The Probert E-Text Encyclopaedia First Published, June 1996 Third Edition, August 1996 Introduction to the third edition The Probert E-Text Encyclopaedia is intended to satisfy the need for a freely distributable, machine readable, general knowledge reference work. In addition, it seeks to address more obscure issues which existing general knowledge multimedia encyclopaedias may omit, in this way providing a useful supplement to existing commercial applications. Following the success and popularity of the previous editions of the Probert E-Text Encyclopaedia I have now considerably enlarged and corrected the text. There is still a lot of data which should be added, and enlarged editions will follow. Please contact the author for details of the latest edition, details of other formats including CSV and HTML. Matthew Probert Basingstoke August 9th 1996 ANIMAL ANATOMY Acetabulum Acetabulum is an anatomical term applied to any cup-like cavity, as that of a bone to receive the protuberant end of another bone. Adam's Apple Adam's Apple is the popular name for the thyroid cartilage. That is the prominence seen in the front of the throat of man. It is small and invisible in females. It is so called from the notion that a piece of the forbidden fruit stuck in Adam's throat. Adenoids Adenoids is the pathological enlargement of the lymphoid tissue. Adipose tissue Adipose tissue is a form of connective tissue in which the constituent cells are modified to enable them to contain droplets of oil. (Fat). Adrenal glands The adrenal glands are a pair of glands on the kidneys which secrete adrenalin and other hormones. Alimentary The alimentary canal is the channel in an animal through which food passes. Alveoli see "Alveolu" Alveolus An alveolus is a lung air sac where gas exchange with the blood occurs. Amitosis Amitosis is the anatomical term given to cell reproduction by direct division. The nucleus becomes constricted in the middle, forming an hour- glass shape and then divides into two. This is followed by a division of the whole protoplasmic mass of the cell; two daughter cells are thus formed, each containing a nucleus. Direct division occurs in leucocytes and bone-cells, and in the epithelial cells lining the urinary bladder. Amnion The amnion is a membranous sac which surrounds the embryo; it is developed in reptiles, birds and mammals, but not in amphibia or fishes. Anaphase Anaphase is the 3rd stage of mitosis cell reproduction. The centromeres split into 2 halves which repel each other. Anatomy Anatomy describes the structure and organisation of living creatures. Anconeus The Anconeus is a muscle in the human arm. It assists the Triceps in extending the elbow-joint. Ankle The ankle is the joint connecting the foot with the leg. Antenna An antenna is a sensory organ found on the head of insects. Antibody An antibody is a bodily protein that inactivates infection. Aorta The aorta is the largest artery in the human body. It carries blood from the heart to the arms, legs and head. Aqueous humour The Aqueous humour is the watery fluid found in the space between the cornea and the lens of the eyes of vertebrates. Areolar tissue Areolar tissue is a generalised form of connective tissue in which the constituent cells are separated by a semi-fluid matrix in which both white connective tissue and yellow elastic fibres are found. Arm The arm is a limb extending from the shoulder of an animal. Artery An artery is a vessel that conveys blood from the heart. Atlas In anatomy, the 1st cervical vertebrae is called the atlas because it supports the globe of the head. Auricle The auricles are resevoirs within the heart which receive blood from the veins. Axis In anatomy, the 2nd cervical vertebrae is called the axis. It provides the pivot for the atlas and the head. Biceps The biceps are a long fusiform muscle on the front of the arm. They are used to flex the elbows. Bile Bile is a secretion of the liver stored in the gall bladder. Bladder The bladder is a sack in the abdomen which collects urine from the kidneys. Blood Blood is a body fluid that carries food and oxygen to cells. Blubber Blubber is the thick coating of fat enveloping whales. Bone Bone is the hard skeletal part of an animal. Bowel The bowels is a popular term for the division of the alimentary canal below the stomach, that is the intestines. Bowels see "Bowel" Brachialis The Brachialis is a muscle covering the front of the human elbow-joint. It is used to flex the elbow. Brain The brain is the central organ of the nervous system. Bronchi The bronchial tubes (bronchi) are a division of the trachea which branch repeatedly into small bronchioles within the lungs. Bronchial see "Bronchi" Calcaneum In human anatomy, the calcaneum is the largest and strongest of the tarsal bones. It projects backwards beyond the bones of the leg to provide a lever for the muscles of the calf. Capillary A capillary is a fine blood vessel which carries blood to cells. Capitate bone The capitate bone is the largest bone in the human wrist. Carpus The carpus are the bones of the human wrist. Cartilage Cartilage or cartilaginous tissue covers the ends of the bones where they come together to make a joint. It enables the bones to move easily. Cartilaginous joint In anatomy, a cartilaginous joint is an articulation where the bones are joined by cartilage, and a limited amount of movement is possible. Cell A cell, in biological terms, is the material unit of all living things. Cephalic Cephalic is a classification of human skull. It refers to the shape of skull posessed by Kaffirs and Native Australians. Cerebellum The cerebellum is the lower part of the brain, it controls muscular movements and postural equilibrium. Cerebrum The cerebrum is the upper and larger portion of the brain and occupies the whole of the dome of the cranium. Cervical vertebrae The cervical vertebrae are the 7 vertebrae closest to the skull. Clavicle In human anatomy, the clavicle is a long bone which lies almost horizontally at the root of the neck. It serves 2 main functions; to act as a prop which braces back the shoulder and enables the limb to swing clear of the trunk. And to transmit part of the weight of the limb to the axial skeleton. Coccyx In human anatomy, the coccyx