east Kalahari, southern Africa, still living to some extent nomadically. Their language belongs to the Khoisan family. Kurd The Kurds are the Kurdish culture, living mostly in the Taurus and Sagros mountains of west Iran and north Iraq in the region called Kurdistan. The Kurdish languages (Kurmanji, Sorani Kurdish, Gurano, and Zaza) are members of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family, and the Kurds are a non-Arab, non-Turkic ethnic group. The Kurds are predominantly Sunni Muslims, although there are some Shiites in Iran. Kurds traditionally owe allegiance to their families, and larger groups are brought together under an agha, or lord. They are predominantly shepherds and farmers, cultivating a wide range of crops and fruit. National dress is still worn in the more mountainous regions and there is a strong tradition of poetry and music. Kurdish professionals are found in many Middle Eastern cities. La Fontaine Jean de La Fontaine was a French poet. He was born in 1621 and died in 1695. He wrote a number of popular fables. Labourite A Labourite is a member of the British Labour Party. Laennec Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec was a French physician who invented the stethoscope. He was born in 1781 and died in 1826. Laforgue Jules Laforgue was a French poet. He was born in 1860 and died in 1887. He was a pioneer of free verse. Laing R.d. Laing was a Scottish psychoanalyst. He originated some radical methods of psychiatry. Lamarck Jean Baptiste Lamarck was a French naturalist. He was born in 1744 at Picardy and died in 1829. He catalogued invertebrates. Lamb Charles Lamb was an English poet. He was born in 1775 at London and died in 1834. He wrote essays under the name of Elia. Landor Walter Savage Landor was an English poet. He was born in 1775 at Warwick and died in 1864. He raised a private regiment to fight against Napoleon in Spain. Landseer Sir Edwin Henry Landseer was an English painter. He was born in 1802 at London and died in 1873. He was knighted in 1850. Typically he painted pictures of animals. Langland William Langland was probably an English priest. He was born in 1332 and died in 1400. He is remembered for his poem The Visions of Piers The Plowman which gives a detailed account of English life at the time. Lanista A lanista was a man who purchased and looked after gladiators. Lansbury George Lansbury was a British politician and leader of the Parliamentary Labour Party from 1931 until 1935. He was born in 1859 and died in 1940. Lao The Lao are a people who live along the Mekong river system in Laos (2 million) and north Thailand (9 million). The Lao language is a member of the Sino-Tibetan family. The majority of Lao live in rural villages. During the wet season, May-Oct, they grow rice in irrigated fields, though some shifting or swidden cultivation is practised on hillsides. Vegetables and other crops are grown during drier weather. The Lao are predominantly Buddhist though a belief in spirits, phi, is included in Lao devotions. There are some Christians among the minority groups. Lao Tsze Lao Tsze was a Chinese philosopher who wrote the Tao Te Ching. He lived around 590BC. Laotian The Laotian are an Indochinese people who live along the Mekong river system. There are approximately 9 million Laotians in Thailand and 2 million in Laos. The Laotian language is a Thai member of the Sino- Tibetan family. Laplace Pierre Simon Laplace was a French mathematician and astronomer. He was born in 1749 at Beaumont-en Auge. He argued that the whole physical universe could be explained by the law of cause and effect so that, given enough information, both the past and the future of the universe could be determined in every detail. Latimer Hugh Latimer was an English protestant martyr. He was born in 1485 near Leicester and died in 1555. He was burnt at the stake in Oxford for being a heretic. Latins The Latins were an ancient people of Latium. In very early times the Latins formed a league of thirty cities of which the town of Alba Longa became the head. As Rome was a colony of Alba Longa, the Romans spoke the language of the Latins, which was Latin. Laud William Laud was an English churchman. He was born in 1573 at Reading and died in 1645. He was made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633. Lauder Sir Harry Lauder was a Scottish variety actor. He was born in 1870 at Portobello and died in 1950. Laval Pierre Laval was a French statesman. He was twice Prime Minister during the 1930s. He was born in 1883 and died in 1945. Lavoisier Antoine Laurent Lavoisier was a French scientist. He was born in 1743 at Paris and died in 1794. He proved the modern theory of combustion. Lawrence David Herbert Lawrence was an English poet and novelist. He was born in 1885 at Nottinghamshire and died in 1930. Thomas Edward Lawrence was a British soldier and author. He was born in 1888 near Snowdon and died in 1935. He was known as "Lawrence of Arabia" for his exploits encouraging the Arabs to fight against the Turks durong the Great War. Le Carre John Le Carre is the pen name of David John Cornwell, a British author of spy novels which include "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold" and "Smiley's People". He was born in 1931. Le Corbusier Charles Jeanneret (Le Corbusier) was a Swiss architect and artist. He was born in 1887 and died in 1965. Le Duc Tho Le Duc Tho is a Vietnamese diplomat. He was born in 1911. He was joint winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in negotiating an end to the Vietnam War in 1973. Le Fanu Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu was an Irish writer of novels and short stories. He was born in 1814 and died in 1873. Lear Edward Lear was an English painter and writer of verse. He was born in 1812 at London and died in 1888. He taught drawing to Queen Victoria, but he is remembered for his work A Book of Nonsense, published in 1846. Leavis Frank Raymond Leavis was a British literary critic. He was born in 1895 and died in 1978. Lebedev Peter Nikolaievich Lebedev was a Russian physicist. he was born in 1866 and died in 1912. He demonstrated that light exherts minute pressure upon a physical body. Leclanche Georges Leclanche was a French engineer. he was born in 1839 and died in 1882. In 1866 he invented a primary electrical cell which still forms the basis for most dry batteries. Leconte de Lisle Charles Marie Rene Leconte de Lisle was a French poet. He was born in 1818 and died in 1894. Lee Robert E. Lee was an American Confederate General. He was born in 1807 and died in 1870. Bruce Lee was the stage name of Lee Yuen Kam, a Chinese actor and expert in Kung Fu who popularised the martial arts in the west. Lee Yuen Kam Lee Yuen Kam was the real name of Bruce Lee, the actor. Leeuwenhoek Antony Van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch scientist. He was born in 1632 and died in 1723. He was the first person to see and describe bacteria which he did using a self-made microscope. Leger Fernand Leger was a French painter. He was born in 1881 and died in 1955. Lehar Franz Lehar was a Hungarian composer. He was born in 1870 and died in 1948. Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German philosopher. He was born in 1646 at Leipzig and died in 1716. He wrote Monadology and Principles Of Nature. He discovered calculus. Leicester Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, was an Elizabethan courtier and English soldier. He was born in 1532 and died in 1588. Leighton Frederick Baron Leighton was an English artist. He was born in 1830 at Scarborough and died in 1896. He was president of the Royal Academy in 1878. Lely Sir Peter Lely was a Dutch born painter. He was born in 1618 and died in 1680. He came to England in 1641 as a portrait painter. Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was a Russian revolutionary. He was born in 1870 at Simbirsk and died in 1924. Lenni Lenape see "Delaware Indians" Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian artist and scientist. He was born in 1452, dying in 1519. He recorded scientific studies in unpublished note books. He designed the first helicopter (on paper) and recorded anatomical details after carrying out dissections. Leoncavallo Ruggiero Leoncavallo was an Italian composer. He was born in 1858, dying in 1919. He composed the opera pagliacci. Leonidas Leonidas was the King of Sparta when Greece was invaded by Xerxes in 480bc. He was killed in battle at thermopylae. Leper Leper is a term given to a person suffering from the disease leprosy. Lepers see "Leper" Leucippus Leucippus was a Greek philosopher. He lived around 430BC. Levellers The Levellers were a Puritan group led by John Lilburne who fought for equality in social and religious matters. Lewis Sinclair Lewis was an American novelist. He was born in 1885 and died in 1951. Li Po Li Po was a Chinese poet born in 700bc. He died by drowning. Lilienthal Otto Lilienthal was a German inventor. He was born in 1848 at Auklam and died in 1896. He was one of the founders of the science of flight and conducted important work into gliding. Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the USA. He was born in 1809 at Kentucky and died in 1865 when he was assassinated at a theatre by John Wilkes Booth. Lindbergh Charles A. Lindbergh is an American airman. He was born in 1902 at Minnesota. He made the first non-stop flight between New York and Paris in 1927. Linnaeus Carl von Linne Linnaeus was a Swedish naturalist. He was born in 1707 at Rashut and died in 1778. He invented the modern system of naming plants with two words, rather than long descriptive latin phrases which was previously used. Lippi Fra Filippo Lippi was an Italian painter. He was born at Florence in 1406. He died in 1469. He painted the frescoes in the prato cathedral. Lister Joseph Lister was an English doctor. He was born at Upton (Essex) in 1827. He died in 1912. He introduced carbolic acid to prevent infection. Liszt Franz Liszt was a Hungarian composer born at Dobr'jan in 1811. He died in 1886. He was also a pianist. Lithuanian A Lithuanian is a member of the majority ethnic group living in Lithuania, comprising 80% of the population. Livingstone David Livingstone was a Scottish explorer. Between 1852 and 1873 he discovered the course of the zambesi, victoria falls and lake nyasa. Livy Livy was a Roman historian. He was born in 59BC at Padua and died in 17. Lloyd-George David Lloyd-George was an English MP. He was born in 1863 at Manchester and died in 1945. He was elected to Parliament in 1890. He was Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1908. Lobachevski Lobachevski was a Russian mathematician. He was born in 1793 and died in 1856. He pioneered the study of non-Euclidean geometry. Locke John Locke was an English political author. He was born in 1632 at Wrington and died in 1704. Matthew Locke was an English composer. He was born in 1630 at Exeter and died in 1677. London Jack London was an American writer. He was born in 1876 at San Francisco and died in 1916. He wrote The Call of the Wild and White Fang. Longfellow Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was an American poet. He was born in 1807 at Portland and died in 1882. Lorca Federico Garcia Lorca was a Spanish poet and dramatist. He was born in 1899 and died in 1936 when he was shot for supporting the Republican Government by Franco's troops. Lorentz Hendrick Antoon Lorentz was a Dutch scientist. He was born in 1853 and died in 1928. He shared the Nobel prize for physics in 1902. Louis IX Louis IX was King of France. He was born in 1214, dying in 1270 whilst on crusade. Louis XIV Louis XIV was King of France. He was born in 1638, dying in 1715. Louis XV Louis XV was King of France. He was born in 1710, dying in 1774. Louis XVI Louis XVI was King of France. He was born in 1754, dying in 1793 when he was executed during the French revolution. Lovelace Richard Lovelace was an Englsh poet and lyricist. He was born in 1618 and died in 1657. Lucretius Lucretius was a Roman poet. He was born in 99BC and died in 55BC. Lully Jean Baptiste Lully was a French composer. He was born in 1632 at Florence and died in 1687. Luo The Luo are the second-largest ethnic group of Kenya, living in the Lake Victoria region and in 1987 numbering some 2,650,000. The Luo traditionally live by farming livestock. The Luo language is of the Nilo-Saharan family. Luther Martin Luther was a German Protestant Reformer and translator of the bible. He was born in 1483 at Saxony and died in 1546. Lydon John Lydon (aka Johnny Rotten) was lead singer with the punk rock group the Sex Pistols, and then after they split up with Public Image Ltd. Lytton Edward George Bulwer Lytton was an English writer and statesman. He was born in 1803 at London and died in 1873. He wrote The Last Days Of Pompeii. MacArthur Douglas macArthur was an American general. He was born in 1880, dying in 1964. He defended the philippines against the japanese during the second world war. In 1951 he was relieved of command during the korean war. Macaulay Thomas Babington Macaulay was a British historian and politician. He was born in 1800 at Leicestershire and died in 1859. He entered parliament in 1830. He became Secretary for War in 1839. Macbeth Macbeth was King of Scotland from 1040 to 1057. Macdonald Flora Macdonald was a Scottish heroine. She was born in 1722 and died in 1790. She helped Prince Charles Edward Stuart to escape after the battle of Culloden. James Ramsay Macdonald was a Britsh politician. He was born in 1866 atLossiemouth and died in 1937. In 1911 he became leader of the Labour party. Machiavelli Niccolo Machiavelli was an Italian statesman and writer. He was born in 1469 at Florence and died in 1527. He has the reputation of being manipulative, hence the psychological term "Machiavellism" which refers to manipulation of people. Macmillan Harold Macmillan was a British Conservative statesman. He was born in 1894. He became an MP in 1924. He became Prime Minister in 1957 following Eden's resignation over the Suez canal crisis. Maeterlinck Count Maurice Maeterlinck was a Belgian writer and dramatist. He was born in 1862 at Ghent and died in 1949. Magellan Ferdinand Magellan was a Portugese sailor. He was born in 1480 at Sabrosa and died in 1521. He discovered the straight of Magellan. Magistrate A Magistrate is a "junior judge", they serve in lower courts of law and hear minor offences. Mahler Gustav Mahler was a Czech-Austrian composer. He was born in 1860 at Kalischt and died in 1911. Makua The Makua are a people living to the north of the Zambezi River in Mozambique. With the Lomwe people, they make up the country's largest ethnic group. The Makua are mainly farmers, living in villages ruled by chiefs. The Makua language belongs to the Niger-Congo family, and has about 5 million speakers. Malagasy A Malagasy is an inhabitant of or native to Madagascar. The Malagasy language has about 9 million speakers; it belongs to the Austronesian family. Despite Madagascar's proximity to Africa, Malagasy contains only a small number of Bantu and Arabic loan words. It seems likely that the earliest settlers came by sea, some 1,500 years ago, from Indonesia. Primarily rice farmers, the Malagasy make use both of irrigated fields and swidden (temporary plot) methods. Malcolm Malcolm was King of Scotland from 943 to 954. Malcolm II Malcolm II was King of Scotland from 1005 to 1034. Malcolm III Malcolm III was King of Scotland from 1057 to 1093. Malcom IV Malcolm IV was King of Scotland from 1153 to 1165. Mallarme Stephane Mallarme was a French poet. He was born in 1842 at Paris and died in 1898. He founded the Symbolists school of poetry. Malory Sir Thomas Malory was an English writer. He lived around 1450. He wrote Le Morte d'Arthur about King Arthur. Malthus Thomas Robert Malthus was an English economist. He was born in 1766 near Guildford and died in 1834. He wrote The Essay on Population. Mameluke The Mameluke were Turkoman warriors taken to Egypt as slaves to act as bodyguards for the caliphs and sultans. When the Ottoman Turks conquered Egypt in 1250 the Mamelukes became sultans. They were defeated by Napoleon in 1798 and the survivors were massacred by Muhammad Ali in 1811 Manet Edouard Manet was a French painter. He was born in 1832 at Paris and died in 1883. Mann Thomas Mann was a German novelist. He was born in 1875 at Lubeck and died in 1955. He won the Nobel prize for literature in 1929. Mantegna Andrea Mantegna was an Italian painter and engraver. He was born in 1431 and died in 1506. Mao Tse-Tung Mao Tse-Tung was a Chinese revolutionary leader. He was born in 1893 at Kunan Province. He was a founder member of the Chinese Communist party. Maori The Maori are a Polynesian people of pre-European New Zealand. Their language, Maori, belongs to the eastern branch of the Austronesian family. The Maori colonized New Zealand from about 850, establishing a flourishing civilization throughout the country. Marat Jean Paul Marat was a French revolutionary and scientist. He was born in 1743 at Boudry and died in 1793 when he was murdered in his bath by Charlotte Corday. Marc Franz Marc was a German painter. He was born in 1880 and died in 1916 at Verdun during the Great War. Marco Polo Marco Polo was a Venetian explorer. He was born in 1254 and died in 1324. Marconi Guglielmo Marconi was an Italian scientist. He was born in 1874 at Bologna and died in 1937. He invented the wireless set. In 1901 he sent a wireless signal between Cornwall and Newfoundland. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Marcus Aurelius Antoninus was a Roman Emperor. He was born in 121 and died in 180. Margaret Margaret was queen of Scotland from 1286 to 1290. Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette was Queen of Louis XVI of France. She was born in 1755 and died in 1793 when she was executed for treason during the French revolution. Marlborough John Churchill (Duke of Marlborough) was an English soldier. He was born in 1650 at Musbury and died in 1722. He commanded the British and Dutch forces against France in 1702. Marlowe Christopher Marlowe was an English dramatist. He was born in 1564 at Canterbury and died in 1593. Maroon The Maroon were escaped slaves in Jamaica who were armed by the Spanish to attack the British forces on the island during the late 17th and 18th centuries. They lived mainly in the mountainous region now known as cockpit country and developed a method of cooking known as "jerking" peculiar to Jamaica. Marshall General George Marshall was an American General and statesman. He was born in 1880 and died in 1959. He was chief of staff during the second World War. Martini Simone Martini was an Italian painter. He was born in 1283 and died in 1344. Marvell Andrew Marvell was a poet. He was born in 1621, dying in 1678. Marx Karl Heinrich Marx was a German philosopher and economist. He was born in 1818 at the Rhineland and died in 1883. Together with Engels he wrote the manifesto of the communist party in 1847. Mary Mary was queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567. Mary was queen of England from 1553 to 1558. Mary Godwin see "shelley" Mary II Mary II was queen of England from 1689 to 1694. Masaccio Masaccio was an Italian painter. He was born in 1401 and died in 1428. Masai The Masai are an east African people whose territory is divided between Tanzania and Kenya, and who number about 250,000. They were originally warriors and nomads, breeding humped zebu cattle, but some have adopted a more settled life. They speak a Nilotic language belonging to the Nilo- Saharan family. Masaryk Thomas Garrigue Masaryk was the founder and first President of Czechoslovakia. He was born in 1850 at Moravia and died in 1937. Masefield John Masefield was an English writer. He was born in 1878 at Ledbury and died in 1967. Matisse Henri Matisse was a French painter. He was born in 1869 at Le Cateau and died in 1954. Maugham William Somerset Maugham was an English novelist. He was born in 1874 at Paris and died in 1965. Maupassant Guy de Maupassant was a French writer. He was born in 1850 at Fecamp and died in 1893. He primarily wrote short stories. Mauriac Francois Mauriac was a French novelist. He was born in 1885 and died in 1970. Maurice Sarrail Maurice Sarrail was a French General. He Was born in 1856 at Carcassonne. He commanded the French 3rd army in 1914 during the Great War and was responsible for the defence of the Verdun region. In 1925 he became High Commissioner of Syria. Maxim Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim was an American inventor. He was born in 1840 at Sangerville and died in 1916. He invented the automatic quick-firing gun (machine gun). Maxwell James Clerk Maxwell was a Scottish mathematician. He was born in 1831 at Edinburgh and died in 1879. He created an elctro-magnetic theory of light. Mazarin Jules mazarin was a cardinal and French minister. He was born in italy in 1602, dying in 1661. Mazeppa Ivan Stepanovich Mazeppa was a Cossack nobelman. He was born in 1644, dying in 1709. He fought for independance for the Ukraine from Russia. Mazzini Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian republican patriot and revolutionary. He was born in 1805 at Genoa and died in 1872. McGeoch John McGeoch is guitar player with the rock group Public Image Ltd Meleager Meleager was an ancient Greek poet who wrote epigrams. Melville Herman Melville was an American writer. He was born in 1819 at New York and died in 1891. He wrote Moby Dick. Memling Hans Memling was a Flemish religious painter. He was born in 1430 and died in 1494. Mende The Mende are a west African people living in the rainforests of central east Sierra Leone and west Liberia. They number approximately 1 million. The Mende are farmers as well as hunter- gatherers, and each of their villages is led by a chief and a group of elders. The Mende language belongs to the Niger-Congo family. Mendel Gregor Johann Mendel was an Austrian priest and natural historian. He was born in 1822 at Mahren and died in 1884. Mendeleyev Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeleyev was a Russian scientist. He was born in 1834 at Tobolsk and died in 1907. He discovered that characteristic properties of chemical elements recur in regular cycles in a table starting with the element of lowest atomic weight and progressing consecutively in order of weight. Mendelssohn Felix Mendelssohn was a German composer. He was born in 1809 at Hamburg and died in 1847. Mercator Geradus Mercator was a Flemish geographer and cartographer. He was born in 1512 and died in 1594. He devised a new method of projecting the surface of the earth on a map which made navigation much simpler. Meredith George Meredith was an English novelist. He was born in 1828 at Portsmouth and died in 1909. Merlin Merlin was a magician who aided Arthur. Meskhetian The Meskhetian are a community of Turkish descent that formerly inhabited Meskhetia, on the then Turkish-Soviet border. Michelangelo Buonarroti Michelangelo was an Italian painter. He was born in 1475 at Caprese and died in 1564. He painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Michelson Albert Abraham Michelson was an American scientist. He was born in 1852 and died in 1931. He proved the existence of an all pervading ether and experimented to find out the speed of light. Middleton Thomas Middleton was an English dramatist. He was born in 1570 and died in 1627. He is know for his realistic comedies and romantic plays. Mikhail Fokine Mikhail Fokine was a Russian dancer. He was born at St Petersburg in 1880. He died in 1942. He is famous for his work with ballet. Mill John Stuart Mill was an English economist. He was born in 1806 at London and died in 1873. He defended the rights of the working class and supported the right of women to vote. Millais Sir John Everett Millais was an English painter. He was born in 1829 at Southampton and died in 1896. Miller Arthur Miller is an American playwright. He was born in 1915. He wrote Death of a Salesman. Millet Jean Francois Millet was a French painter. He was born in 1814 near Greville and died in 1875. Millikan Robert Andrews Millikan was an American scientist. He was born in 1868 at Morrison and died in 1954. He won the Nobel prize for physics in 1923. Milton John Milton was an English writer. He was born in 1608 at London and died in 1674. He wrote Paradise Lost. Minangkabau Minangkabau are an Indonesian people of west Sumatra. In addition to approximately 3 million Minangkabau in west Sumatra, there are sizeable communities in the major Indonesian cities. The Minangkabau language belongs to the Austronesian family. Mirabeau Mirabeau was a French orator. He was born in 1749 and died in 1791. Miskito The Miskito are an American Indian people of Central America, living mainly in the area that is now Nicaragua. Modigliani Amedeo Modigliani was an Italian painter. He was born in 1884 at Leghorn and died in 1920. Modocs The Modocs are an American Indian tribe. They lived on the south shore of Klamath Lake in California. Moeso-Goths The Moeso-Goths were a tribe of Goths who settled in Moesia on the Lower Danube and devoted themselves to architecture under the protection of the Roman emperors. Mohammed Mohammed (Mahomet, Mehmet, Muhammad) was the founder of the religion of Islam. He was born in 570 at Mecca and died in 632. Mohawk The Mohawk are a North American Indian people, part of the Iroquois confederation, who lived in the Mohawk Valley, New York, and now live on reservations in Ontario, Quebec, and New York State, as well as among the general population. Their language belongs to the Macro- Siouan group. Mohican The Mohican are a North American Indian people, speaking an Algonquian language, who formerly occupied the Hudson Valley. Moliere Jean Baptiste Poquelin (Moliere) was a French dramatist. He was born in 1622 and died in 1673. Moltke Helmuth Johannes Ludwig Von Moltke was a Prussian general. He was born in 1848 and died in 1916. He invented the German plan of campaign for the Great War. Mon The Mon are a minority ethnic group living in the Irrawaddy delta region of lower Myanmar (Burma) and Thailand. The Mon language belongs to the Mon-Khmer branch of the Austro-Asiatic family. They are Buddhists, but also retain older animist beliefs. Monck George Monck was an English soldier. He was born in 1608 and died in 1670. During the English civil war he fought with the Royalists until captured by Fairfax and imprisoned. He then served under Cromwell and was instrumental in bringing about the restoration of Charles II. Mond Ludwig Mond was a German chemist who partnered John Brunner to invent a process for creating soda. He was born in 1838, dying in 1909. Monet Claude Monet was a French impressionist painter. He was born in 1840 and died in 1926. Mongol Mongols are any of the various Mongol (or Mongolian) ethnic groups of Central Asia. Mongols live in Mongolia, Russia, Inner Mongolia (China), Tibet, and Nepal. The Mongol language belongs to the Altaic family; some groups of Mongol descent speak languages in the Sino- Tibetan family, however. The Mongols are primarily pastoral nomads, herding sheep, horses, cattle, and camels. Traditionally the Mongols moved with their animals in summer to the higher pastures, returning in winter to the lower steppes. Mongoloid Mongoloid refers to one of the three major races of humans, including the indigenous peoples of Asia, the Indians of the Americas, Polynesians, and the Eskimos and Aleuts. General physical traits include dark eyes with epicanthic folds; straight to wavy dark hair; little beard or body hair; fair to tawny skin; low to medium-bridged noses; thin to medium lips. Monk A Monk is a man who retires from the world to live in a monastery as a member of some religious order. Originally all monks were laymen, but after the 8th century the seniors and by degrees the other member were admitted to holy orders. Monks see "Monk" Monroe James Monroe was the 5th president of the USA. He was born in Virginia in 1758 and died in 1831. Montaigne Michel de Montaigne was a French essayist. He was born in 1533 at Bordeaux and died in 1592. Montefiore Sir Moses Haim Montefiore was a Jewish philanthropist who made a fortune on the London stock market. He was born in 1784 and died in 1885. He became sheriff of London in 1837. He secured better treatment for Jews in various countries, including: Turkey, Russia, Moldavia and Morocco. Montenegrin The Montenegrin are Slavic inhabitants of Montenegro whose culture has much in common with the Serbs. Montesquieu Charles de Secondat Montesquieu was a French philosopher. He was born in 1689 and died in 1755. Montessori Maria Montessori was an Italian educationalist. She was born in 1870 and died in 1952. She developed the Montessori system of education. Monteverdi Claudio Monteverdi was an Italian composer. He was born in 1567 at Cremona and died in 1643. He wrote a lot of church music. Montfort Simon de Montfort was an English statesman and soldier. He was born in 1208 and died in 1265 at the battle of Evesham. Montgolfier The Montgolfier brothers made a hot air balloon, in which Jean francois pilatre de rozier and the marquis d'ariandes made the world's first aerial voyage over paris on november the 21st 1783. Montgomery Montgomery was a British soldier. He was born in 1887 at County Donegal in Ireland. He entered the army in 1908 and served in the Great War. In 1939 he was Divisional Commander. He took part in the evacuation of Dunkirk and in 1942 took over command of the Eight Army in North Africa. In 1944 he led the 21st Army Group in Normandy to the Rhine. Moore Albert Joseph Moore was an English artist. He was born in 1841 and died in 1893. George Moore was an Irish poet and novelist. He was born in 1852 and died in 1933. Henry Moore is an English sculptor. He was born in 1898 at Castleford. Moors The Moors were dark skinned people of North Africa who under the influence of Islam conquered an empire stretching from the Pamirs to the Pyrenees in the 9th century. Their occupation of Spain lasted from 711 until 1492. Mordvin The Mordvin are a Finnish people inhabiting the middle Volga Valley in west Asia. They are known to have lived in the region since the 1st century. There are 1 million speakers of Mordvin scattered throughout west Russia, about one-third of whom live in the Mordvinian republic. Mordvin is a Finno-Ugric language belonging to the Uralic family. More Sir Thomas More was an English statesman and politician. He was born in 1478 at London and died in 1535. Morgan Sir Henry Morgan was a Welsh buccaneer. As the leader of the West Indian buccaneers he sacked Porto Bello and commited atrocities against the inhabitants. He was captured and sent to England in chains, however Charles II pardoned him and made him governor of Jamaica. He was born in 1635 and died in 1688. Morland George morland was an English painter of rural life. He was born in 1763, dying in 1804. Morley Thomas Morley was an English composer of madrigals. He was born in 1557, dying in 1603. John Morley was the 1st viscount morley. He was an English biographer and liberal politician. He was born in 1838, dying in 1923. Morris William morris was an English poet, craftsman and socialist. He was born in 1834, dying in 1896. He founded the socialist league and the kelmscott press. Morrison Herbert Morrison was a British labour statesman. He was born in 1888, dying in 1965. He was home secretary during the second world war. Morse Samuel Morse was an American artist and inventor. He was born in 1791 and died in 1872. He invented the morse code and conceived the idea of a recording magnetic telegraph. Moses Moses was the founder and legislator of the Israelite nation. He delivered his people from Egypt. Mossi The Mossi are the majority ethnic group living in Burkina Faso. Their social structure, based on a monarchy and aristocracy, was established in the 11th century. The Mossi have been prominent traders, using cowrie shells as currency. There are about 4 million speakers of Mossi, a language belonging to the Gur branch of the Niger-Congo family. Mountbatten Louis mountbatten was a British admiral and statesman. He was born in 1900, dying in 1979 when he was assasinated by the ira. He was chief of combined operations in 1942 and the last viceroy of India. Moussorgsky Modest Petrovich Moussorgsky was a Russian composer. He was born in 1835 at St. Petersburg and died in 1881. Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian composer. He was born at Salzburg in 1756, dying in 1791. He began his career at the age of 4 and toured Europe when he was 6. In 1781 he settled in vienna and became friends with haydn. MP MP is an abbreviation for member of parliament. An MP is a politician. Mpongwa The Mpongwa are a native tribe of the Gabon. Muhammad Muhammad was the founder of Islam. Muir Edwin Muir was a Scottish poet. He was born in 1887 on Orkney and died in 1959. Mumford Lewis Mumford is an American writer on town-planning and social problems. He was born in 1895. Munch Edvard Munch was a Norwegian painter. He was born in 1863 and died in 1944. Munchhausen Baron Munchhausen was a German soldier. He was born in 1720 and died in 1797. He is remembered for telling exagerated tales about his adventures during the campaigns he served in. He is the feature of a book, The adventures of Baron Munchhausen written by rudolph Raspe in 1785. Munda The Munda are any one of several groups living in north east and central India, numbering about 5 million (1983). Their most widely spoken languages are Santali and Mundari, languages of the Munda group, an isolated branch of the Austro-Asiatic family. The Mundas were formerly nomadic hunter-gatherers, but now practise shifting cultivation. They are Hindus, but retain animist beliefs. Munro Hector Hugo Munro (Saki) was a Britisj novelist. He was born in 1870 and died in 1916. Murillo Bartolome Esteban Murillo was a Spanish painter. He was born in 1617 at Seville and died in 1682. Muslim A Muslim is someone who professes the religion of Islam. Musset Alfred de Musset was a French romantic poet. He was born in 1810 and died in 1857. Mussolini Benito Mussolini was an Italian dictator. He was born in 1883 at Predappio and died in 1945 when he was executed by Italian Partisans. He founded the fascist movement in 1919 and sided with Hitler during the Second World War. Mutsuhito Mutsuhito was Emperor of Japan from 1867 until 1912. He was born in 1852 and died in 1912. He abolished the feudal system and modernised Japan with state schools, conscription and the Western calendar. Under his rule Japan became a world naval and military power. In 1889 he introduced a constitution. Muybridge Eadweard Muybridge (born Edward James Muggeridge) was a British photographer of animal locomotion. His photographs proved for the first time that when a horse trots there are times when all its feet are off the ground. He was born in 1830 and died in 1904. Nabokov Vladimir Nabokov is a Russian-born American author. He was born in 1899. He wrote Lolita. Naga The Naga are the various peoples who inhabit the highland region near the Indian/Myanmar (Burma) border; they number approximately 800,000. These peoples do not possess a common name; some of the main groups are Ao, Konyak, Sangtam, Lhota, Sema, Rengma, Chang, and Angami. They live by farming, hunting, and fishing. Their languages belong to the Sino-Tibetan family. Nahua The nahua are an indigenous people of Mexico. Nahuatl The Nahuatl are a group of Mesoamerican Indian peoples, of which the best-known group were the Aztecs. The Nahuatl are the largest ethnic group in Mexico, and their languages, which belong to the Uto-Aztecan (Aztec- Tanoan) family, are spoken by over a million people today. Nanak Nanak was an Indian guru who formed the religion of Sikhism. He was born in 1469 and died in 1539. Nansen Fridtjof Nansen was a Norwegian scientist. He was born in 1861 and died in 1930. He explored the ploar regions and in 1921 organised relief for Russian famine victims. He won the Nobel peace prize in 1922. Napier John Napier was a Scottish mathematician. He was born in 1550 and died in 1617. He invented logarithms. Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte was emperor of France. He was born in 1769 and died in 1821. In 1799 he overthrew the Directory and appointed himself dictator. He became emperor in 1804 and reigned until 1815. From 1803 he conquered most of Europe. He was finally overthrown following his defeat at Waterloo at the hands of Wellington's army and was exiled on the Island of St Helena. Nash Paul Nash was an English artist. He was born in 1899 at London and died in 1946. Nasser Gamal Abdel Nasser was prime minister of Egypt from 1954 until 1956. He was born in 1918 and died in 1970. Natchez The Natchez are an American Indian tribe of the Mississippi area. They were almost wiped out by the French in 1731. Today a few survive in Oklahoma. Navaho The Navaho are a peaceable agricultural North American Indian people related to the Apache; population about 200,000. Like the Apache, they speak a Southern Athabaskan language. Navajo The Navajo are an American Indian tribe. Nazi The nazis were a German fascist political party led by Hitler. Neanderthal The Naenderthal were early human beings of the Palaeolithic period. The first Neanderthal skeleton was found in the Rhineland in 1857. They became extinct in 30,000 BC. Negrito The Negrito are several groups living on various islands in south east Asia. The Negritos are long- established inhabitants of the region. They include the cave-dwelling Vedda of Sri Lanka, the Andamanese of the Andaman Islands, and the Semang of Malaysia. Negroid Negroid refers to one of the three major races of humans, mainly the indigenous peoples of Subsaharan Africa and some of the nearby islands in the Indian Ocean and the west Pacific. General physical traits include dark eyes, tightly curled dark hair, brown to very dark skin, little beard or body hair, low to medium- bridged wide noses, and wide or everted lips. Nehru Jawaharial Nehru was an Indian politician. He was born in 1889 and died in 1964. He dedicated himself to liberating India from British rule and then addressing the problem of poverty in India. Neil Kinnock Neil Gordon Kinnock is a British MP. He was born in 1942 in Wales. He was secretary of state for employment between 1974 and 1975. Nelson Horatio Nelson was an English naval commander. He was born in 1758 and died in 1805 from a sniper's gunshot at the battle of Trafalgar. Oddly, he suffered from sea sickness! Nero Nero (Claudius Caesar) was a Roman Emperor. He was born in 37 and died in 68. He was a cruel and unpopular Emperor and committed suicide after a successful revolt against him. Newcomen Thomas Newcomen was an English engineer. He was born in 1663 at Dartmouth and died in 1729. He developed the steam engine. Newman John Henry Newman was a British theologian. He was born in 1801 at London and died in 1890. Newton Sir Isaac Newton was an English scientist. He was born at Woolsthorpe in 1642, dying in 1727. He put forward the theory that the universe is regulated by simple mathematical laws. Ney Michel Ney was a French general. He was born in 1769 and died in 1815. He served under Napoleon at Jena, Borodino and Waterloo. Nicholson Sir William Nicholson was an English painter. He was born in 1872 at Newark and died in 1949. Nicot Jean Nicot was French ambassador at the Portugese court. He was born in 1530 and died in 1600. He was presented, in Portugal with some tobacco plant seeds. He introduced tobacco into France in 1560. The botanical name Nicotiana is derived from his name. Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was a German philosopher who originated the idea of a superman and the doctrine of perfectability of man through forcible self assertion and superiority. Nightingale Florence Nightingale was a Britsih nurse and reformer of hospital nursing. She was born in 1820 at Florence and died in 1910. She attended the sick durong the Crimean war. Nobel Alfred Bernhard Nobel was a Swedish engineer and the inventor of dynamite. He was born in 1833 at Stockholm and died in 1896. On his death he left money that annual prizes in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and the cause of peace could be made (the Nobel prizes). Nollekens Joseph Nollekens was an English sculptor. He was born in 1737 and died in 1823. Nordic Nordic is the ethnic designation for any of the various Germanic peoples, especially those of Scandinavia. The physical type of Caucasoid described under that term is tall, long- headed, blue-eyed, fair of skin and hair. Norseman The Norsemen were early inhabitants of Norway. The term Norsemen is also applied to Scandinavian Vikings who during the 8th-11th centuries raided and settled in Britain, Ireland, France, Russia, Iceland, and Greenland. The Norse religion (banned 1000) was recognized by the Icelandic government 1973. Nuba The Nuba are a minority ethnic group living in south Sudan, numbering about 1 million (1991). They speak related dialects of Nubian, which belongs to the Chari-Nile family. The Nuba farm terraced fields in the Nuba mountains, to the west of the White Nile. Nuffield William Richard Morris Nuffield was a British industrialist and philanthropist. He was born in 1877 at Worcester and died in 1963. Nyanja The Nyanja are a central African people living mainly in Malawi, and numbering about 400,000. The Nyanja are predominantly farmers, living in villages under a hereditary monarchy. They speak a Bantu language belonging to the Niger-Congo family. O'Casey Sean O'Casey was an Irish playwright. He was born in 1884 at Dublin and died in 1966. O'Neill Eugene Gladstone O'Neill was an American dramatist. He was born in 1888 at New York and died in 1954. Oates Lawrence Edward oates was an English antarctic explorer. He was born in 1880. He died by commiting suicide in a blizzard on the return journey from the south pole with scott so that the others would not be hampered by his frost-bite. Oceanus Oceanus was the son of Uranus and Gaea. Ocypete Ocypete was one of the harpies. Offa Offa was King of Mercia (a region of central England) around 790. He died in 796. Offenbach Jacques Offenbach was a German composer. He was born in 1819, dying in 1880. He wrote the opera tales of hoffmann. Ohm Georg Ohm was a German physicist born in 1787, died 1854, who discovered ohm's Law. Omar Khayyam Omar Khayyam was a Persian poet, mathematician and astronomer. He was born in 1050 and died in 1123. Opie John Opie was an English painter. He was born in Cornwall in 1761 and died in 1807. Oppenheimer J. Robert Oppenheimer was an American physicist and director of the Los Almos research project which made the first atomic bomb. He was born in 1904 and died in 1967. Orangeman An Orangeman is a member of the Ulter Protestant Orange Society which was formed in 1795 in opposition to the United Irishmen and the Roman Catholic secret societies. It is a revival of the Orange Institution of 1688 which was formed in support of William III of Orange. The Orangemen celebrate William III defeat of the Catholic James II at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. Orangemen see "Orangeman" Orchardson Sir William Orchardson was a British genre and portrait painter. He was born at Edinburgh in 1835 and died in 1910. Orczy Baroness Emmusca Orczy was a Hungarian born novelist. She was born in 1865 and died in 1947. She is remembered for writing The Scarlet Pimpernel, which she wrote in 1905. Orellana Francisco de Orellana was a Spanish soldier. He discovered the Amazon river, which was so named because he claimed that while travelling down the river he was attacked by a tribe of female warriors. Orford Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford was one of Britain's greatest statesmen. He was born in 1676 in Norfolk and died in 1745. He was a Whig politician who sought to bring the court and the House of Commons into working alliance. Origen Origen was a christian theologian and writer of the early christian church. He was born in Alexandria in 185 and died in 254. Oriya The Oriya are the majority ethnic group living in the Indian state of Orissa. Oriya is Orissa's official language; it belongs to the Eastern group of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo- European family. Ormerod Eleanor Anne Ormerod was an English entomologist and the author of "Textbook of Agricultural Entomology" published in 1892. She was born in 1828 and died in 1901. Orozco Jose Clemente Orozco was a Mexican painter. He was born in 1883 and died in 1949. Orpheus Orpheus was the son of Apollo and Calliope. He was born at Thrace; journeyed with the Argonauts and kept his companions safe by means of his lyre given to him by Apollo. Orsini Felice Orsini was an Italian patriot. He was born in 1819 and was executed in 1858 in Paris for attempting to assasinate Napoleon III. Orwell George Orwell was an English writer. He was born in 1905 in India and died in 1950. He wrote Nineteen Eighty Four and Animal Farm (the book, not the video). Osborne John James Osborne is a Britsih playwright and actor. He was born in 1929. He wrote Look Back In Anger. Osman Digna Osman Digna was originally a slave-dealer at Suakin, he graduated to become leader of the Sudan tribesman. He was born in 1836 and died in 1900. Ostade Haarlem Ostade was a Dutch painter born in 1610, he died in 1685. He was a pupil of Franz Hals and was later influenced by Rembrandt. Isaac Ostade was a Dutch painter born in 1621 and died in 1649. Otto I Otto I, or Otto The Great as he was known was Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He was born in 912 and died in 973. He was the son of Henry The Fowler. In 936 he was elected king of Germany. Otto II Otto II was the son of Otto I. He was Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He was born in 955 and died in 983. Otto III Otto III was Emperor of The Holy Roman Empire. He was born in 980 and died in 1002. He sought to revive the greatness of the Roman Empire, but was frustrated by a general revolt in Italy in 1001. Otto IV Otto IV was son of Henry The Lion and Matilda of England. He was born in 1175 and died in 1218. He was Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He was excommunicated in 1210 for annexing Apulia. Otway Thomas Otway was an English dramatist. He was born in 1652 at Trotton in Sussex and died in 1685. He is renowned for his work "Venice Preserved". Oudinot Nicolas Charles Oudinot was born in 1767 and died in 1847. He was Duke of Reggio and became Marshal of France in 1809. Ouless Walter William Ouless was an English portrait painter. He was born in 1848 at St Helier on Jersey. Ouseley Sir Frederick Ouseley was an English composer. He was born in 1825 in London and died in 1889. He mainly wrote church music. Outram Sir James Outram was a British soldier. He was born in 1803 and died in 1863. He carried out a famous ride in disguise through Afghanistan in 1839 during the Afghan war. He distinguished himself during the Indian mutiny. Ovid Publius Ovidius Naso Ovid was a Roman poet. He was born in 43BC and died in 17AD. He was born at Sulmo the son of a Roman knight and was educated in Rome with a view to a legal career. Owen Robert Owen was an English socialist reformer. He was born in 1771 and died in 1858. He wrote "A New View Of Society" published in 1813. Oxenham John Oxenham was an English author of romantic novels and adventure stories. His works include "John of Gerisau" and "The Man Who Would Save The World". Oyama Prince Iwao Oyama was a Japanese Samurai soldier-statesman. He was born in 1842 and died in 1916. He was attache with the German army during the Franco-German war. Pachmann Vladimir Pachmann was a Russian pianist and interpreter of Chopin. He was born in 1848. Paderewski Ignance Jan Paderewski was a Polish musician. He was born in 1860 at Kurilowka and died in 1941. Paganini Nicolo Paganini was an Italian violinist and composer. He was born in 1784 and died in 1840. He was the founder of the modern school of violin- playing. Paget Sir James Paget was a British surgeon and lecturer. He was born in 1814 and died in 1899. He worked at St Bartholomew's hospital, London. Pain Barry Pain was an English journalist and humours author. He was born in 1867 and died in 1928. He became editor of "To-day" in 1897. Thomas Pain was an English author and agitator. He was born in 1737 and died in 1809. He published "Common Sense" in 1776 which advocated American Independence. Paine Thomas Paine was an English writer on politics and religion. He was born in 1737 in Norfolk and died in 1809. Paish Sir George Paish was a British economist. He was born in 1867. He was assistant editor of the "Statist" from 1894 to 1900. He wrote "Railways in Great Britain" published in 1904. Palestrina Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina was an Italian composer. He was born in 1524 and died in 1594. His works include Marcellus Mass. Paley William Paley was an English theologian. He was born in 1743 and died in 1805. In 1782 he became archdeacon of Carlisle. He wrote "Evidences of Christianity" in 1794. Palgrave Sir Francis Palgrave was an English historian. He was born in 1788 and died in 1861. He wrote "History of England". Francis Turner Palgrave was the son of Sir Francis Palgrave. He was an English critic and poet. He was professor of poetry at Oxford from 1886 to 1895. He was born in 1824 and died in 1897. Palikur The Palikur are a South American Indian people living in north Brazil and numbering about 1 million. Formerly a warlike people, they occupied a vast area between the Amazon and Orinoco rivers. Palissy Bernard Palissy was a French potter and glass painter. He discovered how to manufacture enamel. He was born in 1510 and died in 1589. Palmer Edward Henry Palmer was a British Orientalist. He was born in 1840 and died in 1882. His works include "Oriental Mysticism" published in 1867. Palmerston Henry John Temple Palmerston was an English statesman. He was born in 1784 in Jampshire and died in 1865. He became Conservative MP for Newport in 1807 but in 1828 switched sides to the Liberals. Papuan The Pauan are natives to or inhabitants of Papua New Guinea; a speaker of any of various Papuan languages, used mainly on the island of New Guinea, although some 500 are used in New Britain, the Solomon Islands, and the islands of the SW Pacific. The Papuan languages belong to the Indo-Pacific family. Paracelsus Phillippus Aureolus Paracelsus was a Swiss alchemist and physician. He was born in 1493 and died in 1541. He was the first to note occupational diseases. Paris Paris was a Trojan prince whose abduction of Helen of Sparta caused the Trojan war. Parmigianino Francesco Parmigianino was an Italian painter. He was born in 1503 at Parma and died in 1540. Parnell Charles Stewart Parnell was an Irish nationalist politician. He was born in 1846 at Avondale and died in 1891. Pascal Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician. Pasteur Louis Pasteur was a French scientist. He was born in 1822 at Dole and died in 1895. He founded the modern theory of bacteria. Pater Walter Pater was an English critic. He was born in 1839 and died in 1894. Pathan The Pathan are a people of north west Pakistan and Afghanistan, numbering about 14 million (1984). The majority are Sunni Muslims. The Pathans speak Pashto, a member of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family. The Pathans comprise distinct groups, some living as nomads with herds of goats and camels, while others are farmers. Patmore Coventry Kersey Dighton Patmore was an English poet. He was born in 1823 and died in 1896. Pavlov Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a Russian psychologist. He was born in 1849 at Ryazan and died in 1936. He conducted work into conditioned reflexes using dogs. Peel Sir Robert Peel was an English statesman. He was born in 1788 at Bury and died in 1850. As Home Secretary he reformed the prison service and established the Metropolitan Police Force. He was twice Prime Minister, in 1834 and from 1841 until 1846. Penn William Penn was an English quaker and the founder of Pennsylvania. He was born in 1644, dying in 1718. Penney Sir William George Penney is a British atomic scientist. He was born in 1909 at Gibraltar. Pepys Samuel Pepys was an English diarist. He was born in 1633 at London and died in 1703. Pericles Pericles was an Arthenian ruler and orator. He was born in 490BC and died in 429BC. Perkin Sir William Henry Perkin was an English chemist. He was born in 1838 and died in 1907. He discovered aniline dyes. Peron Juan Peron is an Argentine army officer. He was president of Argentina from 1946 until 1955. Petain Marshal Henri Philippe Petain was a French soldier. He was born in 1856 at Normandy and died in 1951. He headed the Vichy government which collaborated with the Germans after the fall of France during the second World War. Peter Peter The Great was a Czar of Russia. He was born in 1672 and died in 1725. Petrarch Francesco di Petracco (Petrarch) was an Italian poet and scholar. He was born in 1304 and died in 1374. Pharaoh Pharaoh was the title of the ruler of Ancient Egypt. Pharisee The Pharisee were a Jewish sect from 1BC to 1AD which were charcterized by their strict observance of the traditional and written laws. Pheidias Pheidias was a Greek sculptor. He was born in 500BC and died in 433BC. Picasso Pablo Picasso was a Spanish artist born in 1881, dying in 1973. Piccard Auguste Piccard was a Belgian scientist. He was born in 1884 at Lutry and died in 1962. Piero Piero was an Italian painter. He was born in 1420 and died in 1492. He painted frescoes in Florence and at Loretto. Pilcher Percy Pilcher, an Englishman, may be said to have invented the hang glider. During the late 19th century he invented a man launched glider. Pinter Harold Pinter is a British playwright. He was born in 1930 in London. His plays include The Caretaker and The Birthday Party. Piper John Piper is an English painter born at Epsom in 1903. Pirandello Luigi Pirandello was an Italian writer. He was born in 1867 at Girgenti and died in 1936. He won the Nobel prize for literature in 1934. Piranesi Giovanni Battista Piranesi was an Italian architect. He was born in 1720 in Venice and died in 1778. Pisano Niccala Pisano was an Italin sculptor. He was born in 1220 and died in 1280. He created reliefs such as those on the pulpit in Pisa Cathedral. Pitt William Pitt was a Whig politician. He was born in 1708 and died in 1778. Planck Max planck was a German scientist. He was born at Kiel in 1858, dying in 1947. He won the nobel prize for physics in 1918. Plato Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher. He was born in 427bc, dying in 347bc. Plautus Titus Marcius Plautus was a Roman comic poet. He was born in 254BC and died in 184BC. Poe Edgar Allan Poe was an American writer. He was born in 1809 at Boston and died in 1849. He wrote a number of horror and crime novels. Poena Poena was the attendant of punishment to nemesis. Pollaiuolo Antonio Pollaiuolo was an Italian goldsmith, sculptor and painter. He was born in 1429 and died in 1498. Polo Marco Polo was a Venetian traveller. He was born in 1256, dying in 1323. He travelled through various eastern countries. Pope The pope is the leader of the Roman catholic church. alexander pope was an English poet. He was born in London in 1688, dying in 1744. He is remembered for his satire. Potiguara The Potiguara are a group of South American Indians living in north west Brazil, and numbering about 1 million. Their language belongs to the Tupi-Guarani family. Their religion is centered around a shaman, who mediates between the people and the spirit world. Poussin Nicolas poussin was a French painter. He was born in 1593, dying in 1665. Powys John cowper powys was an English writer. He was born in 1872, dying in 1964. Prasad Rajendra prasad was the first president of the republic of India between 1950 and 1962. He was born in 1884, dying in 1963. Praxiteles Praxiteles was a 4th century bc Greek sculptor. He carved hermes carrying dionysus. Priestley Joseph priestley was an English chemist. He was born in 1733, dying in 1804. He worked on gasses and discovered oxygen as did scheele. He moved to America in 1794. Prokofiev Sergei Prokofiev was a Russian composer. He was born in 1891 in the Ukraine and died in 1953. Prophet A prophet is some one who claims to reveal or interpret god's will. Proust Marcel Proust was a French novelist. He was born in 1871 at Paris and died in 1922. Provost A Provost is the chief magistrate in a Royal burgh in Scotland. His position is like that of an English Mayor. Puccini Giacomo Puccini was an Italian opera composer. He was born at Lucca in 1858, dying in 1924. Pueblo The Pueblo were a tribe of American Indians which lived in New Mexico and Arizona. They were a farming tribe. Pueblo Indian Pueblo Indian is a generic name for a member of any of the farming groups of the south west USA and north Mexico, living in communal villages of flat-topped adobe or stone structures arranged in terraces. Surviving groups include the Hopi and the Zuni. Pugin Augustus Welby Pugin was an English architect. He was born in 1812 in London and died in 1852. Pulitzer Joseph Pulitzer was an American newspaper proprietor and philanthropist. He was born in 1847 in Hungary and died in 1911. Pulteney William Pulteney was 1st Earl of Bath. He was born in 1684 and died in 1764. He led the opposition against Walpole, and became prime minister in 1741. Purcell Henry Purcell was an English composer born in London in 1659. He died in 1695. Puritan The Puritans were a group of religious people who wanted what they perceived to be extreme purity in church services. They observed a strict code of behaviour with few amusements. Pushkin Alexander pushkin was a Russian poet. He was born at Moscow in 1799. He died in 1837 from wounds received duelling. Pym John Pym was an English parliamentary leader. He was born in 1584, dying in 1643. He opposed Charles I. Pythagoras Pythagoras was a Greek philosopher. He was born on the island of samos in 582bc, dying in 500bc. Quadi The Quadi were a Teutonic tribe who lived on the Danube between the Carpathian Mountains and Theiss. They waged war against the Romans and disappeared in the 5th century after moving west with the Suevi. Quaestor In ancient Rome, the quaestors were magistrates responsible for the management of public treasure. They received taxes and tribunes, paid the troops. At the time of Julius Caesar there were 40 quaestors. Quasimodo Savatore Quasimodo was an Italian poet. He was born in 1901, dying in 1968. Quechua The Quechua are the largest group of South American Indians. The Quechua live in the Andean region. Their ancestors included the Inca, who established the Quechua language in the region. Quechua is the second official language of Peru and is widely spoken as a lingua franca in Ecuador, Bolivia, Columbia, Argentina, and Chile; it belongs to the Andean- Equatorial family. Quiller-Couch Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch was a British critic and novelist. He was born in 1863 at Fowey and ied in 1944. He wrote Dead Man's Rock. Quilter Roger Quilter was a British composer. He was born in 1877 at Brighton and died in 1953. Quisling Vidkun Quisling was a Norwegian traitor and puppet minister. He was born in 1887 and died in 1945 when he was executed following the liberation of Norway. Rabbi A rabbi is the chief religious leader of a synagogue. Rabelais Francois Rabelais was a French satirist. He was born in 1490 at Chinon and died in 1553. Rachmaninov Sergi Rachmaninov was a Russian composer born near lake ilman in 1873. He died in 1943. He wrote pieces for the piano. Racine Jean Racine was a French dramatist and poet. He was born in 1639 at La Ferte-Milon and died in 1699. Raeburn Sir Henry Raeburn was a Scottish portrait painter. He was born in 1756 and died in 1823. Rajput The Rajput are a Hindu people, predominantly soldiers and landowners, widespread over north India. The Rajput states of north west India are now merged in Rajasthan. Rajastani languages belong to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo- European family. Raleigh Sir Walter Raleigh was an English soldier, explorer and author. He was born in 1552 near Sidmouth and died in 1618. Rameau Jean-Philippe Rameau was a French composer. He was born in 1683 and died in 1764. Ramsay Sir William Ramsay was a Scottish scientist. He was born in 1852 in Glasgow and died in 1916. He discovered the inert gases which include helium, argon and neon. Raphael Raphael was an Italian painter of the renaissance period. Rasmussen Knud Johan Victor Rasmussen was a Danish arctic explorer. He was born in 1879 at Jakobshavn and died in 1933. He made a number of journeys into the arctic circle to study the lives of the Eskimos. Rasputin Gregory Rasputin was a Russian courtier. He was born in 1871 in Siberia and died in 1916 when he was assasinated by members of the Court. Ravel Maurice Ravel was a French composer. He was born in 1875 at Cibourne and died in 1937. Ray John Ray was an English naturalist. He was born in 1627, dying in 1705. He produced a classification of plants. Reade Charles Reade was a British novelist and dramatist. He was born in 1814 at Ipsden and died in 1884. He wrote The Cloister and the Hearth. Regent Albany Regent Albany was King of Scotland from 1406 to 1419. Regent Murdoch Regent Murdoch was King of Scotland from 1419 to 1424. Rembrandt Rembrandt was a 17th century Dutch painter. Remington Philo Remington invented the typewriter and also the breach loading rifle. Renoir Renoir was a French impressionist painter. Reuter Paul Julius Reuter was a German newsman. He was born in 1816 at Kassel and died in 1899. He founded the Reuter's news agency. Revere Paul Revere was an American soldier and patriot. He was born in 1735 at Boston and died in 1818. In april 1775 he rode from Boston to Concorde to warn the population of the approach of British troops. Reynolds Sir Joshua Reynolds was an English portrait painter. He was born in 1723 near Plymouth and died in 1792. Rhodes Cecil John Rhodes was a South African statesman. He was born in 1853 at Bishop's Stortford and died in 1902. Richard Richard was King of England from 1189 to 1199. Richard II Richard II was son of Edward The Black Prince and King of England from 1371 to 1399. Richard III Richard III was King of England from 1483 to 1485. Richard Savage Richard Savage was an English poet believed to be the illegitimate son of Lord Rivers and the Countess of Macclesfield. He died in 1743. Richardson Samuel Richardson was an English novelist. He was born in 1689 and died in 1761. He wrote Pamela. Richelieu Armand Duplessis Richelieu was a French churchman and statesman. He was born in 1585 in Paris and died in 1642. In 1624 he became minister of state to Louis XIII and dominated the weak King, ruling France himself. Ridley Nicholas Ridley was an English protestant martyr. He was born in 1500, dying in 1555 when he was burnt at the stake. Rienzi Cola di Rienzi was an Italian patriot. He was born in rome in 1313. He led a popular uprising in 1347, reigned for seven months and then had to flee. He was eventually murdered in 1354. Rilke Rainer Maria Rilke was an Austrian poet. He was born in 1875 at Prague and died in 1926. Rimbaud Arthur Rimbaud was a Belgian poet. He was born in 1854 in the Ardennes and died in 1891. Rimsky-Korsakov Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov was a Russian composer. He was born in 1844 at Novogrod and died in 1908. Rinaldo Rinaldo was a famous character in mediaeval romance. He was one of four sons of Aymom, cousin to Orlando and a brave knight of the Charlemagne. Ristori Adelaide Ristori was an Italian tragedy actress. She was born in 1822 and died in 1906. She wrote "Studies and Memois". Rivera Diego Rivera was a Mexican painter. He was born in 1886 at Guanajuato and died in 1957. Riviere Briton Riviere was a British painter of animals. He was born in 1840 amd died in 1920. Rob Roy Rob Roy (Robert McGregor) was a Scottish freebooter. He was born in 1671, dying in 1734. He helped the poor at the expense of the rich and played a lone role in the jacobite uprising of 1715. Robeck Sir John Michael De Robeck was a British admiral. He was born in 1862 and died in 1928. He commanded the naval force at Dardanelles. Robert Robert (Bruce) was King of Scotland from 1306 to 1329. Robert I Robert I, Duke of Normandy was the father of William the Conqueror and aide to Edward The Confessor. He died in 1035 while returning from a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Robert II Robert II was King of Scotland from 1371 to 1390. Robert III Robert III was King of Scotland from 1390 to 1406. Roberts David Roberts was a Scottish landscape and architectural painter. He was born in 1796 and died in 1864. John Roberts was an English billiard player. He was born in 1847 and died in 1919. He first won the world championship in 1875. He was one of the greatest billiard players of the time, setting a record of a break of 597 in 1900 with bonzoline balls. He stopped competing after the rules were changed in 1898. Robertson Sir William Robertson was the only British soldier to join as a private and make field-marshal. He was born in 1860, dying in 1933. Robespierre Robespierre was a politician of the French revolution. Robin Hood Robin Hood was an English mediaeval hero frequently mentioned in 14th century literature. He was depicted as a brave and chivalrous adventurer who had his head-quarters in Sherwood Forest. Robinson William Heath Robinson was an English cartoonist renowned for his humorous drawings of machines. He was born in 1872, dying in 1944. Rochester John Wilmot Rochester was an English poet and wit. He was bron in 1648, dying in 1680. Rockefeller John Davison Rockefeller was an American who made a fortune from petroleum. Rockefeller John Davison Rockefeller was an American who made a fortune from petroleum. Rod Edouard Rod was a Swiss psychological novelist. He was born in 1857 and died in 1910. Rodin Auguste Rodin was a French impressionist sculptor. He was born in 1840 and died in 1917. Rodney George Brydges Rodney was an English admiral who defeated the Spanish fleet off cape st. Vincent in 1780. He was born in 1718, dying in 1792. Roe Sir Thomas Roe was a famous English ambassador to the West Indies and Brazil. He was born in 1568 and died in 1644. Roger Hollis Roger Hollis was director of MI5, and alleged by Peter Wright (in his book "Spy Catcher") to have been a Russian spy. Rogers Samuel Rogers was an English poet. He was born in 1763 and died in 1855. He was the son of a banker. He was offered the laureateship when Wordsworth died in 1850. Rogue A rogue is an idle vagrant. Rohillas The Rohillas were an Afghan tribe who made themselves masters of Rohikhand in the 18th century, but were subdued in 1774 by the Nawab of Oudh assisted by a British force. Roman A Roman was an inhabitant of ancient Rome. Romans see "Roman" Romany The Romanys are a nomadic Caucasoid people, also called Gypsy. They are believed to have originated in north west India, and live throughout the world. The Romany language (spoken in different dialects in every country where Gypsies live) is a member of the Indo-European family. Rommel Erwin Rommel was a German Field Marshal of the 2nd world war. Romney George Romney was an English portrait painter. He was born in 1734 in Lancashire and died in 1802. Romulus Romulus was the founder of Rome. Ronsard Pierre de Ronsard was a French poet. He was born in 1524, dying in 1585. Rontgen Konrad Wilhelm Rontgen was a German physicist who discovered x-rays. He was born in 1845, dy ng in 1923. Rooke Sir George Rooke was a British admiral. He was born in 1650 and died in 1709. He commanded the squadron which relieved Londonderry in 1689. Roon Albrecht Theodor Count Von Roon was a Prussian soldier. He was born in 1803 and died in 1879. He was German minister of war from 1859 until 1873. Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt was president of the United States. He was born in 1858, dying in 1919. franklin Delano Roosevelt was president of the United States. He was born in 1882, dying in 1945. He was opposed to war, and held the philosophy of talk soft, but carry a big stick. Rosa Carl August Nicholas Rosa was an operatic impresario. He was born in Hamburg in 1843 and died in 1889. Rosmini-Serbati Antonio Rosmini-Serbati was an Italian philosopher. He was born at Rovereto in 1797 and died in 1855. He founded the Rosminians. Ross James Clark Ross was an English admiral and Antarctic explorer. He was born in 1800, dying in 1862. Rossetti Dante Gabriel Rossetti was an English painter and poet. He was born at London in 1828 and died in 1882. William Michael Rossetti was the brother of Dante Gabriele Rossetti. He was an English author. He was born in 1829 and died in 1919. Rossini Gioacchino Antonio Rossini was an Italian operatic composer. He was born in 1792 and died in 1868. Rostand Edmond Rostand was a French poet and dramatist. He was born in 1868 and died in 1918. Rousseau Jean Jacques Rousseau was a French philosopher and writer. He was the pioneer of the Romantic Movement. He was born in 1712 and died in 1778. Henri Rousseau was a French painter. He was born in 1844 and died in 1910. Rowlandson Thomas Rowlandson was an English caricaturist. He was born in 1756 and died in 1827. Rubens Sir Peter Paul Rubens was a flemish painter. He was born in 1577, dying in 1640. Rubinstein Anton Grigorovich Rubinstein was a Russian composer and pianist. He was born in 1829, dying in 1894. Ruhmkorff Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff was a German electrician. He was born in 1803 and died in 1877. He invented a thermo-electric battery in 1844. Ruisdael Jacob van Ruisdael was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1628 in Haarlem and died in 1682. Rumford Benjamin Thompson Rumford was an Anglo-American scientist. He was born in 1753 in Massachusetts and died in 1814. Ruskin John Ruskin was a British writer and art critic. He was born in 1819 in London and died in 1900. Russel Bertrand Arthur William Russel was a British philosopher and mathematician. He was born in 1872 in Trelleck and died in 1970. Russian A Russian is an inhabitant of Russia. Rutherford Ernest Rutherford was a British scientist. He was born in 1871 in New Zealand and died in 1937. He won the Nobel prize for chemistry in 1908 for his work with radium. Saami The Saami (Lapp) are a group of herding people living in north Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula, and numbering about 46,000. Some are nomadic, others lead a more settled way of life. They live by herding reindeer, hunting, fishing, and producing handicrafts. Their language belongs to the Finno-Ugric family. Their religion is basically animist, but incorporates elements of Christianity. Sabatini Rafael Sabatini was an Anglo-Italian writer. He was born in 1875 and died in 1950. He wrote Captain Blood, and The Sea Hawk. Sachs Hans sachs was a German poet. He was born at Nuremberg in 1494, dying in 1576. Julius von sachs was a German botanist. He was born in 1832, dying in 1897. He demonstrated that chlorophyll is formed in chloroplasts only in light. Sadat Mohammed Anwar el Sadat was presidant of Egypt. He was born in 1919, dying in 1981 when he was assassinated. Saint-Saens Camille Saint-Saens was a French composer. He was born in 1835 in Paris and died in 1921. Saki see "Munro" Saladin Saladin was sultan of Egypt and Syria. He was born in 1137, dying in 1193. He conquered Jerusalem in 1187 and caused the 3rd crusade to take place. Sallust Sallust was a Roman historian. He was born in 86BC and died in 35BC. Samaritan The Samaritan are descendants of the colonists forced to settle in Samaria (now north Israel) by the Assyrians after their occupation of the ancient kingdom of Israel in 722 BC. Samurai The samurai are a Japanese military caste. San The San (formerly Bushman) are a small group of hunter-gatherer peoples living in and around the Kalahari Desert. Their language belongs to the Khoisan family. Sand George Sand was a French writer. He was born in 1804 in Paris and died in 1876. Sandburg Carl Sandburg was an American poet. He was born in 1878 at Galesburg and died in 1969. Santayana George Santayana was an American philosopher. He was born in 1863 in Madrid and died in 1952. Sardou Victorien Sardou was a French dramatist. He was born in 1831, dying in 1908. Sartre Jean-Paul Sartre is a French philosopher, playwright and novelist. He was born in 1905. Sassoon Siegfried Sassoon was an English writer. He was born in 1886 and died in 1967. He wrote poetry during the Great War which revealed the horror and wasteful destruction of the war. Saud Abdul Azziz Ibn Saud was King of Saudi Arabia. He was born in 1880 in Central Arabia and died in 1953. Savonarola Girolamo Savonarola was an Italian religious reformer. He was born in 1452 at Ferrara and died in 1498 when he was hanged for criticising Pope Alexander VI. Scarlatti Domenico Scarlatti was an Italian composer. He was born in 1685 at Naples and died in 1757. Schafer Sir Edward Schafer was a British physiologist. He was born in 1850. He worked at Edinburgh university and gave a famous address on the origin of life at Dundee in 1912. He was knighted in 1913. Scheele Carl wilhelm scheele was a Swedish chemist. He was born in 1742, dying in 1786. He discovered oxygen as did priestley. Schiller Johann Christoph Friedrich Von Schiller was a German dramatist and poet. He was born in 1759 in Wurttemberg and died in 1805. Schonberg Arnold Schonberg was an Austrian composer. He was born in 1874 and died in 1951. Schopenhauer Arthur Schopenhauer was a German philosopher. He was born in 1788 at Danzig and died in 1860. Schubert Franz Schubert was an Austrian composer. He was born in 1797 in Vienna and died in 1828. Schumann Robert Schumann was a German composer. He was born in 1810 at Zwickau and died in 1856. Schweitzer Albert Schweitzer was an Austrian doctor, writer, and religious thinker. He was born in 1875 and died in 1964. Scott Sir Walter Scott was a Scottish novelist. He was born in 1771 at Edinburgh and died in 1832. Sedgwick Adam Sedgwick was an English geologist. He was born in 1785, dying in 1873. He mapped the rocks of the lake District in 1822. Seminoles The Seminoles are a north American tribe of Indians. They are an offshoot of the Choctaw Muskogee tribe. They settled in Florida in 1750. Semite The Semites are the peoples of the Middle East originally speaking a Semitic language, and traditionally said to be descended from Shem, a son of Noah in the Bible. Ancient Semitic peoples include the Hebrews, Ammonites, Moabites, Edomites, Babylonians, Assyrians, Chaldaeans, Phoenicians, and Canaanites. The Semitic peoples founded the monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. They speak languages of the Hamito-Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. Seneca Lucius Annaeus Seneca was a Roman philosopher, dramatist and statesman. He was born in 4BC at Cordova and died in 65. Senefelder Aloys senefelder was a German inventor. Serb The serbs are Yugoslavia's largest ethnic group, found mainly in Serbia, but also in the neighboring independent republics of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia. Their language, generally recognized to be the same as Croat and hence known as Serbo- Croatian, belongs to the Slavic branch of the Indo-European family. It has more than 17 million speakers. The Serbs are predominantly Greek Orthodox Christians and write in a Cyrillic script. Serjeant-at-Arms The Serjeant-at-Arms is an officer of the House of Commons who has responsibility for keeping order. If the speaker orders a member to leave, the Serjeant-at-Arms must see that the member leaves. Shackleton Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton was an Antarctic explorer. He was born in 1874 at Kilkee and died in 1922 of heart-failure whilst on Scott's third expedition to the south-pole. Shakespear William shakespear was an English dramatist and poet. He was born in stratford upon avon in 1564, dying in 1616. Shakespeare William Shakespeare was an English dramatist and poet. He was born in Stratford Upon Avon in 1564, dying in 1616. Shan The Shan are a people of the mountainous borderlands separating Thailand, Myanmar (Burma), and China. They are related to the Laos and Thais, and their language belongs to the Sino- Tibetan family. Shaw George Bernard Shaw was an Irish writer. He was born in 1856 in Dublin and died in 1950. Shelley Mary Shelley (Mary Godwin) was the daughter of William Godwin. She was born in 1797, dying in 1851. She is remembered for writing frankenstein. Percy Bysshe Shelley was an English poet. He was born in 1792 at Warnham and died in 1822. Shepherd Kings see "Hycsos" Sheridan Richard Brinsley Sheridan was a Britsh dramatist. He was born in 1751 in Dublin and died in 1816. Sherman W.t. Sherman was an American soldier of the American civil war. An American tank of the second world war was named after him. Sherpa The sherpa are a people of north east Nepal. Shona The Shona are a Bantu-speaking people of south Africa, comprising approximately 80% of the population of Zimbabwe. They also occupy the land between the Save and Pungure rivers in Mozambique, and smaller groups are found in South Africa, Botswana, and Zambia. The Shona are mainly farmers, living in scattered villages. The Shona language belongs to the Niger-Congo family. Shostakovich Dmitri Shostakovich is a Russian composer. He was born in 1906 at Leningrad. He wrote his 7th symphony in Leningrad whilst helping with the defence of the city against the Germans during the Second World War. Sibelius Jan Sibelius was a Finnish composer. He was born in 1865 at Tavastehus and died in 1958. Sickert Walter Richard Sickert was an English artist. He was born in 1860 and died in 1942. Siddons Sarah Siddons was an English actress. She was born in 1755, dying in 1831. She played with garrick's company at drury lane in 1775. Sidney Sir Philip Sidney was an English poet, soldier and courtier. He was born in 1554 and died in 1586. Sienkiewicz Henryk Sienkiewicz was a Polish novelist. He was born in 1846 and died in 1916. Sikhs The Sikhs are a group of people from Punjab who follow the religion of Baba Nanak. Sinclair Sir Clive Sinclair is the English electronics genius who produced the first widely available pocket calculator and a series of home computers. Sindhi The Sindhi are the majority ethnic group living in the Pakistani province of Sind. The Sindhi language is spoken by about 15 million people. Singer Isaac Merritt Singer was an American engineer. He was born in 1811 and died in 1875. He developed and patented a single-thread and chain- stitching sewing machine. Sinhalese The Sinhalese are the majority ethnic group of Sri Lanka (70% of the population). Sinhalese is the official language of Sri Lanka; it belongs to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family, and is written in a script derived from the Indian Pali form. The Sinhalese are Buddhists. Sioux The Sioux are a north American Indian tribe. Sitting Bull Sitting Bull was a great leader of the sioux. Skelton John Skelton was an English poet. He was born in 1460 at Diss and died in 1529. Slade Felix Slade was an English art colllector. He was born in 1790, dying in 1868. Slav The Slavs are an Indo-European people in central and east Europe, the Balkans, and parts of north Asia, speaking closely related Slavonic languages. The ancestors of the Slavs are believed to have included the Sarmatians and Scythians. Moving west from Central Asia, they settled in east and south east Europe during the 2nd and 3rd millennia BC. Slessor Mary Slessor was a Britsh missionary. She was born in 1848 and died in 1915. Sloane Sir Hans Sloane was a collector of books and physician. He was born in Ireland in 1660. Upon his death in 1753 he left his 50000 volumes of books and manuscripts under his will to the nation, thus forming the British library. Slovene The Slovene are the Slavic people of Slovenia and parts of the Austrian Alpine provinces of Styria and Carinthia. There are 1.5-2 million speakers of Slovene, a language belonging to the South Slavonic branch of the Indo-European family. The Slovenes use the Roman alphabet and the majority belong to the Roman Catholic Church. Smith Adam Smith was a Scottish economist. He was born in 1723 at Kirkcaldy and died in 1790. He wrote the first scientific work on the principles of economy, "The Wealth of Nations". Sir Matthew Smith was an English painter. He was born in 1879 at Halifax and died in 1959. Smollett Tobias Smollett was a British novelist. He was born in 1721 at Dalquhurne and died in 1771. Smuts Jan Christiaan Smuts was a South African statesman. H was born in 1870 and died in 1950. He was South African Prime Minister from 1919 until 1924. Smyth Ethel Mary Smyth was an English composer and suffragette. She was born in 1858, dying in 1944. She wrote the opera the wreckers. Soane Sir John Soane was an English architect and collector. He was born in 1753 near Reading and died in 1837. Socrates Socrates was a Greek philosopher. He was born in 469BC and died in 399BC. Soddy Frederick Soddy was an English scientist. He was born in 1877 at Eastbourne and died in 1956. He was a pioneer in the study of radioactive substances. Solomon Solomon was the third King of the Hebrews. He lived around 960BC. Sophocles Sophocles was a Greek dramatist. He was born in 496BC at Colonus and died in 406BC. Sotho The Sotho are a large ethnic group in southern Africa, numbering about 7 million and living mainly in Botswana, Lesotho, and South Africa. The Sotho are predominantly farmers, living in small village groups. They speak a variety of closely related languages belonging to the Bantu branch of the Niger-Congo family. With English, Sotho is the official language of Lesotho. Sousa John Philip Sousa was an American composer. He was born in 1854 at Washington and died in 1932. he is famous for his military marches. Southey Robert Southey was an English poet and writer. He was born in 1774 and died in 1843. Sovereign A Sovereign is a supreme ruler, especially it is a term applied to a monarch Spartacus Spartacus was a Roman gladiator and slave. He escaped and led a slave insurrection routing several Roman armies before he was killed by crassus. Spencer Herbert Spencer was a British philosopher. He was born in 1820 at derby and died in 1903. Stanley Spencer was an English painter. He was born in 1891 and died in 1959. Spengler Oswald Spengler was a German philosopher. he was born in 1880 at Blankenburg and died in 1936. Spenser Edmund Spenser was an English poet. He was born in 1552 in London and died in 1599. St Anselm St Anselm was an archbishop of Canterbury. He was born in 1033 and died in 1109. Stein Chris Stein was lead guitarist with the 70's punk rock band Blondie. Steinbeck John Ernest Steinbeck was an American novelist. He was born in 1902 and died in 1968. Stendhal Stendhal was a French novelist. He was born in 1783 and died in 1842. Stephen Stephen was King of England from 1135 to 1154. Stephenson George Stephenson was an English engineer. He was born at Wylam in 1781, dying in 1848. He is remembered for designing locomotives. In 1829 his locomotive called the rocket ran at 30mph and won a prize. Sterne Laurence Sterne was a British novelist. He was born in 1713 and died in 1768. Stevenson Robert Stevenson was a Scottish engineer. He was born in 1772, dying in 1850. He invented the flashing light for use in lighthouses. Robert Louis Stevenson was a Scottish author. He was born at edinburgh in 1850, dying in 1894. He wrote treasure island, kidnapped, Dr jekyll and Mr hyde, and the Master of Ballantrae. Stheino Stheino was one of the gorgons. Stoker Bram Stoker was an Irish author. He was born in 1847, dying in 1912. He wrote the novel Dracula. Stokes Sir George Gabriel Stokes was an Irish mathematician and physicist to whom is due the modern theory of viscuous fluids and the discovery that rays beyond the violet end of the spectrum produce flourescence in certain substances. He was born in 1819 and died in 1903. Stopes Marie Carmichael Stopes was the English pioneer of birth control. She was born in 1880, dying in 1958. Her book married love was published in 1918. Storch see "Stor" Storck Nicholas Storck (Storch?) was a fanatical German preacher. He formed the anabaptists in 1521 and excited rebellion of the German lower orders which was quelled with force in 1525. Stowe Harriet Beecher Stowe was an American author. She was born in 1811, dying in 1896. Her book uncle tom's cabin was published in 1852 in which she exposed slavery. Stradivari Antonio Stradivari was an Italian maker of violins. He was born at Cremona in 1644, dying in 1737. His violins are the finest ever made. Strauss Johann Strauss was a 19th century Austrian composer. Richard Strauss was a German composer. he was born in 1864 and died in 1949. Stravinsky Igor Stravinsky was a Russian composer. He was born in 1882, dying in 1971. He wrote several ballets. Strindberg August Strindberg was a Swedish writer. He was born in 1849 and died in 1912. Suffragette Suffragettes were the members of the women's suffrage movement who campaigned for women to be allowed to vote. The movement was abolished in 1918 when women aged 30 were allowed to vote. Sullivan Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan was an English composer. He was born in 1842 and died in 1900. Sun Yat-Sen Sun Yat-Sen was a Chinese statesman. He was born in 1866 and died in 1925. Suppe Franz von Suppe was an Austrian composer. He was born in 1819 in Dalmatia and died in 1895. Sutherland Graham Sutherland is an English painter. Swazi The swazi are the majority group of people in Swaziland. The Swazi are primarily engaged in cultivating and raising livestock, but many work in industries in South Africa. The Swazi language belongs to the Bantu branch of the Niger-Congo family. Swedenborg Emanuel Swedenborg was a Swedish religious thinker. He was in 1688 and died in 1772. Swift Jonathan Swift was an Irish writer. He was born in 1667 in Dublin and died in 1745. He wrote Gulliver's Travels which was an attack on the English society of the time. Swinburne Algernon Charles Swinburne was an English poet. He was born in 1837 and died in 1909. Synge John Millington Synge was an Irish dramatist. He was born in 1871 at Rathfarnham and died in 1909. Tacitus Conelius Tacitus was a Roman historian. He was born in 55 and died in 120. Tagalog The Tagalog are the majority ethnic group living around Manila on the island of Luzon, in the Philippines, who number about 10 million. The Tagalog live by fishing and trading. In its standardized form, known as Pilipino, Tagalog is the official language of the Philippines, and belongs to the Western branch of the Austronesian family. The Tagalog religion is a mixture of animism, Christianity, and Islam. Tagore Sir Rabindranath Tagore was an Indian poet. He was born in 1861 and died in 1941. Tai The Tai are the groups of south east Asian peoples who speak Tai languages, all of which belong to the Sino-Tibetan language family. There are over 60 million speakers, the majority of whom live in Thailand. Tai peoples are also found in SW China, north west Myanmar (Burma), Laos, and north Vietnam. Talapoin A talapoin is a Buddhist priest or monk. Tamerlane Tamerlane (Timur) was King of Samarkland. He was born in 1336 and died in 1405. He extended the Mongol empire through Persia, Georgia, Armenia and Russia. Tamil The Tamils are the majority ethnic group living in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Tamils retain a distinct culture. They possess an ancient literary tradition and have developed their own court arts. The majority of Tamils are farmers, cultivating rice in irrigated fields. They are also known for their handicrafts, including pottery. Tamils The Tamils are an indigenous people of southern India and Sri Lanka. Tancred Tancred was a hero of the first Crusade. He was born in 1078 of Marquis Odo the Good and Emma. He died in 1112 of a wound received at Antioch. Tasaday The Tasaday are an indigenous people of the rainforests of Mindanao in the Philippines. Tasman Abel Tasman was a Dutch explorer. He discovered tasmania in 1642. Tasso Torquato Tasso was an Italian poet. He was born in 1544 at Sorrento and died in 1595. Tatian Tatian was a heresiarch of the 2nd century. He was born in Ethiopia around 120 and died around 172. He became a disciple of Justin, after whose martyrdom he left Rome and travelled the Middle East preaching. He taught abstinence from wine, meat and marriage and disbelieved the divinity of Christ. Tauri The Tauri were the earliest known inhabitants of the Crimea. Tchaikovsky Pyotr Tchaikovsky was a 19th century Russian composer. Tell William Tell was a Swiss hero. He lived during the 14th century. Tennyson Alfred Tennyson was an English poet. He was born in 1809 and died in 1892. Thackeray William Makepeace Thackeray was an English novelist. He was born at calcutta in 1811, dying in 1863. He wrote vanity fair. Thales Thales was a Greek philosopher. He was born in 636BC and died in 546 BC. Thane In English history, a thane was someone who was awarded land by the King or another superior as a reward for military service. Thanes ranked between ordinary freemen and hereditary nobles. Theophrastus Theophrastus of Lesbos was a Greek naturalist. He was born in 368BC and died in 284BC. He wrote A History of Plants. Thibaud Jacques Thibaud was a French violinist. He was born in 1880, dying in an air crash in 1953. Thomas Dylan Thomas was a Welsh poet. he was born in 1914 in Swansea and died in 1953. He wrote Under Milk Wood. Thomson J. J. Thomson was an English scientist. He was born in 1856 at Cheetham and died in 1940. He won the Nobel prize for physics in 1906. Thoreau Henry David Thoreau was an American naturalist and writer. He was born in 1817 at Concord and died in 1862. He wrote Walden. Thucydides Thucydides was an Athenian historian. He was born in 460BC and died in 399BC. He wrote a history of the Peloponnesian War. Thug The thugs were a Hindu sect who strangled their victims as sacrifices to Kali. Thuringian The Thuringian were an ancient tribe of central Germany. They were conquered by the Franks in the 6th century. Tiepolo Giovanni Battista Tiepolo was a Venetian painter. He was born in 1696 and died in 1770. He is famous for the frescoes he painted. Tigro The Tigro are a people of north Ethiopia. The Tigro language is spoken by about 2.5 million people; it belongs to the south east Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. Tigrinya is a closely related language spoken slightly to the south. Tintoretto Jacopo Robusti (Tintoretto) was an Italian painter. He was born in 1518 in venice and died in 1594. Titian Tiziano Vecellio (Titian) was an Italian painter. He was born in 1477 and died in 1576. Tito Josip Tito was a Yugoslav revolutionary and military leader. He was born in 1892 in Croatia. He liberated Yugoslavia from the invading German armies during the Second World War. Tlingit The Tlingit are a North American Indian people of the north west coast, living in south Alaska and north British Columbia. They used to carve wooden poles representing their family crests, showing such animals as the raven, whale, octopus, beaver, bear, wolf, and the mythical "thunderbird". Their language is related to the Athabaskan languages. Tolstoy Leo Nikolaievich Tolstoy was a Russian novelist. He was born in 1828 at Tula and died in 1910. He wrote "War and Peace". Torquemada Thomas de Torquemada was a Dominican monk and founder of the Spanish Inquisition. He was born in 1420 and died in 1498. Torricelli Evangelista Torricelli was an Italin physicist. He was born in 1608 and died in 1647. He discovered atmospheric pressure. Toscanini Arturo Toscanini was an Italian musician. He was born in 1867 and died in 1957. Toulouse-Lautrec Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec was a French painter. He was born in 1864 at Albi and died in 1901. Treves Sir Frederick Treves was an English surgeon. He was born in 1853 and died in 1923. He was one of the founders of the Red Cross society. He operated on Edward VII for appendicitis in 1902. Trevithick Richard Trevithick was an English inventor. He was born in 1771 in Cornwall and died in 1833. He invented the high-pressure steam engine. Triton Triton was a herald of Neptune. Troglodyte Troglodyte is a Greek term for a cave dweller, designating certain peoples in the ancient world. The troglodytes of south Egypt and Ethiopia were a pastoral people. Trollope Anthony Trollope was an English novelist. He was born in 1815 and died in 1852. He started life as a post-office clerk in 1834. His works include Barchester Towers, published in 1857. Trotsky Lev Davidovich Trotsky was a Russian Soviet leader. He was born in 1877. He was assasinated in South America under orders from Stalin. Troubridge Sir Thomas Troubridge was a British read-admiral. He was born in 1758 and died in 1807. He distinguished himself at the capture of Sartine. Truman Harry S. Truman was an American politician and President. He was born in 1884 in Missouri. In 1934 he was elected to the senate for the Democrats. In 1945 he became President when Roosevelt died. In 1948 he was re- elected President and in 1952 he retired from politics. Tryon Sir George Tryon was a British admiral. He was born in 1832 and died in 1893. He commanded the Mediterranean fleet in 1891. His mistaken orders led to the sinking of the Victoria with himself and 358 officers and men on board off Tripoli. Tswana The Tswana are the majority ethnic group living in Botswana. The Tswana are divided into four subgroups: the Bakwena, the Bamangwato, the Bangwaketse, and the Batawana. Traditionally they are rural- dwelling farmers, though many now leave their homes to work as migrant laborers in South African industries. The Tswana language belongs to the Bantu branch of the Niger-Congo family. Tuareg The Tuareg are a nomadic Berber people of the west and central Sahara. Tukano The Tukano are an indigenous South American Indian people of the Vaupos region on the Colombian-Brazilian border, numbering approximately 2,000. An estimated 12,000 speak languages related to Tukano. The other main Tukanoan groups are Bara, Barasana, Cubeo, Desana, and Makuna. Turgenev Ivan Sergeievitch Turgenev was a Russian novelist. He was born in 1818 at Orel and died in 1883. He wrote "A Sportsman's Sketches" in 1852 which dealt with country life and the plight of Russian serfs. Turner Joseph Mallord William Turner was an English painter. He was born in 1775 in London and died in 1851. Turpin Richard (Dick) Turpin was a notorious English highwayman. he was born in 1706 and died in 1739 when he was hanged. Tuscarora The Tuscarora are a North American indian tribe. They originated from North Carolina and are now a member of the Iroquois confederacy. Tussaud Marie Tussaud was born in 1760 in Switzerland. She died in 1850. She founded the famous Tussaud's wax works in London. Tutsi The Tutsi are the minority ethnic group living in Rwanda and Burundi. They are traditionally farmers. Twa The Twa are an ethnic group comprising 1% of the populations of Burundi and Rwanda. The Twa are the aboriginal inhabitants of the region. They are a pygmoid people, and live as nomadic hunter-gatherers in the forests. Twain Mark Twain was an American writer. He was born in 1835 at Hannibal and died in 1910. He wrote "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer". Tyler Wat Tyler was the leader of the English peasant's revolt of 1381. Uhland Johann Ludwig Uhland was a German poet and ballad writer, born 1787, died 1862. Uigur The Uigur are a Turkic people living in north west China and Kazakhstan; they form about 80% of the population of the Chinese province of Xinjiang Uygur. There are about 5 million speakers of Uigur, a language belonging to the Turkic branch of the Altaic family; it is the official language of the province. Umpire An umpire is someone to whose sole decision a matter in dispute between two parties is refered. Undset Sigrid Undset was a Norwegian writer. She was born in 1882 and died in 1949. She won the Nobel prize for literature in 1928. Utrillo Maurice Utrillo was a French painter. He was born in 1883 in Paris and died in 1955. He was taught how to paint by his mother, Suzanne Valadon. Vanbrugh Sir John Vanbrugh was an English dramatist and architect. He was born in 1664 in London and died in 1726. His first comedy, "The Relapse", opened in 1696. He designed Blenheim Palace and Castle Howard. Vandals The Vandals were a war-like Germanic tribe who between the 5th and 6th centuries invaded Gaul, Spain and North Africa. In 455 they sacked Rome. They were renowned for wantonly destroying art treasures and books. Vasco da Gama Vasco Da Gama was a Portugese explorer. He discovered the sea-route from Europe to India. Vauban Sebastien de Prestre de Vauban was a French military engineer. He was born in 1633, dying in 1707. He invented the socket bayonet and assisted Louis XIV in the expansion wars. Vaughan Williams Ralph Vaughan Williams was an English composer. He was born in 1872 at Down Ampney and died in 1958. Vedda The Vedda are the aboriginal peoples of Sri Lanka, who occupied the island before the arrival of the Aryans about 550 BC. Formerly cave- dwelling hunter-gatherers, they have now almost died out or merged with the rest of the population. They speak a Sinhalese language, belonging to the Indo-European family. They live mainly in the central highlands, and many practise shifting cultivation. Vega Carpio Lope Felix de Vega Carpio was a Spanish dramatist and poet. He was born in 1562 and died in 1635. He served in the Spanish Armada against England. Velazquez Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velazquez was Spain's most celebrated painter. He was born in 1599 at Seville and died in 1660. Verdi Giuseppe Verdi was an Italian composer. He was born in 1813 and died in 1901. Verlaine Paul Verlaine was a French poet. He was born in 1844 and died in 1896. He formed the Symbolists school of poetry. Vermeer Jan Vermeer was a Dutch painter. He was born in 1632 at Delft and died in 1675. Verne Jules Verne was a French writer. He was born in 1828 at Nantes and died in 1905. He wrote "Around the World in Eighty Days", and "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea". Veronese Paolo Veronese (Paolo Cagliari) was an Italian painter. He was born in 1528 at Verona and died in 1588. Verrocchio Andrea del Verrocchio was an Italian sculptor, painter, silversmith and engineer. He was born in 1435 in Florence and died in 1488. He was a teacher of Leonardo da Vinci. Vesalius Andreas Vesalius was a Belgian physician and founder of the science of anatomy. He was born in 1514 and died in 1564. He wrote "On the Fabric of The Human Body". Vespucci Amerigo Vespucci was an Italian explorer. He was born in 1454 and died in 1512. He discovered the Amazon River in 1499. The continent of America was named after him. Vicar A vicar is a church of England priest. Viceroy A viceroy is someone who acts as governor of a country or province by authority of the ruler. Victoria Queen victoria was queen of England from 1837 to 1901. She was born in 1819 and died in 1901. She had the longest reign of any English monarch. Villa Francisco Villa was a Mexican revolutionary leader. He was born in 1877 and died in 1923 when he was assassinated. Villa-Lobos Heitor Villa-Lobos was a Brazilian composer. He was born in 1887 and died in 1959. Villon Francois Villon was a French poet. He was born in 1431 in Paris and died in 1463. Virgil Publius Vergilius Maro (Vergil) was a Roman poet. He was born in 70BC near Mantua and died in 19BC. Visigoths see "Goths" Vivaldi Antonio Vivaldi was an Italian composer. He was born in 1680 and died in 1743. Volta Alessandro Volta was an Italian scientist. He was born in 1745 and died in 1827. He invented the voltaic cell. The electrical unit the volt is named after him. Voltaire Voltaire was a French writer. He was born in 1694 in Paris and died in 1778. Wagner Richard Wagner was a 19th century German composer. He was born in 1813 at Leipzig and died in 1883. Wallace Edgar Wallace was a British novelist. He was born in 1875 and died in 1932. Walloon The Wallonn are a French-speaking people of south east Belgium and adjacent areas of France. The name Walloon is etymologically linked to Welsh. Walpole Horace Walpole was a British Politician. He was born in 1717 and died in 1797. Robert Walpole was an English statesman. He was born in 1676 at Houghton and died in 1745. Walton Izaak Walton was an English writer. He was born in 1593 at Stafford and died in 1683. He wrote "The Compleat Angler", the first English nature book. Sir William Walton was an English composer. He was born in 1902 at Oldham. Washington George Washington was an American statesman and the first President of the USA. He was born in 1732 at Briges Creek and died in 1799. Watt James Watt was a Scottish inventor. He was born in 1736 at Greenock and died in 1819. Watteau Antoine Watteau was a French painter and engraver. He was born in 1684 at Valenciennes and died in 1721. Watts George Frederic Watts was an English painter and sculptor. He was born in 1817 in London and died in 1904. Waugh Evelyn Arthur St. John Waugh was a British author. He was born in 1903 and died in 1965. Wavell Archibald Percival Wavell was a British soldier. He was born in 1883 at Colchester and died in 1950. From 1943 until 1947 he was Viceroy of India. Webb Sidney James Webb was an English social reformer. He was born in 1859 and died in 1947. Weber Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst von Weber was a German composer. He was born in 1786 near Lubeck and died in 1826. Webster John Webster was an English dramatist. He was born in 1580 and died in 1625. he wrote "The White Devil" and "The Duchess of Malfi". Wedgwood Josiah Wedgwood was an English potter. He was born in 1730 at Burslem and died in 1795. He founded the Wedgwood potteries. Wells Herbert George Wells was an English writer. He was born in 1866 at Bromley and died in 1946. Although he wanted to be a teacher, bad health meant he couldn't so he turned to writing. He wrote "The Invisible Man", "The Time Machine" and "The War Of The Worlds". Wesley John Wesley was an English preacher and the founder of the Methodist church. He was born in 1703 at Epworth and died in 1791. Weyden Roger van der Weyden was a Flemish painter. He was born in 1399 at Tournai and died in 1464. Wheatstone Sir Charles Wheatstone was an English scientist. He was born in 1802 near Gloucester and died in 1875. He invented the Wheatstone bridge which measures electrical resistance. Whistler James Abbott McNeill Whistler was an American artist. He was born in 1834 at Lowell and died in 1903. Whitefield George Whitefield was an English preacher. he was born in 1714 at Gloucester and died in 1770. He led a group called the Calvanistic Methodists. Whitman Walt Whitman was an American poet. He was born in 1819 at Long Island and died in 1892. Whittington Richard Whittington was Lord Mayor of London. He was born in 1358 at Pauntley and died in 1423. He mad a fortune as a mercer, and upon his death left all his money to London charities. Whittle Sir Frank Whittle was an English inventor. he was born in 1907 at Leamington. He invented the jet propulsion engine for aircraft, first used in the Gloster E 2839 aircraft in 1941. Whitworth Sir Joseph Whitworth was an English mechanical engineer and inventor. He was born in 1803 at Stockport and died in 1887. In 1835 he invented the knitting machine. In 1869 he invented a process of fluid compression for making steel for use in guns. Wilberforce William Wilberforce was an English statesman. He was born in 1759 at Hull and died in 1833. His life was dedicated to the abolition of slavery. Wilde Oscar Fingall O'Flahertie Wills Wilde was a British writer who was persecuted for his homosexuality. He was born in 1854 at Dublin and died in 1900. He wrote "The Importance Of Being Earnest". William William was King of Scotland from 1165 to 1214. Williams Tenessee Williams (Thomas Lanier) is an American playwright. He was born in 1914. He wrote "A Street Car Named Desire" and "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof". William Godwin see "Godwin" William II William II was a son of William The Conqueror and King of England from 1087 to 1100. Kaiser William II was the 3rd German Emperor. He was born in 1859 and died in 1941. He ascended to the throne in 1888. William III William III was King of England from 1689 to 1702. William IV William IV was King of England from 1830 to 1837. Wilson James Harold Wilson was a British labour statesman and Prime Minister. He was born in 1916. He entered parliament in 1945. He became Prime minister in 1964. Wodehouse Pelham Grenville Wodehouse was an English humorous novelist. He was born in 1881. He invented the characters "Jeeves and Wooster". Wolf-Ferrari Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari was a German-Italian composer. He was born in 1876 in Venice and died in 1948. Wolfe James Wolfe was an English soldier. He was born in 1727 at Westerham and died in 1759 at the battle of Abraham which his forces none-the-less won and thus secured Canada for the British from the French. Wolof The Wolof are the majority ethnic group living in Senegal. There is also a Wolof minority in Gambia. There are about 2 million speakers of Wolof, a language belonging to the Niger- Congo family. The Wolof are predominantly arable farmers, and some also raise cattle. Wood Sir Henry Joseph Wood was an English conductor. He was born in 1869 in London and died in 1944. Woolf Virginia Woolf was an English novelist. She was born in 1882 and died in 1941. Woolworth Frank Winfield Woolworth was an American trader who started the "five and ten cent stores" which grew into the world famous "F.W. Woolworth" chain of stores. Wordsworth William Wordsworth was an English poet. He was born in 1770 at Cockermouth and died in 1850. Wren Sir Christopher Wren was an English architect. He was born in 1632 at East Knoyle and died in 1723. He designed St. Paul's Cathedral in London after the Great Fire Of London in 1666. Wright Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect. he was born in 1869 and died in 1959. Orville Wright was an American pioneer of flying. He was born in 1871 and died in 1948. Together with his brother he made the first controlled flight of an aeroplane. Wilbur Wright was the brother of Orville Wright. He was born in 1867 and died in 1912. Xenophanes Xenophanes was a Greek poet and philosopher. He lived around 500BC. Xerxes Xerxes was King of Persia. He was born in 519bc, dying in 465bc. He invaded Greece and defeated the spartans at thermopylae but he in turn was defeated at salamis. Xhosa The Xhosa are a Bantu people of southern Africa, living mainly in the Black National State of Transkei. Traditionally, the Xhosa were farmers and pastoralists, with a social structure based on a monarchy. Yao The Yao are a people living in south China, north Vietnam, north Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar (Burma), and numbering about 4 million. The Yao language may belong to either the Sino-Tibetan or the Thai language family. The Yao incorporate elements of ancestor worship in their animist religion. The Yao are generally hill-dwelling farmers practising shifting cultivation, growing rice, vegetables, and also opium poppies. Some are nomadic. Yardie see "Yardy" Yardy Yardy is a Jamaican slang expression for someone (Jamaican or foreign) who knows their way around the island, and especially the ghettoe. The expression is often misused in England to describe an imaginary gang of organised Jamaican criminals (the yardies). Infact, no such Jamaican mafia exists. Yeats William Butler Yeats was an Irish poet and dramatist. He was born in 1865 in Dublin and died in 1939. Yi The Yi are a people living in south China; there are also Yi populations in Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, totaling about 5.5 million. The Yi are farmers, producing both crops and livestock. Their language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family; their religion is animist. Yoruba The Yoruba are the majority ethnic group living in south west Nigeria; there is a Yoruba minority in east Benin. They number approximately 20 million in all, and their language belongs to the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo family. The Yoruba established powerful city- states in the 15th century, known for their advanced culture which includes sculpture, art, and music. Zapotec The Zapotec are a North American Indian people of south Mexico, now numbering approximately 250,000, living mainly in Oaxaca. The Zapotec language, which belongs to the Oto-Mangean family, has nine dialects Zorn Anders Leonhard Zorn was a Swedish artist. He was born in 1860, dying in 1920. WEAPONS OF WAR 10/22DSP The 10/22DSP is a Ruger .22" calibre rimfire carbine. It takes a 10-round rotary magazine. 12/250 Rapid The 12/250 Rapid is a precharged air rifle made by Theoben. It has a 23 inch barrel in .25" calibre and takes a 12-round magazine. Power is adjustable from 33ft/lbs to 40ft/lbs. Action In weapon terms, action refers to the working mechanism of a firearm. Various types exist, including single-shots, multi-barrels, revolvers, slide- or pump-action, lever-action, bolt-action, semi-automatic and automatic. Acton An acton was a quilted or padded tunic worn under a coat of mail as a defence against bruising in combat. They were popular in the 15th century. Agent Orange Agent Orange was a selective weedkiller, notorious for its use in the 1960s during the Vietnam War by American forces to eliminate ground cover which could protect enemy forces. It was subsequently discovered to contain highly poisonous dioxin. Agent Orange, named for the distinctive orange stripe on its packaging, combines equal parts of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 2,4,5- T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid), both now banned in the USA. AGM-114 The AGM-114 (hellfire) is an American laser-guided anti-tank missile. It can be carried by helicopters or ground forces. It has a flight speed of mach 1.7 and a range of 5 miles. AGM-114A The AGM-114A is an anti-tank missile carried by American helicopters. It has a flight speed of 170 m/s and a maximum range of 7000 meters. It is unusual in being a laser guided missile. Also called the hellfire missile. AGM-65 The AGM-65 is an air-to-ground missile used by the US army. It has a flight speed of 180 m/s and a maximum range of 16000 meters. AH-64 The AH-64 is an American two-seat attack helicopter. Airgun An airgun is not a firearm but a gun that uses compressed air or carbon dioxide to propel a projectile. Ajax The Ajax was a British light cruiser of the Second World War. She was armed with 8 6 inch guns, 8 4 inch anti-aircraft guns, 8 2 pounder anti- aircraft guns, 12 .5 inch guns and 8 21 inch torpedo tubes. She had a top speed of 32.5 knots. She carried a crew of 550. AK47 The AK47 is a Soviet assault rifle. It is an automatic weapon with a cyclic rate of 600 rpm and a muzzle velocity of 717 m/s. It is sighted to 800m. The AK47 takes a 7.62mm round from a 30-round box. Al-Hussayn The Al-Hussayn is an Iraqi army modified Scud missile capable of projecting a smaller payload of about 500 kg a distance of up to 650 km. Altmark The Altmark was a German POW ship of the Second World War. The prisoners- of-war were rescued by the British destroyer Cossack. Ammunition Ammunition generally refers to the assembled components of complete cartridges or rounds i.e., a case or shell holding a primer, a charge of propellant (gunpowder) and a projectile (bullets in the case of handguns and rifles, multiple pellets or single slugs in shotguns). Sometimes called "fixed ammunition" to differentiate from components inserted separately in muzzleloaders. APC APC is an abbreviation for armoured personnel carrier. APCS see "APC" Aquila Aquila is an American RPV. Arbalist see "Cross-bow" Armor Armor is body protection worn in battle. The invention of gunpowder led, by degrees, to the virtual abandonment of armor until World War I, when the helmet reappeared as a defense against shrapnel. Modern armor, used by the army, police, security guards, and people at risk from assassination, uses nylon and fiberglass and is often worn beneath clothing. Armored Personnel Carrier An Armored Personnel Carrier (APC) is a wheeled or tracked military vehicle designed to transport up to ten people. Armoured to withstand small-arms fire and shell splinters, it is used on battlefields. Armstrong Gun The Armstrong Gun is a type of cannon named after its inventor, William Armstrong. It is made of wrought-iron spirally-coiled bars. It has a rifled barrel. The projectile is covered in soft lead. As the projectile is propelled out of the cannon, the lead coating is compressed into the rifle grroves, causing it to spin. The Armstrong Gun was invented in the middle of the 19th century. Arquebus The arquebus was a hand-gun similar to a musket. It fired a two ounce ball, and was fired from a forked rest. A larger variant which took a heavier ball was used in fortresses. Arrow An arrow is a missile projected by a bow. Arsine Arsine, short for Arseniuretted hydrogen, is a blood irritant gas used during the Second World War. It has very little smell and causes violent vomiting and blood poisoning. Artillery Artillery refers to missile type weapons. AS-14 The AS-14 is a Soviet air-to-ground anti-tank missile. It has a flight speed of 150-175 m/s and a maximum range of 20000 meters. It is carried by SU-25 and other aircraft. ASDIC ASDIC was an abbreviation used during the Second World War for Allied Submarine Detection Investigation Committee. It was a device used for detecting underwater ships. The American name was sonar. Assegai The assegai is a spear used as a weapon by the Kaffres of South Africa. It is made of hard wood with an iron tip and is used for throwing and thrusting. AT-4 The AT-4 is an American lightweight multi-purpose weapon. It is a single shot anti-tank rocket with iron sights guidance and a range of about 300m. ATGM ATGM is an abbreviation for anti-tank guided missile. ATGMS see "atgm" Atomic Bomb The Atomic bomb is a bomb deriving its explosive force from nuclear fission as a result of a neutron chain reaction. It was developed in the 1940s in the USA into a usable weapon. Research began in Britian in 1940 and was transferred to the USA after its entry into World War II the following year. Known as the Manhattan Project, the work was carried out under the direction of the American physicist Robert Oppenheimer at Los Alamos, New Mexico. Automatic (firearm) An automatic is a firearm designed to feed cartridges, fire them, eject their empty cases and repeat this cycle as long as the trigger is depressed and cartridges remain in the feed system. Examples: machine guns, submachine guns, selective-fire rifles, including true assault rifles. AV-8b The AV-8b is a harrier ground attack aircraft. AWACS AWACS is an acronym for Airborne Warning And Control System. It is a surveillance system that incorporates a long-range surveillance and detection radar mounted on a Boeing E-3 sentry aircraft.It was used with great success in the 1991 Gulf War. B-1 The B-1 is an American strategic bomber and cruise missile carrying aircraft. B-25 The Mitchell B-25 was an American medium bomber used during the Second World War. It carried a crew of 5, a maximum speed of 308mph and a service ceiling of 25400ft. It had a range of 2650 miles. Baker Rifle The Baker rifle was the first rifle accepted for English military use. It was a muzzle loader with a calibre of 0.625". It was produced from 1800 to 1838. Ball (firearm) In weapon terminology, a ball was originally a spherical projectile, now generally a fully jacketed bullet of cylindrical profile with round or pointed nose. Most commonly used in military terminology. BAR The Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) was a .30 inch calibre gas operated automatic rifle designed by Browning and manufactured by Winchester, Colt and other companies from 1918 onwards. It had an effective range of 550m. Bayonet A bayonet is a short sword attached to the muzzle of a firearm. The bayonet was placed inside the barrel of the muzzleloading muskets of the late 17th century. The sock or ring bayonet, invented 1700, allowed a weapon to be fired without interruption, leading to the demise of the pike. Since the 1700s, bayonets have evolved into a variety of types. During World War I, the French used a long needle bayonet,the British a sword bayonet, while the Germans adopted a "pioneer" bayonet with the rear edge formed into a saw. As armies have become more mechanized, bayonets have tended to decrease in length. Although many military leaders have advocated the use of the bayonet, in practice it has been rarely used. Bazooka The bazooka was an American infantry anti-tank missile used during the Second World War. It had a range of 90m. BBC BBC is an abbreviation for Bromo-benzyl-cyanide, a tear gas used during the second world war. It had a smell faintly of watercress. It caused pain in the eyes, a copious flow of tears, spasms of the eyelids and irritation of shaved skin. Beretta Beretta are an Italian gun manufacturer. Beretta m38a The Beretta m38a is an Italian sub-machine gun developed during the second world war. It takes a 9mm round from a 10/20/40-round box. Its cyclic rate is 600rpm and it has a muzzle velocity of 420 m/s. Bergmann mp18 The Bergmann mp18 was a German sub-machine gun developed during the course of the great war. It takes a 9mm round from a 32-round snaildrum. It has a cyclic rate of 400rpm and a muzzle velocity of 365 m/s. Bergmann mp28 The Bergmann mp28 was a German sub-machine gun developed from the bergmann mp18. It takes a 9mm round from a 20/30/50-round box. Its cyclic rate is 500rpm and it has a muzzle velocity of 365 m/s. Unlike the mp18, it can fire single shots or bursts. BF 110C The Messerschmitt BF 110C was a German fighter aircraft of the Second World War. It carried a crew of 2. It was armed with 4 7.9mm MG 17 machine guns and 2 20mm MG FF cannons in the nose and 1 7.9mm MG 15 machine gun in the rear cockpit. It had a top speed of 349 mph and a range of 565 miles. Blackpowder Blackpowder was the earliest type of firearms propellant that has generally been replaced by smokeless powder except for use in muzzleloaders and older breechloading guns that demand its lower pressure levels. Blank Cartridge A blank cartridge is a round loaded with blackpowder or a special smokeless powder but lacking a projectile. Used mainly in starting races, theatrical productions, troop exercises and in training dogs. Blowpipe A blowpipe is a tubular weapon through which a missile is blown. Blunderbuss The blunderbuss was usually a short carbine or pistol intended as a defensive weapon which fired a large load of heavy shot at close ranges. Bolas Bolas is a form of missile used by South American Indians. It is a length of rope with a stone or ball of metal at each end. When used it is swung round the head by one hand and then hurled at an animal so as to entangle it by twisting round its legs. Bolt-action Bolt-action is a gun mechanism activated by manual operation of the breechblock that resembles a common door bolt. Bomb A bomb is a hollow shell filled with an explosive. The bomb was invented in the 15th century for use with a mortar. Early bombs were a hollow iron ball filled with explosive and fitted with a fuse which was ignited as the bomb left the mortar. Bombard A bombard was a type of cannon or mortar generally loaded with stone instead of iron balls. Boomerang A boomerang is a curved wooden weapon of Australian aborigines. Bow A bow is a weapon for propelling arrows. It is made of a strip of flexible wood and a cord. Boys Anti-Tank Rifle The Boys Anti-Tank Rifle was designed by Captain Boys at Enfield in 1935 as an anti-armour weapon. It was a .55 inch calibre short bipod mounted rifle with a bolt action and fed from a 5 round box magazine. Breech The breech is the portion of the barrel with chamber into which a cartridge or projectile is loaded. Broadsword A broadsword is a sword with a broad blade designed chiefly for cutting. They were used by some British cavalry and Highland infantry. The claymore was a broadsword. Brown bess Brown bess is a family of English flint-lock muskets introduced into the British army towards the end of the 17th century and used at the battle of waterloo. Browning High Power Pistol The Browning High Power Pistol is a 9mm automatic pistol manufactured by FN of Belgium to the Browning design of 1926. It is a recoil-operated semi-automatic pistol which takes a 13-round magazine. Brunswick Rifle The Brunswick Rifle was a .704 inch calibre muzzle loading, percussion cap rifle issued to the British army from 1838 until 1851. It was manufactured by Enfield, and was sighted to 270 m. BT-7-2 The BT-7-2 was a Soviet tank used during the Second World War. It was armed with 1 45mm gun and 2 7.62mm machine guns. It had a top speed of 45mph on road wheels, and 30mph tracked. It had a range of 220 miles tracked and carried a crew of 3. Buckler A buckler was a small shield worn on the left arm Bullet A bullet is the projectile expelled from a gun. It is not synonymous with cartridge. Bullets can be of many materials, shapes, weights and constructions such as solid lead, lead with a jacket of harder metal, round-nosed, flat-nosed, hollow-pointed, etc. Caliber Caliber is the nominal diameter of a projectile of a rifled firearm or the diameter between lands in a rifled barrel. In the USA it is usually expressed in hundreds of an inch; in Great Britain in thousandths; in Europe and elsewhere in millimeters. CAP CAP is an abbreviation for Chlor-aceto-phenone, a tear gas used during the second world war. It had a smell faintly of floor polish. It caused pain in the eyes, a copious flow of tears, spasms of the eyelids and irritation of shaved skin. Carbine A carbine is a rifle with a relatively short barrel. Carronade A carronade is a short, large calibre ship's gun. Case-shot Case-shot was an early form of shrapnel shell. Small iron balls were put into a cylindrical box (called a canister) that justs fits the bore of the gun. The shell was then fired like any other projectile. Casemate A casemate is a valuted chamber within a fortress wall with embrasures for defence, and more recently it describes the armoured enclosure in which warship guns are mounted with embrasures through which they fire. Cateran A cateran was a Highland irregular soldier or raider. Cei-Rigotti The Cei-Rigotti automatic rifle is an Italian gas operated rifle developed in the 1890s. It takes a 6.5Mm round from a 25-round box. It has a muzzle velocity of 730 m/s and is sighted to 1400m. The cyclic rate is 900 rpm. Center-fire Center-fire refers to a cartridge with its primer located in the center of the base of the case. Cestus The cestus was a leather thong bound around the hand. It was covered with knots, and often loaded with lead and iron. The Roman origin of the modern-day knuckle duster. CFV CFV is an abbreviation for cavalry fighting vehicle. Ch-53e The Ch-53e is an American amphibious assault transport helicopter. Chaffee tank see "m24" Chain-shot Chain-shot was two cannon balls joined by a chain which when fired from a cannon revolved upon the shorter axis and were hence effective for mowing down masts and rigging. Chamber (firearm) The chamber is the rear part of the barrel that is formed to accept the cartridge to be fired. A revolver employs a multi-chambered rotating cylinder separated from the stationary barrel. Chaparral see "m48" Chassepot The Chassepot was a French, bolt action, needle fire rifle manufactured by Imperiale during the 1860s. It was adopted as standard by the French army in 1866 and remained the standard until 1874. It had an effective range of 400m. Chassepot Rifle The Chassepot Rifle was a breech loading rifle adopted by the French infantry in 1866, but given up by the turn of the century. Claymore The claymore was originaly a large two-handed double-edged sword of the Scottish Highlanders; now a basket hilted, double-edged broad-sword. Colt Samuel Colt of Hartford, Conneticut patented the first successful percussion revolver in england in 1835 and in America in 1836. Colt commando The Colt commando is a US automatic rifle. It takes a .223" round from a 20/30-round magazine. It has a muzzle velocity of 915 m/s and a cyclic rate of 750 rpm. It is sighted to 458m. Copperhead see "m712" Cordite Cordite is a smokeless explosive used in cartridges. It is made from 58% nitro-glycerine, 37% gun-cotton and 5% vaseline. Corvette A corvette is a convoy escort and patrol warship. Courageous The Courageous was a British aircraft carrier. It was the first Allied warship to be sunk by enemy action in the Second World War. She was sunk on 17th September 1939 by U-29. Cross-bar shot Cross-bar shot was cannon balls with iron bars crossing through them. The bars would extend some 6 to 8 inches out of the cannon ball at both sides. Cross-bar shot was used for destroying rigging and palisading. Cross-bow The cross-bow (arbalist) is a bow fastened across a stock (hence the name cross bow). The bow string was cocked and fired by way of a trigger, projecting a bolt. The cross-bow was invented by the Normans but went out of fashion when the long-bow became popular, mainly because 12 arrows per minute could be fired from a long-bow compared to 3 bolts per minute from a cross-bow. Cruise missile The Cruise Missile is a long-range guided missile that has a terrain- seeking radar system and flies at moderate speed and low altitude. It is descended from the German V1 of the Second World War. Initial trials in the 1950s demonstrated the limitations of cruise missiles, which included high fuel consumption and relatively slow speeds as well as inaccuracy and a small warhead. The Tomahawk cruise missile is an American missile capable of having a nuclear warhead. It has a range of 583km and a flight speed of mach 0.7. Cruiser A cruiser is a warship. Crusader The crusader was a British tank used in the second world war. It carreid a crew of five, and had a top speed of 28mph. It was initialt armed with a two pounder gun, these were upgraded to the six pounder gun later in the war. Curtal-ax The curtal-ax was a type of short sword. Curtana The curtana is a pointless sword carried before English monarchs at their coronation. Emblematically it is considered as the sword of mercy. Cutlass The cutlass was a short sword carried by seamen. It was effective due to being short enough to be easy to control, and yet long enough to defend a skilful swordsman. Today the term is used in Jamaica for the machette which resemble in simple form the cutlass they evolved from. Cylinder (weapon) The cylinder is the drum of a revolver that contains the chambers for the ammunition. DA DA is an abbreviation for Di-phenyl-chlor-arsine, a nore irritant gas used during the Second World War. It has no smell. It has a delayed action, but causes sneezing, a burning pain in the chest, nose, throat and mouth after a few minutes. Dahlgren Gun The Dahlgren Gun was an improved form of cannon invented in the 19th century by John Dahlgren of the US navy. It was unusual in having less metal between the muzzle and the trunnions than other guns. Damascus-steel Damascus-steel was a kind of steel originally made in Damascus and much prized for making swords. It was a laminate of pure Iron and steel comprising higher than normal quantities of carbon and produced by careful forging, doubling and twisting. Deringer The Deringer was a pocket pistol invented by Henry Deringer of Philadelphia. The original models were single barelled percussion muzzle loaders with a rifled barrel. In 1861 Daniel Moore patented a 0.41" calibre rim-fire cartridge model. Destroyer The Destroyer is a small, fast warship designed for antisubmarine work. Originally called "torpedo-boat destroyers", they were designed by Britain to counter the large flotillas built by the French and Russian navies in the late 19th century. They proved so effective that torpedo-boats were more or less abandoned in the early 1900s, but the rise of the submarine found a new task for the "destroyer". They proved invaluable as antisubmarine vessels in both the Great War and Second World War. Deutschland The Deutschland was a German pocket-battleship of the Second World War. She set out on her first North Atlantic cruise on 24th August 1940. DH4 The DH4 was the first British daylight bomber aircraft. It first flew in December 1916 and saw action during the Great War. Double-action Double-action is a handgun mechanism where pulling the trigger retracts and releases the hammer or firing pin to initiate discharge. Dragon see "m47" Dragoon A Dragoon was a mounted soldier who carried an infantry weapon such as a "dragon", or short musket, as used by the French army in the 16th century. The name was retained by some later regiments after the original meaning became obsolete. The Dragoon was a revolver manufactured by Colt in 1855. It was a single- action pin fire revolver with a 6-round cylinder. It had a calibre of .44 inches. It was also known as the Old Model Army Revolver. DUKW The DUKW was an American amphibious truck used during the Second World War. It was basically a standard 6 x 6 GMC 2.5 ton cargo truck fitted with buoyancy tanks and with screw propulsion when in the water. DUKW were mainly used to ferry supplies and men from ship to shore, and played a vital part in almost every amphibious landing performed by Allied troops. Dum-dum bullet The dum-dum bullet was a British military bullet developed in India's Dum-Dum Arsenal and used on India's North West Frontier and in the Sudan in 1897 and 1898. It was a jacketed .303 cal. British bullet with the jacket nose left open to expose the lead core in the hope of increasing effectiveness. Earthwork An earthwork is a military fortification formed chiefly of earth. They were cheaper and easier to repair than stone defences and also carried less risk of injury to the defenders from broken stone. EM2 The EM2 is a British automatic rifle with a cyclic rate of 450 rpm. It takes a .280" round from a 20-round box. The muzzle velocity is 772 m/s and it is sighted to 549m. Exeter The Exeter was a British heavy cruiser of the Second World War. She was armed with 6 8inch guns, 4 4inch anti-aircraft guns and 2 2pounder anti- aircraft guns and 6 21inch torpedo tubes. She had a top speed of 32.5 knots and a range of 10000 miles. Exocet The exocet is a French anti-ship missile. It has a range of 70km and a flight speed of mach 0.8. Exocet missiles can be launched by aircraft or ships. The missile is guided, and flies less than 3m above the sea level. F-15 The f-15 is an American single-seat air superiority fighter aircraft. F1 The f1 is an accurate Australian sub-machine gun. It takes a 9mm round from a 34-round box. It has a cyclic rate of 600rpm and a muzzle velocity of 365 m/s. Fal The fn fal is a Belgian rifle. It has a muzzel velocity of 853 m/s, is gas operated, and is sighted to 600m. It takes a 7.62mm round from a 20- round box. It was first manufactured in 1950. It is capable of automatic or single shot fire. Farquhar-hill The farquhar-hill rifle is a British rifle taking a .303" round from a 20-round drum. Operation is automatic with a cyclic rate of 700rpm. It has a muzzle velocity of 732 m/s and is sighted to 1372m. Female Female was the name of one of the first British tanks. They were fitted with six machine guns for use in anti-infantry roles. Ferguson Rifle The Ferguson Rifle was a .5 inch calibre breech-loading rifle manufactured by Durs Egg in the 1770s. It was 155 cm long and had an effective range of 250 m. FG42 The FG42 is a German assault rifle developed in 1942. It is gas operated and takes a 7.92mm round from a 20-round box. It has a muzzle velocity of 762 m/s and it is sighted to 1200m. It can be fired single shot or in bursts. FGM-77a The FGM-77a is a US infantry anti-tank missile developed in the 1970s. It has a flight speed of 175 m/s and a maximum range of 1500 meters. FH70 The FH70 is a NATO mobile field howitzer. It fires, under computer control, three 43 kg shells at a range of 32 km in 15 seconds. FIM-43a The FIM-43a (redeye) is an American shoulder-fired infantry surface-to- air missile. It entered service in 1964. It flies at a speed of mach 2.5 to a range of 2 miles using initial optical aiming and infrared homing guidance. FIM-92a The FIM-92a (stinger) is an American portable air-defense missile. It was first used by British sas troops in the falklands conflict. The missile flies at a speed of mach 2 to a range of 5km. It uses passive infrared homing guidance. Firearm A firearm is a weapon from which projectiles are discharged by the combustion of an explosive. Firearms are generally divided into two main sections: artillery (ordnance or cannon), with a bore greater than 2.54 cm, and small arms, with a bore of less than 2.54 cm. Although gunpowder was known in Europe 60 years previously, the invention of firearms dates from 1300 to 1325, and is attributed to Berthold Schwartz, a German monk. Flint-lock The flint-lock was a development of the discharge method for the musket. Sparks were generated by one impact of a piece of flint on the steel above the priming powder. Flying Fortress The Flying Fortress (Boeing Fortress II) was an American heavy bomber aircraft used during the Second World War. It carried a crew of 9. It had a top speed of 305 mph and a service ceiling of 40000 ft. Forlorn Hope A Forlorn Hope was a body of men, usually volunteers, of different regiments selected to lead an assault, enter a breach or perform another perilous task. The name comes from the Dutch word hoop meaning a company. Fox see "m93" Fraise A fraise is a fortification consisting of pointed stakes driven into the ramparts in a horizontal or inclined position. Franc-tireur The Franc-tireur were a body of irregular soldiers organized in France during the Franco-German War of 1870-1871. They were sharp-shooters employed in guerrilla warfare, harassing the enemy and cutting off detachments. Frigate A frigate is a light-weight, fast and nimble warship. Ft-17 The ft-17 was a French tank produced by renault and first developed in 1917. 