is the bone at the apex of the sacrum. It is usually comprised of 4 vertebrae fused together. Colon The colon is the large intestine. Connective tissue Connective tissue is derived from the mesenchyme and includes a number of tissues which have a passive, binding function. In a connective tissue the parent cells are separated more or less widely from one another by a homogeneous matrix or ground substance, in which fibres may or may not be present. Coracobrachialis The Coracobrachialis is a human muscle used to draw the arm forwards and prevent side-sway when the arm is raised by the Deltoid. Coracoid Bone In birds, the Coracoid Bone is the bone joining the sternum to the shoulder and supporting the wing. In mammals it is represented by the coracoid process of the scapula. Costal Cartilages In human anatomy, the costal cartilages are bars of hyaline cartilage which extend forwards from the anterior ends of the ribs and contribute to the elasticity of the thorax. Cuneiform bones The cuneiform bones are three bones in the human foot behind the first three metatarsal bones. Cuticle The cuticle is the horny outside layer of skin. Deltoid The deltoid muscle is a triangular muscle in the shoulder used to lift the upper arm. Desmology Desmology is the branch of anatomy dealing with ligaments and sinews. Diaphragm The diaphragm is a large transverse muscle at the base of the thorax, used in respiration to draw air into the lungs. Diploe Diploe is the anatomical term for the spongy substance between flat bones. Dura Mater The dura mater is the membrane which covers the brain. Ear The ear is the organ used for hearing. It converts sound into electrical impulses that are fed to the brain. Eggs see "Egg" Endocrine gland An endocrine gland is one which secretes hormones into the body. Epidermis The epidermis is the outer layer of an animal's skin. Epiglottis The epiglottis is a fibro-cartilaginous lid shaped like a leaf which covers the upper opening of the larynx. Epithelium Epithelium is an anatomical term a basic type of bodily tissue. It comprises the external surface of the skin, the internal surfaces of the digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems and others. The constituent cells of an epithelium are always closely packed together and the intercellular substance is reduced to a minimum. Erythrocyte Erythrocyte is the anatomical term for red corpuscles. Exocrine gland An exocrine gland is one which secretes onto a surface. Such as a sweat gland. Eye The eye is the organ of vision. Fallopian tubes The Fallopian tubes are two tubes in mammals which carry eggs from the ovary to the uterus. Eggs are fertilised in the Fallopian tubes by sperm, and then moved to the ovary by way of cilia. Femur The femur is the thigh bone in the human leg. Fibrous joint In anatomy, a fibrous joint is an articulation in which the surfaces of the bones are fastened together by intervening fibrous tissue, and in which there is no appreciable motion, as in the joints between the bones of the human cranium. Fibrous Joints In anatomy, fibrous joints are articulations in which the surfaces of the bones are fastened together by intervening fibrous tissue, and in which there is no appreciable motion. For example between the bones of the cranium. Fibula The fibula is the lateral bone of the leg. It is slender, compared to the tibia. It's purpose is to give attachment to the muscles. Flagellum Flagellum are a small hair-like organ on the surface of certain cells. They are the motile organs of the sperm cells of higher animals. Flat bone In human anatomy, flat bones occur where the principal requirement of the skeleton is to protect delicate structures or provide broad surfaces for muscular attachment. The bones are comprised of two thin layers of compact bone separated by a variable quantity of spongy substance. Flat bones In human anatomy, flat bones provide protection and a broad surface for muscular attachment. They are formed of two thin layers of compact bone separated by a spongy substance. Foetus A foetus is an unborn offspring of an animal. Follicle A follicle is a small group of cells that surrounds and nourishes a structure such as a hair (hair follicle) or a cell such as an egg (Graafian follicle). Fontanelle The fontanelle is a membrane covered vault in the skull. It normally closes during infancy. Fovea The fovea is a small depression in the retina where vision is most acute. Frontal bone The frontal bone is the plate at the front of the top of the human skull. It forms the forehead. Gall Bladder The gall bladder is a small muscular sac attached to the liver. Ganglion A ganglion is an enlargment occuring somewhere in the course of a nerve, and containing nerve cells in addition to nerve filaments. Gastric Juice Gastric Juice is a clear, colourless fluid secreted by the mucous membrane of the stomach, and is the chief agent in digestion. Gastric System The Gastric System refers to all parts of the body which contribute to digestion. Gastrocnemius The Gastrocnemius is a muscle forming most of the human calf. Gill see "Gills" Gills Gills are a respiratory organ found in animals which obtain oxygen from water, such as crustaceans, molluscs, fish and amphibians. Gizzard The gizzard is a strong muscular part of a bird's alimentary canal which enables them to grind their food. Gizzards also occur in many gasteropods, and in certain cephalopods and crustaceans. Gland A gland is a bodily organ that manufactures and secretes enzymes, hormones or other chemicals. Gluteus maximus The Gluteus maximus is a large muscle in the human back-side. Gnathic Gnathic is a classification of human skull shape found in Europeans. Graafian Vesicles The Graafian Vesicles are numerous small globular transparent follicles found in the ovaries of mammals. Each follicle contains one ovum whic is expelled when it reaches maturity. Haemoglobin Haemoglobin is the protein that carries oxygen in the blood. Hallux The hallux is the innermost of the five digits which normally compose the hind foot of a vertebrate. In humans the big toe, in a bird the hind toe. Hamate bone The hamate bone is one of the bones in the human wrist. Haversian Canals The Haversian Canals are a network of minute canals, which traverse the solid substance of bones and proceed from the central cavity. They convey nutrient vessels to all parts. Heart The heart is the muscle in vertebrates which pumps blood around the body. Hormone A hormone is a product of the endocrine glands. Humerus The humerus is the long bone in the upper region of the human arm. It joins with the shoulder at the glenoid cavity. Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is the region of the human brain below the cerebrum which regulates rhythmic activity and physiological stability within the body, including water balance and temperature. Ileum The ileum is a continuation of the jejunum and opens into the colon. Iliacus The Iliacus is a muscle in the human thigh. Insulin Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas. Interossei Interossei are muscles in the human hand and foot. Intestine The intestine is the convoluted membranous tube which extends from the stomach to the anus and which receives the ingested food from the stomach, mixes it with bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal secretions, gives origin to the chyle and delivers the indigestible products from the system. Intestines see "Intestine" Irregular bones In anatomy, irregular bones are bones which do not fit into any of the other bone types. They are comprised of a spongy substance enclosed within a thin layer of compact bone. Jejunum The jejunum is the second part of the human small intestine. It is about 9 feet long. Joint A joint is a structure where two bones meet. Jugular vein The jugular vein returns blood from the head to the heart in vertebrates. Kidney The kidney is a gland used for filtering urine from the blood. Kidneys see "Kidney" Labrum The labrum is the ventral lobe in the front of an insect's head which covers the mouth parts. Lachrymal gland The lachrymal gland is a gland beneath the upper eye lid which secretes tears which drain from the inner corner of the eye through the Lachrymal duct to the nose. Lacteals Lacteals are small lymphatic vessels which arise from the mucous membrane lining of the small bowel. Lambdoidal suture The lambdoidal suture is a fissure which divides the parietal bone from the occipital bone in the human skull. Larynx The larynx is a cavity at the top of the trachea containing the vocal cords. Leucocyte Leucocytes is the anatomical term for colourless corpuscles. (White blood cells). Leucocytes Leucocytes is the anatomical term for colourless corpuscles. (White blood cells). Lip The lips are the fleshy edges of the opening of the mouth. Liver The liver is the largest gland in the human body. The liver has three functions: it secretes bile, stores glycogen and converts waste products into urea and uric acid for excretion. Long bones In human anatomy, long bones are found in the limbs where they form levers. They have a hollow shaft. Longus capitis The longus capitis is the human muscle which flexes the head. Longus cervicis The longus cervicis is the human muscle which bends the cervical portion of the vertebral column forwards. Lumbar vertebrae In human anatomy, the lumbar vertebrae are the 5 vertebrae following the thoracic vertebrae. Lumbricals The Lumbricals are muscles in the human fingers used in writing etc. Lunate bone The lunate bone is one of the bones in the human wrist. Lung see "Lungs" Lungs The lungs are organs used for respiration. Malleus The malleus is a small bone in the middle ear which transmits sound vibrations from the tympanum to the incus. Mandible In human anatomy, the mandible is the bone at the front and bottom of the skull (lower jaw). Masseter The masseter is the human muscle which moves the mandible for chewing. Maxilla The maxilla is the bone comprising the upper jaw in the human skull. Maxillae The maxillae form the upper jaw of the human skull. Maxillary artery In human anatomy, the maxillary artery is the larger terminal branch of the external cartoid artery. It rises behind the neck of the mandible and is at first imbedded in the partoid gland. It passes forwards between the neck of the mandible and the sphenomandibular ligament and then to the Lateral pterygoid and enters the pterygopalatine fossa between the two heads of that muscle. Mentalis The mentalis is a muscle in the human face, it raises and protudes the lower lip and wrinkles the skin of the chin. Metacarpal see "Metacarpus" Metacarpus The metacarpus are the five bones of the human palm. Metaphase Metaphase is the 2nd stage of mitosis cell reproduction. The chromosomes have become irregular V shaped and arrange themselves around the equator. Metatarsal see "Metatarsus" Metatarsus The metatarsus are the 5 bones in the anterior part of the human foot. They are between the tarsus and the phalanges. Mitosis Mitosis is cell reproduction by indirect division. It is the common method of division in the higher animals. It is characterised by a series of complex changes in the nucleus leading to its subdivision. The process takes between 30 minutes and a few hours, and is comprised of 4 stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and Telophase. Mucin Mucin is a protein and the principal constituent of mucus. Mucous Mucous is a term for surfaces which secret or are covered with mucus. Mucus Mucus is a thick fluid secreted by mucus membranes in animals. It acts as a protective barrier, lubricant and a carrier of enzymes. Nasal Nasal is a classification of human skull shape found in primarily in Negroes. Neck The neck is the part of the body which connects the head with the shoulders. Nerve The nerves are a part of the body which generate and transmit electrical impulses. Nose The nose is an animal's organ of smell. Occipital bone The occipital bone is the plate forming the back of the human skull. Occipitofrontalis The occipitofrontalis is the broad muscle of the human scalp. Oesophageal Oesophageal is a secretion from the membrane of the oesophagus. It is a mucus lubricant to assist peristalsis. Oestrogen Oestrogen is a hormone produced in the ovary of a vertebrate. Omentum The omentum is a long fold of the peritoneum. It is loaded with fat and lies in front of the bowels in the abdominal cavity. It protects the bowels and keeps them warm. Orbicularis oculi The orbicularis oculi is the broad, flat, elliptical muscle which occupies the human eylids and spreads down towards the cheek. Orbit In human anatomy, the orbits are a pair of roomy cavities in the skull which contain the eyes. Orbital Orbital is a classification of human skull shape and refers to the skulls of Tasmanians. Orbital opening The orbital openings are the eye-sockets in the human skull. Os calcis The Os calcis is the heel bone of the human foot. Osseous tissue see "bone" Palatine bones The palatine bones are part of the floor of the nasal cavity and the roof of the mouth in the human skull. Pancreas The pancreas is an elongated secreting gland which secretes pancreatic juice and insulin. Parathyroid Glands The parathyroid glands are two small glands in the neck concerned with the use of calcium in the body. Parietal bone The parietal bone is the plate on the top of the human skull, comprising most of the dome of the skull. Parietal bones The parietal bones form the sides and the roof of the human cranium. Patella The patella is the largest of the sesamoid bones. It is situated in front of the knee-joint. It is a flattened, triangular bone. Pectineus The Pectineus is a muscle in the human thigh. Pelvis The pelvis is a bony girdle in vertebrates that connects the body with the lower extremities. Pericardium The Pericardium is a conical, fibroserous sac containing the human heart and the roots of the major veins and arteries. Phalange The phalanges are the bones of the human digits (fingers). Piriformis The Piriformis is a muscle in the human hip. Pisiform bone The pisiform bone is one of the bones in the human wrist. Pituitary gland The pituitary gland is a gland within the brain concerned with regulating growth and regulating other ductless glands. Placenta The placenta connects a foetus to the uterine wall. It is the organ by means of which the nutritive, respiratory and excretory functions of the foetus are carried on. Plantais The Plantais is a muscle in the leg. Plasma Plasma is the liquid part of the blood. Platysma The platysma is a neck muscle in the human body. Procerus The procerus is a muscle in the human nose. Progesterone Progesterone is a hormone that regulates the menstrual cycle in vertebrates. Prophase Prophase is the 1st stage in mitosis cell reproduction. The nucleolus disappears and a number of chromosomes become apparent. Pulmonary Artery The pulmonary artery opens out of the right ventricle in the human heart and conveys venous blood to the lungs for collecting oxygen. Quadrate Bone The Quadrate Bone is a bone developed in reptiles and birds by means of which the lower jaw is articulated to the skull. Radius The radius is one of the two long bones which form the human lower arm. Rectum The rectum is the lowest portion of the large intestine, terminating at the anus. Rib In anatomy, the ribs are elastic arches of bone which are connected behind with the vertebral column and form a large part of the skeleton of the thorax. Sacrum In human anatomy, the sacrum is the large triangular bone inserted like a wedge between the two hip bones. It is formed by the fusion of the five sacral vertebrae. Sagittal suture The sagittal suture is the fissure running along the length of the top of the human skull dividing the parietal bone into two hemispheres. Saliva Saliva is a secretion from the salivary glands in the oral cavity. It contains mucus to lubricate food and enzymes. Scaphoid The scaphoid is a small bone in the human hand. Scaphoid bone The scaphoid bone is one of the bones in the human wrist. Sciatic The sciatic is a nerve in the leg. Sclerous tissue Sclerous tissue provides the stiffening which is essential for the formation of the general framework of the body. There are two varieties of sclerous tissue: cartilage and bone. Sebaceous glands The sebaceous glands are ducts in the skin which secrete oil to lubricate the skin and hair. Secretin Secretin is a hormone produced by the small intestine in vertebrates that stimulates the production of digestive secretions. Semitendinosus The Semitendinosus is a muscle in the human thigh. Septum A septum is a muscular partition seperating the two sides of the human heart. Short bone In human anatomy, short bones occur where the skeleton is intended for strength. Short bones consist of a spongy substance surrounded by a thin crust of compact bone. Short bones In human anatomy, short bones are part of the skeleton designed for strength and compactness. They are comprised of a spongy substance surrounded by a thin crust of compact bone. Sinus A sinus is an air-filled space in the diploe of a skull bone. Skeleton The skeleton is the hard internal or external framework of bones, cartilage or shell which provides protection for an animals organs, provides fixing points for the muscles and a general frame for the body. Skin In the human body, skin, or Dermoid Tissue, is composed of two layers, the cuticle, epidermis or epithelium and the corium or dermis. Sphenoid bone The sphenoid bone is situated at the base of the human skull, in front of the temporal bones and the basilar part of the occipital bone. Spinales The spinales are human muscles which extend the vertebral column. Spleen The spleen is an organ of vertebrates that regulates the number of red blood cells. Splenii The splenii are two muscles in the human body, the splenius capitis and the spelnius cervicis. They are used to move the head backwards, to one side and to rotate it. Splenius capitis see "Splenii" Splenius cervicis see "Splenii" Sternocostalis The sternocostalis is a muscle in the human body. Sternohyoid The sternohyoid is a muscle in the human body which dpresses the hyoid bone. Sternomastoid The sternomastoid is a muscle in the human neck. Sternum In anatomy, the sternum is a long flat bone which forms the median portion of the anterior wall of the thorax. The top of the sternum supports the clavicles. Subclavius The Subclavius is a muscle in the human body between the clavicle and the first rib. It steadies the clavicle during movements of the shoulder. Supinator The Supinator is a muscle surrounding the upper one-third of the radius in the human arm. It is used to rotate the radius, thereby turning the palm of the hand forwards. Suture A suture is an anatomical term for