3500 ft-17 tanks were made, and it remained in service until 1940. Fusil A fusil was a light flint-lock musket closely resembling a carbine. Fusilier A Fusilier was a soldier armed with a fusil. Gabion A gabion was an early form of sandbag, it was a wickerwork basket of cylindrical form but without a bottom and about 50cm in diamiter and 84cm tall (20 inches diamiter, 33 inches tall). In a siege, when forming a trench a row of gabions was placed on the outside nearest the fortress and filled with earth as it was thrown from the trench, so as to form a protective barrier against fire from the besieged defenders. Gabions were still in use as recently as 1900. Galleon A Galleon was a Spanish or Portugese warship. They had three or four decks. Galley A galley was a low, flat-buil warship with one deck and navigated by sails and oars once common in the Mediterranean. Common galleys were between 30 and 60 meters long, and smaller galleys were known as half- galleys and quarter-galleys. Garand The garand is a US gas operated rifle adopted by the army from 1936. It takes a .30" round from an 8-round internal box. It has a muzzle velocity of 853 m/s and is sighted to 1097m. Gecko see "SA-N-4" Gewehr Gewehr was a range of German military rifles used during the first and Second World Wars. Gewehr M1898 The Gewehr M1898 was a bolt action rifle manufactured by Spandau from 1898 onwards. It took a 5 round box magazine and had an effective range of 900m. These rifles were still in use by the German army during the Second World War. Gewehr41 The gewehr41 is a German rifle manufactured by walther and developed in 1941. It is gas operated and has a muzzle velocity of 776 m/s. It takes a 7.92mm round from a 10-round box. It is sighted to 1200m. Gewehr98 The gewehr98 is a German rifle developed in 1898. It takes a 7.92mm round from a 5-round box. Operation is bolt. The muzzle velocity is 870 m/s and it is sighted to 2000m. Gingal The gingal was a 19th century large musket used in Asia. It was fired from a rest and on occassions was mounted on a light carriage. Glock Glock is an American firearms manufacturer. Glock m20 The glock m20 is a semi-automatic pistol manufactured by glock. It takes a 15-round 10mm calibre magazine. Gloster Gladiator The Gloster Gladiator was a British made biplane used by the Swedish and Finnish air forces during the Second World War. It had a top speed of 253mph. It was armed with 2 .303 inch Browning machine guns in the fuselage. It had a range of 428 miles. Goblet see "SA-N-3" Gp-141 The gp-141 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 4" barrel and a calibre of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and adjustable rear sight. The front sight can be interchanged. Gp-160 The gp-160 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 6" barrel and a calibre of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and adjustable rear sight. The front sight can be interchanged. Gp-161 The gp-161 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 6" barrel and a calibre of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and adjustable rear sight. The front sight can be interchanged. Gpf-331 The gpf-331 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 3" barrel and a calibre of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and fixed rear sight. The front sight can be interchanged. Gpf-340 The gpf-340 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 4" barrel and a calibre of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and fixed rear sight. The front sight can be interchanged. Gpf-341 The gpf-341 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 4" barrel and a calibre of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and fixed rear sight. The front sight can be interchanged. Graf Spee The Graf Spee was a German warship of the Second World War. She was armed with 6 11 inch guns and 8 5.9 inch guns, 8 37mm anti-aircraft guns, 10 20mm Anti-Aircraft guns and 8 21 inch torpedo tubes. She had a top speed of 26 knots and a range of 19000 miles. She carried a crew of 1150. Grail see "SA-N-5" Grenade A grenade is a small missile, containing an explosive or other charge, usually thrown (hand grenade) but sometimes fired from a rifle. Hand grenades are generally fitted with a time fuse of about four seconds: a sufficient amount of time for the grenade to reach the target but not enough for the enemy to pick it up and throw it back. Rifle grenades were developed during the Great War to achieve a greater range than was possible with the hand grenade, Grenades were known in the 15th century, but were obsolete by the 19th, only being revived in the Russo-Japanese War 1905. Grenades see "Grenade" Grenadier A Grenadier was originally a soldier specially trained for throwing grenades. Grumble see "SA-N-6" Guerrilla A guerrilla is an irregular soldier fighting in a small unofficial unit, typically against an established or occupying power, and engaging in sabotage, ambush, and the like, rather than pitched battles against an opposing army. The term was first applied to the Spanish and Portuguese resistance to French occupation during the Peninsular War. H-35 The Hotchkiss H-35 was a French, light-support tank used during the second world war. It was armed with a 37mm main gun. H-39 The Hotchkiss H-39 was a French light-support tank used during the second world war. It was armed with a 37mm main gun. Habergeon Habergeon was a sleevless jacket of chain-mail, shorter than the hauberk, and worn by squires and archers during the middle ages. Half-pike The half-pike was a defensive weapon composed of an iron spike fixed on a short ashen staff and used in the navy to repel boarders. Harpoon The harpoon is an American guided anti-ship missile. It has a range of 102km and a flight speed of mach 0.75. The harpoon missile flies close to the sea level. Harrier The harrier is a British VTOL multi-role fighter aircraft. Hauberk The hauberk was a jacket of chain-mail with loose sleeves. There were two models, the small hauberk reached to the hips and had sleeves with extended to the elbow, and the large hauberk which reached down to the knees and had sleeves which extended a little below the elbow and also a hood. Heavy field artillery During the Great War, heavy field artillery was defined as comprising all artillery equipped with mobile guns of 4 inch calibre and upwards. Hellfire see "agm-114" Hk ohws The hk ohws is an offensive handgun from the Heckler and Koch company. It is a .45" calibre short recoil semi-automatic. It has a muzzle velocity of 270 m/s and a maximum effective range of 50m. It takes a 12-round magazine. Hk35 The HK35 is a German automatic carbine manufactured by Heckler and Koch. It takes a 5.56mm round from a 40-round box. The muzzle velocity is 960 m/s and it is sighted to 400m. It has a cyclic rate of 600rpm. Hollow-point bullet A hollow-point bullet is a bullet with a concavity in its nose to increase expansion on penetration of a solid target. Howitzer A howitzer is a cannon, in use since the 16th century, with a particularly steep angle of fire. Howitzers were developed during the Great War for demolishing the fortresses of the trench system. Human Torpedo The Human Torpedo was a two manned craft used by allied forces to attack shipping during the Second World War. It was first used by the Royal Navy in January 1943. It resembled a torpedo, the front being fitted with an explosive charge armed with a time fuse. This front charge would be fixed to the target vessel, and the crew would then steer the now headless craft away. Hussar The Hussars were the Hungarian cavalry raised in 1448 by Matthias I. Every twenty houses was obliged to furnish a man, and the word Hussar derives from huszar - husz being Hungarian for twenty. The term Hussar developed to refer to any light cavalry similarly dressed and armed of other European armies. IFV IFV is an abbreviation for infantry fighting vehicle. Ironclad An ironclad is a wooden warship covered with armor plate. The first to be constructed was the French Gloire in 1858, but the first to be launched was the British HMS Warrior in 1859. The first battle between ironclads took place during the American Civil War, when the Union Monitor fought the Confederate Virginia on the 9th of March 1862. The design was replaced by battleships of all-metal construction in the 1890s. JA 37 The JA 37 is a swedish single-seat all-weather interceptor fighter aircraft with secondary strike capability. It is made by saab. JU 87B-1 The JU 87B-1 was a German fighter-bomber used during the Second World War. It was manufactured by Junkers. It was armed with two 7.9mm MG 17 machine guns in the wings, one 7.9mm MG 15 machine gun in the rear cockpit and it could carry a 1100lb bomb under the fuselage, or 4 110lb bombs on the wings. It had a crew of 2 and a top speed of 217mph. It had a range of 342 miles. KA-32 The KA-32 is a Soviet shipboard anti-submarine warfare helicopter. Kamikaze Kamikaze were pilots of the Japanese air force in the second World War who deliberately crash-dived their planes, loaded with bombs, usually on to ships of the American Navy. A special force of suicide pilots was established 1944 to crash-dive planes, loaded with bombs, onto American and British ships. Kashin The Kashin class ship is a Soviet anti-aircraft warship. It was commisioned in 1962, and was the first class of warship to be equipped with gas turbines. It has a top speed of 37 knots. Its armament includes 10 torpedoes, 22 SA-N-3 missiles and 4 SS-N-2c missiles. KGP-141 The KGP-141 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 4" barrel and a calibre of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and adjustable rear sight. The front sight can be interchanged. KGP-160 The KGP-160 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 6" barrel and a calibre of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and adjustable rear sight. The front sight can be interchanged. KGP-161 The KGP-161 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 6" barrel and a calibre of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and adjustable rear sight. The front sight can be interchanged. KGPF-330 The KGPF-330 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 3" barrel and a calibre of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and fixed rear sight. The front sight can be interchanged. KGPF-331 The KGPF-331 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 3" barrel and a calibre of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and fixed rear sight. The front sight can be interchanged. KGPF-340 The KGPF-340 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 4" barrel and a calibre of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and fixed rear sight. The front sight can be interchanged. KGPF-341 The KGPF-341 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 4" barrel and a calibre of .357" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and fixed rear sight. The front sight can be interchanged. KGPF-840 The KGPF-840 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 4" barrel and a calibre of .38" special. It has a 6-round cylinder and fixed rear sight. The front sight can be interchanged. KGPF-841 The KGPF-841 is a Ruger revolver. It has a 4" barrel and a calibre of .38" special. It has a 6-round cylinder and fixed rear sight. The front sight can be interchanged. Kp88x The kp88x is a Ruger semi-automatic pistol. It is available in 9mm and .30" calibres and takes a 15-round magazine. Kp89 The kp89 is a Ruger semi-automatic 9mm calibre pistol. It takes a 15- round magazine. Krag-jorgensen m1896 The krag-jorgensen m1896 was the US army's first bolt action rifle, seeing action in 1894. It has a muzzle velocity of 610 m/s and takes a 5- round magazine. It is sighted to 1829m. KSK KSK is an abbreviation for Ethyl-iodo-acetate, a tear gas used during the second world war. It had a smell faintly of peardrops. It caused pain in the eyes, a copious flow of tears, spasms of the eyelids and irritation of shaved skin. Ksp-221 The ksp-221 is a Ruger double-action revolver. It has a 2.25" barrel and a calibre of .22" long rimfire. It has a 6-round cylinder and adjustable sights. Ksp-240 The ksp-240 is a Ruger double-action revolver. It has a 4" barrel and a calibre of .22" long rimfire. It has a 6-round cylinder and adjustable sights. Ksp-241 The ksp-241 is a Ruger double-action revolver. It has a 4" barrel and a calibre of .22" long rimfire. It has a 6-round cylinder and adjustable sights. Ksp-321x The ksp-321x is a Ruger double-action revolver. It has a 2.25" barrel and a calibre of .357" magnum. It has a 5-round cylinder and fixed sights. Ksp-3231 The ksp-3231 is a Ruger double-action revolver. It has a 3" barrel and a calibre of .32" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and adjustable sights. Ksp-3241 The ksp-3241 is a Ruger double-action revolver. It has a 4" barrel and a calibre of .32" magnum. It has a 6-round cylinder and adjustable sights. Ksp-331x The ksp-331x is a Ruger double-action revolver. It has a 3" barrel and a calibre of .357" magnum. It has a 5-round cylinder and fixed sights. Ksp-821 The ksp-821 is a Ruger double-action revolver. It has a 2.25" barrel and a calibre of .38". It has a 5-round cylinder and fixed sights. Ksp-921 The ksp-921 is a Ruger double-action revolver. It has a 2.25" barrel and a calibre of 9mm. It has a 5-round cylinder and fixed sights. Ksp-931 The ksp-931 is a Ruger double-action revolver. It has a 3" barrel and a calibre of 9mm. It has a 5-round cylinder and fixed sights. Ksrh-7 The ksrh-7 is the 7.5" barrel super redhawk revolver. Ksrh-9 The ksrh-9 is a super redhawk 9.5" barrel revolver. L119 The l119 is a British 105mm calibre towed howitzer. It has a range of 17,200m. L1a1 The l1a1 is a British gas operated rifle with a muzzle velocity of 854 m/s and sighted to 549m. It takes a 7.62mm round from a 20-round box. L2a3 The l2a3 was developed from 1942 onwards as a replacement sub-machine gun for the sten. It is a British weapon often known as the patchett after its designer. It takes a 9mm round from a 32-round box. It has a cyclic rate of 550 rpm and a muzzle velocity of 365 m/s. L4a1 The l4a1 is a British sniper rifle developed from the number 4 rifle. It takes a 7.62mm round from a 10-round box. It has a muzzle velocity of 838 m/s and takes a telescopic sight. Lance see "mgm-52c" Lanchester mk1 The lanchester mk1 was a British sub-machine gun issued to the navy from 1940. It takes a 9mm round from a 50-round box and has a cyclic rate of 600rpm. The muzzle velocity is 365 m/s. Lathi A lathi is an Indian weapon consisting of a heavy stick, usually bamboo, bound with iron. Law Law is an abbreviation for light anti-tank weapon. Le mat The le mat revolver fired grapeshot and was manufactured mainly in france in the mid 19th century. Lebel The lebel is a French rifle developed in 1886. It is bolt operated and takes a 8mm round from a 8-round tubular magazine. The muzzle velocity is 716 m/s and it is sighted to 2000m. Lee enfield The lee enfield is a series of British rifles. The mark 3 and 4 are bolt operation and take a .303" round from a 10-round box. The muzzle velocity is 738 m/s and they are sighted to 1829m. Lee straight pull The lee straight pull is a US straight-pull operated rifle issued to the navy in 1895. It takes a .236" round from a 5-round magazine. It has a muzzle velocity of 732 m/s and is sighted to 1828m. Lee-Metford The Lee-Metford series of rifles were adopted by the British army in 1888 to replace the martini-Henry. They were bolt-action rifles which took a 5-round box magazine. Lever-action Lever-action is a gun mechanism activated by manual operation of a lever. Liberator pistol The liberator pistol was a cheaply made pistol made in America in 1942 for supply to guerilla forces in enemy countries. Locust tank see "m22" Luger Luger were a range of automatic pistols manufactured by DWM from 1908 onwards. Originaly a 7.65mm calibre pistol, various versions were made. The artillery luger was a German 9mm calibre automatic pistol introduced in 1917. It took a 8-round box magazine. M/46 The M/46 is the Browning High Power Pistol manufactured in Denmark. M1 The m1 is a US gas operated carbine. It takes a .30" straight pistol type round from a 15/30-round box. It has a muzzle velocity of 585 m/s and has fixed sights set at 275m. M102 The m102 is an American 105mm calibre light-howitzer. It has a range of 11,500m with standard ammunition and 15,100m with rap ammunition. M109 The m109 is a series of American self-propelled howitzers. They have a top speed of 35mph. M109a2 The m109a2 is one of the m109 series. It is armed with a 155mm howitzer and browning 0.5" calibre anti-aircraft machine gun. M109a3 The m109a3 is one of the m109 series. It is armed with a m185 howitzer and a browning 0.5" calibre anti-aircraft machine gun. M109a6 The m109a6 is one of the m109 series. It is armed with a m284 howitzer and a browning 0.5" calibre anti-aircraft machine gun. M110 The m110 is a series of American self-propelled howitzers. They first entered service in 1963. They are armed with a 8" howitzer and have a top speed of 34mph. M110a1 see "m110" M110a2 see "m110" M113 The m113 is a series of American apcs. They are lightly armed with a browning 0.5" calibre machine gun. They have a top speed of 40mph. M114 The m114 is an American 155mm calibre howitzer series first used during the second world war. The m114a2 model has a range of 19,300m. M114a2 see "m114" M119 The m119 is the American designation for the l119. M14 The m14 is a US automatic rifle developed in the 1950s to replace the garand. It takes a 7.62mm round from a 20-round box. It has a muzzle velocity of 853 m/s and is sighted to 915m with a cyclic rate of 750 rpm. M16 The m16 (armalite ar-15) is a US automatic rifle. It takes a .233" round from a 30-round magazine. It has a muzzle velocity of 991 m/s and is sighted to 458m. It has a cyclic rate of 800 rpm. M163 The m163 (vulcan) is an American air defence system. It is mounted on a m113 tracked chassis and consists of a 20mm cannon and radar detection equipment. The cannon has a range of 1750 yards. M1911A1 The M1911A1 was a .45 inch calibre automatic pistol designed by Browning in 1911 and manufactured by Colt. It had a semi-automatic recoil action and took a 7-round magazine. M1935A The M1935A was the standard pistol of the French army during the second World War. It was a 7.65 mm calibre semi-automatic pistol with a recoil- operation. It took an 8-round magazine. M198 The m198 is an American 155mm calibre towed howitzer with a range of 22,000m with standard ammunition and 30,000m with rap ammunition. M1a1 The m1a1 is a folding stock version of the m1. M1a1 MBT The m1a1 MBT is a US tank. It takes a four man crew and is armed with a 120mm smoothbore gun, a 7.62mm coaxial machine gun, a 12.7Mm roof mounted heavy machine gun and a 7.62mm roof mounted machine gun. It is equiped with a laser rangefinder and thermal imaging night sights. 40 shells are carried for the main gun. It has a top road speed of 67 kph. Defenses include chobham armour and a laser warning system. M2 The m2 is an American ifv. It is armed with a 25mm hughes machine gun and a 7.62mm coaxial machine gun and carries 2 tow atgms. It has a top speed of 40mph. M22 The m22 (locust) tank was a light American tank used during the second world war. It was manned by a crew of three and was armed with a 37mm gun. M224 The m224 is an American lightweight company mortar. It has a calibre of 60mm and a range of 3,500m. M24 The m24 (chaffee) was a light, air-portable American tank used during the second world war. It was manned by a crew of five and was armed with a 75mm gun. It had a top speed of around 30mph. M240 The m240 is a Belgian medium machine gun fitted to the m1a1 MBT and other tanks. It has a muzzle velocity of 840 m/s. M249 The m249 is an American saw. It has a calibre of 5.56mm and a range of 1300m. It has a cyclic rate of 750rpm and a muzzle velocity of 924m/s. M29 The M29 is a family of American mortars. M29A1 The M29A1 is one of the M29 family. It has a calibre of 81mm and a range of 4,700km. It has a sustained rate of fire of between 4 and 12 rpm. M3 The M3 is an American CFV version of the m2. It carries additional atgms instead of passengers and has slightly thicker armour. M47 The M47 (dragon) is an American infantry anti-tank/assault missile. It has a flight speed of 230mph and a range of 1000m. It is guided by the operator. M48 The M48 (chaparral) is an American forward area air-defense missile system. It launches surface-to-air missiles which use infrared homing to target heat emiiter guidance. The missiles fly at a speed of mach 2.5 to a ceiling of 2,500m and a range of 4,800m. M551 The M551 (sheridan) is an American light tank. It entered service in 1966. It is armed with a 152mm main gun and a 7.62mm calibre coaxial machine gun and a 0.5" calibre anti-aircraft machine gun. It has a top speed of 65mph. M6 Scout The M6 Scout is An over-under combo gun chambered in .22LR (or .22 Hornet) and .410. It is 32 inches long with an 18 inch long barrel and includes a folding stock. The M6 Scout is marketed by Springfield as a survival rifle. M60 The m60 is a series of American tanks. The series entered service in 1960. The m60 general-purpose machine-gun is an American weapon. It has a calibre of 7.62mm and a maximum range of 1800m with a rate of fire of 550rpm. M60a3 MBT The m60a3 MBT is a US tank. It was designed in 1956 and entered service in 1960. It is armed with a 105mm main gun, a 7.62mm coaxial machine gun and a cupola mounted 12.7Mm hmg. It has a top road speed of 48kph. It is manned by a crew of four and carries 63 rounds of main gun ammunition. It is fitted with a laser rangefinder and thermal imaging night sight. M712 The m712 (copperhead) is an American cannoN-launched guided projectile. It flies at supersonic speed and uses laser homing guidance to locate its target. It has a range of up to 10 miles. M72a2 The M72a2 is an American LAW. It has a calibre of 66mm and a range of 325m. M72a3 The M72a3 is a US infantry anti-tank missile. It lacks a guidance system and is only usable up to 135 meters. M77 The M77 is a Ruger bolt-action rifle. It is manufactured in various calibres between .22" and .338". It takes a 4-round magazine and is fitted with a receiver for a telscopic sight. M79 The M79 is an American grenade launcher. It has a range of 400m and a rate of fire of 5 rpm. M9 The M9 is a 9mm semi-automatic pistol manufactured by Beretta, and adopted by the American military in place of the m1911. M93 The M93 (fox) is an American reconnaissance vehicle. It carries a crew of 4. It is unarmed and has a top speed of 65mph. Machine gun A machine gun is a firearm of military significance, often crew-served, that on trigger depression automatically feeds and fires cartridges of rifle size or greater. Madsen M50 The madsen M50 is a Danish sub-machine gun. It takes a 9mm round from a 32-round box. It has a cyclic rate of 550rpm and a muzzle velocity of 365 m/s. Magazine A magazine is a spring-loaded container for cartridges that may be an integral part of the gunþs mechanism or may be detachable. Detachable magazines for the same gun may be offered by the gun's manufacturer or other manufacturers with various capacities. A gun with a five-shot detachable magazine, for instance, may be fitted with a magazine holding 10, 20, or 50 or more rounds. Box magazines are most commonly located under the receiver with the cartridges stacked vertically. Tube or tubular magazines run through the stock or under the barrel with the cartridges lying horizontally. Drum magazines hold their cartridges in a circular mode. A magazine can also mean a secure storage place for ammunition or explosives. Magnum Magnum is a term indicating a relatively heavily loaded metallic cartridge or shotshell and, by extension, a gun safely constructed to fire it. Male Male was one of the first British tanks. It was fitted with six pounder guns and SAW action during the first world war. Mannlicher-Carcano m1891 The Mannlicher-Carcano m1891 is an Italian bolt operated carbine designed for cavalry use, but with a folding bayonet fixed under the barrel. It takes a 6.5Mm round from a 6-round magazine. The muzzle velocity is 701 m/s and it is sighted to 1500m. Mannlicher-Carcano m1938 The Mannlicher-Carcano m1938 is an Italian carbine with sights fixed at 300m. It takes a 6.5Mm round from a 6-round magazine. It is bolt operated and has a muzzle velocity of 701 m/s. Martini-Henry The martini-Henry was the first metal cartridge breech-loading rifle built for the British army. It was adopted in 1871. It had a calibre of 0.45" and took a bottle-necked cartridge. Mas36 The fusil mas36 is a French rifle developed in the 1940s. It takes a 7.5Mm round from a 5-round box. The operation is bolt. It has a muzzle velocity of 823 m/s and is sighted to 1200m. Matchlock The English matchlock was a smooth-bore muzzle loader gun in use during the late 17th century. It was fired from a rest called a pike. Matilda The matilda was a British tank of the second world war. It was hopelessly under-armed with a two-pounder gun, but it's thick armour offered good protection against German tanks and anti-tank guns. The mk1 had a top speed of 8mph and the mk2 a top speed of 15mph. Meiji carbine The Meiji carbine is a Japanese bolt operated carbine. It takes a 6.5Mm round from a 5-round magazine. It has a muzzle velocity of 732 m/s and is sighted to 2000m. Mercenary A mercenary is a soldier hired by the army of another country or by a private army. Mercenary military service originated in the 14th century, when cash payment on a regular basis was the only means of guaranteeing soldiers' loyalty. Mgm-52c The mgm-52c (lance) is an American battlefield support missile. It has a range of between 45 and 75 miles depending upon the warhead and is carried by the m752 (m113) carrier. The missile flies at a speed of mach 3. Mi-14 The mi-14 is a Soviet amphibious anti-submarine helicopter. Mi-17 The mi-17 is a Soviet medium transport helicopter. Mi-24 The mi-24 is a Soviet assault and anti-armour helicopter. Mi-26 The mi-26 is a Soviet military and commercial heavy-lift helicopter. Mi-8 The mi-8 is a Soviet assault transport helicopter. MICV An MICV (mechanized infantry combat vehicle) is a tracked military vehicle designed to fight as part of an armored battle group. It is armed with a quick-firing cannon and one or more machine guns. MICVs have now replaced armored personnel carriers. Mig The mig are various military aircraft of Soviet origin. Mig-23 The mig-23 is a Soviet single-seat air superiority and close air support fighter aircraft. Mig-25 The mig-25 is a Soviet single-seat interceptor fighter aircraft. Mig-27 The mig-27 is a Soviet single-seat tactical strike and close air support fighter aircraft. Mills bomb The Mills bomb was the standard British hand grenade used during the Great War and Second World War. It weighed 1.5 lbs and could be thrown 30 yards. During the Spanish civil war, mills bombs proved effective against light tanks. Mim-104 The mim-104 (patriot) is an American surface to air missile system. The missiles fly at a speed of mach 3 to a range of 68km. Mine A mine is an explosive charge on land or sea, or in the atmosphere, designed to be detonated by contact, vibration, magnetic influence, or a timing device. Minesweeper A minesweeper is a small naval vessel designed for locating and destroying mines at sea. Mini-14/5 The mini-14/5 is a Ruger ranch rifle. It is a gas operated .223" calibre weapon taking a 5-round box magazine. It has a muzzle velocity of 3300fps. Minie The Minie was a .702 inch calibre muzzle loading, percussion lock rifle. It was issued to the British army in 1851 to replace the Brunswick Rifle. The Minie was manufactured by Tower and sighted to 820m. Minuteman The Minuteman is an American three stage Inter-Continental Ballistic missile with a range of about 8000km. Mitrailleuse The Mitrailleuse was a machinegun introduced in France shortly before the Franco-German war of 1870-1871. It consisted of a number of rifled barrels, generally thirty-seven, and was mounted similarly to an ordinary field-piece. MK19-3 The MK19-3 is an American automatic grenade launcher. It has a range of 1500m and a rate of fire of 325-375 rpm. MLRS MLRS is an abbreviation for multiple-launch rocket system. It is an American weapon system being a mobile vehicle which carries 12 rocket launchers. The rockets have a range of about 19miles and fly at a supersonic speed. Model 1853 The Model 1853 was a reduced calibre form of the Minie. It was a .577 inch calibre muzzle loading, percussion cap rifle manufactured by Enfield from 1853. It was sighted to 730m. Moltke The Moltke was a German cruiser. It was sunk by a British submarine during the battle for riga, on august the 18th 1915. Mondragon The Mondragon automatic rifle was one of the first automatic rifles invented. It was patented in 1907 by manuel mondragon of mexico. It had a calibre of 7mm. Monitor A monitor was a very shallow, heavily-armed, iron-clad steam-vessel invented by Ericcson, carrying on its open decks either one or two revolving turrets, each containing one or more enormous guns and designed to combine the maximum fire-power with the minimum of exposure. The vessels got their name after the first one, built during the American civil war, proved its superiority during an engagement with the Merrimac in 1862. Monkey Tail The Monkey Tail was a .45 inch calibre, breech-loading, single capping carbine manufactured by Enflied in 1863. It had an effective range of 350m. Mortar A mortar is a machine for projecting a bomb via a high trajectory at a remote target. Mosin-Nagant M1944 The Mosin-Nagant M1944 is a Soviet carbine. It is bolt operated and takes a 7.62mm round from a 5-round magazine. It has a muzzle velocity of 823 m/s and is sighted to 1000m. Mosquito The De Havilland Mosquito was an English two-seat fighter bomber aircraft. It was made completely of wood, which made it very easy to repair following attacks. It had a top speed of 400mph making it the fastest aircraft in the Second World War. Mother Mother was the name of the first prototype tank. Mp40 The mp40 was a German sub-machine gun which SAW extensive use during the second world war. It takes a 9mm round from a 32-round box. Its cyclic rate is 500rpm and it has a muzzle velocity of 365 m/s. Mp44 The mp44 is a German assault rifle. It takes a 7.92mm round from a 30- round box. It has a muzzle velocity of 647 m/s and is sighted to 800m. It was developed in 1944 and influenced the development of the ak47. It has a cyclic rate of 500rpm. Musket A musket was a hand-gun first introduced in the early 16th century as a development of the culverin and arquebus. It was discharged by means of a lighted match, which gave rise to its name matchlock. It was so heavy that it had to be laid across a staff or rest to be fired. To make use of it the soldier needed to carry a lighted slow-burning match, which was apt to be extinguished in wet weather. This was developed into the wheel- lock which was a wheel made to revolve by a spring and which caused sparks by friction against a flint. In 1625 the musket developed the flint-lock. Musketoon A musketoon was a short thick musket with a very wide bore, sometime bell-mouthed like a blunderbuss. It fired a ball weighing between 5 and 7.5 ounces. Mustard gas Mustard gas, Di-chloro-di-ethyl sulphide, is a blister gas used during the Great War. It has a faint smell of mustard. It has a delayed action which makes it so dangerous, it not being detected until it has already caused its damage. It rapidly damages the eyes, lungs and exposed parts of the body. Blisters appear on exposed skin after a few hours. The stomach and intestines can be damaged by eating food contaminated with the gas. Exposure to the gas often results in death or blindness. Muzzle The muzzle is the open end of the barrel of a gun from which the projectile exits. Muzzle loader The muzzle loader was the earliest type of gun, now also popular as modern-made replicas, in which blackpowder and projectile(s) are separately loaded in through the muzzle. The term is often applied to cap-and-ball revolvers where the loading is done not actually through the muzzle but through the open ends of the cylinder's chambers. Napalm Napalm is a fuel used in incendiary bombs and flame throwers. It is produced from jellied petrol, and is a mixture of naphthenic and palmitic acids. Napalm causes extensive burns because it sticks to the skin even when ignited. It was widely used by the American Army during the Vietnam War. Needle Fire Rifle The Needle Fire Rifle was first issued to the Prussian army in 1848. It was a bolt-action 15.43mm calibre rifle sighted to 400m. Nelson The Nelson was a British battleship of the Second World War. It was armed with 9 16 guns. She had a top speed of 23 knots and carried a crew of 1300. New land pattern The new land pattern was a musket of the brown bess family introduced in the middle of the napoleonic wars. It had a calibre of 0.75". New Model Army Revolver The New Model Army Revolver was a .44 inch calibre muzzle loaded, single- action revolver manufactured by Colt in 1860. It had a 6-round cylinder. Nimrod The nimrod is a British long-range maritime patrol aircraft. Number 4 The number 4 rifle is a British rifle manufactured from 1941. It takes a .303" round from a 10-round box. Operation is bolt. It has a muzzle velocity of 743 M/s and is sighted to 1189m. Okha The Okha was a specifically designed piloted flying bomb developed for use by Japanese Kamikaze squads. Old Model Army Revolver see "Dragoon" Owen The Owen machine-carbine was developed for use in jungle warfare. It was an Australian weapon. It takes a 9mm round from a 32-round box. It has a cyclic rate of 700rpm and a muzzle velocity of 420 m/s. P-12 The P-12 is a semi-automatic pistol based upon the browning m1911. It takes a 12-round .45" calibre magazine. P-14 The P-14 is a semi-automatic pistol based upon the browning m1911. It takes a 14-round .45" calibre magazine. P38 The Walther P38 is a 9 mm calibre recoil-operated semi-automatic pistol manufactured by Walther since 1938. It was adopted by the German army in 1938 and is still in use by the Chilean, Norwegian, Portugese and German armed forces. It takes an 8-round magazine. P89 The p89 is a Ruger semi-automatic pistol. It has a calibre of 9mm and takes a 15-round magazine. Panzer The term "panzer" is a shortening of the full German title "panzerkampfwagen", which translates to "armoured war wagon". Panzer 2 The panzer 2 was a German light-weight reconnaisance tank used during the second world war. It carried a three man crew and was armed with a 20mm gun. Panzer 3 The panzer 3 was a German MBT of the second world war. It was initialy armed with a 37mm anti-tank gun, but this was upgraded to a 50mm gun after 1940. It was manned by a five man crew. Panzer 4 The panzer 4 was a German assault and infantry support tank of the second world war. It was initialy armed with a low velocity, short-barrelled 75mm gun. Later versions carried longer guns. It was manned by a crew of five. Panzerfaust The panzerfaust was a German anti-tank missile of the Second World War. It was infantry carried and had a range of 50m. Parma The parma was a small round or oval flat shield used by the Romans. Patchett see "l2a3" Paterson The paterson was an 8-shot revolving rifle made by Colt. It was adopted by the American army in 1838. Patriot see "mim-104" Pattern 1913 The pattern 1913 rifle is a British rifle developed in 1913. It takes a .276" round from a 5-round box. It is bolt operated and has a Muzzle velocity of 843 m/s. It is sighted to 1738m. Pepper-Box The Pepper-Box was a multiple barreled pistol effective at close range. They typically had six barrels, and were muzzle loading and fired by percussion cap. Pepperbox The pepperbox was a multiple barreled percussion pistol made between 1830 and 1860 throughout europe. Phoenix Phoenix is a British RPV. Phosgene Phosgene is a lung irritant gas used during the Second World War. It has a smell of musty hay. It is a very poisonous gas. PIAT The PIAT was a British infantry anti-tank missile used during the Second World War. It had a range of 100m. Pilum The pilum was a Roman weapon similar to a pike or javelin. It was about 6 feet long and was usually thrown at the enemy. Pistole 640 The Pistole 640 was the Browning High Power Pistol manufactured in Liege for the German SS during the Second World War. PPD 34 The PPD 34 was a Soviet sub-machine gun. It takes a 7.62mm round from a 71-round drum. It has a cyclic rate of 800rpm and a muzzle velocity of 489 m/s. PPK The Walther PPK is an automatic pistol originaly designed for police detectives in 1931. It has a calibre of 7.65mm and takes a 7-round magazine. It has a blowback double action. Various alternative calibre versions are now made including .22 inch, 6.35mm and 9mm. PPSH 41 The PPSH 41 was a Soviet sub-machine gun developed during the second world war. It takes a 7.62mm round from a 71 drum/35-round box. It has a cyclic rate of 900rpm and a muzzle velocity of 489 m/s. Pre-land pattern The pre-land pattern was an early musket of the brown bess family. It had a calibre of 0.75". Primer Primer is the ignition component of a cartridge, generally made up of a metallic fulminate or (currently) lead styphnate. Q Ships Q Ships were warships masquerading as unarmed merchant ships. They thus lured enemy submarines to their destruction. Q Ships were first used by the British during the First World War when they were commanded by Vice Admiral Gordon Campbell. Quarrel A quarrel was a bolt or dart to be shot from a cross-bow, or thrown thrown a catapult. It had a square head and a pyramidal point. Quarter staff The Quarter staff was an old English weapon formed of a stout pole about 6.5 feet long and generally loaded with iron at both ends. In use it was held by one hand in the centre, and the other hand between the centre and the end. In the attack the latter hand was shifted from one quarter of the staff to the other, giving the weapon a rapid circular motion. R-35 The Renault R-35 was a French light-support tank used during the second world war. It was armed with a 37mm main gun. Rapier A rapier is a light slender sword for thrusting only. It usually has a cylindrical blade with a sharp point, but no edge. Rapparee A rapparee was a 17th century Irish irregular soldier. Receiver (firearm) The receiver is the housing for a firearm's breech and firing mechanism. Redeye see "fim-43a" Redhawk The Ruger redhawk is a range of .44" magnum calibre revolvers. They have a 6-round cylinder and can be fitted with a telescopic sight. Revolver A revolver is a gun, usually a handgun, with a multi-chambered cylinder that rotates to successively align each chamber with a single barrel and firing pin. Rh-44 The rh-44 is a 7.5" barrel redhawk. Rh-445 The rh-445 is a 5.5" barrel redhawk. Rifle A rifle is a firearm with spiral, parallel grooves cut into the bore to impart spin in the projectile giving flight stability to the projectile. Rimfire Rimfire is a rimmed or flanged cartridge with the priming mixture located inside the rim of the case. The most famous example is the .22 rimfire. Ross The ross rifle is a British rifle taking a .303" round from a 5-round box. Operation is straight pull. The muzzle velocity is 794 m/s and it is sighted to 1098m. Royal Oak The Royal Oak was a British battleship. She was armed with 8 15 inch guns, 12 6 inch guns, 8 4 inch anti-aircraft guns and 16 2 pounder anti- aircraft guns. She had a top speed of 21.5 knots. She carried a crew of 1146. She was sunk by U-47 whilst she was anchored at Scapa Flow on 13th October 1939. Rpg-16 The rpg-16 is a Soviet infantry anti-tank missile introduced in the 1970s to replace the rpg-7. It has a 58mm war head which is effective at ranges up to 800 meters. It has a flight speed of 350 m/s but no guidance system. RPG-7 The RPG-7 is a famous Soviet infantry anti-tank missile. It has an 85mm war head which is effective at ranges up to 500 meters. It has a flight speed of 300 m/s but no guidance system. RPV RPV (remotely piloted vehicle) are crewless mini-aircraft used for military surveillance and to select targets in battle. RPVs barely show up on radar, enabling them to fly over a battlefield without being shot down, and they are equipped to transmit TV images to an operator on the ground. Ruger Ruger is an American small arms manufacturer. S-35 The Somua S-35 was a French medium tank used during the second world war. It was armed with a 47mm gun. S-70 The S-70 is an American tactical transport helicopter. It is nicknamed the black hawk. S100 The S100 was a German sub-machine gun manufactured after the Great War. It takes a 9mm round from a 32-round box and has a cyclic rate of 500rpm. Its muzzle velocity is 417 m/s. SA-N-3 The SA-N-3 (goblet) is a Soviet surface-to-air missile developed in 1967. It has a range of 55km and a flight speed of mach 2. SA-N-4 The SA-N-4 (gecko) is a Soviet surface-to-air missile. It has a range of 15km and a flight speed of mach 2. SA-N-5 The SA-N-5 (grail) is a light-weight Soviet surface-to-air missile deployed in light amphibious craft and capable of being shoulder launched by infantry. It has a range of 10km and a flight speed of mach 1. SA-N-6 The SA-N-6 (grumble) is a Soviet surface-to-air missile. It has a range of 81km and a flight speed of mach 3. Saam see "Saam_class" Saam class The Saam class is an Iranian frigate. It has a top speed of 39knots. It is armed with 9 seacat missiles and 5 sea killer missiles. Sabot Sabot is a lightweight carrier surrounding a heavier projectile of reduced caliber, allowing a firearm to shoot ammunition for which it is not chambered. For example, a hunter could use his .30-30 deer rifle to shoot small game with .22 centerfire bullets. SAR-4800 The Springfield SAR-4800 rifle is a .308" caliber, gas operated military rifle. SAR-8 The Springfield SAR-8 rifle is a .308" caliber, recoil operated semi- automatic sporting rifle. Saw Saw is an abbreviation for squad automatic weapon. It is a new type of weapon similar to an automatic rifle but with a greater range, but not as heavy as a general purpose machine-gun. Saw SAW is an abbreviation for squad automatic weapon. It is a new type of weapon similar to an a tomatic rifle but with a greater range, but not as heavy as a general purpose machine-gun. Scud The Scud is a Soviet-produced surface-to-surface missile that can be armed with a nuclear, chemical, or conventional warhead. The Scud-B has a range of 300 km. Scutum The scutum was a large oblong Roman shield. Sea dart The sea dart is a British anti-ship and surface-to-air missile. It has a range of 17km and a flight speed of mach 3. Sea killer The sea killer is an Italian anti-ship missile. It has a range of 25km and uses beam-riding and radar altimeter guidance systems. It flies close to the seas surface making it an effective weapon. Sea sparrow The sea sparrow is an American surface-to-air missile. It has a range of 32km and a flight speed of mach 3. Sea wolf The sea wolf is a British surface-to-air missile. It has a range of 6km and a flight speed of mach 2. It is usually fired from a multi-barrel launcher, but on British type 23 frigates they are launched from a vls system. Seacat The seacat is a British anti-air missile. It has a range of 6km and is guided either optically or by radar. Selective-fire Selective-fire is a firearm's ability to be fired fully automatically, semi-automatically or, in some cases, in burst-fire mode at the option of the firer. Semi-automatic A semi-automatic firearm is designed to fire a single cartridge, eject the empty case and reload the chamber each time the trigger is pulled. Semtex Semtex is an odourless plastic explosive manufactured in Czechoslovakia that can only be ignited by a detonator. Sharps Carbine The Sharps Carbine was a .53 inch calibre breech loading carbine used by the Americans during the American Civil War. It had an effective range of 450m. Sheridan see "m551" Sherman tank The Sherman tank was an American tank used during the second world war. There were numerous variations made. It was manned by a crew of five. It was well armed with a 75mm gun and and co-axial machine gun in the turret. A hull mounted machine gun and cupola mounted machine gun were also fitted. It could achieve a top speed of 26mph. Shotgun A shotgun is a shoulder gun with smooth-bored barrel(s) primarily intended for firing multiple small, round projectiles, (shot, birdshot, pellets), larger shot (buck shot), single round balls (pumpkin balls) and cylindrical slugs. Some shotgun barrels have rifling to give better accuracy with slugs or greater pattern spread to birdshot. Sikorsky Sikorsky is an American helicopter manufacturer. Silkworm The silkworm is a Chinese anti-ship missile. Its range and speed are believed to be a range of 46km and a flight speed of mach 0.9, but these are unconfirmed. Single-shot Single-shot is a gun mechanism lacking a magazine where separately carried ammunition must be manually placed in the gun's chamber for each firing. SKS The SKS is a Soviet gas operated self-loading rifle. It takes a 7.62mm round from a 10-round box. It has a muzzle velocity of 735 m/s and is sighted to 1000m. Slide-action Slide-action is a gun mechanism activated by manual operation of a horizontally sliding handle almost always located under the barrel. "Pump-action" and "trombone" are synonyms for "slide-action." Sm-1 The sm-1 is an American surface-to-air missile. It has a range of 33km and a flight speed of mach 2. Sm-2 The sm-2 is an American guided surface-to-air missile. It has a range of 59km and a flight speed of mach 2. It uses an interial guidance system and is equipped with an auto-pilot for effectiveness against evasive targets. Smith & Wesson Model No. 1 The Smith & Wesson Model No. 1 was the first revolver manufactured by Smith & Wesson. It was a .22 inch calibre, single-action, rimfire revolver with a 7-round cylinder. Snub-nosed Snub-nosed is a descriptive of (usually) a revolver with an unusually short barrel. Sopwith Camel The Sopwith Camel was a single seater fighter scout biplane. It first flew in December 1916 and saw action during the Great War. Southampton The Southampton was a British cruiser of the Second World War. She was armed with 12 6 inch guns and anti-aircraft guns. Spencer The Spencer was the first successful repeating rifle. It was manufactured in 1862 by the Spencer repeating Rifle Company, in the USA. The