an articulation found only in the skull, where the margins of the bones articulate with one another, but are separated by a thin layer of fibrous tissue (sutural ligament) and is continuous externally with the periosteum on the outside of the skull and internally with the fibrous layer of the dura mater. Synovial joint In anatomy, a synovial joint is one where the bones are covered with articular cartilage but are not attached to each other. These joints allow extensive movement. Talus In human anatomy, the talus is the principle connecting link between the foot and the bones of the leg and has an important part in the formation of the ankle. Tapetum The tapetum is the irregular sector in certain animal's eyes which shines owing to an absence of black pigment. Tapetum is found in the eyes of cats. Tarsal see "tarsus" Tarsus In human anatomy, the tarsus comprises 7 short bones which make up the skeleton of the posterior half of the foot. Teat The teat is the small protuberance at the tip of the breast of female mammals upon which the ducts of the mammary gland open to supply milk to the suckling young. Telophase Telophase is the 4th stage of mitosis cell reproduction. The nuclear membrane and the nucleolus reappear and the cytoplasm undergoes constriction around the equator of the achromatic spindle. The constriction deepens and the original cell is gradually divided. Temple In anatomy, the temple is the flat part either side of the head between the forehead and the ear. Temporal bones The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the human skull. They assist in the protection of the cerebrum and the transmission of sound waves to the ear. Temporalis The temporalis is the human facial muscle which raises the mandible, closing the mouth. Tendon A tendon is a connective tissue that joins muscles to bone in vertebrates. Tensor A tensor is a type of muscle which tightens or stretches a part of the body. Testes Testes is the plural of testis. Testicle Testicle is another name for testis. Testis The testis is the male organ in which sperm are produced. Most mammals have two testis enclosed in the scrotum. Testosterone Testosterone is the male sex hormone secreted by the testes. Thalamus The thalamus is the interior region of the brain where certain important sensory nerves, especially the optic nerve, originate. Theca In anatomy, a theca is a case or sheath which encloses some organ or part. Thenar The thenar is the ball of muscle at the base of the thumb. Thoracic vertebrae In anatomy, the thoracic vertebrae are the 12 vertebrae following from the cervical vertebrae. They provide articulation for the ribs. Thorax The thorax in vertebrates is the part of the body containing the heart and lungs and protected by the rib cage. Thymus The thymus is a ductless glandular body situated near the base of the neck in vertebrates. Its function is uncertain, and in man it disappears or diminishes soon after childhood. Thyroid The thyroid is an endocrine gland near the larynx in vertebrates. It influences growth and development. Thyroid gland see "Thyroid" Tibia The tibia is the medial and stronger of the two bones of the leg. It is prismoid in form, and posesses a shaft and two ends. Its purpose is to support the weight of the body. Tibiotarsus In birds, the tibiotarsus is the equivalent of the tibia, but it is fused at the lower end with some of the bones of the tarsus. Tongue The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of a tetrapod. Tonsils The tonsils are a pair of small organs on either side of the root of the tongue composed of lymphatic tissue and instrumental in protecting the throat from infection. Tooth A tooth is a hard structure in the mouth of vertebrates. Trachea The trachea (windpipe) carries air from the larynx to the bronchi. Trapezium The trapezium is a small bone in the human hand below the little finger. Trapezium bone The trapezium bone is one of the bones in the human wrist. Trapezius The trapezius is a human muscle. It is a flat, triangular muscle, covering the back of the neck and shoulder. Trapezoid bone The trapezoid bone is one of the bones in the human wrist. Triceps The Triceps are muscles situated on the back of the upper arms in the human body. Triquetral bone The triquetral bone is one of the bones in the human wrist. Trochanter The trochanter is a protuberance in the upper part of the femur to which the muscles attach. Trochoides In anatomy, a trochoides is a pivot joint. Trypsin Trypsin is an enzyme present in pancreatic juice. It converts proteins into peptones. Tympanum The tympanum (middle ear) is a cavity in the temporal bone filled with air, closed externally by the tympanic membrane and containing a chain of small bones which convey sound vibrations to the inner ear. Ulna The ulnar is one of the two long bones which form the human lower arm. It connects with the humerus at the elbow. Unciform The unciform is a small bone in the human hand below the first finger. Ureter The Ureters are two membranous tubes which carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder in vertebrates. Urethra The urethra is a membranous canal which leads from the bladder to the outside world. It channels urine from the bladder out of the body. Uterus The uterus (womb) is the organ in which young are conceived, develope and are protected until birth. Vein A vein carries venous blood from the body to the heart. Ventricle The ventricles are chambers within the heart which force blood along the arteries. Vertebra The vertebrae are the bones of the vertebral column. Vertebrae are irregular bones comprised of two distinct parts, an anterio termed the body, and a posterior part termed the vertebral arch. Vertebral column The vertebral column is the central axis of all vertebrate animals. It is comprised of a number of independant irregular bones (vertebrae), which are firmly connected to one another, but are capable of a limited amount of independant movement. Vomer The vomer is a thin flat bone which forms the hinder and lower part of the septum of the human nose. Waist The waist is the part of the body between the ribs and the hips. Yolk The yolk is part of an embryo which serves as nutrition for the rest of the embryo. Zygomatic bone In a human, the zygomatic bone is the bone in the skull responsible for the prominence of the upper and anterior part of the cheek. It forms the lateral part of the lower margin of the orbital opening. AIRCRAFT 737 see "Boeing_737" A129 The A129 is an Italian two-seat light attack helicopter. Agusta Agusta is an Italian aircraft manufacturer. AH-1 The AH-1 is an American two-seat light attack helicopter. AH-64 The AH-64 is an American two-seat attack helicopter. Airbus The airbus is a medium-haul commercial airliner. It was developed by an international consortium in the 1970s. AN-12 The Antonov AN-12 (cub) is a Soviet paratroop passenger and freight transport aircraft. It was developed in the 1960s. It has a top speed of 482mph and is armed with 2 23mm NR-23 cannons in a powered tail turret. AN-2 The Antonov AN-2 is a Soviet biplane developed in 1947 as a stol transporter. It has a top speed of 160mph. It is commonly used as a paratroop trainer. AN-22 The AN-22 (Antei) is a Soviet heavy logistic transport aircraft. The AN- 22 was developed in the mid 1960s. It has a top speed of 422mph. AP68-300 see "spartacus" AV-8b The AV-8B is a harrier ground attack aircraft. Avro 504 The Avro 504 was a biplane developed during 1913. It was used as a light reconnaissance bomber and trainer aircraft. Avro-Manchester The Avro-Manchester was a British heavy bomber aircraft of the Second World War. It was powered by two 2000hp rollS-vulture engines providing a top speed of 325mph. It was armed with two power operated gun turrets, one in the nose and one on top of the fuselage and a four-gun turret in the tail. B-1 The B-1 is an American strategic bomber and cruise missile carrying aircraft. BA BA is an abbreviation for British Aerospace, a British aircraft manufacturer. BA 146 The BA 146 is a British short-haul regional airliner. BA hawk The BA hawk is a British two seat tandem trainer and light tactical military aircraft. BA VC10k The BA VC10k is a British flight refuelling tanker aircraft. Beechcraft 1900 The Beechcraft 1900 is an American regional airliner and corporate transport aircraft. Bell Bell is an American aircraft manufacturer. BK 117 The BK 117 is a German and Japanese multi-purpose eight to twelve seater helicopter. Blenheim The Bristol Blenheim was a British twin-engined day bomber and long-range fighter aircraft of the Second World War. It was powered by two 920hp Bristol mercury xv 9-cylinder engines giving a top speed of 295mph. It was armed with one forward-firing gun in the port wing and one gun in a retractable hydraulic gun turret on top of the fuselage. When used as a fighter the armament was increased by four guns mounted in the nose. Bleriot Louis Bleriot made the first crossing of the English channel in an aircraft. The aircraft was his monoplane. The crossing took place on july 25th 1909. BO 105l The BO 105l is a German five/six-seat light utility helicopter. Boeing Boeing are an American aircraft manufacturer. Boeing 307 The Boeing 307 was the world's first high-altitude aircraft. A pressurised cabin allowed it to cruise at 23000 feet above turbulence. Boeing 737 The Boeing 737 is an American short-haul commercial airliner. Boeing 747 The Boeing 747 is an American long-haul commercial airliner. Boeing 757 The Boeing 757 is an American short/medium-haul commercial airliner. Boeing 767 The Boeing 767 is an American medium-haul commercial airliner. Boeing E-3 The Boeing E-3 (sentry) is an airborne warning and control system aircraft. Boeing KC-135R The Boeing KC-135R (stratotanker) is an American flight refuelling tanker aircraft. Buccaneer The Buccaneer is a British strike aircraft. It is powered by two Rolls- Royce RB.168 Spey Turbofans and carries a variety of weapons in a rotating bomb bay. It is capable of near sonic speed flight at sea level. Cessna Cessna are an American aircraft manufacturer. Cessna caravan The Cessna caravan is a light utility transport aircraft. CH-53E The CH-53E is an American amphibious assault transport helicopter. Chinook The chinook is a series of transport helicopters characterised by a long body and rotablades at each end. CL-601 The CL-601 is a Canadian light corporate transport aircraft. Concorde Concorde is a supersonic airliner. Cornu The Cornu helicopter was the first helicopter to made a successful free flight with a man on board. It was invented by a Frenchman, Paul Cornu in 1907. Cub see "AN-12" Dakota see "DC-3" DC-10 The DC-10 is a medium-haul commercial airliner. It is made by McDonnell Douglas of the USA. DC-3 The DC-3 was an American 21 passenger transport aircraft of the 1930s. The military version was called the Dakota. DC-8 The DC-8 is an American long-haul commercial airliner. DC-9 The DC-9 is an American short/medium-haul commercial airliner. DH4 The DH4 was a two-seater daylight bomber used durng the first world war. It first flew in December 1916. DO-228 The DO-228 is a German light-regional airliner and utility transport aircraft. Dornier Dornier are a German aircraft manufacturer. Dornier DO17 The Dornier DO17 was a German twin engined bomber of the Second World War. It was powered by two bramo 323 engines giving it a top speed of 275mph. Dornier DO215 The Dornier DO215 was a German twin-engined bomber aircraft of the Second World War. It was powered by two 1150hp Daimler Benz engines giving it a top speed of 312mph. Entendard The entendard is a French anti-ship warfare fighter. It carries a single exocet missile and has a maximum speed of 650mph. Epsilon see "tb_30" F-14 The F-14 is an American two-seat shipboard multi-role fighter aircraft. F-15 The F-15 is an American single-seat air superiority fighter aircraft. F-18 The F-18 is an American single-seat shipboard and shore-based multi-role fighter and attack aircraft. F-20 The F-20 is an American single-seat multi-role fighter aircraft. Fairchild Fairchild is an American aircraft manufacturer. Fairchild 340 The Fairchild 340 is a joint Swedish and American regional airliner and corporate transport aircraft. Fencer see "su19" Fokker D.VII The Fokker D.VII was a single-seater fighter scout aircraft used by the German forces during the first world war. Fokker DVII The fokker DVII was a German biplane fighter aircraft during the first world war. It was famed for