Spencer was a lever-action, rolling block rifle with a 7-round tube magazine in the butt. It had an effective range of 275 m. Springfield The springfield is a US bolt operated rifle in general issue from 1906 replacing the krag-jorgensen m1896. It takes a .30" round from a 5-round box. It has a muzzle velocity of 813 m/s and is sighted to 2469m. SS-N-2a The SS-N-2a (styx) is a Soviet anti-ship missile. It has a range of 46km and a flight speed of mach 0.9. It carries a 1100lb warhead. SS-N-2c The SS-N-2c is a Soviet anti-ship missile. It has a range of 80km and a flight speed ofr mach 0.9. The SS-N-2c is an updated version of the SS-N- 2a, and includes sea skimming abilities for avoiding detection by radar. Sten The sten was a British sub-machine gun which went through a number of changes and variations from its development in 1941. It takes a 9mm round from a 32- Round box and has a cyclic rate of 550rpm. Stinger see "fim-92a" Stuart tank The Stuart tank was an American tank used during the second world war. It was crewed by four men, had a top speed of 36mph and was lightly armed with a 37mm gun and two machine guns. Styx see "SS-N-2a" Submachine gun A submachine gun is an automatic firearm commonly firing pistol ammunition intended for close-range combat. Suomi m1931 The Suomi m1931 is a Finnish sub-machine gun developed in 1931. It takes a 9mm round from a variety of magazines. Its cyclic rate is 900rpm and its muzzle velocity 400 m/s. Super Redhawk The Ruger Super Redhawk is a .44" magnum calibre revolver. It has either a 7.5" or 9.5" barrel. The cylinder takes 6-rounds. Sword A sword is an offensive weapon designed for cutting and thrusting. It consists of a long straight or curved blade with a handle or hilt and a cross-guard and usually a sharp point. T2e1 The t2e1 is a British rifle taking a .276" round from a 10-round box. The muzzle velocity is 762 m/s and it is sighted to 1098m. Operation is blowback. Tank Tank was the codename of the British armoured fighting vehicles which were envisaged as land warships. Targe A targe was a light shield or buckler. Tasset A tasset was a piece of armour which hung from the corslet to offer protection to the thighs. Taurus PT99AF The Taurus PT99AF is a Brazilian made copy of the Bereta 92F. It is a 9mm parabellum calibre, semi-automatic pistol. It takes a 15-round magazine. The rear sight is adjustable and the front sight is a fixed blade. Theoben Theoben are an English manufacturer of air rifles. Theoben Rapid 7 The Theoben Rapid 7 is a .22" calibre bolt action repeater air-rifle running on compressed air. It takes a seven-shot rotary magazine. Theoben Taunus The Theoben Taunus is a gas spring powered air-rifle. It is made in calibres of .177" .20" and .22", is 41 inches long and weighs around 8lbs. Thermite Thermite is a mixture of aluminium and iron oxide or someother metal oxide which on combustion produces a very high temperature, around 3000 degrees celsius. It is used as a filling for incendiary bombs. Thompson The thompson sub-machine gun is an American weapon developed from the 1920s. It takes a .45" round from a 50-round drum or 20-round box. It has a cyclic rate of 800rpm and a muzzle velocity of 281 m/s. Tiger 1 The tiger 1 was a German heavy breakthrough tank of the second world war. It was armed with an 88mm gun and heavy armour. Tomahawk The tomahawk is a type of hatchet used by North American indians. Torpedo A torpedo is a missile which swims through water to its target. They are used against ships and are carried by submarines, helicopters, aircraft and ships. Torpedoes see "torpedo" Tr-1 The tr-1 is an American single-seat high-altitude tactical reconnaissance aircraft. Train-band A train-band was a company of citizen soldiers organised in London and elsewhere during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. Trebuchet The trebuchet was a Medieval military engine consisting of a pivoted lever with a sling at one end, and used for throwing heavy missiles. Trident A trident is a three headed spear, looking rather like an oversized fork. Trident is the nuclear missile deployed on certain American nuclear- powered submarines. Each missile has eight warheads (MIRVs). The Trident replaced the earlier Polaris and Poseidon missiles. Trireme A trireme was an ancient warship with 3 rows of oars propelled by 170 rowers. It was used by the Greeks, and copied by the Romans. Truncheon A truncheon is a short thick staff, or a club. They are usually carried by Policemen. Type 56 The type 56 is a Chinese copy of the ak47. It is an automatic assault rifle taking a 7.62mm round from a 30-round box. The muzzle velocity is 717 m/s and it is sighted to 800m. The cyclic rate is 600 rpm. Type 99 The type 99 is a Japanese bolt operated rifle. It takes a 7.7Mm round from a 5-round box. It has a muzzle velocity of 715 m/s and is sighted to 2400m. U-47 U-47 was a German submarine used during the Second World War. She was armed with 4 21 inch torpedo tubes in the bow and 1 21 inch torpedo tube in the stern. She had a top speed of 17 knots on the surface, and 8 knots submerged. She ecarried a dcrew of 44. Uhlan A uhlan was a light cavalry soldier armed with lance, pistol and sabre. They were employed as skirmishers and scouts. Marshal Saxe had a corps of them in the French Army. Uzi The Uzi is a modern Israeli machine pistol. It takes a 9mm round from a 25/32/40-round box and has a cyclic rate of 600rpm. It has a muzzle velocity of 390 m/s. Valmet The valmet is a Finnish automatic assault rifle. It takes a 7.62mm round from a 30-round box. It has a muzzle velocity of 718 m/s and is sighted to 800m. It has a cyclic rate of 650 rpm. Vickers 3.7 AA gun The Vickers 3.7 inch AA gun was a British anti-aircraft gun of the Second World War. It fired 8 rounds-per-minute to an effective ceiling of 40000 feet. Vtol Vtol is an abbreviation for vertical take off and landing. It is used with aircraft which can take-off and land with out a runway. VZ52 The VZ52 is a Czechoslovakian rifle. It takes a 7.62mm round from a 10- round box. The muzzle velocity is 740 m/s and it is sighted to 900m. It is gas operated. VZ61 The VZ61 is a modern Czechoslovakian machine pistol. It takes a 7.62mm round from a 10/20-round box. It has a cyclic rate of 700rpm and a muzzle velocity of 294 m/s. W145 The w145 is a stealth defense system semi-automatic pistol manufactured by the wilson company of America. Webley Webley are a British firearms manufacturer. The .455 service revolver was in use with the British army from 1887 to 1915. Webley No. 1 The Webley No. 1 was a .455 inch calibre revolver manufactured by Webley & Scott from 1894 onwards. It was made in single and double-action models both of which had a 6-round cylinder. Webley-Bentley The Webley-Bentley was an English revolver of the 1850s. Xebec A xebec was a small three-masted Mediterranean warship. Yeoman The Yeoman of The Guard are bodyguards to the British sovereign. They were first appointed by Henry VII, and now act chiefly as warders at the Tower Of London. Yeomanry The yeomanry were a volunteer cavalry force in the Britsih army. They were originally formed in the 18th century for home defence and merged with the Territorial Force in 1907. Zk383 The ZK383 is a Czechoslovakian sub-machine gun used during the second world war. It takes a 9mm round from a 30-round box. It has a cyclic rate of 500 and 700rpm and is sighted to 800m with a muzzle velocity of 365 m/s. PLANTS AND ANIMALS Aardvark The aardvark is a south African ant eating animal. Aardwolf The aardwolf is a carnivorous mammal. Aaron's Rod Aaron's Rod is the only British species of Golden-rod. It is found in woods and thickets. Aasvogel The aasvogel are south African vultures. Abalone The abalone is an edible snail like marine animal. Abelmoschus Abelmoschus is a genus of tropical plants of the mallow family. It yields edible fruits, called okro (okra, ochro) which is used in soups. Abroma The Abroma is a genus of small trees which are native to India. Abutilon The Abutilon are a genus of plants of the order Malvaceae, also known as The Indian Mallows and American Jute. Acacia Acacia is a genus of plants of the order Leguminosae sub order Mimoseae consisting of trees or shrubs with compound pinnate leaves. They grow in Africa, Arabia, Australia and the East Indies. Acalepha Acalepha was a name once used to describe the Medusae (jelly-fishes). Acanthaceae The Acanthaceae are a natural order of dicotyledonous herbaceous plants or shrubs with opposite leaves and mono-petalous corolla. There are around 1400 species, mostly tropical. Acanthads see "Acanthaceae" Acanthus The acanthus is a herbaceous plant of south Europe, Asia and Africa. It has large hairy, shiny leaves. Acaridae Acaridae is the mite family of insects Acarina Acarina is the mite and tick order of the arachnida. They have a rounded body with no demarcation between the prosoma and the opisthosoma. Accentor An accentor is a type of bird of the prunelliadae family. Acephala The Acephala are the headless Mollusca with a bivalve shell. Acer Acer is a genus of plants of the order Aceraceae to which belongs the Maple. Achene In botany, an achene is a small, dry carpel containing a single seed, the pericarp of which is closely applied but seperable and which does not open when ripe. Achillaea The Achillaea are a milfoil genus of plants. Achimenes The Achimenes are a genus of tropical American plants with scaly underground tubers. They are of the order Gesneraceae. Acipenser The acipenser is a genus of cartilaginous ganoid fishes to which the sturgeon belongs. Aconite Aconite (Monkshood) is a genus of hardy herbaceous plants of the order Ranunculaceae. The are remarkable for their poisonous and medicinal properties. Aconite is found in temperate regions of Europe in woods and on shaded stream banks. Acorn The acorn is the fruit of the oak tree. Acorus Acorus is a genus of plants which includes the sweet-flag. Acotyledon see "Acotyledons" Acotyledons Acotyledons are plants not furnished with cotyledons or seed-lobes, such as ferns, mosses and sea-weeds. Acrita Acrita is another name for the animals called Protozoa. Acrogen Acrogen is a term used to describe ferns, mosses and lichens which grow by extension upwards. Actinia Actinia is a member of the order zoantharia. Actinopterygii Actinopterygii is a division of bony fishes. The paired fins have broad bases and lack fleshy lobes. External nares are double, internal nares are absent. Scales are of the ganoid type. Actinozoa Actinozoa are a class of animals belonging to the sub-kingdom Coelenterata. They have rayed tentacles around the mouth. Adda The adda is a species of lizard also called the skink. Addax The addax is a species of antelope found in North African deserts. It has wide-sweeping twisted horns about 4 feet long. Adder An adder is a venomous snake of the viper family found in England. Adder's-tongue Adder's-tongue is a species of British fern whose spores are produced on a spike which resembles a snake's tongue. Adder's-wort Adder's-wort is a plant supposed to be able to cure snake bites. Adder-pike The Adder-pike is a small species of the weever fish. Also called the Lesser Weever or Sting-fish. Adenanthera Adenanthera is a genus of trees and shrubs native to the East Indies and Ceylon of the order Leguminosae. Adiantum Adiantum is a genus of ferns. Adjutant-bird The adjutant-bird is a large wading bird of the stork family. It is native to the warmer parts of India where it is called Hurgila or Argala. Admiral Admiral is any of several species of butterfly in the same family (Nymphalidae) as the tortoiseshells. The red admiral Vanessa atalanta, wingspan 6 cm, is found worldwide in the northern hemisphere. It migrates south each year from northern areas to subtropical zones. Adonis Adonis (pheasant's eye) is a genus of ranunculaceous plants. They are found throughout Europe, Asia and America and are highly poisonous. Aegagrus The aegagrus are a wild species of ibex found in the Caucasus and other Asiatic mountains. Aegilops Aegilops is a genus of grasses closely allied to wheat. Aepyornis Aepyornis was a genus of gigantic birds once found in Madagascar. It had three toes and laid eggs 14 inches in length. Aesculus Aesculus is a genus of plants which includes the horse-chestnut. Afghan hound The Afghan hound is a breed of fast hunting dog resembling the saluki in build, though slightly smaller. It was first introduced to the West by British army officers serving on India's North-West Frontier along the Afghanistan border in the late 19th century. The Afghan hound hunts by sight. It is about 70 cm tall and has a long, silky coat that may be black, grey, or a wide range of beige or tawny colours. Agama Agama are several lizards allied to the iguana. Agaric The agaric is a family of fungus including the cultivated mushroom. Agave Agave is a genus of plants of the order Amaryllidaceae which includes the daffodil and narcissus. They are popularly known as American aloes. Ageratum Ageratum is a genus of composite plants found in the warmer parts of America. Agnatha The agnatha are a branch of the sub-phylum craniata group of animals. They are the lampreys and hagfishes. These are the most primitive of the craniates. The mouth is round and not bounded by jaws. The brain is primitive. Agnus Castus Agnus Castus is a shrub of the order Verbenaceae native to Mediterranean countries. It has white flowers and acrid aromatic fruits. It was thought to have the property of preserving chastity, hence the name Castus from the Latin chaste. Agouara The agouara is a crab-eating racoon of South America. Agouta The agouta is an insectivorous mammal peculiar to Haiti. It is of the tanrec family and somewhat larger than a rat. Agouti The agouti is a small rodent of the genus Dasyprocta, family Dasyproctidae. It is found in the forests of Central and South America. The agouti is herbivorous, swift-running, and about the size of a rabbit. Agrimony Agrimony is a genus of plants of the order Rosaceae consisting of slender perennial herbs found in temperate regions. The leaves of common agrimony are used as a yellow dye. Agrostis Agrostis is a genus of pasture grasses. Aigrette Aigrette is a term used to describe the feathery crown attached to the seeds of various plants such as the thistle and dandelion. Air-plants Air-plants (Epiphytes) are plants that live upon other plants or trees apparently without receiving any nutriment other than by the air. They are abundant in Java and tropical America. Airedale terrier The Airedale terrier breed of large terrier, about 60 cm tall, with a wiry red-brown coat and black saddle patch. It originated about 1850 in England, as a cross between the otterhound and Irish and Welsh terriers. Ajolote The ajolote is a Mexican reptile of the genus Bipes. It and several other tropical burrowing species are placed in the Amphisbaenia, a group separate from lizards and snakes among the Squamata. Unlike the others, however, which have no legs, it has a pair of short but well-developed front legs. In line with its burrowing habits, the skull is very solid, the eyes small, and external ears absent. The scales are arranged in rings, giving the body a worm-like appearance. Ajowan Ajowan is an umbelliferous plant which is cultivated in India, Persia and Egypt for the seeds which are used in cooking and medicine. Ajuga The ajuga are a genus of plants belonging to the labiate family. Alactaga The alactaga is a rodent mammal closely allied to the jerboa but larger. It is found across central Asia. Albacore The albacore is a species of fish. Albatross The albatross is a long winged oceanic bird. Albino An albino is an animal with no skin pigment and pink eyes. Alburnum The alburnum is the recently formed wood in trees. Alco The alco is a small variety of dog, with a small head and large pendulous ears found wild in Mexico and Peru. Alcyonaria Alcyonaria is an order of anthozoa. They have eight pinnate tentacles and eight mesenteries. Alcyonium Alcyonium is a member of the order of alcyonaria. Alder The alder is a genus of plants of the order Betulaceae, consisting of trees and shrubs found in the temperate and colder regions of the world. Alfa Alfa is a name for esparto grass obtained from Algeria. Alfalfa Alfalfa is a prolific forage plant similar to lucerne widely grown in the USA. Algarobilla Algarobilla are the seed-pods of trees of the Prosopis genus, valued for their tannin. Alimentary canal The alimentary canal is a tube beginning at the mouth and passing through the body to the anus. It is primarily used for the reception of food. Alkanet Alkanet is a perennial Boraginaceae found in warmer parts of Europe. It has a black taproot and funnel-shaped flowers which commence red and then turn blue. Allamanda Allamanda is a genus of American tropical plants of the order Apocynaceae, with large yellow or violet flowers. Alligator An alligator is a crocodilian reptile. It differs from the true crocodile by having a shorter and flatter head, much less webbed feet, and cavities in the upper jaw into which the long canine teeth of the lower jaw fit. Alligator-apple The alligator-apple is a narcotic fruit similar to the custard-apple. It is found in marshy areas of Jamaica. Alligator-pear Alligator-pear is an old name for the Avocado-pear (Avocado). Allium Allium is a genus of plants of the order Liliaceae which are distinguished by a peculiar pungent smell and taste characterised as alliaceous. These include the onion, garlic, leek and shalot. Allosaurus Allosaurus was the biggest and fiercest carnivorous dinosaur of the jurassic period. It was 15m tall and weighed about 3 tons. Aloe Aloe is a genus of plants of the order Liliaceae. They are natives of Africa and other hot regions. The leaves are fleshy, thick and spinous at the edges. The flowers have a tubular corolla. Alopecurus Alopecurus is a genus of grasses. Alpaca The alpaca is a close relative of the llama and a native of South America. It is smaller than the llama and has a fleece of around 24 inches long from which cloth is woven. Alpine Crow The Alpine Crow or Alpine Chough is a European bird closely akin to the chough of England. Alpine Warbler The alpine warbler is a European bird of the same family as the hedge- sparrow. Alsatian Alsatian is another name for the German shepherd dog. Alstroemeria Alstroemeria are a genus of South American plants of the order Amaryllideae. Alveoli The alveoli are air-sacs within the lung at the end of bronchioles. Alyssum Alyssum is a genus of cruciferous plants including the madwort. Amadavat The amadavat is a small Indian singing bird allied to the finches. Amadou Amadou is the name of several fungi of the genus Polyporus, they have a leathery appearance and grow on trees. Amanita Amanita is a genus of fungi including fly-agaric. Amaranthaceae The Amaranthaceae (amaranths) are an order of apetalous plants mainly found in tropical countries. They are remarkable for the white or reddish scales of which their flowers are composed. Amaranths see "Amaranthaceae" Amaryllidaceae Amaryllidaceae is an order of monocotyledonous plants which are generally bulbous with a highly coloured flower, six stamens and an inferior three- celled ovary. They are native to Europe and most other warm parts of the world. Ambatch Ambatch is a thorny leguminous shrub with yellow flowers growing in the shallows of the Upper Nile and other rivers of tropical Africa. It grows to around 15 to 20 feet tall. The wood is very light and spongy and is used to make rafts. Amblyopsis Amblyopsis is a genus of blind fishes comprised of a single species found in the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky. Amelanchier Amelanchier is a genus of small trees native to Europe and North America. Amentaceae Amentaceae is the family of trees and plants where the flowers are arranged in the form of catkins. Amentum Amentum is a botanical term for the catkin. Ametabola Ametabola are a division of insects which are wingless and do not undergo any metamorphosis, but which hatch from the egg nearly in the same form they keep throughout their life. This includes the lice and spring-tails. Ammonite An ammonite is one type of extinct sea creature, often found as a fossil. Amoeba An amoeba is a primitive one cell animal. Amoebina The amoebina is an order of rhizopoda. The order is comprised of the amoeba and its relatives. Reproduction is usually by binary fission. Amoeboid see "amoebina" Amomum Amomum are a genus of plants of the order Zingiberaceae which includes ginger. They are native to warm climates and are remarkable for the pungency and aromatic properties of their seeds. Amphibia Amphibia is a class of craniates which during their evolution have only partialy adapted to life on land. They breed in water. Amphibian see "amphibia" Amphibians see "amphibia" Amphineura The amphineura is a class of phylum mollusca. The body is bilaterally symmetrical. The mouth and anus are at opposite ends of the body. The foot is flattened and the mantle bears calcareous plates. Amphipoda Amphipoda is an order of malacostraca where the carapace is absent and the body is laterally compressed. The abdomen is elongated. Anaconda The anaconda is a South American snake, a member of the python and boa family, the Boidae. One of the largest snakes, growing to 9m more, it is found in and near water, where it lies in wait for the birds and animals on which it feeds. The anaconda is not venomous, but kills its prey by coiling round it and squeezing until the creature suffocates. The anaconda is a climber as well as a swimmer, and may be found in trees along river banks. Anagallis see "Pimpernel" Anapsida The anapsida are a subclass of reptiles in which there are no temporal vacuities. Anatomy Anatomy is the study of animal's structure. Anchovy The anchovy is a small fish (Engraulis encrasicholus) of the herring family. It is fished extensively, being abundant in the Mediterranean, and is also found on the Atlantic coast of Europe and in the Black Sea. It grows to 20 cm. Pungently flavoured, it is processed into fish pastes and essences, and used as a garnish, rather than eaten fresh. Ancylostoma Ancylostoma is a phylum nematoda. Anemone The anemone is any plant of the genus Anemone, of the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. The function of petals is performed by its sepals. The white or lavender-tinged wood anemone (Anemone quinquefolia) grows in open woods, flowering in spring. Angelfish Angelfish is any of a number of unrelated fishes. The freshwater angelfish, genus Pterophyllum, of South America, is a tall, side-to-side flattened fish with a striped body, up to 26 cm long, but usually smaller in captivity. The angelfish or monkfish of the genus Squatina is a bottom-living shark up to 1.8m long with a body flattened from top to bottom. The marine angelfishes, Pomacanthus and others, are long narrow- bodied fish with spiny fins, often brilliantly coloured, up to 60cm long, living around coral reefs in the tropics. Angler Angler is any of an order of fishes Lophiiformes, with flattened body and broad head and jaws. Many species have small, plant-like tufts on their skin. These act as camouflage for the fish as it waits, either floating among seaweed or lying on the sea bottom, twitching the enlarged tip of the threadlike first ray of its dorsal fin to entice prey. There are over 200 species of angler fish, living in both deep and shallow water in temperate and tropical seas. The males of some species have become so small that they live as parasites on the females. Animal An animal is a living creature endowed with voluntary movement. Animals see "animal" Annelid Annelid is any segmented worm of the phylum Annelida. Annelids include earthworms, leeches, and marine worms such as lugworms. They have a distinct head and soft body, which is divided into a number of similar segments shut off from one another internally by membranous partitions, but there are no jointed appendages. Annelids see "phylum_annelida" Ant An ant is a small hymenopterous insect. Ants have a complex social structure, and instincts. Anteater The anteater is a mammal of the family Myrmecophagidae, order Edentata, native to Mexico, Central America, and tropical South America. An anteater lives almost entirely on ants and termites. It has toothless jaws, an extensile tongue, and claws for breaking into the nests of its prey. Species include the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla, about 1.8m long including the tail, the tamandua or collared anteater Tamandua tetradactyla, about 90cm long, and the silky anteater Cyclopes didactyla, about 35cm long. The name is also incorrectly applied to the aardvark, the echidna, and the pangolin. Antedon The antedon is a type of crinoidea. Antelope An antelope is any of several cloven hoofed ruminates. Antelopes see "antelope" Anthozoa The anthozoa is the class of marine animals known as sea anemones, sea fans, sea pens and stony corals. They are solitary or colonial animals in which only hydroid individuals are represented. Anthropoidea The anthropoidea are an order of eutheria. They have the most highly developed Brain of the mammals. The digits bear nails. Ants see "ant" Anura Anura is a subclass of amphibia. They are the frogs and toads. These are amphibians which lose their tail at the metamorphosis. In the adult the gill slits close. The hind limbs are very powerful and have webs between the digits. Anus The anus is the opening at the end of the alimentary canal. Apatosaurus Apatosaurus was a herbivore dinosaur from the jurassic period. It was 20m long and weighed 30 tonnes. It digested food with the aid of stones in the stomach. Ape see "apes" Apes Apes are a group of primates closely related to humans. Aphetohyoidea Aphetohyoidea is a subclass of fish. They have a bony endoskeleton and primitive jaws. Apoda The apoda are a subclass of amphibia. They are limbless, burrowing animals with a sub-terminal anus and small practically useless eyes covered by opaque skin. Apple An apple is the edible fruit of the trees of genus malus, rosaceae family. Apricot The apricot is a fruit tree native to Asia. It was first brought to England in 1652. Apterygota Apterygota is a subclass of insecta. Arachnida Arachnida is a class of arthropods. They are the spiders, scorpions, king-crabs and mites. The body is divided into an anterior prosoma and a posterior mesosoma. There are four pairs of walking legs on the mesosoma. Araneida Araneida is the spider order of arachnida. Spinnerets are present in the abdomen for spinning the web. Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx was the first bird. It appeared on earth during the jurassic period. It was about 35cm long and unlike modern birds had teeth. Archiannelida The archiannelida are a class of phylum annelida. Arenicola The arenicola are polychaeta. Argala see "Adjutant-bird" Argali The argali is a wild sheep found in Siberia. Argus-flounder The argus-flounder is a species of flounder found in American seas. Armadillo The armadillo is a mammal native to South and Central America. Arrow worm see "phylum_chaetognatha" Arthropod see "phylum_arthropoda" Arthropods see "arthropod" Artiodactyla Artiodactyla is an order of eutheria. They are even toed ungulates: cattle and sheep.; pigs, deer and camels. They are specialised to deal with large quantities of vegetable food. The cheek teeth are adapted for grinding. The stomach is complex. Ascaris Ascaris is a phylum nematoda. Asexual Asexual is a term applied to reproduction by a single parent. Ash The ash is a type of tree yielding strong elastic timber. Asp The asp is a type of poisonous snake. Aspen The aspen is a tree native to Europe, north Africa and north Asia. Ass The ass is an animal related to the horse and zebra. Asterias Asterias is an asteroidea. Asteroidea Asteroidea is a subclass of stelleroidea. These are the starfishes. Tube feet are in a groove along the under surface of each of the "arms". The feet can be retracted. Aubergine see "Egg-plant" Auricle An auricle is a heart chamber which receives blood. Aves The aves are the bird class of craniates. They are similar to the reptiles, but have become adapted to flying. The fore limbs are modified to form wings. Avocado The avocado-pear (avocado) is an evergreen tree of the order Lauraceae. It has a fruit similar to a pear, weighing around 1 to 2 pounds. It is a native tree of tropical America and the West Indies. Babiroussa The babiroussa is a ferocious wild pig found in Sulawesi. Baboon The baboon is a medium sized monkey of the genus papio. They are characterized by a dog like snout, cheek prominences, and coloured bare patches on the buttocks. Baboons are found in Africa and Arabia. Baboons see "baboon" Bacteria Bacteria are micro organisms. Badger The badger is a carnivorous mammal found in England. Balantidium Balantidium is a member of the order of heterotricha. Balm Balm is a plant native to Europe and western Asia. Balsam Balsam is a genus of herbs. Bamboo Bamboo is a genus of grasses found in warm climates. Banana The banana is a perennial herb. Cultivated in tropical and sub tropical climates. Bandicoot The bandicoot is a small marsupial peculiar to australasia. Bantam Bantams are miniature fowls. Banyan The banyan is a large fig tree native to India. Barbel The barbel is a type of fresh water fish related to the carp. Bark Bark is the external coating of tree trunks. Barley Barley is the name of several cereal plants of the genus Hordeum, order Gramineae, which yield a grain used in food and for making malt. Barley has been known by man since ancient times and was used by the Egyptians to brew beer. Barnacle Barnacles are crustaceans often attaching themselves to ships. Barramunda see "Ceratodus" Basil Basil is an aromatic herb. Bass The bass is a fish of the perch family. Basset hound The basset hound is a long bodied, short crooked legged dog. Bat A bat is a nocturnal creature of the order cheiroptera. Bay tree The bay tree is a small evergreen tree. Its leaves are used in cooking. Beagle The beagle is a small dog of the fox hound type. Bean A bean is the seed of a plant of the order leguminosae. Bear A bear is an omnivorous mammal animal of the order ursus. Beaver The beaver is a large amphibian rodent. Bebeeru see "Greenheart" Bee The bee is a four winged stinging insect of the order hymenoptera. Beech The beech is a forest amentaceae. Beef Beef is the meat derived from the carcass of bulls and cows. Beetle The beetle is an insect of the order coleoptera. Begonia Begonias are succulent herbs native to tropical climates. Behaviour Behaviour is an organism's mode of life. Belladonna Belladonna is a poisonous plant from which atropine is derived. Beluga The beluga is a large dolphin. Bergamot The bergamot is a tree of the genus citrus. The rind of its fruit provides a fragrant orange scented essence used in perfume. Bhang Bhang is the Indian name for cannabis indica. Biennial Biennial refers to plants that live for two years/seasons. Bighorn The bighorn (Ovis cervina) is a large sheep with massive horns. It is found in the Rocky Mountains from Alaska to Mexico. Also called the Rocky Mountain Sheep. Bilberry The bilberry is a small shrub of the order ericaceae. Bilharzia Bilharzia is a parasitic worm of the fluke group. Bindweed Bindweed is a perennial herb of the order convolvulaceae. Biology Biology is the science of life and living things. Birch The birch is a slender tree. Birchirs The birchirs are members of the palaeonisciformes order. Bird see "aves" Bird of prey A bird of prey is a bird with a hooked beak and sharp claws which hunts other animals. Birds see "bird" Bishopweed Bishopweed is a perennial herb used to treat gout. Bison The bison is a division of the ox family. Bittern The bittern is a British marsh bird related to the heron. Black snake The black snake (coluber constrictor) is a common non-venomous snake found in the USA. It is about 5 feet long and is so agile it was nicknamed the Racer. It feeds on small animals and birds and was used for catching rats. Black-bass see "Growler" Blackbird The blackbird (Turdus merula) is a British bird of the thrush family. The male has black plumage and a yellow bill. The female is dark brown with a dark bill. Blackbuck The blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) is an antelope found in central and north west India. It has spirally twisted horns and stands about 3 feet tall. Blackcap The blackcap is an English song bird of the warbler family. Bladder-nut The bladder-nut is a name of shrubs or small trees of the genus Staphylea, order Sapindaceae. They are native to Europe, Asia and North America. Bladder-wrack Bladder-wrack is a sea-weed so called because of the floating vesicles in its fronds. It is common on English beachs. Bladderwort The bladderwort is a genus of herbs of the order lentibulariaceae. Blattidae The blattidae are a family of insects of the order Orthoptera. They are voracious, some species eating everything which gets in their way. The cockroach (Blatta orientalis) is a member of this family. Bleak The bleak is a small river fish, 6 or 7 inches long. It is a member of the Carp family and resembles the dace. It is found in England and Europe. It is generally silver but with a green back and is very edible. Blenheim The Blenheim is a variety of spaniel bearing a close resemblance to the King Charles breed, but is somewhat smaller. Blenny The Blenny is a genus of acanthopterygious fishes (Blennius) distinguished by a short rounded head and a long compressed smooth body. Owing to their small gill openings they can exist for for some time without water. They are found in sea water. Some species are found off the coast of Britain. Blesbok The blesbok (Alcelaphus albifrons) is (was?) an antelope found in South Africa. It has a white marked face, a general chocolate colouring and a "saddle" of a bluish colour. It was heavily hunted during the 19th century. Blind fish The Blind fish are several species of fishes of the family Amblyopsidae inhabiting the American cave-streams. Blindworm The blindworm is a legless lizard of the anguidae family. Bloodhound The bloodhound is an ancient breed of dog black and tan in colour and with pendulous ears. It has great powers of scent and is often used for tracking. Blue bottle The blue bottle (Musca vomitoria) is a large blue species of the the blow-fly. Blue-fish The blue-fish (Temnodon) is a sea fish common off the Altantic coast of the USA. It is similar to the mackerel, but grows to 3 feet long. Also called the skip-jack, horse-mackerel and green-fish. Blue-throat The blue-throat (Sylvia succica) is a bird with a tawny breast marked with a sky-blue crescent. It is found in northern Europe and Asia. It is eaten in France. Blue-wing The blue-wing is a genus of American ducks so called because of the colour of the wing coverts. Bluethroat The bluethroat is a small bird. Bo tree The bo tree is an Indian fig tree held sacred to buddha. Boa The boa is a genus of serpents of the family Boidae. They are distinguished by having jaws which can dilate to enable them to swallow prey thicker than themselves. They also have a hook on each side of the vent. Boar Boar is a male, not castrated pig (swine). Boat-fly The boat-fly (Notonecta glauca) is an aquatic hemipterous insect which swims on its back. Boatbill The boatbill is a heron type bird found in brazil. Bogue The bogue is an acanthopterygian fish found in the Mediterranean. It has large eyes and a brilliant colouring. Boidae The boidae are a family of large non-venomous serpants with two mobile hooks and the rudiments of hind-legs near the anus. Boletus Boletus is a genus of fungi, order Hymenomycetes, family Polyporei. They have a broad hemispherical cap the lower surface formed of open tupes, cylindrical in form, and adhering to one another. The tubes can be separated from the cap and contain little cylindrical capsules which are the organs of reproduction. Bombay duck The bombay duck is a small fish of the Indian and China seas. Bontebok The bontebok is a pied antelope of South Africa allied to the blesbok. Borage Borage is a biennial herb of the order boraginaceae. Botany Botany is the science of plant life. Botany-Bay Oak see "Casuarina" Box Box is a hardy shrub of the order euphorbiaceae. Box elder Box elder is the ash-leaved maple tree which is found in the USA. It was once used as a source of sugar. Box thorn Box thorn is a climbing solanaceae. Boxer The boxer is a medium-sized dog of continental origin. It has a smooth coat. Brachiosaurus Brachiosaurus was one of the largest animals ever to live. It was a dinosaur from the jurassic period. It was 25m long and weighed 50 tonnes. It was a herbivore. Bracken Bracken is a fern growing on heathland. Bradyodonti The bradyodonti is an order of chondrichthyes. They are the chimaeras. A palato-quadrate bar is fused to the cranium. Teeth are few and crushing. Bramble The bramble is a prickly shrub of the order rosaceae. Branchiopoda Branchiopoda is a subclass of crustacean in which the trunk appendages are broad, lobed and fringed with hairs. Bread-fruit Bread-fruit is a tree of the order Artocarpaceae. The tree grows to a height of about 100 feet. The leaves are leathery, about 1 foot long and 3 or 4 inches wide. The fruit of the tree when roasted tastes somewhat like bread, hence the name! The sap of the tree is similar in appearance to cows milk, and is considered nutritious, hence the alternative name of cow-tree. Bream The bream is a fresh water fish allied to the carp. Brill The brill is a type of fish like the turbot. Briza Briza is a genus of grass. It is popularly called quaking grass on account of the spikelets being in a constant state of tremulous motion. Broccoli Broccoli is a late variety of the cauliflower, hardier and with more colour in the flower and leaves. The flower-stalks are eaten. Bromeliaceae Bromeliaceae is the pineapple family of endogenous plants. The name comes from the genus Bromelia to which the pineapple was once incorrectly refered. Bronchiole A bronchiole is a branch of a bronchus within the lung. Bronchioles see "bronchiole" Bronchus The bronchus is a pipe connecting the trachea to the lung. Bronze-wing The Bronze-wing is various species of Australian pigeons distinguished by the bronze colour of their plumage. Broom Broom is a shrub of the order leguminosae. Broom-grass Broom-grass (Broom-corn) is a plant of the order of grasses, with a jointed stem. It grows to a height of between 8 and 10 feet. It was cultivated in North America and used to make carpet-brooms. Bryozoa Bryozoa is another name for phylum polyzoa. Buansuah The buansuah is a wild dog of Northen India. Bubaline Antelope The bubaline antelope is an ox-like antelope found in the deserts of north Africa. It is yellow-brown in colour and has horns which start forward and outward, and then trun backwards. Bubalus The bubalus is the genus of animals which includes the buffalo. Bubo Bubo is a genus of owls, including the great-horned owl. Buccal cavity The buccal cavity is the region into which the mouth opens. The tongue is found on the floor of the buccal cavity. Bucerotidoe see "Hornbills" Buck Buck is the name of the male fallow-deer, reindeer, chamois, goat, hare and rabbit. Buck-bean The buck-bean (bog-bean, Marsh-Trefoil) is a plant of the order Gentianaceae. It is common in boggy soils and is found in England, Europe and North America. It is a bitter tasting plant and was once used as a tonic. Buck-hound The buck-hound is a type of dog similar to the stag-hound but smaller, originally bred for hunting bucks. Buckthorn The buckthorn is a shrub of the order rhamnaceae. Bucku Bucku are several plants of the genus Barosma order Rutacea. They were used as medicine for urino-genital disorders around the turn of the century. Buffalo The buffalo is a large animal of the ox family. Bugula Bugula is an ectoprocta. Bulb A bulb is a modified leaf-bud formed on a plant on or beneath the surface of the ground, emitting roots from its base and a stem from its centre. Bull A bull is a male animal of the bovidea family. Bull-frog The bull-frog is a large species of frog found in North America. They are between 8 and 10 inches long, and get their name from their croak which resembles the lowing of cattle Bullace The bullace (prunus insititia) is a wild plum. Bulldog The bulldog is an ancient breed of British dog. It was bred for bull baiting and as such it can grip a bull's throat without obstructing its nostrils. It has a distinctive short, thick, kinked tail. Bullfinch The bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula) is a species of finch of the family Fringillidae. Bulrush The bulrush is a perennial sedge of the order cyperaceae. Bunting The bunting is a bird of the sub-family Emberizinae, allied to the finches. Burdock Burdock is a biennial herb of the order compositae. Burnet Burnet is a perennial rosaceous herb. Bush antelope The bush antelope is a small African antelope. Buttercup The buttercup is a perennial herb of the order ranunculaceae. Butterfish see "Gunnel" Butterfly Butterfly is a division of the order of lepidoptera. The other is moth. Butterwort The butterwort is a perennial herb of the order lentibulariaceae. Buzzard The buzzard is a group of 20 types of birds of prey. Cabbage Cabbage is a hardy biennial vegetable of the genus Brassica, order cruciferae. Cactus Cactus is the order of fleshy, thickened and mainly leafless plants. Calamus Calamus (Sweet Flag) is a perennial herb native to India and southern Asia. It has narrow sword-shaped leaves and a thick branched rhizome. When crushed the leaves emit an odour of tangerine. Calcarea Calcarea are a class of sponges with a spicular skeleton made of calcium carbonate. Calyptoblastea The calyptoblastea is an order of hydrozoa. They are marine colonial forms in which the perisac is extended to form hydrothecae around the hydranths and gonothecae around the blastostyles. Camel The camel is a group of even toed, ungulate ruminating mammals. Camomile Camomile is a perennial dwarf herb of the order compositae. Camptosaurus Camptosaurus was a herbivore dinosaur from the jurassic period. It mainly stayed on all-fours, but could rear up on its hind legs to run away from predators. It had hooves instead of claws on its fingers. Canary The canary is a bird of the finch family and native of the Canary islands. Cannabis Cannabis is a plant of the order urticaceae. The dried flowers were once used as a medicine in migraine and neuralgia. Capromys see "Hog-rat" Carapace A carapace is a dorsal shield. Caraway Caraway is a biennial herb umbelliferae. Cardamom Cardamom is an aromatic perennial herb of the order scitamineae. Cariama The cariama is a large, long legged bird found in south America. Caribou The caribou is a north American reindeer. Carinatae The carinatae are an order of birds. They can fly. Carmarina Carmarina is a member of the order trachylina.a Carnation The carnation is a hardy perennial plant of the order caryophyllaceae. Carnauba Carnauba is a native palm of Brazil. When young the leaves are covered in a wax used to make candles. Carnivora Carnivora is the carnivorous order of eutheria. They primarily eat the flesh of other craniates. Canines are prominent. The caecum is small or absent. Carnivore A carnivore is a carnivorous mammal. Carnivorous Something which is carnivorous eats flesh. Carob The carob is a leguminous evergreen tree found in mediterranean countries. Carp The carp is a family fresh water fish. Carrageen Carrageen is a common British seaweed (Chondrus crispus). When dried and boiled it yields a jelly used in food and medicine. Carrot The carrot is a vegetable umbelliferae. Caruncle A caruncle is the fleshy excresence on the head of a fowl, such the comb of a cock or the wattles of a turkey. Carya Carya is the hickory genus of plants. Caryophyllaceae Caryophyllaceae are an order of plants. They have opposite undivided leaves without stipples. The order includes the Carnation, chick-weed and sweet-william. Caryophyllia Caryophyllia is a member of the order zoantharia. Caryopsis Caryopsis is the botanical term for small one-seeded, dry, indehiscent fruit in which the seed adheres to the thin pericap throughout, such as in wheat and other grains. Caryota Caryota is a genus of palms with doubly pinnate leaves. Cashew The cashew is a nut from a small evergreen tree found in the caribbean. Cassava Cassava is a South American shrub of the order Euphorbiaceae. It grows to about 8 feet in height and has broad, shiny leaves roughly in the shape of a human hand and attractive white and pink flowers. The root is used in cooking. Cassia Cassia is a large genus of leguminous plants found in tropical countries. The species consists of trees, shrubs and herbs. The leaves are abruptly pinnated and usually bear glands on their stalks. The drug senna is obtained from the leaflets of many of the species. Cassicus The Cassicus is a genus of American insessorial birds, the Cassicans (American Orioles). They are allied to the Starlings and are remarkable for the ingenuity with which they weave their nests. Cassowary The cassowary are a genus of ruminating birds similar to the ostrich. Cassowary Tree see "Casuarina" Castoridae The Castoridae is a family of rodent animals comprising the beaver and others. Casuaridae The Casuaridae are a family of the order