it's manoeuvrability. G222 The G222 is an Italian general-purpose military transport plane. It was developed in 1970. Galeb The Galeb is a Yugoslavian two-seat trainer aircraft. Gloster whittle e28/39 The Gloster Whittle e28/39 was Britain's first jet aircraft. Gotha G Vb The Gotha G Vb was a heavy bomber used by the German army during the first world war. Handley page hp42 The Handley Page HP42 was a biplane airliner. It was in use between 1931 and 1940 by imperial airways. Handley Page o/400 The Handley Page o/400 was a British heavy bomber used during the first world war. It entered service in 1918. Harrier The Harrier is a British VTOL multi-role fighter aircraft. Hawk see "ba_hawk" Hawker Hart The Hawker Hart was a biplane. It was developed in 1928. Several versions were manufactured. The standard light bomber, and the demon which was a two-seat fighter, the hardy was designed for general-purpose duties and the hind was a high-powered variation. Heinkel 178 The heinkel 178 was a German jet propelled aircraft. It made its first flight in 1939. Heinkel HEIII The heinkel HEIII was a German twin-engined bomber aircraft of the Second World War. It was powered by two 1200hp Junkers jumo engines giving it a top spee d of 274mph. Hercules The hercules is the nickname of the l-100-30. Hughes Hughes are an American aircraft manufacturer. Hughes 500e The Hughes 500e is an American five-seat light utility helicopter. Hughes 500md The Hughes 500md is an American light gunship and multi-role helicopter. Hurricane The Hawker Hurricane was a British fighter aircraft of the Second World War. It was armed with 12 machine guns and powered by a single 1030hp Rolls-Royce engine giving it a top speed of 335mph. Il-62 The Il-62 is a Soviet long-range passenger jet. It can carry 186 passengers. Il-76 The il-76 is a Soviet heavy-duty medium/long-haul military and commercial freighter aircraft. Il-86 The il-86 is a Soviet medium-haul commercial airliner. Imperial airways Imperial airways was formed in 1924 providing flights between Britain and Africa, Australia and north America. In 1939 imperial airways was reorganised into BOAC which in turn developed into BAC and British airways. Islander The Islander is a Britsh twin-engined light transport plane. It can carry upto 10 passengers. The Islander is manufactured by Britten-Norman Ltd, and is powered by two 260bhp Lycoming o-540 engines giving a speed of 169mph. JA 37 The JA 37 is a Swedish single-seat all-weather interceptor fighter aircraft with secondary strike capability. It is made by saab. Jaguar The jaguar is a joint British and French single-seat tactical strike fighter aircraft. Jetstream 31 The jetstream 31 is a British light corporate transport and regional airliner. It can carry up to 19 passengers. Jetstream 31ez The jetstream 31ez is an inshore maritime patrol version of the jetstream 31. It is fitted with 360 degree radar and a search light and carries a crew of five. Junkers F-13 The Junkers f-13 was a German passenger carrying aircraft. It entered service in 1919 and remained in use until the 1930s. Junkers J4-10 The Junkers J4-10 was a two-seater low level fighter aircraft. It was the first all-metal aircraft built during the first world war. Junkers ju87 The Junkers ju87 (stuka) was a German single-engine dive bomber of the Second World War. It was powered by a 1000hp jumo engine giving it a top speed of 242 mph. Ka-25 The ka-25 is a Soviet shipboard anti-submarine warfare helicopter. Ka-32 The ka-32 is a Soviet shipboard anti-submarine warfare helicopter. L-100-30 The l-100-30 is an American medium/long-range military and commercial freight transport aircraft. L-29 The aero l-29 (maya) is a Czechoslovakian basic trainer aircraft. It has a top speed of 407mph. L-39 The l-39 (albatros) is a Czechoslovakian basic and advanced trainer aircraft. It has a top speed of 466mph. The l-39 was developed in the early 1970s as a replacement for the l-29. The l-39 is unusual in that it can operate from unpaved surfaces. Lancaster The lancaster was a four-engined British heavy bomber of the Second World War. Lebaudy The lebaudy was the first airship. It's maiden flight was on november 12th 1903. Lockheed Lockheed is an American aircraft manufacturer. Lockheed c-5a The Lockheed c-5a is an American military heavy logistics transport plane. It can carry a payload of 100 tons. M-21 The M-21 is a Polish agricultural aircraft. Magister The magister was a British initial trainer aircraft made by philips and powis during the Second World War. It had a top speed of 142mph. Master I The Master I was a British advanced trainer aircraft made by philips and powis during the Second World War. It had a top speed of 250mph. Maya see "L-29" MB-339a The MB-339a is an Italian tandem two-seat advanced trainer aircraft. Messerschmitt ME109E The Messerschmitt ME109E was a German fighter aircraft of the Second World War. It was powered by a single 1150hp Daimler-Benz engine giving it a top speed of 354mph. Messerschmitt ME109F The Messerschmitt ME109F was a German fighter aircraft of the Second World War. It was powered by a single 1375hp Mercedes-Benz engine giving it a top speed of 370mph. It was armed with a single 20mm cannon in the nose and two machine guns in the nose. Mi-14 The MI-14 is a Soviet amphibious anti-submarine helicopter. Mi-17 The MI-17 is a Soviet medium transport helicopter. Mi-24 The MI-24 is a Soviet assault and anti-armour helicopter. Mi-26 The MI-26 is a Soviet military and commercial heavy-lift helicopter. Mi-8 The MI-8 is a Soviet assault transport helicopter. Mig The MIG are various military aircraft of Soviet origin. Mig-23 The MIG-23 is a Soviet single-seat air superiority and close air support fighter aircraft. Mig-25 The MIG-25 is a Soviet single-seat interceptor fighter aircraft. Mig-27 The MIG-27 is a Soviet single-seat tactical strike and close air support fighter aircraft. Montgolfier The Montgolfier brothers made a hot air balloon, in which Jean Francois Pilatre de Rozier and the Marquis d'Ariandes made the world's first aerial voyage over Paris on november the 21st 1783. Mosquito The mosquito was a British all wooden bomber aircraft of the Second World War. Moth The moth was a British biplane. It was cheap, reliable and