Casuariformes. These are the cassowaries. They have strong legs and a bald head topped with a helmet. Casuariformes The Casuariformes is an order of birds. Casuarina The Casuarina (Botany-Bay Oak), is the only genus of the order Casuarinaceae (cassowary trees). There are around 30 species mainly native to Australia. They are jointed, leafless trees similar to the Birches. Cat The cat is a genus of carnivorous animal. Cat-bird The Cat-bird is a species of the American thrush. It is about 9 inches long. The plummage is dark gray on the top and paler grey underneath. Cat-fish The Cat-fish is a voracious fish of the gobies family. It was also called the Wolf-fish in the 19th century. Catalpa The Catalpa is a genus of plants of the order Bignoniaceae. They are trees with simple leaves and large, gay, trumpet shaped flowers. Catamount Catamount is an old name for any wild cat, including the Lynx and the Puma. Catamountain Catamountain is an old variation of Catamount. Catarrhina Catarrhina is a suborder of anthropoidea. The nostrils face downwards. The internasal septum is narrow. The tail is never prehensile. Catchfly Catchfly is a popular name for several plants of the genus Silene. Catha Catha is a genus of plants of the order Celastraceae, mostly native to Africa. The leaves and twigs of one species are used to make khat, a drink similar to coffee. Catmint Catmint (catnip) is a plant of the order Labiatae. It grows to a height of around 3 feet and has pink tinged white flowers and stalked, downy, heart-shaped leaves. It is so named for the fascination cats have with it. Catnip see "Catmint" Cattle The term cattle applies to all members of the ox genus. Caudex In botany, caudex refers to the scaly trunk of palms and tree-ferns. Cauliflower The cauliflower is a vegetable of the order cruciferae. Reptilia is the reptile class of craniates. They are animals completely adapted to life on dry land. The skin is dry and bears horny epidermal scales. The lungs form the sole respiratory organs. Eggs are laid on dry land. Cavy The cavy are small rodents found in south America. Cecidomyia Cecidomyia is the genus of insects to which the Hessian-fly belongs. Cedar The cedar is an ornamental evergreen tree native of Africa and India. Cedar-bird Cedar-bird is a name given to the American wax-wing on account of its fondness for the berries of the red cedar. Cedrela Cedrela is a genus of large timber trees. Celandine Celandine is the name of two british flowers. Greater celandine belongs to the poppy family. Lesser Celandine (swallow-wort, pilewort) was thought to be a cure for piles. Celeriac Celeriac is a variety of celery in which the root resembles a turnip. It is used in cooking. Celery Celery is a biennial vegetable of the order umbellifereae. Cembra Pine The Cembra Pine (Swiss stone pine, Siberian pine) is a conifer found in Central Europe. It has edible seeds and yields a turpentine called Carpathian balsam. Centaurea Centaurea is a genus of composite plants. They are all annual or perennial herbs with alternate leaves and single heads, the florets of which are tubular. The genus includes corn blue-bottle, purple sultan, white sultan and knapweed. Centaury Centaury is an annual herb of the gentian family. It has pretty red flowers and was extolled for its medicinal properties by herbailists in the past. Cephalochordata The cephalochordata is a class of sub-phylum acrania. They are the lancets. Small fish-like animals. The notochord extends the whole length of the body, even to the tip of the snout. Cephalopoda Cephalopoda is a class of phylum mollusca. They are the squids and octopuses. The head is well developed and surrounded by prehensile tentacles. The eyes are large and complex. Cephaloptera Cephaloptera are a genus of cartilaginous fishes of the ray family. They have a pair of small fins which stand out from the head like horns, hence they are called the fin-headed rays or horned rays. Ceramiaceae Ceramiaceae is an order of cellular sea-weeds consisting of thread-like jointed plants of a red or brown-red colour. Cerastes Cerastes is a genus of deadly African vipers. They have two small horns formed by the scales above the eyes, hence they are called Horned Vipers. Cerasus Cerasus is the cherry genus of trees. Ceratodus Ceratodus (barramunda) is a genus of fishes belonging to the Dipnoi order (lung-fishes). They are between 3 and 6 feet long and are found in Australian rivers. Cereal Cereal is a term applied to Gramineae cultivated for food (wheat, barley, rye, oats &c.). The name comes from Ceres, the goddess associated with corn. Ceroxylon Ceroxylon (wax-palm) is a genus of South American palms. Cervidae Cervidae is the deer family of animals which includes the Cervus genus. Cervus Cervus is the deer genus of animals. Cestoda Cestoda is a class of phylum platyhelminthes commonly known as the tapeworms. They are internal parasites lacking an alimentary canal. They have no definite sense organs, and the nervous system is poorly developed. The cuticle is thick and many-layered. Hooks and/or suckers are limited to one end. They have great reproductive powers, both sexual and asexual. Cestracion Cestracion is a genus of cartilaginous fish allied to the sharks. Cetacea Cetacea is an order of eutheria. They are aquatic mammals with a streamlined body devoid of hair. They have a thick layer of blubber for insulation. The hind limbs are absent, and the fore limbs adapted to form paddles. Ceterach Ceterach is a genus of ferns of the sub-order Polypodiaceae. Chaffinch The chaffinch is a common British bird of the finch family. Chamaerops Chamaerops is a genus of palms belonging to the northern hemisphere and consisting of dwarf trees with fan-shaped leaves borne on prickly petioles and a small berry-like fruit with one seed. Chameleon A chameleon is a lizard. It can change colour to suit its surroundings. Chamois The chamois is a ruminating animal found in south Europe and west Asia. Champak The Champak is an Indian tree of the order Magnoliaceae held in high esteem by Buddhists. Chanterelle The chanterelle is an edible British mushroom of a bright orange colour. Characeae The Characeae are an order of cryptogamous plants, nearly related to the Algae, composed of an axis consisting of parallel tubes which are either transparent or incrusted with lime carbonate. Charadrius Charadrius is a genus of birds which includes the lapwing, pratincole and oyster-catcher. Charlock Charlock is a common yellow weed, also known as wild mustard. Chat The chat are several species of bird of the thrush family. Chaulmugra Chaulmugra is a tree found in South Asia. The oil was used in India and China as a remedy in skin diseases and blood impurities. The medicinal use of the oil in skin and chest infections was introduced to Europe and America around 1900. Chaus The Chaus is a genus of Asiatic and African lynxes including the Libyan chaus and the Caffre-cat. They are fond of water and are excellent swimmers. Chavica Chavica is a genus of plants of the order Piperaceae which includes the long pepper, Java long pepper and the betel-pepper. Cheetah The cheetah is a member of the cat family. Cheiranthus Cheiranthus is the wall-flower genus of plants. Cheironectes Cheironectes are a genus of acanthopterygious fishes, having the pectoral fins supported like short feet upon peduncles. They use these fins to crawl over mud and sand when they get left dry be a receeding tide. They may also take short leaps like a frog, and from this they are often called frog-fish. They are found in North-East Australia. Chelonia The chelonia are an order of anapsida. The trunk is short and broad and protected by a carapace and a plastron. The head, neck, tail and limbs can be withdrawn under the shields for protection. The jaws are strong, but lack teeth. Chelonians The Chelonians are an order of reptiles which includes the tortoise and turtle. They are distinguished by a body which is enclosed in a double shell, out of which the head, tail and four legs protrude. Chenopodium Chenopodium (Goosefoot) is a genus of plants of the natural order Chenopodiaceae. They are weedy plants common on wastelands and bear small greenish flowers which are sessile in small clusters collected in spiked panicles. Cherry The cherry is a fruit tree of the order rosaceae. Chestnut The chestnut is a tree of the order cupuliferae. Chetah Chetah is the old 19th century spelling of Cheetah. Chick pea The chick pea is an annual herb of the order leguminosae. Chicory Chicory is a perennial herb of the order compositae. Chiffchaff The chiffchaff is a small song bird. It visits England in the summer. Chilopoda The chilopoda are the centipede order of myriapoda. The genital aperture is posterior. Chimpanzee The chimpanzee is a large anthropoid ape. Chinchilla The chinchilla is a small squirrel like rodent found in the andes. Chipmunk A chipmunk is a species of ground squirrel common in Siberia and north America. Chiroptera The chiroptera is an order of eutheria. They are small mammals with strong powers of flight. The limb bones are strong and slender. The wings are formed of skin. The teeth bear pointed cusps. Chiru The chiru is an antelope found in Tibet. Chitin Chitin is an organic substance which forms part of the exoskeleton of arthropods. Chondrichthyes Chondrichthyes is a subclass of fish including the sharks, dogfishes, skates and rays. They are fishes with a cartilage endoskeleton. The jaws are well formed. Chordates see "phylum_chordata" Chough The chough is a bird of the crow family with red feet and bill. It is found on sea cliffs. Chromosome A chromosome is a chemical found in all cells which determines how the cell will act. Chrysalis A chrysalis is the inactive state into which larva pass before becoming imago. Chrysanthemum The chrysanthemum is a hardy annual plant of the order compositae. Chrysoplenium Chrysoplenium is a genus of annual or perannial rather succulent herbs with alternate or opposite crenate leaves and inconspicuous greenish axillary and terminal flowers. Chub The chub is a fresh water fish of the carp family. Cicada The cicada is a group of large four winged insects. Cilia Cilia are threads of protoplasm which beat rhythmically. Ciliata vera Ciliata vera are a subclass of ciliophora. They are free swimming animals. Ciliophora Ciliophora are a class of protozoa with relatively simple life-histories. The locomotor structures are cilia arranged in definite tracts. The cilia arise from grooves in the pellicle. Ciliophora have a unique nuclear structure, comprised of a meganucleus concerned with trophic activities, and a micronucleus concerned with reproduction. Cinchona The cinchona is a tree native to South America with fragrant white or pink flowers. The bark contains quinine and other related alkaloids. The tree was named in honour of the countess of Chinchon, the vice-Queen of Peru after she was cured by cinchona bark in 1638. Cinnamon Cinnamon is a small evergreen tree. Cirripedia Cirripedia is a subclass of crustacea. These are the barnacles. Sedentary animals with a reduced head and abdomen. Cistus Cistus, the rock-rose, is a genus of plants of the order Cistaceae native to Europe and the countries bordering the Mediterranean. Civet The civet are a family of carnivorous animals similar to the cats. Clepsine The clepsine are hirudinea. Coati The coati is a carnivorous mammal related to the racoon. Found in south America and mexico. Cob nut The cob nut is a domesticated variety of the hazel. Cobra The cobra is a venomous snake found in Africa and south Asia. Coca Coca is a shrub. Coccidia vera The coccidia vera are a suborder of coccidiomorpha. They are parasites found chiefly in invertebrates, but also in vertebrates. The trophic phase is typically intracellular. Coccidiomorpha The coccidiomorpha are an order of sporozoa. Cochineal Cochineal is a insect (Dactylopius coccus) found on cactii in Mexico. The dried body of the female is used to prepare the red dye, cochineal. Cockle The Cockle is a Lamellibranchia bivalve mollusc. It is recognised by its ribbed, heart-shaped shell. They are found on British shores. Cocoa Cocoa is a small tree native to tropical America. Cod The Cod is a fish of the family Gadidae. They are found in the Atlantic and Baltic. Coelacanthini The coelacanthini is a rare order of crossopterygii which was thought to be extinct, until a specimen was caught off west africa in 1939. Coelophysis Coelophysis was a cunning and agile carnivorous dinosaur from the triassic era. It was 2.5M long and about 1m tall when standing on its back legs. Coffee Coffee is a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs of the order rubiaceae. Collembola Collembola is an order of apterygota. The spring tails. Collie The collie is a breed of English sheep dog. Colorado beetle The colorado beetle is a north American beetle that attacks potatoes. Compositae Compositae is the largest known natural order of plants containing over 12,000 species of herbs or shrubs found all over the world. The flowers are numerous and sessile, forming a close head on the dilated top of the receptacle and surrounded by an involucre of whorled bracts. The flowers are monopetalous. Compsognathus Compsognathus was a tiny carnivorous dinosaur from the jurassic period. It was 70cm tall, about the size of a hen. It was a fast and agile creature. Condor The condor (Sarcorhamphus gryphus) is a bird. It is one of the American vultu res. It is carnivorous. The condor is 4 feet long with a wing span of 10 feet. Coney see "Cony" Confervaceae Confervaceae are a family of marine algae which have green fronds which are composed of articulated filaments. Conger-eel The Conger eel is a genus of marine eel characterized by a long dorsal fin beginning near the nape of the neck, immediately above the origin of the pectoral fins, and by having the upper jaw longer than the lower. The common conger eel grows to about 10 feet long and weighs more than 100 pounds. Coniferae Coniferae are the conifers; pines, firs and their allies. Conirostres Conirostres is a subdivision of the order Insessores consisting of genera having a stout conical beak. The best known genera are the larks, tits, finches, sparrows, crows and linnets. Conus Conus is a genus of gasteropodous molluscs of the family Conidae. They are found in the southern and tropical seas. Convallaria Convallaria is a genus of plants of the natural order Liliaceae, the only species being the lily-of-the-valley. Convoluta Convoluta is a member of the order rhabdocoelida. Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae is an order of plants comprising about 700 species of climbers. Convolvulus Convolvulus is a genus of plants of the order Convolvulaceae consisting of slender twining herbs with milky juice., bell-shaped flowers and five free stamens. Cony Cony (or coney) is an old English name for the rabbit. Conyza Conyza is a genus of plants of the natural order Compositae. They are annual or perennial herbs found throught warmer regions of the world. Coot The coot is a British water bird of the rail family. Copaiba Copaiba is the common name of several plants of the genus Copaifera, natural order Leguminose, which grow in Brazil, Peru and other countries in South America. Copepoda Copepoda is a subclass of free-living or parasitic crustaceans without a carapace. The antennules are frequently enlarged and used for swimming. The thoracic appendages are biramous. Copper Head The copper head (Trigonocephalus contortrix) is a north American snake allied to the rattlesnake. Copper-head The copper-head is a north American snake of the rattlesnake family. Coptis Coptis is a small genus of plants of the natural order Ranunculaceae. Coquito The coquito (Juboea spectabilis) is a palm tree found in Chile and allied to the coconut. It grows to about 15 meters and its sap when boiled makes palm-honey. Coral Coral is a marine organism related to sea anemones. Corallium Corallium is a member of the order alcyonaria. Coriander Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) is an umbelliferous plant native to Italy. The fruit, often called a seed though it is not, is dried and used in cookery. Coriaria Coriaria is a genus of shrub plants found in southern Europe. They are used in tanning and a black dye is extracted from them. Cormogens Cormogens are those plants in which there is a distinct axis of growth. They comprise the phanerogams and the higher cryptogams. Cormorant The cormorant (Phalacrocorax) is a genus of birds of the Pelicaniformes family. They are divers with long necks and strong, solid beaks. There are 30 species. Corn Marigold The Corn Marigold (Chrysanthemum segetum) is a rich orange coloured British wild flower. Corn Salad Corn Salad (lamb's-lettuce, Valerianella olitoria) is a plant of the order Valerianaceae nati e to Britain and Europe. It is a weak succulent herb which grows to about 25cm tall and is used as a salad in early spring. Corn-beetle The Corn-beetle (Cucujus testaceus) is a minute beetle, the larva of which is often very destructive to stores of grain, particularly wheat. Corn-cockle The corn-cockle (Agrostemma Githago) is a plant of the natural order Caryophyllaceae, with large purple flowers. Corn-crake The Corn-crake (landrail, Crex pratensis) is a species of bird of the order Grallae of the family Rallidae. It is a wading bird, reddish-brown in colour and feeds on worms and insects. Corn-fly Corn-fly is a popular name of several insects of the family Muscidae. Corn-moth The Corn-moth (Tinea granella) is a small moth the larva of which destroys corn sheaves in the field. Corn-thrips Corn-thrips is a minute species of thrips which feeds on the juice of corn. Cornaceae Cornaceae is a natural order of polypetalous exogens consisting of about 100 species of plants. Cornel The cornel (cornelian tree) is a species of dogwood tree of the order Cornace ae. It is native to Asia and southern Europe. Cornelian Tree see "Cornel" Cornus Cornus is a genus of plants of the natural order Cornaceae. Coronellidae Coronellidae is the smooth snake family of non-venomous snakes. Coryne The coryne is of the order gymnoblastea. Corypha Corypha is a genus of palms which includes the fa-palm, gebang palm and taliput. Corythosaurus Corythosaurus was a herbivore dinosaur from the cretaceous period. It had a duck-like bill filled with hundreds of tiny teeth which were used for mincing leaves. It had a hollow crescent on top of its head. Cotton Cotton is a tropical and sub tropical herbaceous plant. Cotton-wood The cotton-wood is a north American tree. Cougar The cougar is a large American cat. Also called the puma. Cow A cow is a female ox. Also the female of the elephant, rhinocerous, whale and seal. Cow-bunting The cow-bunting is a north American bird of the Sturnidae (Starling) family. It leaves its own eggs in other birds nests for them to hatch. Cow-tree see "Bread-fruit" Cowslip The Cowslip is a wild flower found in British pastures and hedge-rows. The flowers possess sedative properties and used to be made into wine. Coyote The coyote is a type of wild dog found in north America. Coypou The Coypou (Coypu) is a South American rodent about the size of and resembling a beaver. Coypu The coypu is a south American water rodent. Crab see "crabs" Crab-apple The Crab-apple is a small, wild and very sour species of English Apple. Crabs Crabs are malacostraca. Cranberry Cranberry is the fruit of the whortleberry bush. It is native to Europe, north asia and north America. Crane The crane (Megalornithidae) is a family of birds distinguished by long legs and neck and powerful wings. Crane-fly The Crane-fly is a genus of two-winged insects (Daddy-long-legs). Cranium The cranium is the skeleton enclosing the brain.q Crawfish see "Crayfish" Crayfish Crayfish are various crustaceans. The common crayfish is also known as the river lobster which resembles the lobster in appearance and habits. They are also called crawfish. Creeper The creeper is a family of birds which resemble the woopecker in their habbit of creeping up tree trunks. Cress Cress is the name of several species of plants, most of them of the order Cruciferae. Water cress is used in salad and was used as a medicine for its antiscorbutic properties. Crinoidea The crinoidea are the sea lily class of phylum echinodermata. The body is cup shaped and attached to the substratum by a stalk. Both the mouth and anus are on the side of the body away from the stalk. The five main arms bifurcate, and on the branches are small side branches. Crocodile The crocodile is a large aquatic carnivorous reptile. Related to the alligator. Crocodilia Crocodilia is an order of diapsida. They are large reptiles adapted to life in rivers and lakes. The tail is flattened from side to side and is a powerful swimming tool. Crossbill The crossbill (Loxia) is a genus of birds of the finch family. They are distinguished by the crossed tips of the bill. Crossopterygii The crossopterygii is a division of fish known as the lung fishes. They have a single or double lung, and a modified heart and vascular system. They live in shallow fresh water where oxygen levels are insufficient for gills. Crow The crow is a family of 35 species of bird. Crowberry Crowberry is a plant found in northern Europe, Asia, England and Scotland. Cruciferae Cruciferae is a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants with cross like four petaled flowers. Crustacea Crustacea is the crustacean class of arthropods. They are mainly aquatic animals breathing by gills. There are two pairs of antennae and three pairs of jaws. Crustacean see "crustacea" Crustaceans see "crustacea" Cuckoo The cuckoo (Cuculidae) is a family of birds. They lay their eggs in the nests of other birds. Cucurbita see "Gourd" Cumacea Cumacea is an order of malacostraca where the carapace is small exposing four or five of the thoracic segments. The abdomen is slender. Cunina Cunina is a member of the order trachylina. Curlew The curlew is a British water bird. Cuttle-Fish The Cuttle-Fish is a name applied to various ten-armed molluscs of the class Cephalopoda. They are distinguished by their internal calcerous shell (cuttle bone). Cyclostomi The cyclostomi are a subclass of agnatha. They are modern eel-like creatures which eat fish. Cypress Cypress is a family of trees. Cystoflagellata The cystoflagellata are an order of phytomastigina. They are transparent plankton. Dab The dab is a marine flat fish. Dabchick The dabchick is an English bird of the grebe family. Dace The dace is a fresh water fish of the carp family. Dachshund The dachshund is a small dog originally bred for badger hunting. Daffodil The daffodil are several species of plant of the genus narcissus. Dahlia The dahlia is a genus of perennial plants of the compositae family. Daisy The daisy is a genus of hardy perennial plants of the compositae family. Dalbergia Dalbergia is a genus of fine tropical forest trees and climbing shrubs of the order Leguminosae. The group includes the black-wood tree (also called the East Indian rosewood) and the sissoo. Dalmatian The dalmatian is a spotted dog. It was formerly known as the Danish spotted or coach dog. Dames-violet Dames-violet (Dames-wort) is a British perennial plant of the order Cruciferae. It grows to about 2 to 3 feet tall and flowers in May and June. Dames-wort see "Dames-violet" Dammar Pine The dammar pine is a genus of trees of the order Coniferae distinguished by their large lanceolated leathery leaves, and by their seeds having a wing on one side instead of proceeding from the end. Damselfly The damselfly is a predatory insect with 2 pairs of wings. Damson The damson is a type of plum tree. Dandelion The dandelion is a plant of the order Compositae indigenous to Europe. It gets its name from its appearance, dent de lion (French for Lion's tooth). The stems are hollow and have one bright yellow flower. The root was formerly used as a medicine for liver complaints. Daphnia Daphnia is a genus of minute crustaceans belonging to the division Branchiopoda. They are the water-fleas. Darlingtonia Darlingtonia is a genus of American pitcher plants of the order Sarraceniceae. Darnel Darnel (Lolium temulentum) is the only poisonous British grass. Darters Darters are a genus of web-footed birds of the pelican family. They are found near the eastern coast of tropical parts of north America, the west coast of Africa, and in Australia. Dasyure Dasyure are the brush-tailed opossums, a genus of plantigrade marsupials found in Australia and Tasmania. Date The date is a tree of the genus phoenix. Date-plum The date-plum is the name given to several trees of the Ebony family. Their fruit is edible. Datura Datura is a genius of plants of the order Solanaceae, with large trumpet- shaped flowers. They are all poisonous. The genus includes the thorn- apple. Daucus Daucus is a genus of umbelliferous plants, including the carrot. Dauw The dauw is a species of zebra found in the plains of South Africa north of the Orange River. Dead-nettle The dead-nettle is a species of plant of the genus Lamium, order Labriatae which resemble the nettle in appearance but have no sting. Deal-fish The deal-fish (Trachypterus arcticus) is a fish found around Iceland and Norway. It is between 4 and 8 inches long, a silvery colour and has minute scales. The dorsal fin extends along the whole length of the back. Death-watch beetle The death-watch beetle (Anobium tesselatum) is a coleopterous insect that inhabits the wood-work of houses. Decaisnea Decaisnea is a genus of plants of the order Lardizabalaceae found on the Himalayas. It has erect stalks which look like walking sticks and leaves 2 feet long. The fruit resembles a cucumber and has a sweet, yellow edible pulp. Decandria Decandria is the tenth class of plants. The flowers have 10 stamens, and 1, 2 3 or more pistils. Decapoda Decapoda is an order of malacostraca. The carapace completely covers the thorax. The exopodite of the maxilla is large. There are three pairs of maxillipeds. Deciduous Deciduous is a term referring to trees and shrubs that shed their leaves each year. Deer The deer is a family of ruminant hoofed mammals (Cervidae) allied to the Antelopes. They are distinguished by the presence of antlers. Deerhound The Deerhound is a breed of dog. It originated in the 14th century and was bred for stag hunting. Deinonychus Deinonychus was a carnivorous dinosaur of the cretaceous period. It was 3m long and 1.4M tall. A long tail aided balance as it ran. It had 12cm long claws on its feet which were used for tearing flesh from its prey. Delphinium The delphinium is a ranunculaceous plant with irregular shaped flowers. Demospongia The demospongia is a class of sponges with a skeleton of four-rayed spicules made of silica, or spongin fibres, or no skeleton at all. Dendrocoelum Dendrocoelum is a member of the order tricladida. Dhole The dhole is a species of wild dog found in Asia. Diapsida The diapsida is a subclass of reptiles. The skull has two temporal vacuities. Didactyla The didactyla is an order of metatheria. They are carnivorous and insectivorous. The digits are free. Digenea Digenea is an order of trematoda. They are endoparasitic flukes with no hooks or posterior sucker. They usually have a ventral sucker and an oral sucker. The life history requires an intermediate host, often a mollusc. The adults are chiefly parasites of warm-blooded vertebrates. Digitalis Digitalis is a genus of plants of the natural order Scrophulariaceae native to Europe and western Asia. The name Digitalis also applies to the medicinal extracts from the plants. Dik dik A dik dik is a tiny antelope found in Africa south of the sahara Dill Dill is a herb umbelliferae. Dingo The dingo is wild dog found in Australia. Dinoflagellata The dinoflagellata are an order of phytomastigina. These are the planktons. They have a definite capsule made of cellulose. Dinosaur The dinosaurs were a family of reptiles which lived on the earth millions of years ago. About 400 types of dinosaur have been identified. Dinosaurs ranged in size from about as big as a pigeon to twice the height of a giraffe. It is estimated that dinosaurs lived for between 70 and 130 years, and unusually continued growing for their entire life. Diphyllobothrium Diphyllobothrium is a cestoda. Diplodinium Diplodinium is a member of the order of oligotricha. Diplopoda The diplopoda is the millipede order of myriapoda. They have an anterior genital posterior. Dipnoi The dipnoi are an order of crossopterygii. The teeth form crushing plates. Dipper The Dipper is a family of birds (Cinclidae) of the order Passeriformes. They are allied to the wrens and thrushes but are aquatic. Dog A dog is a domesticated mammal of the order canidae descended from the wolf. Dogfish The dogfish is a small shark found in the north east atlantic ocean and mediterranean. Dolphin The Dolphin is a genus of cetaceans. They are highly intelligent. Donkey Donkey is another name for ass. Dory The Dory is a sea fish found in the Mediterranean and Atlantic. It is of the family Zeidae and order Zeomorphae. Dotterel The dotterel is a bird which visits Britain in the summer. Dove The dove is a bird of the family Columbidae (pigeon). Dromedary A dromedary is a type of Arabian camel. Dromiceidae The Dromiceidae are a family of the order Casuariformes. These are the emus. They are found only in Australia and Tasmania. It is incapable of flight. Drone A drone is a mature male bee which are produced at the same time as a virgin queen for the purpose of continuing the community. Duck A duck is a short legged water bird with webbed feet. Dunlin The dunlin is a British water bird. Duodenum The duodenum is the first part of the intestine. Eagle Eagle is the name given to several large birds of prey of the family accipitridae. Ear-shell see "Haliotis" Earthworm see "oligochaeta" Earwig The Earwig (Forifculidae) is a family of the order Dermaptera. Ebony Ebony is a tropical hardwood tree. The wood is black. Echidna The echidna or spiny anteater (Tachyglossus aculeatus) is an egg-laying, burrowing, nocturnal mammal. It has no teeth, but a long extensile tongue. The echidna is found in rocky districts of Australia. Echinococcus Echinococcus is a cestoda. Echinoidea The echinoidea are a class of phylum echinodermata. They are the sea urchins. The body is typically glubular. The skeletal plates fit closely together to form a rigid "test". Spines are present. Echinus Echinus are a member of the echinoidea class. Ecology Ecology is a study of the relationship between an organism and its environment. Ectoprocta Ectoprocta is a class of phylum polyzoa. They have a u shaped gut and the anus opens outside of the circlet of ciliated tentacles. Edentata The Edentata is an order of mammals with no teeth, or very simple teeth without enamel. Egested see "egestion" Egestion Egestion is the process of eliminating food which has not been digested. Egg-plant Egg-plant was the 19th century name, and is still used in America to describe the plant we now call the aubergine. It is an herbaceous plant of the order Solanaceae. The fruit is eaten. Eider The eider is a British coastal duck. Eimeria Eimeria is a member of the coccidia vera order. Eisenia The eisenia are oligochaeta. Elephant The elephant is the two surviving species of the order proboscidea. Elk The elk is a large deer found in north Europe, Asia and Scandinavia. Elm The elm is a tree of the family ulmaceae. Embryology Embryology is the study of animal development. Emu The emu is a flightless bird found in Australia. Entoprocta Entoprocta is a class of phylum polyzoa. They have a u shaped gut and the anus opens within a circlet of ciliated tentacles. Epiphytes see "Air-plants" Epistylis Epistylis is a member of the order of peritricha. Equisetum Equisetum is the Horse-tail genus of plants. Eucalyptus Eucalyptus is a tree native to Australia where it is called the gum tree. Euglenoidina The euglenoidina are an order of phytomastigina. They have an elongated spindle-shaped body and swim in a spiral path. Euoplocephalus Euoplocephalus was an armoured herbivore dinosaur from the cretaceous period. Even its eyelids were armoured. At the end of its powerful tail was a bulb. The tail could have been used to disable predators attacking it. Euphausiacea Euphausiacea is an order of malacostraca. The carapace encloses the thorax. There is one set of gills. Euplectella The euplectella is a member of the hexactinellida class. Euplotes Euplotes is a member of the order of hypotricha. Euspongia The euspongia, or bath sponge, is a member of the demospongia class. Eutheria The eutheria are a subclass of higher mammals. The young are born as miniature adults after a prolonged period of gestation. Excretion Excretion is the process of getting rid of unwanted substances from within the body. Faeces Faeces is the term applied to egested food. Falcon The falcon is a bird of prey. Fasciola Fasciola is a member of the order digenea. Fennec The fennec is a small nocturnal desert fox found in north Africa and Arabia. Fennel Fennel is a perennial umbelliferae. Filaria Filaria is a phylum nematoda. Finch The finch is a popular name of the Fringillidae. Firefly Firefly is a popular name for winged insects possessing luminosity. Fish see "pisces" Fish-hawk Fish-hawk is an American name for the Osprey. Fish-louse The fish-louse are several crustaceans of the order Ichthyophthira which are parasitic on fish. Fishes see "pisces" Fissurellidae Fissurellidae is a family of gasteropodous molluscs resembling the limpets in appearance and habits, but differing in structure. They are generally too large for their shell, and so it appears that the shell is rudimentary. Fistularia Fistularia is a genus of acanthopterygious fish characterized by the elongation of the facial bones into a long fistula or tube at the extremity of which the mouth opens. Fistulina Fistulina is a genus of Fungi, allied to Boletus, found on old oak, walnut, ash, beech and horse chestnut trees. It is eaten in Europe grilled and is said to taste like broiled meat. Flamingo The flamingo is a bird of the genus Phoenicopterus allied to the ducks. The flamingo has long legs and stands about 180 cm tall. The beak is naked, lamellate at the edges and bent. Flamingos are generally pink or scarlet in colour and live in southern Europe and northern Africa around sea coasts and salt marshes. Flatworm Flatworm is a common name for phylum platyhelminthes. Flatworms see "flatworm" Flax Flax is a popular name of plants of the genus Linum, natural order Linaceae of which there are roughly 100 species. They are herbs or small shrubs with narrow leaves and yellow, blue or white flowers arranged in variously formed cymes. Flea The flea is several insects constituting the order Aphaniptera. They are small with two eyes, six feet and piercing stilets and a suctorial proboscis which is used to feed on the blood of animals. They can leap amazing distances. Flounder A flounder is one of the flat-fishes, family Pleuronectidae, genus Pleuronectes. The flounder is found in the sea and near the mouths of large rivers around the British coast. Fluke Fluke is a parasitic flatworm that causes rot and dropsy of the liver. Flustra Flustra is an ectoprocta. Fly-catcher The fly-catcher is several species of insectivorous birds of the genus Muscicapa with a bill flattened at the base, almost triangular, notched at the upper mandible and beset with bristles. They perch on branches and wait motionless for passing insects which they dart at and catch with a snap of the bill. Flying Gurnard The Flying Gurnard (Trigla volitans) is a Mediterranean fish of the Gurnard genus. Flying-fox The flying-fox or fox-bat is a fruit-eating bat of the family Pteropidae including some of the largest of the bats, one species reaching 140 cm in length across the wings! Flying-foxes are found in Australia, Asia and Africa. Flying-lemur The flying-lemur is an insectivorous mammal native to India. They have a membrane which extends as a broad expansion from the nape of the neck to the tail which they use to glide when leaping from tree to tree. Flying-squrrel The flying-squrrel is a genus of rodent animals of the squirrel family. The skin of the flank, extending between the fore and hind legs allows them to glide and make great leaps. Flying-squrrels are found in Europe, Asia and North America. Foraminifera Foraminifera is an order of animals of low type belonging to the class Rhizopoda, sub-order Protozoa, furnished with a shell or test, simple or complex, usually perforated by pores called foramina from which the animals get their name. Forest-fly The forest-fly is a two-winged fly parasitic on birds and quadrupeds. Forficulidae see "earwig" Forget-me-not Forget-me-not is a common British plant of the natural order Boraginaceae found growing in damp or wet places. It is a pretty flower considered as the emblem of friendship throughout Europe. Fowl The term fowl was once used as a synonym for bird, but since around 1900 the term fowl has come to refer to birds of the genus Gallus. They resemble the pheasants, but the crown of the head is generally naked and furnished with a fleshy comb, the base of the lower mandibles also bears fleshy lobes (wattles). Fox The fox is an animal of the genus Vulpes closely allied to the dog, with a straight bushy tail, elongated pupils and erect ears. Foxes are intelligent, adaptable and omnivorous, consuming small animals, eggs, honey and refuse. Fox-bat see "Flying-fox" Foxglove Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) is a common British flower of the natural order Scrophulariaceae. It grows on banks and pastures. The flowers are campanulate and resemble the fingers of a glove, hence the name. Foxglove posesses diuretic, narcotic and sedative qualities which are used in medicine. It is also deadly in sufficient quantity. Foxhound The Foxhound is a breed of dog bred for chasing foxes. The foxhound is smaller than the staghound, its average height being about 53 cm. Foxtail-grass Foxtail-grass is a grass of the genus Alopecurus so called because of the close cylindrical panicle in which the spikelets of flowers are arranged which look rather like a fox's tail. Francolin The francolin is a genus of birds belonging to the same family as the partridge which they resemble except for one or more strong and sharp horny spurs on the tarsi. Frasera Frasera is a genus of plants of the natural order Gentianaceae containing seven species of erect perennial herbs native to North America. Fratercula Fratercula is a genus of web-footed birds which contains the puffin. Fraxinella Fraxinella is a species of dittany. It is an ornamental herbaceous annual plant cultivated for its fragrant leaves and rose-coloured flowers. Fraxinus Fraxinus is a genus of deciduous trees of the order Oleaceae which includes the ash. French Beans French Beans is a twining annual plant with alternate leaves on footstalks composed of three oval pubescent folioles. The seeds are shaped rather like a kidney, and from this the plant gets its alternative name, the Kidney Bean. French Oak The French Oak is a tree of the genus Catalpa. It contains a lot of tannin in its bark. Frigate-bird The frigate-bird is a tropical, web-footed bird of the family Pelecanidae. The male bird reaches 1 meter in length, including the tail, but the body is comparatively small. The bill is longer than the head, hooked at the end and sharp. The wings are very large, and the bird has a wing span of over 2 meters. Fringillidae Fringillidae is a large family of conirostral birds comprising the finches. Fringillidea Fringillidea is the Finch family of birds. They are a large family of small seed-eating birds found in all parts of the world. Fringillidea belong to the order Insessores, section Conirostres. They are distinguished by having a sharply-pointed, conical, and in most cases strongly-formed, bill suitable for crushing seeds and other hard objects. Fritillary Fritillary is a genus of plants of the order Liliaceae, native to northern temperate regions. Frog The frog is an anura with four legs, four toes on the fore feet and five on the hind. The feet are more-or-less webbed. The body is naked and has no ribs and no tail. The tongue is fleshy and attached in front to the jaw but is free behind so that it can be protruded. Frog-fish see "Cheironectes" Frogs see "frog" Froth-fly The froth-fly is an insect of the family Cercopidae, the larvae of which is found in a frothy exudation on plants (Cuckoo-spit). Fruit-pigeon Fruit-pigeons are pigeons of the genus Carpophagus. They have brilliant plumage and are found in India and Australia. They are so named because they eat nothing but fruit. Fucaceae Fucaceae is a natural order of dark-coloured algae consisting of olive- coloured inarticulate seaweeds distinguished from other algae by their reproductive organs which consist of archegonia and antheridia, contained in common chambers, united in club-shaped receptacles at the ends of the fronds. Fucus Fucus is a genus of seaweeds of the family Fucaceae comprising several common seaweeds with a flat or compressed forked frond, sometimes containing air vessels. Fulmar The fulmar is a sea bird which lives on the sub-arctic shores of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Fumariaceae Fumariaceae is a small natural order of exogenous plants closely allied to Papaveraceae. The species are slender-stemmed, herbaceous plants, generally erect, though some climb by means of their twisting leaf- stalks. Funaria Funaria is a genus of mosses. Fungi Fungi is a large natural order of cryptogamous plants, Fungi agree with algae and lichens in their cellular structure, which is, with few exceptions, devoid of anything resembling vascular tissue; but differing from them in deriving their nutrition from the body on which the grow, not from the medium by which they are surrounded. Furze see "Gorse" Fusus Fusus is a genus of gasteropodous molluscs nearly allied to Murex with a spindle-shaped univalve shell. Gadidae Gadidae is a family of malacopterous fish including the cod, ling and haddock. Gadwall The gadwall (Anas strepera) is a species of duck. It is common in North America, and rare in Britain. It is not so large as a mallard and has long pointed wings and a vigorous and rapid flight. Galbulinae The galbulinae are a family of tropical American fissirostal birds allied to the trogons and kingfishers. Galeidae Galeidae is the tope family of small sharks. Galemys The galemys are a genus of mammals allied to the shrews. They live in burrows at the sides of streams and feed on insects. Galeopsis Galeopsis is a genus of plants of the natural order Labiatae characterized by the equally five-toothed calyx. They are herbaceous plants with square stems usually clothed with sharp bristly hairs, nettle-like leaves on long stalks, and red, white or yellow labiate flowers. Gall-fly Gall-fly is a name for several hymenopterous insects of the family Cynipidae, which form galls, each species prefering a different plant. The gall is due to an iritating fluid which the insect deposits on the plant along with its egg. Galliwasp The galliwasp is a species of lizard about 30cm long and stout and plump. It is generally brown in colour and is native to the West Indies and was particularly common in Jamaica during the 19th century. Galls Galls (gall-nuts) are a vegetable excrescence produced by the deposit of the egg of an insect in the bark or leaves of a plant. Gamete A gamete is one of the two cells which fuse together to commence reproduction. Gametes see "gamete" Gannet The gannet is a British sea bird of the genus Sula, family Pelecanidae. It is about 1 meter long and the plummage is dirty white or grey. The bill is straight, and about 15 cm long. Ganoid The ganoids are an order of fish characterized by angular, rhombic, polygonal or circular scales composed of horny or bony plates covered with a thick plate of a glossy enamel like substance. Gaper-shell The gaper-shell is a lamellibranchiate mollusc common on British coasts. It has a rectangular shell and burrows in sand and mud. Gar-fish The gar-fish (sea-pike, gar-pike, sea-needle) is a long and slender sea fish of the genus Belone, about 90cm long. The head projects forward into a very long sharp snout. The sides and belly are of a bright silvery colour and the back is green. Gar-pike see "Gar-fish" Garcinia Garcinia is a genus of plants of the natural order Guttiferae. Garden-warbler The garden-warbler is a migratory song-bird which visits Britain from the end of April to September. It is about 15cm long, the head and upper surfaces are greenish brown and the underside is brownish white. Gardenia Gardenia is a genus of trees and shrubs of the natural order Cinchonaceae. They are native to trpoical Asia and Africa and have pretty white or yellowish flowers and a powerful fragance. Garganey The garganey is a small British duck. Garlic Garlic is a perennial liliaceae with an edible bulb divided into segments known as cloves. Garrot Garrot is a popular name of ducks of the genus Clangula. They are oceanic ducks with a bill shorter than the head, and are widely distributed over the temperate regions of Europe and America. Garrulus Garrulus is a genus of insessorial birds of the crow family. Gasteropod The gasteropods are a class of mollusc, consisting of animals inhabiting a univalve shell, although some of the group are wholly devoid of a shell. Generally the shell is cone-shaped and spiral. The distinguishing characteristic is the foot, which is broad, muscular and disc-like and attached to the ventral surface. Gasteropoda see "Gasteropod" Gasteropods see "Gasteropod" Gasterosteus Gasterosteus is a genus of fish which comprises the sticklebacks. Gastropod see "gasteropod" Gastropoda see "gasteropod" Gaur The gaur (or gour) is one of the larget of the ox tribe found in the mountain jungles of India it is renowned for its shoulder hide, which even when dried is often more than 5cm thick, and was used to make shields. Gavial The gavial (Gavialis gangeticus) is the Indian crocodile. It is characterized by narrow, almost cylindrical jaws which form a very long elongated muzzle. It has 120 teeth, of equal length, and the feet are webbed. Gaviiformes The Gaviiformes are an order of birds. These are the divers or loons. They are water birds with legs set very far back and webbed feet. The bill is long and pointed for catching fish. Gazelle The gazelle (Gazella dorcas) are various species of small, fast running antelope (the Gazellinae). Gean The gean (Prunus Avium) is a wild cherry tree found in Britain. It has fruit which are red when unripe, and a deep purple or black when ripe. The timber can be used for making furniture. Gebang Palm The gebang palm (Corypha gebanga) is a fan-leaved palm of south east Asia. Sago is extracted from its pith and its leaves are used for thatch, hats, baskets and bags. The root is used in medicine and the fibres of the leaf stalks are used for making ropes, nets and cloth. Gecko The Gecko are a family of nocturnal lizards (Gekotidae) characterized by the general flatness of their form, especially of the head, which is rather triangular. The body is covered on the upper part with numerous round prominences or warts and the feet are rather short with toes nearly equal in length and furnished with flattened suction pads which enable the gecko to run up perpendicular walls. Gelada The gelada is an Ethiopian baboon. It has a heavy mane which hangs over its shoulders. Gelsemium The gelsemium is a woody vine found in Asia and southern America. Gemma A gemma is a small cellular body that separates from the mother-plant and starts a new one. It is common in moss and liverwort. Gemsbok The gemsbok (Oryx gazella) is a large powerful member of the antelope family inhabiting the plains of South Africa. Genes Genes are hereditary information material arranged in a single row along the length of each chromosome. Genet The genet is a digitigrade carnivorous mammal of the family Viverridae. It is about the size of a small cat, but longer. Genets were used in Constantinople (Istanbul) to catch rats. The genet is common around the mediterranean. Genipap Genipap is the fruit of the Genipa americana tree, of the natural order Rubiaceae. It is about the size of an orange and has a pleasant vinous flavour. Genista Genista is a genus of leguminous plants consisting of about 100 species. Gentian see "Gentiana" Gentiana Gentiana is a genus of bitter herbaceous plants which have opposite, often strongly ribbed leaves, and blue, yellow or red, often showy flowers. The calyx consists of four or five valvate segments, and the corolla is four or five parted. The fruit is a two-valved, one celled, many-seeded capsule. Gentianaceae see "Gentiana" Geotrupidae Geotrupidae are a family of burrowing lamellicorn beetles. Geraniaceae Geraniaceae is a natural order of exogenous plants the distinguishing character of which is to have a fruit composed of five capsules or cases, connected with as many flat styles, consolidated around a long conical beak. Geranium The Geranium is the typical genus of the order Geraniaceae of plants. Germander The germander are plants of the genus Teucrium. Gervas Gervas (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis) is a small shrub of the natural order Verbenaceae. It is native to the West Indies and warm parts of America. Its leaves were used to make Brazilian tea and to adulterate tea in Britain in the 19th century. Geum Geum is a genus of hardy herbaceous perennials, belonging to the natural order Rosaceae, chiefly natives of the northern hemisphere. Ghost-moth The ghost-moth is a nocturnal lepidopterous insect (Hepialus humuli), so called from the male being of a white colour, and from its habit of hovering with a pendulum-like motion in the twilight over one spot where the female is concealed. Gibbon A gibbon is a type of small ape of the genus Hylobates, particularly the species Hylobates lar which inhabits the islands of the Indian Archipelago. It is noticeable by the extraordinary length of its arms and its slender form. Gibel The gibel (Cyprinus gibelio) is a fish of the carp genus. It is also called the Prussian Carp. The gibel rarely weighs more than 250 gms. Gill Gills are very efficient organs of respiration found in fish and the early development stages of amphibians. They are highly vascular and are bathed in oxygen containing water from which the oxygen is extracted. Gilthead The gilthead (Chrysophrys aurata) is an acanthopterygious fish of the Sparidae or sea-bream family common in the Mediterranean. It has strong grinding teeth which it uses to crush the shells of the molluscs on which it feeds. It has a yellow band which extends from eye to eye, and typically weighs 9kg. Ginger Ginger is a perennial plant of the order Zingiberaceae found in south east Asia, the West Indies, South America and Africa of which Jamaican ginger is the most prized. Gingko The gingko are coniferous trees of the genus Salisburia belonging to the yew family and which are native to China and Japan. Ginkgo The ginkgo is a tree related to the conifers and native to China and Japan. Ginseng Ginseng (Panax schinseng) is a plant of Northern Asia of the order Araliaceae. It is herbaceous and grows to about 30cm tall. Its root has long been regarded by the Chinese as a source of sexual potency. Giraffe The giraffe is the tallest mammal, found only in Africa south of the sahara. Girdle of Venus The Girdle of Venus is an animal of the Ctenophora found in the Mediterranean. Gladiolus Gladiolus are a genus of plants of the iris order, having a bulbous root with a reticulated covering. They are natives of Europe and north Africa, but especially South Africa. The leaves are ensiform and the flowers brilliantly coloured. Glass Snake The Glass Snake is a lizard of the genus Ophiosaurus which resembles a snake in form and reaches a length of 1 meter. The joints of the tail are not connected by caudal muscles and so the tail is very brittle and joints break off when the animal is even slightly irritated. Glasswort Glasswort are plants of the genus Salicornia, natural order Chenopodiaceae. They are succulent marine herbs growing abundantly on the coasts of southern Europe and north Africa. When burnt their ashes yield soda which was once used in making glass, hence the name glasswort. Gleditschia Gleditschia is a genus of plants of the order Leguminosae to which the honey-locust belongs. Globe-fish Globe-fish is a popular name applied to several fish of the genera Diodon and Tetraodon of the order Plectognathi, on account of their ability to assume a globular form by swallowing air or water which inflates a ventral sac and inflates the whole animal like a balloon. Globe-flower The globe-flower (Trollius europaeus) is a European plant of the natural order Ranunculaceae. It is found in mountainous regions and has five- lobed, deaply serrated leaves and round pale-yellow blossoms the sepals of which are large and conspicuous while the petals are very small. Globigerina Globigerina is one of the Foraminifera, a microscopic animal having a many-celled shell found fossilised in the chalk and tertiary formations and alive in the seas where shells of the abundant dead animals form vast calcareous deposits of mud known as globigerina ooze. Gloriosa Gloriosa is a genus of tuberous-rooted climbing herbs of the natural order Liliaceae, so named from their splendid flowers. They have branched stems and flowers mostly of a pretty red and yellow colour, with six long lanceolate undulated segments, which are entirely reflexed. Glow-worm The glow-worm is an insect of the genus Lampyris, natural order Coleoptera. The name glow-worm is only really applicable to the female, which is without wings, resembling a caterpillar, and emits a shining green light from the extremity of the abdomen. The male is winged, and flies about in the evening when it is attracted by the light of the female. Gloxinia Gloxinia is a genus of plants of the natural order Gesneraceae, distinguished by the corolla apprroaching to bell-shaped, the upper lip shortest and two-lobed, the lower three-lobed, with the middle lobe largest, and also by the summit of the style being rounded and hollowed. The species are native to tropical America and were introduced into Britian in the 19th century. Glutton The glutton (Gulo arcticus) (Wolverene, Wolverine) is a carnivorous quadruped, about the size of a large badger, and intermediate between the bear family and the weasels. It inhabits northern Europe and America. Glycyrrhiza Glycyrrhiza is a genus of leguminous plants. Gmelina Gmelina is a genus of plants of the order Verbenaceae found in Asia. All the species form either shrubs or trees, some providing valuable timber. Gnaphalium Gnaphalium is a genus of widely-spread composite plants which have their foliage usually covered with a white wooly down, and their flower-heads of the ecerlasting kind. Gnat Gnat is a popular name for several species of insects of the genus Culex. Gnathostomata Gnathostomata is a branch of the sub-phylum craniata group of animals. The mouth is bounded by jaws which are formed from the mandibular visceral arch. Gnu The gnu (wildebeeste) is an antelope found in Africa. Both sexes have have horns projecting slightly outwards and downwards, then forming an abrupt upward bend. They have bristly black hair about the face and muzzle, a white stiff mane, and horse-like tail. They reach a length of about 270cm and a height at the shoulder of about 120cm. Goat The goat is a ruminant mammal of the genus Capra. They are slightly smaller than a sheep, but stronger, more agile and less timid. Goat's-beard Goat's-beard is a popular name of plants of the genus Tragopogon, order Compositae, which are herbaceous perennials, chiefly natives of Europe. The seeds have feathery appendages from which the plants get their name. Goat's-rue Goat's-rue (Galega officinalis) is a leguminous plant indigenous to southern Europe. It is used as forage and was once used as a cordial to treat fever and convulsions. Goat's-thorn Goat's-thorn is the name given to two hard evergreen plants of the genus Astragalus. Goat-moth The goat-moth (Cossus ligniperda) is a large British moth. The larvae are about 7cm long and hollow out galleries in trees and form cocoons from the sawdust in which the chrysalids are formed. The larval condition lasts for three years. The fully-developed insect is ash-coloured, with numerous small black lines on the first pair of wings. Goatsucker Goatsucker is a popular name of birds of the genus Caprimulgus. They got the name from the incorrect assertion that the birds suck goats. The goatsuckers actually feed on nocturnal insects and beetles which are caught as the bird flies with its mouth open. Gobiidae see "Goby" Goby Goby is the popular name of a family of acanthopterous fish (Gobiidae) characterized as having two dorsal fins nearly united into one, the anterior fin having flexible rays, not spinous. The ventral fins are thoracic and united more or less by their bases. the body is scaly and the head unarmed. there are about 400 species of goby. Godwinia Godwinia is a genus of plants of the natural order Araceae. Godwit Godwit is a popular name for birds of the genus Limosa or the family Scolopacidae. Gold of Pleasure Gold of Pleasure (Camelina sativa) is a cruciferous annual of the order Brassicaceae, with stem-clasping leaves and terminal racemes of yellow flowers which produce pear-shaped pods containing numerous small seeds. Golden-beetle Golden-beetle is a popular name for several tetramerous beetles of the genus Chrysomela. There are some British species, but most are tropical. They are characterized by their brilliant colouring. Golden-crested Regulus see "Golden-crested_Wren" Golden-crested Wren The Golden-crested Wren (Golden-crested Regulus, Kinglet, Regulus cristatus) is a beautiful bird belonging to the family Sylviadae, distinguished by an orange crest. It is the smallest of British birds, being only 8cm long, very agile and almost continually in motion. The upper part of the body is yellowish olive green and the under parts are pale reddish white. It lives mostly in tall trees, particularly the oak, yew, pine and fir. Golden-rod Golden-rod (Solidago) is a genus of plants of the natural order Compositae. They are chiefly natives of North America. Most of the species have erect, rod-like, scarcely branched stems, with alternate serrated leaves, and terminal spikes of small yellow flowers. Golden-saxifrage Golden-saxifrage is a popular name for Chrysoplenium. Goldfinch The Goldfinch (Fringilla carduelis) is a common British bird of the Finch family. It is about 13cm long and the plumage is a mixture of black, scarlet, yellow and white colours. Goldfish The goldfish is a member of the carp family found in east Asia. Goliath-beetle The goliath-beetles are beetles of the genus Goliathus which are native to Africa and South America and are so named on account of their remarkable large size which can reach 10cm. They are eaten in South America. Gomuti Palm The Gomuti Palm (Saguerus saccharifer) is the sago-palm and yields a bristly fibre known as gomuti or ejoo which is manufactured into cordage, and used for thatching. The sweet juice of the palm is fermented into a toddy by natives. The Gomuti Palm is also one of the chief sago producing palms. Gonad see "gonads" Gonads The gonads are essential reproductive organs. Goosander The goosander is a duck found in Scotland. Goose The goose is a bird of the genus Anser. Gooseberry Gooseberry (Ribes grossularia) is a low branching shrub growing wild in Siberia and northern Europe. It is part of the order Grossulariaceae. the branches are armed with numerous prickles and bear three to five lobed leaves and inconspicuous flowers. The fruit is a succulent berry which makes rather good eating. Goosefoot see "Chenopodium" Gopher The gopher is a burrowing rodent found in north and central America. Gorgonia Gorgonia is a member of the order of alcyonaria. Gorilla The gorilla is the largest anthropoid ape, found in west Africa. Gorse Gorse (furze, whin) is a plant of the family leguminosae. It is a low shrubby plant, the stem generally 80cm to 1m high, much branched and most of the leaves converted into spines. The flowers are solitary and yellow. Goshawk The goshawk (Astur palumbarius) is a raptorial bird of the genus Astur. It grows to around 60cm long, has deep brown plumage and was much used in falconry. It flies low and pursues its prey in a line after it. Goura Goura is a genus of large pigeons native to Papua New Guinea comprising about six species known as crowned pigeons which are remarkable for their large size and open erect crest with which the head is adorned. They spend most of their time on the ground and nest in low branches. Gourd Gourd (Cucurbita) is a genus of plants of the natural order Cucurbitaceae. Grain-moth The grain-moth is two species of very small moth whose larvae eat grain in granaries. The moths have narrow, fringed wings of a satin lustre. Graining The graining is a fish of the dace kind found chiefly in the Mediterranean and its tributaries and in some of the Swiss lakes. The nose is more rounded than that of the dace, the eye larger, and the dorsal fin commences half-way between the point of the nose and the end of the fleshy portion of the tail. Grakle Grakle is a genus of birds of the order Passeres and of the starling family. They are found in India and New Guinea. Grallatores Grallatores is an order of birds. They are generally wading-birds and frequent the banks of streams and marshes. They have long legs and a long beak. Graminaceae see "Grass" Grampus The grampus are several marine cetaceous mammals allied to the dolphins. Grampus are found in the Atlantic and North Sea. They grow to about 8 meters long, and are very thick in proportion to their length with a black back and white belly. On each shoulder is a white spot. Grampus are carnivorous and voracious and will attack even whales. Grantia The grantia is a member of the calcarea class. Grapple-plant The grapple-plant is a South African procumbent plant of the natural order Pedaliacea. the seeds have many hooked thorns which cling to the mouths of grazing cattle causing considerable pain. Grass Grass (Graminaceae) is an extensive order of endogenous plants comprising about 250 genera and 4500 species. The roots are fibrous; the stem is usually cylindrical and jointed varying length from a few centimeters to 30 meters in the case of the bamboo. Grass-tree The Grass-tree (Xanthorrhoea) is a genus of Australian plants pf the natural order Liliaceae. They have shrubby stems with tufts of long grass-like wiry foliage, from the centre of which arises the tall flower- stalks which sometimes reach a height of 5 meters and bear dense cylindrical spikes of blossom at their summit. Grass-wrack Grass-wrack (Sea-Grass, Zostera marina) is a phanerogamous plant belonging to the Naiadeae, forming green beds at the bottom of the sea where it is shallow. The ash contains soda. Grasses see "Grass" Grasshopper The grasshopper are various leaping inscets of the order Orthoptera nearly akin to the locusts. They are characterized by long and slender legs, the thighs of the hind legs are large and adapted for leaping; by large and delicate wings and by the wing covers extending far beyond the extremity of the abdomen. They are generally of a greenish colour. Gratiola Gratiola is a genus of plants of the natural order Scrophulariaceae containing about twenty species of herbs, widely distributed through the extra-tropical regions of the world. Grayling Grayling is a genus of fish of the family Salmonidae. The common grayling is found in English streams and in Scotland. Grayling prefer rapid streams where the water is cool and clear, and the bottom sandy or pebbly. Grayling are yellowish-brown with a white under-belly. Grebe see "Podiceps" Green Gage Green Gage is a variety of plum. Green-brier Green-brier (Smilax rotundifolia) is a thorny climbing shrub having a yellow-green stem and thick leaves with small bunches of flowers. It is very common in America. Green-dragon Green-dragon (Arisoema Dracontium) is a North American herbaceous plant of the arum family. It is also known as wake-robin. Greenfinch The greenfinch is a bird of the finch family common in Europe and north Africa. Greenheart The greenheart (Nectandra Rodioei) is a tree of the natural order Lauraceae. It is native to Guiana where it is also called the bebeeru. The bark contains the alkaloid bebeerine. Greenshank The greenshank (Totanus glottis) is a species of sand-piper often called the whistling snipe from the shrill note it utters when first disturbed. It breeds commonly in the Hebrides and sometimes in northern Scotland and is a visitor to the coasts and marshes of Britain. Gregarina Gregarina is a member of the gregarinida order. Gregarinida Gregarinida are an order of sporozoa. They are parasites which live in invertebrates, and are found in the gut, colon and tissues. Gregarinidae Gregarinidae are a class of minute animal organisms comprising the lowest forms of Protozoa found parasitic in various animals, especially the cockroach and earthworm. The Gregarinidae consist of an outer colourless transparent membrane, with only faint signs of a fibrillous structure inclosing a granular mass in which there is a nucleus surrounded by a clear space. Grey buck see "Grysbok" Grey Gurnard The Grey Gurnard (Trigla gurnardus) is a common British fish of the Gurnard genus. Greyhound The greyhound is a variety of dog distinguished by a greater length of muzzle than any other; very low forehead, short lips, thin and long legs, small muscles, contracted belly and semipendant ears. They are bred for racing, being the fastest running dogs. Grilse A grilse is a young salmon after it returns to the sea from the fesh water for the first time. Grisbok see "Grysbok" Gromwell Gromwell are plants of the genus Lithospermum of the natural order Boraginaceae. Grossulaceae Grossulaceae is a tribe of plants of the natural order Saxifragaceae. Ground Dove Ground Dove is a name given to several species of pigeon and especially the Chamoepelia of warmer parts of America. Ground Ivy Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) is a common British plant of the order Labiatae, with a creeping stem and purple flowers. It was once used as a flavouring in ale. Ground Squirrel Ground Squirrel is a a name for squirrels of the genus Tamias. They differ from other squirrels in posessing cheek-pouches and living in burrows. Ground-hog Ground-hog is another name for the aardvark. Ground-nut Ground-nut is another name for peanut. Ground-pine Ground-pine is a herbaceous labiate plant. Groundsel Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) is a European plant of the natural order Compositae. The plant is emollient, has a slightly acid taste and is rejected by most animals except pigs and goats. Grouse The grouse is a fowl like bird common in north America and north Europe and comprising the family Tetraonidae whose distinguishing mark is a naked band, often of a red colour, in place of an eyebrow. They are wild, shy and almost untamable living in families in forests and barren regions and feeding on berries, buds and leaves. Growler The growler (Micropterus nigricans) is a fresh water fish of North America also called the black-bass. Growth Growth is the idea of an animal increasing in size, weight or complexity etc. Grub Grub is a term applied to the soft worm-like larvae of various insects. Grugru Grugru is the larva of the Calandra palmarum, or palm weevil found in the tropical parts of America. It is about the size of a thumb and is often cooked and eaten. Grunt The grunt (grunter, pig-fish, red-mouth) is an American fish of the family Haemulonidae which emits a grunt when taken out of the water, hence it's name. Grunter see "Grunt" Grus Grus is a genus of birds which includes the crane. Gryllus Gryllus is a genus of orthopterous insects. Grysbok The grysbok (grisbok, grey buck, Antilope melanotis) is a species of antelope found in southern Africa. It reaches a height of 1 meter in length and 50 cm in height at the shoulder. It is reddish-grey in colour and is hunted for food. Guacharo Guacharo (Steatornis Caripensis) is a bird of the goat-sucker family. It is nocturnal and a native of South America. It is the size of a common fowl with a curved and toothed bill and long pointed wings. Guacharo feed upon fruit, becoming so fat that Indians kill them for their oil. Guaiacum Guaiacum is a genus of plants belonging to the natural order Zygophyllaceae native to the West Indies and the tropical parts of America. They are hardwood trees and the resin of some varieties is used in medicine. Guan The guan is a gallinaceous bird of the family Cracidae, genus Penelope. The sides of the head and front of the throat are naked and wattled, the wattles being capable of inflation. The guans perch on trees descending in search of grain and fruits. They are native to Brazil and Guiana, and there was a suggestion in the 19th century of breeding them in Europe as poultry. Guanaco The guanaco is a wild member of the camel family found in South America. Guava Guava is the popular name of the genus Psidium, which are tropical trees of the natural order Myrtaceae. The fruit of the guava is high in vitamin C. Gudgeon The gudgeon is a freshwater fish found in Europe and north Asia. It belongs to the carp family (Cyprinidae) and has short dorsal and anal fins without spines. On each side of the mouth is a small barbel. Guereza The guereza (guerza, Colobus guerza) is an Ethiopian monkey with shirt, glossy black fur with long silky white fur on the flanks. Guernsey Lily The Guernsey Lily (Nerine Sarniensis) is a beautiful plant with purple red flowers and native to South Africa. It is of the family Amaryllidaceae. It is called the Guernsey Lily because some of its bulbs were washed ashore in Guernsey from a ship wreck and took root. Guerza see "Guereza" Guillemot The guillemot is a web-footed bird of the Alcidae family. The guillemot has a striaght, compressed and pointed bill covered with feathers as far as the nostrils. The wings are pointed and very short and the legs are short and placed far back. Guillemots eat fish and nest on sea cliffs. Guinea Pepper Guinea Pepper (Xylopia aromatica) is a loft tree of the custard apple family. Its fruit, consisting of dry carpels is used as pepper. Guinea-fowl The Guinea-fowl (pintado) is a genus of gallinaceous birds of the family Phasianidae (the pheasants). They are originally natives of Africa. Guinea-grass Guinea-grass is a very tall species of grass native to Africa and of the same genus as the millet, it grows to between 2 and 3 meters high. Guinea-pig The Guinea-pig is a rodent mammal of the family Cavidae (the Cavies). It is native to South America and rather stupid, but terribly cute and often kept in Europe as a children's pet. The South American Indians prefer to cook it roasted on a spit over an open fire and eat it. Guinea-worm Guinea-worm (Filaria Medinensis) is a parasitic worm of the order Nematoda. It is white and about the thickness of string and varies in length from 15 cm to 1 meter. Gull Gull is the general name of a family of birds distinguished by their straight bill, bending downwards towards the point, and marked below the under mandible by a triangular prominence, by their large wings, slender legs, palmated feet, and small hind toe. They swim well, but cannot dive. Gum-cistus Gum-cistus is a plant cultivated in Portugal and yielding a gum with a balsamic odour. Gum-tree Gum-tree is another name for Eucalyptus. Gunnel The gunnel (butterfish, Centronotus gunellus) is a fish of the Blennies family. The common gunnel resembles an eel and is about 10 cm long, is brown in colour and has black spots on the base of the dorsal fin. Gunnera Gunnera is a genus of plants of the bread-fruit order. Gurnard Gurnard or Gurnet is a popular name of acanthopterous fish of the genus Trigla. The head is angular and wholly covered in bony plates. The body is elongated, nearly round and tapering. There are two dorsal fins, the pectoral fins are large and the teeth are small and numerous. Guttiferae Guttiferae is a natural order of exogenous trees and shrubs which generally secrete an acrid yellow resinous juice. They are found in hot and humid regions, chiefly South America. Gymnoblastea The gymnoblastea is an order of hydrozoa. They are marine colonial forms in which the coenosarc is enclosed within a perisac. The perisac is not extended to form hydrothecae. Gynerium Gynerium is a genus of grass which includes Pampas Grass. Gypaetus Gypaetus is a genus of birds which includes the Bearded Vulture. Gypsy-wort Gypsy-wort is a labiate plant found in Britain in ditches and on river banks. It renders a dye, and gets its name from the rumour that Gypsies used it to darken their skin. Gyrocotyle Gyrocotyle is a cestoda. Hackberry The hackberry is an American tree of the nettle-tree family introduced into Britain in 1636. Haddock Haddock is a marine fish of the cod family found in the north atlantic. Haematopus Haematopus is a genus of wading birds which includes the common oyster- catcher. Haemosporidia Haemosporidia is a suborder of coccidiomorpha. They are parasites which live in warm-blooded animals and produce various types of malaria.a Hag Hag is the popular name of fish of the genus Myxine. They are of worm- like form and have no eyes or scales. The mouth is formed for suction and is without lips and is furnished with barbels. The hag has horny teeth which it uses to eat into the interior of other fish. Haliaetus Haliaetus is a genus of birds which includes the British white-tailed sea-ragle and the American bald eagle. Halibut Halibut is a large flatfish found in the north atlantic. Halichondria The halichondria is an order of sponges of the demospongia class. Haliotis Haliotis is a genus of gateropodous molluscs commonly called ear-shells or sea-ears and found adhering to rocks on the sea-shore. They are remarkable for the pearly iridescence of their inner surface. Halistemma Halistemma is a member of the order of siphonophora. Halophytes The Halophytes are a class of plants which inhabit salt marshes, and by combustion yield barilla. Haltica Haltica is a genus of beetle. Hamamelidaceae Hamamelidaceae is a small natural order of epiygynous exogenous trees or shrubs, varying in height from 2 to 10 meters. These are the witch- hazels. Hammer-oyster The hammer-oyster is a bivalve shell fish. Malleus vulgaris, found in the Indian Ocean. It resembles the pearl-oyster when young, but becomes more hammer-like as it gets older by the lengthening of its ears. Hammerhead The hammerhead is a species of shark. Hamster The hamster (Cricetus) is a genus of rodent animals belonging to the Muridae (mice) family, and closely allied to the rats. They are distinguished by a short hairy tail and cheek pouches. Hand-plant The hand-plant (Cheirostemon platanoides) is a Mexican tree of the order Sterculiaceae. It grows to about 10 meters in height and has flowers, the stamen of which looks a bit like a human hand. Hard-fern Hard-fern is the popular name of Lomaria spicant, a common fern found throughout Britain growing on heaths and glens. Hare The hare (Lepus) is a genus of rodent with long ears, long hind legs, a shirt tail, soft hair and a divided upper lip. The young hare is called a leveret and are born in litters of between 3 and 6 leverets upto 4 times a year. Hare's Ear Hare's Ear (Bupleurum) is a plant of the natural order Umbelliferae. Harebell Harebell (Scotch bluebell, Campanula rotundifolia) is a plant of the natural order Campanulaceae with a bell shaped blue, and sometimes white flower. The radical leaves are cordate or reniform, the stem-leaves partly ovate or lanceolate. It is a slender plant growing to about 12 cm tall. Hareld The hareld (Harelda glacialis) is the long-tailed duck, an oceanic duck with a short thick bill, a high forehead and two very long feathers in the tail of the male. It inhabits the northern seas and is often found around Orkney and Shetland. Harlequin Duck The Harlequin Duck (Clangula histrionica) is a species of duck with white, grey and black plumage found in Arctic regions. Harp-shell The harp-shell is a genus of molluscs (Harpa) belonging to the gasteropoda and to the whelk family. The species are found around Mauritius. The shells are very attractive, but exposure to light causes their colours to fade. Harpy-eagle The harpy-eagle is a large, powerful bird of South America. It has a crooked bill, and strong sharp claws. The harpy-eagle feeds on birds, sloths, racoons, fawns, fish and tortoise eggs. Harrier The Harrier is a breed of dog intended for hare hunting. It is similar to the foxhound, but smaller. Hart Hart is the name given to a male stag. Hart's-tongue Hart's-tongue is a genus of highly ornamental fern with simple, undivided fronds. Hartebeest The hartebeest (Alcelaphus) is a south African antelope which measures about 1.5 meters high at the shoulder, has a long head, horns projecting outwards and backwards, black marks on the face and legs, a white mark on the rump and a bushy tail. They are generally found in small herds. Harvest-bug The harvest-bug (Leptus autumnalis) is a small larval insect of the family Acaridae. It is bright red in colour and about the size of a grain of cayenne pepper. It attacks livestock and humans, burrowing under the skin and so causing red pustules. Harvest-mouse The harvest-mouse (Musmessorius) is the smallest British quadruped. It builds a nest suspended amongst stalks of wheat. Harvest-spider The harvest-spider (Phalangium longipes) is a British spider with very long legs. It has a peculiar habit of throwing off one or more legs. Haustellata Haustellata is an extensive division of insects in which the mouth is furnished with a haustellum or proboscis adapted for suction. It includes the butterflies and moths, and two winged flies. Hawfinch The hawfinch is a species of grossbeak. It is one of the largest of the finches. It resembles the Chaffinch in colour, but is distinguished by its enormous beak, larger size, and bill-hook formation of some of its wing feathers. It feeds on all kinds of berries and is found throughout Britain. Hawk-moth The Hawk-moth is one of the sphinx moths, so called from its hovering motion which resembles that of a hawk. Hawkweed Hawkweed (Hieracium) is a genus of composite plants, sub-order Cichoraceae, consisting of numerous species with yellow flowers. Hawthorn Hawthorn (Cratoegus Oxyacantha) is a small spiny European tree, belonging to the sub-order Pomeae of the order Rosaceae, rising sometimes to the height of 6 meters. The leaves are alternate, obovate, 3 to 5 lobed. The flowers are white, sometimes with a reddish tinge, disposed in corymbs and smell rather nice. Hazel The hazel is a tree of the genus corylus, family corylaceae. The leaves are roundish-cordate, alternate and shortly petiolate. It produces nuts known as filberts. Hazel-grouse The hazel-grouse is a species of grouse inhabiting Europe and Asia. It is found in heathy tracts, woods and forests. It feeds on berries, buds, insects and worms. Heart The heart is a muscular organ used to maintain circulation of blood through an animal. Heather Heather is a low growing evergreen shrub that is common on sandy and acid soil. Hedera Hedera is the genus of plants to which ivy belongs. Hedge-mustard Hedge-mustard (Sisymbrium officinale) is a cruciferous plant once used as a remedy for catarrh. Hedge-sparrow see "Hedge-warbler" Hedge-warbler The hedge-warbler (hedge-sparrow, Accentor modularis) is a bird of the family Sylvidae, common in Britain and the temperate parts of Europe. It feeds on insects, worms and seeds. It grows to about 14 cm long and has reddish-brown plumage streaked with dark-brown. Hedgehog The hedgehog is a small prickly carnivorous mammal. Helamys Helamys is a genus of rodents allied to the jerboas. They are the jumping-hare or jumping-rat. Helianthemum Helianthemum is a genus of herbaceous undershrubs and shrubby or creeping plants, also known as the rock-rose genus. Helicidae Helicidae is the name by which the land shell-snails are distinguished. Helictis Helictis is a genus of carnivorous quadrupeds allied to the skunk. They are found in China and Nepal. Heliotrope Heliotrope (Heliotropium) is a genus of plants of the natural order Boraginaceae. The species are herbs or undershrubs mostly native of the warmer parts of the world and have alternate leaves and small flowers usually disposed in scorpioid cymes. Heliozoa The heliozoa are an order of rhizopoda. The body is radially symetrical and the pseudopodia are thin and stiff. Reproduction is by fission and sexually by the fusion of gametes. Helix Helix is a genus of gasteropodous molluscs comprising the land shell- snails. Hellebore Hellebore (Helleborus) is a genus of plants of the natural order Ranunculaceae, consisting of perennial low-growing plants with palmate or pedate leathery leaves, yellowish, greenish or white flowers having five conspicuous persistent sepals and eight to ten small tubular petals. Helleborus see "Hellebore" Helmet-shell Helmet-shell is a common name for molluscs of the genus Cassis, gasteropods of the family Buccinidae found mainly on tropical shores. Heloderma Heloderma is a genus of Mexican lizard. They are about 1 meter in length and some are venomous. They have a thick, squat body covered with rough scales and form burrows under the roots of trees. Hemerobiidae Hemerobiidae are the lace-wing flies, a family of neuropterous insects. Hemerocallis Hemerocallis is a genus of Liliaceae. Hemichordata Hemichordata is a class of sub-phylum acrania. They are peculiar marine worm-like creatures. Hemidesmus Hemidesmus is a genus of twining plants of the natural order Asclepiadaceae, having opposite leaves, and cymes of small greenish flowers. Sarasparilla is derived from them. Hemimetabola Hemimetabola is the section of the insect class which undergo complete metamorphosis, the larva differing from the perfect insect chiefly in the absence of wings and size. Hemipodius Hemipodius is a genus of rasorial birds allied to the quail. Hemiptera Hemiptera is an order of four-winged insects, having a suctorial proboscis, the outer wings, or wing-covers, are leathery at the base and transparent towards the tips. Hemlock Hemlock (Conium maculatum) is a poisonous plant of the natural order Umbelliferae. It is a tall, erect, branching biennial, with a smooth, shining, hollow stem usually marked with purple spots. It has elegant, much divided leaves which when bruised emit a nauseous odour. The flowers are white in compound umbels of ten or more rays surrounded by a general involucre of three to seven leaflets. Hemp Hemp is an annual plant of the genus Cannabis, cultivated for its fibres that are used to make rope. Hemp-palm Hemp-palm (Chamoerops excelsa) is a Chinese and Japanese species of palm. Rope is made from the fibres of its leaves. Henbane Henbane is a plant of the genus Hyoscyamus, natural order Solanaceae. It is a coarse, erect biennial herb having soft, clammy, hairy foliage of a disagreeable odour and pale yellowish-brown flowers streaked with puple veins. Henna Henna (Lawsonia inermis) is a shrub of the natural order Lythraceae, bearing opposite entire leaves and numerous small white fragrant flowers disposed in terminal panicles. Heracleum Heracleum is a genus of large umbelliferous herbs, the cow-parsnips. Herb-bennet Herb-bennet (Benedict's herb, Avens) is an aromatic plant used as a tonic and astringent. Herb-robert Herb-robert (Geranium Robertianum) is a common British plant. It is astringent and aromatic. Herbaceous A plant said to be herbaceous is a perennial plant of which the stem perishes annually, while the roots remain permanent and send forth a new stem in the following season. Herbivore A herbivore is an animal that eats plants. Herbivorous see "herbivore" Hercules-beetle The Hercules-beetle (Scaraboeus) is a very large Brazilian lamellicorn beetle. An enormous horn projects from the head, and a smaller one from the thorax. The beetle grows to 12cm long. Hermaphrodite An hermaphrodite animal is one in which both male and female gametes are present. Hermit-crab Hermit-crab is the popular name of the Paguridae family of decapod crustaceans. They take posession of and occupy cast-off univalve shells of various molluscs, carrying this habitation about with them, and changing it for a larger one as they increase in size. Hernandia Hernandia is a genus of large Indian trees of the natural order Hernandiaceae. They have alternate entire leaves and flowers arranged in axillary or terminal spikes or corymbs. Heron Heron is a popular name for birds of the genus Ardea, constituting with the bitterns the family Ardeidae. Herons are spread over almost all the world. They are distinguished by having a long bill cleft beneath the eyes, a compressed body, long slender legs naked above the tarsal joint, three toes in front, the two outer united by a membrane, and by moderate wings. The tail is short, rounded, and composed of ten or twelve feathers. The common Heron is about 1 meter in length. Herring The herring (Clupea harengus) is an edible fish found in the north Atlantic. It comes close to the shore in large shoals to spawn. Hessian Fly The Hessian Fly (Cecidomyia destructor) is a fly of the family Tipulidae, of the order Diptera, the larva of which is very destructive to wheat, barley and rye crops. Heteropoda Heteropoda is an order of marine molluscs, the most highly organized of the Gasteropoda. In this order the foot is compressed into a vertical muscular lamina, serving for a fin, and the gills, when present, are collected into a mass on the hinder part of the back. Heteroptera Heteroptera is a section of hemipterous insects comprising those in which the two pairs of wings are of different consistence, the anterior part being horny or leathery, but generally tipped with membrane. They comprise the land and water bugs. Heterotricha Heterotricha is an order of ciliata vera. They are covered in cilia, and have a spiral band of tough cilia leading towards the cytostome. Hexactinellida Hexactinellida is a class of sponge with a skeleton built of six-rayed spicules made of silica. Hibiscus Hibiscus is an extensive genus of plants, natural order Malvaceae chiefly natives of tropical climates. They have large showy flowers, borne singuarly on stalks towards the ends of the branches, these flowers having an outer calyx of numerous leaves in addition to the true five- lobed persistent calyx. Hickory Hickory is several species of timber trees of the genus Carya of the natural order Juglandaceae. They are natives to North America. The wood is heavy, strong and tenacious. Hind Hind is the name of a female stag or deer. Hinny A Hinny is a hybrid, the product of a stallion mating with a she-ass. It is smaller and weaker than the mule. Hippocampus Hippocampus (the Sea-Horse) is a genus of fish closely allied to the pipe-fish, of singular construction and peculiar habits. The upper parts look rather like a horse's head and neck in miniature. When swimming they maintain a vertical position. They are generally about 15cm to 25cm long and are found mainly in the Mediterranean and Atlantic. Hippomane Hippomane are a genus of plants belonging to the Euphorbiaceae. Hippopotamus The hippopotamus is a large herbivorous mammal found in Africa. Hirudinea The hirudinea are the leeches. They are an ectoparasitic class of annelids with few true segments but each segment shows numerous annuli. Suckers are present at both ends of the body. They lay eggs in cocoons secreted by the clitellum. Hirudo The hirudo are hirudinea. Hoatzin The hoatzin is a bird found only in the Amazon. Hog see "Pig" Hog-fish The Hog-fish are teleostean fish of the genus Scorpoena, family Scorpaenidae. Hog-plum The Hog-plum are plants of the genus Spondias, natural order Anacardiaceae. Some of them yield pleasant fruit. The name Hog-plum comes from the West Indies where the fruit was once fed to pigs (hogs). Hog-rat The Hog-rat (Capromys) is a genus of rodent animals of the family Muridae. Holcus Holcus is a genus of grasses, natural order Gramineae. Holly Holly (Ilex) is a genus of plants of the order Aquifoliaceae, embracing a number of evergreen trees or shrubs. The common holly is a conical evergreen tree growing to a height of 10 meters in Britain. It's leaves are dark-green, shiny and leathery, abundantly armed with prickles on the lower branches but free from them on the higher branches. Hollyhock Hollyhock is a biennial or perennial herb with tall, erect, leafy stems. It is native to central Europe and China. It is an important plant in medicine providing a dark pigment which is also used in cooking. Holm-oak Holm-oak (Quercus Ilex) is a shrub-like tree native to Mediterranean countries with holly-like leaves. Holothuria Holothuria is a type of holothuroidea. Holothurioidea Holothurioidea is an order of Echinoderms, the sea-cucumbers. Holothuroidea The holothuroidea are the sea cucumbers. The body is elongated and appears worm-like. Skeletal plates are minute and imbedded in the fleshy body wall. There are no spines. The mouth is at one end of the body, the anus at the other. Feeding is carried out by tube feet near the mouth. Holotricha Holotricha are an order of ciliata vera. They are covered in alike cilia. Holy Grass Holy Grass (Hierochloe) is an odoriferous genus of grass belonging to the Phalarideae. Honey-ant The honey-ant (Myrmecocyctus mexicnus) is a Mexican ant. They live in subterranean galleries and in summer some secrete a kind of honey from their abdomen. Honey-eater Honey-eater is a name given to a number of insessorial birds forming the family Meliphagidae, of the tribe Tenuirostres. They form a large group, feeding mainly on honey and the nectar of flowers. These birds are found in Australia and surrounding islands. They have long curved sharp bills, with a tongue terminating in a pencil of delicate filaments. Honey-guide The honey-guide is a South African cuckoo of the genus Indicator, which by its cries and motions directs people to the nests of wild honey bees. Honey-locust The Honey-locust (Gleditschia triacanthos) is an American forest tree belonging to the natural order Leguminosae. The leaves are pinnated, divided into small leaflets and the foliage has a light and elegant appearance. Honeysuckle Honeysuckle (Woodbine) is the Lonicera genus of Linnaeus of the natural order Caprifoliaceae. It is a twining shrub with distinct leaves and red berries found in Britain. Hooded Seal The hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) is a species of seal, the male of which has a movable, inflatable muscular bag stretching from the muzzle to behind the eyes. The prevailing colour is black. Hoof A hoof is the horny casing of the foot of a ruminant, horse, swine or similar animals. Hoofed Hoofed is the term applied to animals with hooves. Hoopoe The hoopoe (Upupa) is a bird about 30cm long with a fine crest of pale cinnamon-red feathers tipped with black. It is a ground feeder eating mainly insects. Hooves Hooves is the plural of hoof. Hop The hop is a plant of the family cannabiaceae. The root is perennial giving out several herbaceous, rough, twining stems with large lobed leaves. The catkins are added to beer to give it flavour. Hop-clover Hop-clover (Trifolium procumbens) is a plant of the order Leguminosae, distinguished from other species of clover by its bunch of yellow flowers which wither to brown. Hops Hops are the dried flowers of the hop plant. Horehound Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) is a labiate plant with whitish, downy leaves and stem. The flowers are small, nearly white in crowded whorls. The flowers are aromatic and have a bitter taste. An infusion of horehound was a popular English remedy for coughs and colds. Hormiphora The hormiphora is a member of the sub-phylum ctenophora family. Hornbills The Hornbills (Bucerotidoe) are a remarkable group of birds found in southern Asia and Africa. They are akin to the Toucans and Kingfishers. The hornbills are remarkable for the size of their bill and a horny protruberance which surmounts the bill. Horned pheasant see "Tragopan" Horned Ray see "Cephaloptera" Horned Viper see "Cerastes" Horned-screamer The horned-screamer (Palamedea cornuta) is a South American grallatorial bird having a long, slender, movable horn projecting from its forehead. It has a loud and shrill voice. Horned-toad Horned-toad is a popular name for the Phrynosoma genus of lizards. They are found in America and look rather like toads and are covered with spine-like scales. Hornet The hornet is an insect of the genus Vespa, much larger and stronger than the ordinary wasp. Hornets are voracious, feeding on fruit and honey and preying on other insects. The nest is formed in hollow-trees and walls. The hornet sting is very painful and usually causes considerable swelling. Horse The horse is a hoofed, odd toed grass eating mammal. Horse Chestnut Horse Chestnut is a tall deciduous tree native to south-eastern Europe. The fruit is a green spiny capsule containing one or more hard brown seeds known as "conkers". Horse-fly The Horse-fly is a winged insect of the family Hippoboscidae which is parasitic on the horse. Horse-radish Horse-radish (Cochlearia Armoracia) is a cruciferous plant found in the temperate parts of Europe in moist locations. The root is cylindrical, whitish in colour and forms a popular condiment. It is a pungent tasting and smelling root, excellent with roast beef. Horse-tail Horse-tail is a popular name for plants of the genus Equisetum of the natural order Equisetaceae. The cuticle abounds in siliceous cells, a property which allows the horse-tail to be used for polishing wood. Horseradish Horseradish is a cruciferae native to south east Europe. The root is used in cookery as a condiment of beef. Hound A hound is a hunting dog which hunts by scent. There are several varieties; bloodhound, staghound, foxhound, harrier and beagle. Houseleek The Houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum) is a succulent plant of the natural order Crassulaceae. It grows on old walls and roofs. The stem reaches about 20cm in length and bears a few purplish flowers which have twelve or fifteen petals. Howler Monkey The Howler Monkey (Mycetes) is a genus of South American monkey characterized by a remarkable loudness of voice. They are prehensile, tailed, large and heavy of body with a high pyramidal head flattened on the summit. Hoya Hoya is a genus of Asclepiadaceae common in tropical Asia. Huia-bird Huia-bird is a Maori name for New Zealand's starlings. Human A human is an animal of the genus homo. Humming-bird Humming-bird is the popular name for the Trochilidae family of munte and beautiful birds, so called from the sound of their wings in flight. The beak is slender, generally long, sometimes straight and sometimes curved. The tongue is long and filiform. They feed by hovering by a plant and use their tongue to catch insects. Huon Pine The Huon Pine is a tree of the Yew family found in Tasmania and yielding a useful timber. Hura Hura is a genus of tropical American plants of the natural order Euphorbiaceae. Hurgila see "Adjutant-bird" Hyacinth Hyacinth is a genus of liliaceous bulbous plants including about thirty species. Hyalonema The hyalonema is a member of the hexactinellida class. Hydatina Hydatina is a phylum rotifera. Hydra The hydra is of the order hydrida. Hydrangea Hydrangea is a genus of shrubs or herbs of the natural order Saxifragaceae, containing about thirty-three species native to Asia and America. The British garden hydrangea was introduced from China in 1790 by Sir J. Banks. Hydrida Hydrida is an order of hydrozoa. They are solitary hydroid freshwater forms which reproduce by budding and sexual reproduction. Hydrozoa Hydrozoa is a class of sub-phylum cnidaria. They are mainly marine colonial forms which during the life-history have both hydroid and medusoid stages. Hyena The hyena is a carnivorous mammal found in Africa and Asia. Hymenoptera The hymenoptera is an order of insects which includes the bees, wasps and ants. Hypericaceae Hypericaceae is a natural order of plants. They are herbs, shrubs or rarely trees with simple opposite leaves. They have terminal or axillary, solitary, cymose or paniculate flowers which are usually yellow or white. Hypermastigina Hypermastigina are an order of zoomastigina. They are small flagellates with numerous flagella. They live in the gut of insects. Hypermastigina in the gut of termites assist in the digestion of wood. Hypotricha Hypotricha is an order of ciliata vera. They are flattened ciliates with large stiff ciliates on the lower surface which act similarly to legs. Hyracoidea The hyracoidea are an order of eutheria. They are small rabbit-like creatures. Hyssop Hyssop is an aromatic herb of the family labiatae. Ibex The ibex is a wild goat. Iguana The iguana is a type of lizard. Iguanodon Iguanodon was a herbivore dinosaur of the cretaceous period. For defence it had a 40cm long sharp thumb spike. Iguanodon lived in herds. Ilex see "Holl" Impala The impala is an African antelope. Impatiens The impatiens are a genus of plants with elastic valves of the seed-pod which discharge the seeds when ripe or when touched. Impennes Impennes is a name given to swimming birds which have only rudimentary feathers, such as penguins. Impey Pheasant The Impey Pheasant (Monaul, Lophophorus refulgens) is a bird of the pheasant family with splendid plumage found in the higher regions of the Himalayas. It is the size of a small turkey. Inaja Palm The Inaja Palm is a South American palm growing to heights of over 30 meters with leaves 10 to 12 meters long. Indian millet Indian millet (Sorghum vulgare) is a grass of the genus Sorghum. Indian Shot Indian Shot (Canna indica) is an ornamental plant of the Arrow-root family found in most tropical countries. The seeds are round, black and hard, hence the name Indian Shot. Indigo-bird The Indigo-bird (Cyanospiza cyanea) is a North American bird of the Finch family. It is a deep-blue colour and a good songster. Indigofera Indigofera is a genus of plants, the Indigo plants. They are herbaceous or shrubby plants with pinnate leaves and small, blue, purple or white pea shaped flowers disposed in axillary racemes. The dye Indigo was formerly obtained from the leaves of the plant by fermentation. Infusoria Infusoria is a class of minute animals. They are provided with a mouth, are without pseudopodia, and are furnished with vibratile cilia. Ingested see "ingestion" Ingestion Ingestion is the process of getting food within the confines of the body. Insect see "insecta" Insecta Insecta is the insect class of arthropods. The body is divided into; head, thorax and abdomen. When wings are present they arise from the second and third thoracic segments. There are three thoracic segments each with a pair of walking legs. Insectivora Insectivora is an order of small eutheria which eat insects. The teeth are small and have pointed cusps. Insectivore An insectivore is a mammal which feeds predominantly on insects. Insectivorous see "insectivore" Insects see "insect" Intestine The intestine is the longest part of the alimentary canal. It follows the stomach. The intestine is divided into parts. Invertebrate An invertebrate is an animal without a backbone. Ipomoea The ipomoea is a genus of twining tropical plant which includes the sweet potato. Isopoda Isopoda is an order of malacostraca where the carapace is absent and the body is flattened dorsoventrally. The abdomen is often reduced. The endopodites of the abdominal appendages function as gills. Ivory Ivory is a hard white substance of which some animals teeth and tusks are composed. Jacaranda The jacaranda is a genus of American tropical ornamental trees. Jack-in-the-box Jack-in-the-box (Hernandia Sonora) is a tree of the Hernandia genus. It is so named because of the noise the wind makes whistling through its persistent involucels. Jackal The jackal is a carnivorous member of the dog family. Jaguar The jaguar is a large carnivorous mammal of the cat family. Jasmine Jasmine is a plant of the oleaceae family. Jay The jay is a bird of the crow family. Juniper Juniper is an evergreen shrub of the genus Juniperus. Juniper has prickly leaves and dark purple berries of a pungent taste. The juice of the berries is extracted and used as a diuretic and flavouring in gin etc. Kale Kale is a type of cabbage. Kangaroo The kangaroo is a marsupial mammal found in Australia. Kauri pine The Kauri pine is one of the dammar pine family of trees. It is found in the north island of New Zealand where it grows to 160 feet in height. Keaki The keaki is a Japanese tree. Kestrel The kestrel is a British bird of the falcon family. Kidney Bean see "French_Beans" Kinglet see "Golden-crested_Wren" Kite The kite is a bird of prey of the falcon family. Kiwi The kiwi is a group of three species of bird only found in New Zealand. They are about the size of a domestic fowl, have short stout legs terminated in four toes and a long bill with nostrils at the tip. Knapweed Knapweed is a plant of the genus Centaurea. Koala The koala is a marsupial found only in east Australia. Krill Krill is a malacostraca. Kudu The kudu is a breed of antelope. It is found in Africa. The males have twisted horns up to 60 inches long, and stand about 6 feet tall at the shoulder and weigh around 700 pounds. The females are hornless. Laburnum Laburnum is a small leguminous tree of the genus Laburnum with poisonous seeds and bright yellow flowers. Lacertilia Lacertilia is a suborder of squamata. These are the lizards. Limbs are usually present, and traces of a girdle are always present, even in the limbless species. Ladybird The ladybird is a beetle of the family coccinellidae. Lagomorpha Lagomorpha are the rabbit order of eutheria. They have a second pair of upper incisors immediately behind the first pair. Lamb's-Lettuce see "Corn_Salad" Lamellibranchiata Lamellibranchiata is a class of phylum mollusca. They are the mussels, oysters, scallops etc. The head is reduced and the mantle encloses the body and secretes a bivalved shell. Lamprey The lamprey is a member of the cyclostomi subclass. Lamp shell see "phylum_brachiopoda" Landrail see "Corn-crake" Langur The langur is a leaf eating monkey found in south Asia. Lapwing The lapwing is a British bird of the plover family. Larch The larch is a tree of the pinaceae family. Lavender Lavender is a herb of the family labiatae. Leek The leek is a liliaceae. Leguminosae The leguminosae family of plants have pods containing dry fruits and nitrogen rich roots. Leguminous see "Leguminosa" Lemur Lemurs are species of omnivorous forest dwelling primates found in Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. They have large eyes and bushy tails. Lemuroidea The lemuroidea is an order of eutheria. They are related to the monkeys, but are more primitive. They are adpated to arboreal life. Lemurs see "lemur" Lentil The lentil is an annual plant of the legumionsae family. Leopard The leopard is a member of the cat family. Lepismidae Lepismidae is a family of minute wingless insects of the order Thysanura, having the abdomen furnished at its extremity with three caudal bristles which are used in leaping. Leptoplana Leptoplana is a member of the order polycladida. Leptostraca Leptostraca is a marine order of malacostraca. The carapace takes the form of a bivalved shell. In the front of the head region is a movable head plate. Lesothosaurus Lesothosaurus was a herbivore dinosaur from the triassic era. It was a small dinosaur, about 1m long with a long tail. Liliaceae The liliaceae is the lilly family. They are stemless plants, with a simple or branched trunk, and have bulbous or fascicled roots. Lillies see "lilly" Lilly A lilly is a liliaceae Linaceae Linaceae is the flax family, a small natural order of exogenous plants. they are principally characterized by their regular flowers, with imbricate glandular sepals having a disc of five glands outside the satminal tube. Lineus Lineus is a nemertea. Lingula Lingula is a phylum brachiopoda. Linnet The linnet is a bird of the finch family. Linum Linum is the flax genus of plants which gives its name to the natural order Linaceae. There are about 80 species, herbs or rarely small shrubs, chiefly found in the temperate and warmer extra-tropical regions of both hemispheres. Lion The lion is a member of the cat family panthera leo. They are now only found in Africa and in north west India. The male lion has a heavy mane and a tuft at the end of the tail. Liquorice Liquorice is a perennial herb of the leguminosae family and found in Europe. Lizard The lizards are reptiles. Lizards see "lizard" Loa The loa is a genus of parasitic nematode. Loach The loach is a carp like fresh water fish. Lobster The lobster is a malacostraca. Locomotion Locomotion is the idea of movement from one place to another. Lotus Lotus is a genus of plant of the legumionosae family. Lumbricus The lumbricus are oligochaeta. Lung fish see "crossopterygii" Lung fishes see "lung_fish" Lynx The lynx is a member of the cat family found in rocky and forested areas of north America and Europe. Mackerel The mackerel is a pelagic fish found in the north atlantic and mediterranean. Madrepora Madrepora is a member of the order zoantharia. Magpie The magpie is a bird of the crow family. Malacostraca Malacostraca is a subclass of crustacea. The eyes are usually stalked. Typically the carapace covers the thorax which consists of eight segments. The abdomen is made up of six appendage-bearing segments. Mallard The mallard is a British duck. Mallow Mallow is a wild plant of the genus Malva with hairy leaves and stem and rose-purple flowers. Malvaceae Malvaceae is a large natural order of exogenous plants (the mallows), having polypetalous flowers, monadelphous stamens, unilocular anthers, valvate estivation and often an external calyx. Mammal see "mammalia" Mammalia Mammalia is the mammal class of craniates. The young are nourished by milk. The skin is covered in two types of glands: sweat glands and sebaceous glands. The sweat glands secrete a watery fluid to assist body cooling. The sebaceous glands secrete an oily fluid to maintain water resistance in the hair. The heart has two auricles and two ventricles. Mammals see "mammal" Manatee A manatee is a herbivorous marine mammal. Mandasuchus Mandasuchus was a carnivorous reptile from the triassic era. It was the size of a car. Mango The mango is a tree native to India but found in warm climates. Maple The maple is a deciduous tree of some 200 species. Mare A mare is a female horse. Margay The margay is a small wild cat. Markhor The markhor is a large wild goat found in the himalayas. Marshmallow Marshmallow is a perennial herb of the order Malvaceae, with a yellow, branched root, tall, erect, leafy stems and large alternate, lobed and irregularly toothed leaves. The root can be boiled and eaten as a vegetable. Marsupial see "metatheria" Marsupials see "marsupial" Marten The marten is a carnivorous mammal of the genus Martes. It resembles a large weasel and has valuable fur. Massospondylus Massospondylus was one of the earliest dinosaurs. It lived during the triassic era. It was an omnivore with a latge bulky body and a tiny head. It grew to about 6m long. It had a strange thumb claw which could have been used for defense and also digging. Mastigophora The mastigophora are a class of phylum protozoa. They are small protozoa which are motile in the adult stage, swimming by means of flagella. They reproduce by logitudinal fission. Matamata The matamata is a south American fresh water turtle. Medusae see "scyphozoa" Medusidae see "scyphozoa" Megalornithidae see "Crane" Megalosaurus Megalosaurus was a large carnivorous dinosaur from the jurrasic period. Remains have been found in oxfordshire, england. It was estimated to be about the size of two cars. Merino The merino is a type of sheep with fine silky wool. Merocystis Merocystis is a member of the coccidia vera order. Mesostoma Mesostoma is a member of the order rhabdocoelida. Metatheria Metatheria is a subclass of mammal. These are the marsupials. The young are born in an immature state and migrate into a pouch on the mother's abdomen where they are nourished on milk. Mezereon Mezereon is a deciduous shrub with fragrant purple flowers. Mignonette Mignonette (Reseda odorata) is a plant with fragrant greyish-green blossoms. Mildew Mildew is a growth of minute white fungi. It occurs on plants and objects exposed to damp. Milfoil Milfoil is another name for Yarrow. Milk Milk is a secretion of modified skin glands of female mammals. Millepede A millepede is a myriapod with numerous legs placed one each of the segments in double pairs. Millepora Millepora is a member of the order milleporina. Milleporina Milleporina is an order of marine hydrozoa with the hydroid colony on the surface of a massive calcareous corallum perforated by pores into which the polyps can be retracted. Millet Millet is the name of several grasses of the genus Sorghum. Mimosa Mimosa is a genus of leguminous plants, sub-division of Mimoseae. Mimusops Mimusops is a genus of large, milky-juiced tropical trees. Mina Bird The Indian Mina Brid is a deep velvet black bird with a whitespot on the wing. A member of the genus Grakle, the Mina Bird can imitate the human voice and be taught tricks. Mink The mink is 2 species of carnivorous mammal of the weasel family. It is semi-aquatic, burrowing on the banks of rivers and ponds and eating frogs and fish. Minnow The minnow (Leuciscus phoxinus) is a species of fish of the carp family. They rarely grow longer than 7cm and are often used as bait for catching trout. Mint Mint is the name given to several herbaceous aromatic plants of the genus Mentha, natural order Labiatae. They are nearly all perennial, having square stems which bear opposite and simple leaves. Mirabilis Mirabilis is a genus of plants of the natural order Nyctagineae. Mistletoe Mistletoe is a European plant of the order Loranthaceae which grow parasitically on various trees. It was sacred to the Druids, especially when it was found growing on the oak tree. It is a small shrub with sessile, rectangular, leathery leaves and small yellowish-green flowers. In winter the bush is covered in white berries. Mite see "acarina" Mitre Mitre is a name given to many molluscs which inhabit a small and pretty turreted shell found in the seas around hot climates. Moccasin Snake The Moccasin Snake is a very venomous snake found in swamps in the warmer parts of America. It grows to around 60 cm in length, is dark brown above and grey underneath. Mocking-bird The mocking-bird is an American bird of the thrush family. It is renowned for being able to immitate the calls of most animals. Mockingbird The mockingbird is a North American songbird (Mimus polyglottos) of the mimic thrush family Mimidae, found in the USA and Mexico. About 25 cm long, it is brownish grey, with white markings on the black wings and tail. It is remarkable for its ability to mimic the songs of other species. Mole The mole is a burrowing mammal of the talpidae family. Mole-rat The mole-rat is a rodent of the genus Spalax, family Spalacidae. They are dumpish, stout-bodied rodents with short strong limbs and a very short tail. Mollusc see "phylum_mollusca" Mollusca see "phylum_mollusca" Molluscoida Molluscoida is a group of animals comprising the Polyzoa, Tunicata and Brachiopoda. The nervous system consists of a single ganglion or a principal pair of ganglia and the heart is imperfect. Molluscs see "phylum_mollusca" Moloch Lizard The moloch lizard is a genus of ferocious looking, but harmless lizards of Australia. It has a horned head and spiny body. Monaul see "Impey_Pheasant" Mongoose The mongoose is a small carnivorous mammal that is often kept for its ability to kill snakes. Monitor The monitor is any of various lizards of the family Varanidae, found in Africa, South Asia, and Australasia. Monitors are generally large and carnivorous, with well-developed legs and claws and a long powerful tail that can be swung in defence. Monitors include the Komodo dragon, the largest of all lizards, and also the slimmer Salvador's monitor Varanus salvadorii, which may reach 2.5m. Several other monitors, such as the lace monitor (Varanus varius), the perentie Varanus giganteus of Australia, and the Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) of Africa, are up to 2m long. Monkey A monkey is a small, usually tree dwelling, primate. Monkey puzzle The monkey puzzle is a tree from the southern Andes. Monkey-pot tree The Monkey-pot tree (Lecythis Ollaria) is a large forest tree of Brazil. Monkeys see "monkey" Monkshood see "Aconite" Monocystis Monocystis is a member of the gregarinida order. Monogenea Monogenea is an order of trematoda. They are ectoparasitic flukes with relatively simple life histories which do not involve an intermediate host. They feed on aquatic animals. Both hooks and suckers are present. Monotremata The monotremata is a subclass of mammals. They lay large eggs. There are no mammae, but the young are nourished by a secretion poured into a depression in the abdomen. Monotreme Monotreme refers to any member of the order Monotremata, the only living egg-laying mammals, found in Australasia. They include the echidnas and the platypus. Moorhen The moorhen is a British water bird. Moose The moose is a large deer (Alces alces) inhabiting northern Asia and northern Europe, where it is known as the elk. It is brown in colour, stands about 2m at the shoulders, and has very large palmate antlers, a fleshy muzzle, a short neck, and long legs. It feeds on leaves and shoots. Morgan horse The Morgan horse is a breed of riding and driving show horse originating in the USA in the 1780s from a single stallion named Justin Morgan after his owner. They are marked by high, curved necks and high stepping action. The breed is valued for its strength, endurance, and speed. Morphology Morphology is the study of animal form. Mosquito Mosquito is a term applied to any fly of the family Culicidae. The female mosquito has needle-like mouth-parts and sucks blood before laying eggs. Males feed on plant juices. Some mosquitoes carry diseases such as malaria. Human odour in general is attractive to mosquitoes, also lactic acid in sweat and heat at close range. Peoples' varying reactions to mosquito bites depend on the general allergic reaction and not on the degree of the bite; the allergic reaction is caused by the saliva injected from the mosquito's salivary glands to prevent coagulation of the host's blood. Natural mosquito repellents include lavender oil, citronella (from lemon grass), thyme, and eucalyptus oils. Moth The moth is an insect family, being one of the order of lepidoptera. Mouflon The mouflon is a sheep (Ovis ammon) found wild in Cyprus, Corsica, and Sardinia. It has woolly under-fur in winter, but this is covered by heavy guard hairs. The coat is brown with white belly and rump. Males have strong, curving horns. The mouflon lives in mountain areas. Mouse Mouse is a general term applied to small rodents, particularly those of the muridae family. Mousebird The mousebird is a bird of the order Coliiformes, including a single family (Coliidae) of small crested species peculiar to Africa. They have hair-like feathers, long tails, and mouse-like agility. The largest is the blue-naped mousebird Colius macrourus, about 35cm long. Mudnester The mudnester is any of an Australian group of birds that make their nests from mud, including the apostle bird (Struthidea cinerea), the white-winged chough (Corcorax melanorhamphos), and the magpie lark (Grallina cyanoleuca). Mudpuppy The mudpuppy is a brownish salamander of the genus Necturus in the family Proteidae. There are five species, living in fresh water in North America. They all breathe in water using external gills. Necturus maculatus is about 20cm long. Mudpuppies eat fish, snails, and other invertebrates. Mudskipper The mudskipper is a fish of the goby family, genus Periophthalmus, found in brackish water and shores in the tropics, except for the Americas. It can walk or climb over mudflats, using its strong pectoral fins as legs, and has eyes set close together on top of the head. It grows up to 30cm long. Mulberry The mulberry is a group of trees of the genus morus and family moraceae. Mule The mule is a hybrid animal, the result of an ass and a mare breeding. Mullein Mullein (Verbascum Thapsus) is a plant of the natural order Scrophulariaceae. It is a tall rough plant with yellow flowers which are almost sessile and are disposed in a long cylindrical spike. Mullet The mullet is two groups of acanthopterygian fish, the grey mullets (Mugilidae) and the red mullets (Mullidae). Mungoose Mungoose is an alternative 19th century spelling of Mongoose. Muntjac The muntjac is a small deer found in south east Asia. Muraena Muraena is a genus of adopal malacopterygious fish of the family Muraenidae. They resemble the eels in form having no pectoral fins, and the dorsal and anal fins are very low and are united. Murex Murex is a genus of gasteropod molluscs resembling the whelk. They have a spiral shell, rough with three or more ranges of spines simple or branched. Murices Murices is the plural form of Murex. Muridae Muridae is the family of animals which includes the mice and rats. Murry Murry (Muraena helena) is a Mediterranean fish of the genus Muraena. It grows to 150cm long and is considered good eating. Musaceae Musaceae is a natural order of endogenous plants. The order includes the banana, plantain and abaca. Muscidae Muscidae is a family of two-winged flies which includes the common house- fly. Mushroom Mushroom is the popular name for numerous cryptogamic plants of the natural order Fungi. Some are edible and others are toxic. Musk Musk is a perennial plant Mimulus moschatus of the family Scrophulariaceae. It has small rectangular leaves which excrete a scent from which it takes its name. Musk-deer Musk-deer is a genus of deer forming the family Moschidae. They are not true deer, and are found primarily in Asia. The male Musk-deer yields musk, which is secreted from an abdominal gland. Musk-duck The Musk-duck (Cairina moschata) is a native American duck. Musk-mallow Musk-mallow (Malva moschata) is a British perennial plant. Musk-ox The musk-ox (Ovibos moschatus) is an animal intermediate between an ox and a sheep. It resembles a large goat-like sheep, its body is covered with a coat of thick, tufted brown hair. It is an active and agile animal found in mountainous regions of Arctic America. Musk-rat The Musk-rat (Fiber zibethicus) or musquash, is an American rodent allied to the beaver. It is about the size of a small rabbit, with a flattened lanceolate tail, and is covered with small scales and a few hairs. Muskrat The muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) is a rodent of the family Cricetidae, about 30cm long, living along streams, rivers, and lakes in North America. It has webbed hind feet, a side-to-side flattened tail, and shiny, light-brown fur. It builds up a store of food, plastering it over with mud, for winter consumption. It is hunted for its fur. Musquash see "Musk-rat" Mussel Mussel is a term popularly given to several lamellibranchiate molluscs of the section Asiphonida. Mustang The mustang is a small wild horse found in south west USA and north Mexico. Mustard Mustard is an annual plant of the cruciferae family. Mustela Mustela is the weasel genus of carnivorous animals. Mycelium Mycelium is an interwoven mass of threadlike filaments which form the main body of most fungi. Mycetes see "Howler_Monkey" Mycetozoa The mycetozoa are an order of rhizopoda. They are slime fungi which form encrusting masses on rotten wood. Reproduction occurs by fission and the formation of spores out of which hatch amoebae. Mygale Mygale is a genus of spiders of the family Mygalidae. They are furnished with four pulmonary sacs and spiracles, four spinnerets, eight eyes, and hairy legs. Mylabris Mylabris is a genus of coleopterous insects. Mylodon The mylodon is a genus of extinct edentate mammalia. Their remains have been found in South America. It was a herbivore terrestial animal. Myosotis Myosotis is a genus of plants belonging to the Boraginaceae. Myoxus Myoxus is the dormouse genus of animals. Myriapoda Myriapoda is a class of arthropod with a clearly demarcated head region. Myristica Myristica is the genus of the natural order Myristicaceae. Myrtle The myrtle is an evergreen shrub of the genus myrtus and family myrtaceae. Mysidacea Mysidacea is an order of malacostraca in which the thorax is covered by the carapace and the exopodite of the antenna is scale-like. The abdomen terminates in a tail fan. Myxine see "Hag" Narcissus The narcissus is a genus of bulbous plants. Narwhal The narwhal is a whale found only in the arctic. Nautilus The nautilus is a shelled cephalopod of the genus Nautilus, found in the Indian and Pacific oceans. The pearly nautilus (Nautilus pompilius) has a chambered spiral shell about 20cm in diameter. Its body occupies the outer chamber. The nautilus has a large number of short, grasping tentacles surrounding a sharp beak. The living nautiluses are representatives of a group common 450 million years ago. Nectar Nectar is a sugary liquid secreted by some plants. Nematode The nematodes are a group of worms which have an unsegmented cylindrical body which tapers at both ends. Nemertea The nemertea are the proboscis worms. They are triploblastic animals with a very extensible body. Both a mouth and anus are present. A simple blood vascular system is present. The excretory system is a flame-bulb system. Neornithes The neornithes are a subclass of bird. The metarcarpals are fused, and the tail is short. Teeth are absent. Neosporidia Neosporidia is a subclass of sporozoa. They are obscure sporozoans. Nereis Nereis are polychaeta. Nettle The nettle is a plant of the family urticaceae. Neurone A neurone is a cell which receives and transmits electrical impulses. Neurones are the basic component of an animal's nervous system. Newt The newt is an urodela. Nicotiana Nicotiana is the tobacco genus of plants. Nightingale The nightingale is a song bird of the thrush family. Nightjar The nightjar is any of about 65 species of night-hunting birds forming the family Caprimulgidae. They have wide, bristly mouths for catching flying insects. Their distinctive calls have earned them such names as whippoorwill and church-will's-widow. Some are called Nilgai The nilgai is a large, short horned Indian antelope. Notochord A notochord is an axial stiffening rod extending along the length of an animal and lying immediately above the alimentary canal. Nutcracker The nutcracker is a bird of the crow family. Nuthatch The nuthatch is a small bird of the family Sittidae, with a short tail and pointed beak. Nuthatches climb head first up, down, and around tree trunks and branches, foraging for insects and their larvae. The 14 cm long white-breasted nuthatch Sitta carolinensis of North America has a black cap, grey wings, and white under-parts. Nutmeg Nutmeg is a tree. The nut of the nutmeg is used in cooking as a spice. Nutria The nutria or coypu is a South American water rodent (Myocastor coypus), it is about 60 cm long and weighs up to 9kg. It has a scaly, rat-like tail, webbed hind feet, a blunt, muzzled head, and large, orange incisors. The fur is reddish brown. It feeds on vegetation and lives in burrows in river and lake banks. Taken to Europe and then to North America to be farmed for their fur, many escaped or were released and became established, often to the detriment of native species. Nutrition Nutrition is the process of taking in food and obtaining energy and vital substances from it. Nyala The nyala (Tragelaphus angasi) is an antelope found in the thick bush of southern Africa. About 1 m at the shoulder, it is greyish-brown with thin vertical white stripes. Males have horns up to 80cm long. Oak The oak is a tree of the family fagaceae. Oarfish The oarfish are any of a family Regalecidae of deep-sea bony fishes, found in warm parts of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. Oarfish are large, up to 9m long, elongated, and compressed, with a fin along the back and a manelike crest behind the head. They have a small mouth, no teeth or scales, and large eyes. They are often reported as sea serpents. Obelia Obelia is a member of the order of calyptoblastea. Ocelot The ocelot is a wild cat found in central and south America. Ochro see "Abelmoschus" Octobothrium Octobothrium is a member of the order monogenea. Octopus The octopus is a cephalopod with eight arms. Oesophagus The oesophagus is the region of the alimentary canal following the pharynx. The walls of the oesophagus are muscular and force food along by contractions. Okapi The okapi (Okapia johnstoni) is a ruminant of the giraffe family, although with much shorter legs and neck, found in the tropical rainforests of central Africa. Purplish brown with a creamy face and black and white stripes on the legs and hindquarters, it is excellently camouflaged. Okapis have remained virtually unchanged for millions of years. Okra see "Abelmoschus" Okro see "Abelmoschus" Oleaceae Oleaceae is a natural order of monopetalous exogenous plants. They are shrubs or trees with opposite, simple or compound leaves and small flowers. Oligochaeta The oligochaeta are the earthworm class of annelids, although some are freshwater rather than terrestial. They lay eggs in cocoons. Oligotricha Oligotricha is an order of ciliata vera. They are free-living, parasitic ciliates with the cilia restricted to certain areas of the cell-body. Olive The olive is an evergreen tree native to Asia. Olm The olm is a cave-dwelling aquatic salamander, the only European member of the family Proteidae, the other members being the North American mudpuppies. Olms are found in underground caves along the Adriatic seaboard in Italy, Croatia, and Yugoslavia. The adult is permanently larval in form, about 25cm long, almost blind, with external gills and under-developed limbs. Omnivore An omnivore is an animal that eats both plant and animal matter. Onion The onion (Allium cepa) is a perennial herb of the order Liliaceae. It has an edible brown bulb which is much used in cooking and has been for thousands of years. Onychophora Onychophora is a terrestial class of arthropod. They have a thin cuticle. The head is composed of three segments with one pair of jaws. Opalina Opalina is a member of the order of holotricha. Ophidia The ophidia are a suborder of squamata. These are the snakes. They are long and slender due to an elongation of the body. Limbs are absent, and limb girdle traces are usually absent. The mouth is very extensible. Ophiothrix Ophiothrix is an ophiuroidea. Ophiura Ophiura is an ophiuroidea. Ophiuroidea The ophiuroidea are a subclass of stelleroidea. They are the brittle stars. They have a flattened body clearly marked into two regions; the disc and the arms. Tube feet extend from the under surface of the arms, but the groove is closed to form a tube. Locomotion is chiefly by muscular movement of the arms assisted by the feet. Opossum The opossum is a north American marsupial. Orang utan The orang utan is an anthropoid ape found in borneo and sumatra. Orfe The orfe is a fish of the carp family. Ortolan The ortolan is a songbird of the bunting family, common in Europe and west Asia, migrating to Africa in the winter. Long considered a delicacy among gourmets, it has become rare and is now a protected species. Oryx The oryx is a large antelope found in African deserts. Osprey The osprey is a bird of prey. Osteichthyes Osteichthyes is a subclass of fishes. These are the bony fishes. The endoskeleton is of bone. The exoskeleton is comprised of bony scales. The mouth is terminal and the external nostrils lie on the dorsal surface of the snout. Ostracoda Ostracoda is a subclass of small crustaceans with a bivalved carapace and reduced trunk and abdominal limbs. Ostrich The ostrich is a member of the order Struthioniformes. It is the largest bird in existence. It has rudimentary wings and is incapable of flight. It has strong legs and can run fast for long distances. Otter The otter is an aquatic carnivorous mammal. Ousel Ousel was an ancient name for the blackbird, it is now the name of several birds found in Europe and the Americas. Ovaries see "ovary" Ovary The ovary is a female gonad. Owl The owl is a nocturnal bird of prey of the sub-order Striges. Ox The ox is a genus of ruminant mammal. Oxpecker The oxpecker is an African bird, of the genus Buphagus, of the starling family. It clambers about the bodies of large mammals, feeding on ticks and other parasites. It may help to warn the host of approaching dangers. Oyster The oyster is a bivalve mollusc constituting the Ostreidae, or true oyster, family, having the upper valve flat, the lower concave, hinged by an elastic ligament. The mantle, lying against the shell, protects the inner body, which includes respiratory, digestive, and reproductive organs. Oysters commonly change their sex annually or more frequently; females may discharge up to a million eggs during a spawning period. Oyster catcher The oyster catcher is a chunky shorebird of the family Haematopodidae, with a laterally flattened, heavy bill that can pry open mollusc shells. The black and white American oyster catcher Haematopus palliatus is found on the Atlantic and south Pacific coasts. Paca The paca is a large, nocturnal, burrowing rodent found in central America. Pachycephalosaurus Pachycephalosaurus was a herd living dinosaur with a 25cm thick bone on top of its skull which could have been used for defence against predators. It lived during the cretaceous period. Paguridae see "Hermit-crab" Palaeonisciformes The palaeonisciformes is an order of actinopterygii. They are carnivorous and have a single large dorsal fin. Palamedea Palamedea is a genus of South American birds. Paliurus Paliurus is a genus of deciduous shrubs which are natives to southern Europe and Asia Minor belonging to the natural order Rhamnaceae. Pallah The pallah (Aepyceros melampus) is a species of South African antelope. Palm A palm is a tree of the palmaceae family. They are found mainly in tropical countries. They usually have a an upright, unbranched stem and a head of large fan-shaped leaves. Palm-kale Palm-kale is a variety of cabbage which grows to around 3-4 meters tall. Palmaceae see "Palm" Palmelleae Palmelleae is a natural order of green-spored algae, amongst the lowest of plants and including the red snow and gory dew. Palmer Worm Palmer Worm is a popular name for the hairy caterpillar of the tiger- moth. Palmyra Palm The Palmyra Palm (Borassus flabelliformis) is the common Indian palm, a tree found in the Middle East and India. When fully grown it reaches a height of 20 meters. Panda The panda is one of two carnivores of different families, native to north west China and Tibet. The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) has black- and-white fur with black eye patches and feeds mainly on bamboo shoots, consuming about 8 kg of bamboo per day. It can grow up to 1.5m long, and weigh up to 140kg. The lesser, or red, panda (Ailurus fulgens) is of the raccoon family, and is about 50cm long and is coloured black and chestnut, with a long tail. Pangolin The pangolin or scaly anteater is a large mammal of the genus Manis, order Pholidota found in tropical Asia and Africa. Pansy The pansy is a perennial garden flower. Paramecium Paramecium is a member of the order holotricha. It is a simple single cell animal common in fresh water where there are decaying vegetable remains. Parrot Parrot refers to any bird of the order Psittaciformes, abundant in the tropics, especially in Australia and South America. They are mainly vegetarian, and range in size from the 8.5cm pygmy parrot to the 100cm Amazon parrot. The smaller species are commonly referred to as parakeets. The plumage is often very colorful, and the call is usually a harsh screech. Parrots all have hooked bills and feet adapted for tree climbing. Parsley Parsley is a biennial herb. Parsnip The parsnip is a biennial umbelliferae. Partridge The partridge is any of various medium-sized ground-dwelling fowl of the family Phasianidae, which also includes pheasants, quail, and chickens. Partridges are Old World birds, some of which have become naturalised in North America, especially the European grey partridge (Perdix perdix), with mottled brown back, grey speckled breast, and patches of chestnut on the sides. Pea The pea is a climbing plant of the family leguminosae. Peach The peach is a tree of the family rosaceae. Peacock A peacock is technically the male of any of various large pheasants. The name is most often used for the common peacock (Pavo cristatus), a bird of the pheasant family, native to southern Asia. It is rather larger than a pheasant. The male has a large fan-shaped tail, brightly colored with blue, green, and purple "eyes" on a chestnut background. The female (peahen) is brown with a small tail. Peanut The peanut (ground-nut, Arachis hypogoea) is a leguminous annual plant with a hairy stem and abruptly pinnate leaflets. The nut is situated at the end of a stalk of some length, and is ripened under ground, this stalk having the peculiarity of flowering and then bending down and pushing the fruit into the earth. Peanuts are extensively cultivated in tropical countries. Pear The pear is a tree of the family rosaceae. Pecan The pecan is a nut producing tree. Peccary The peccary is one of two species of the New World genus Tayassu of piglike hoofed mammals. A peccary has a gland in the middle of the back which secretes a strong-smelling substance. Peccaries are blackish in colour, covered with bristles, and have tusks that point downward. Adults reach a height of 40cm and a weight of 25kg. Pedicellina Pedicellina is an entoprocta. Pekan The pekan (fisher marten) is a North American marten (Martes penanti). It is about 1.2m long, with a doglike face, and brown fur with white patches on the chest. It eats porcupines. Pekingese The pekingese is a breed of small long-haired dog first bred at the Chinese court as the "imperial lion dog". It has a flat skull and flat face, is typically less than 25cm tall, and weighs less than 5kg. The first specimens brought to the West were those taken during the Opium Wars when the Summer Palace in Beijing was looted in 1860. Pelecaniformes The Pelecaniformes are an order of birds. These are the pelicans. There are six distinct families. The foot is comprised of 4 toes connected by webs. Pelican The pelican is any of a family (Pelecanidae) of large, heavy water birds remarkable for the pouch beneath the bill which is used as a fishing net and temporary store for catches of fish. Some species grow up to 1.8m and have wingspans of 3m. Penguin Penguins are any of an order (Sphenisciformes) of marine flightless birds, mostly black and white, found in the southern hemisphere. They range in size from 40cm to 1.2m tall, and have thick feathers to protect them from the intense cold. They are awkward on land, but their wings have evolved into flippers, making them excellent swimmers. Penguins congregate to breed in "rookeries", and often spend many months incubating their eggs while their mates are out at sea feeding. Penguins see "Penguin" Penicillin Penicillin is an antibiotic fungus. Pennatula Pennatula is a member of the order alcyonaria. Pepper Pepper is a plant of the genus capsicum. Peppermint Peppermint is a perennial herb. Perch The perch is any of the largest order of spiny-finned bony fishes, the Perciformes, with some 8,000 species. This order includes the sea basses, cichlids, damselfishes, mullets, barracudas, wrasses, and gobies. Perches of the freshwater genus Perca are found in Europe, Asia, and North America. They have varied shapes and are usually a greenish color. They are very prol