easy to fly making it popular with the general public. The RAF used it as a primary trainer aircraft. The moth entered production in 1931 and ended after the Second World War. Mu-300 The mu-300 is a Japanese light corporate transport aircraft. Ndn-1 The ndn-1 is a British two-seat basic trainer aircraft. Ndn-6 The ndn-6 is a British two-seat agricultural aircraft. Nimrod The Nimrod is a British long-range maritime patrol aircraft. Northrop Northrop are an American aircraft manufacturer. Nymph The Nymph is a British single-engined four-seat light aircraft. It is powered by a 115bhp Lycoming 0-235-CIB engine and has a speed of 117mph. Orao The orao is a joint Yugoslavian and Romanian single-seat close air support fighter aircraft. Owlet The Owlet was a British tricycle trainer aircraft made by General Aircraft during the Second World War. It had a top speed of 125mph. Oxford The Airspeed Oxford was a British trainer aircraft used for training bomber pilots during the Second World War. It was a twin-engined low-wing cantilever monoplane with a retractable undercarriage. It had two 375hp Armstrong Siddeley cheetah X engines producing a top speed of 197mph at 8300ft. It had a service ceiling of 23000ft. PA-42 The PA-42 is an American light corporate executive transport aircraft made by piper. It is nicknamed cheyenne. PA-48 The PA-48 is an American single-seat close air support aircraft. PIK-23 The PIK-23 is a Finnish two-seat primary trainer and glider tug aircraft. Pilcher Percy Pilcher, an Englishman, may be said to have invented the hang glider. During the late 19th century he invented a man launched glider. Piper Piper is an American aircraft manufacturer. R3140 The R3140 is a French light cabin monoplane aircraft. RF-5 The RF-5 is an American single-seat tactical reconnaissance aircraft. S-70 The S-70 is an American tactical transport helicopter. It is nicknamed the black hawk. Saab Saab are a Swedish aircraft and automobile manufacturer. SE5 The SE5 was a British fighter aircraft used during the first world war. Seasprite The seasprite is an American multi-purpose helicopter. It has a maximum speed of 200mph and is often used in anti-submarine and anti-ship warfare when it is armed with 2 mk46 torpedoes. Sentry see "Boeing_E-3" Sheriff The sheriff is a British light cabin monoplane and trainer aircraft. It was developed during the early 1980s. Shorts 330 The Shorts 330 is a British regional airliner and commercial freighter aircraft. It is nicknamed the sherpa. Shorts 360 The Shorts 360 is a British regional airliner. Sikorsky Sikorsky is an American helicopter manufacturer. Sikorsky Bolshoi The Sikorsky Bolshoi was the first four engined aircraft. It could carry eight passengers. Its first flight was in 1913. Sikorsky R-4 The Sikorsky R-4 was the world's first production helicopter. It entered service in 1942. Socata Socata is a French aircraft manufacturer. Sopwith Camel The Sopwith camel was a British fighter aircraft used during the first world war. Spad VII The Spad VII was a single seater fighter aircraft used during the first world war. Spartacus The AP68-300 (spartacus) is a light multi-role transport and utility aircraft from italy. It was first developed in 1978 and entered service in 1983. Spitfire The Vickers-Armstrong spitfire was a British fighter aircraft of the Second World War. The MK I was armed with 4 machine guns in each wing. The MK II and MK V were armed with 2 20mm cannons and 4 machine guns. It had a top speed of about 400mph. Stuka see "Junkers_JU87" SU-17 The SU-17 is a Soviet single-seat attack and counterair aircraft. SU-19 The Sukhoi SU-19 (fencer) is a Soviet two-seat multi-role combat aircraft. It has a top speed of mach 2.5. It is armed with a 23mm gsh-23 twin-barrel cannon and can carry air-to-ground or air-to-air missiles. SU-20 The Sukhoi SU-20 is a Soviet single-seat attack and close-support aircraft. It has a top speed of mach 2.7. It is armed with 2 30mm NR-30 cannons one in each wing root and often carries AS-7 air-to-surface missiles. SU-24 The SU-24 is a Soviet deep penetration interdictor and strike aircraft. SU-25 The SU-25 is a Soviet single-seat close air support aircraft. Sukhoi Sukhoi is a Soviet aircraft manufacturer. T-1040 The T-1040 is an American light regional airliner. T-34c The T-34c is an American tandem two-seat primary trainer aircraft. It was developed during the 1970s. T67 The T67 is a British two-seat primary trainer aircraft. TB 30 The TB 30 is a French two-seat primary trainer aircraft. TB-20 The TB-20 is a French light cabin monoplane aircraft. Tiger Moth The Tiger Moth was a British biplane made by De Haviland. It had a top speed of 109mph. Tomcat Tomcat is the nickname of the F-14. Tornado The Tornado is a British two-seat interceptor fighter aircraft. TR-1 The TR-1 is an American single-seat high-altitude tactical reconnaissance aircraft. TU-16 The Tupolev TU-16 is a Soviet strategic bomber. It has a top speed of 587mph. It is armed with 6 23mm NR-23 cannons in a radar-directed manned tail-turret and remotely-aimed upper dorsal and rear ventral barbettes. The TU-16 entered service in 1954. Tupolev The Tupolev is a Soviet medium-range strategic bomber and maritime strike/reconnaisance aircraft. VC10 The VC10 is a British passenger jet airliner. It carries 163 passengers and has a top speed of mach 0.86. Viscount The Viscount is a British passenger airliner. It carries 73 passengers and a crew of 3. It has a range of 1725 miles and a top cruising speed of 357mph. VTOL VTOL is an abbreviation for vertical take off and landing. It is used with aircraft which can take-off and land with out a runway. Vulcan The Vulcan is a British four-jet medium bomber. It is powered by Rolls- Royce Bristol Olympus 301 turbojets giving it a speed of Mach 0.94. Wellington The Vickers Wellington was a series of British twin-engined long-range night bomber of the Second World War. The mark I was powered by two 1000hp Bristol pegasus XVIII radial engines giving a top speed of 250mph. Later models had a slightly higher top speed. It was armed with hydraulic gun turrets in the nose and tail. Some models also had a hydraulic gun turret amidships beneath the fuselage. It carried 9 500lb bombs in 3 bays. Whitley The Armstrong-Whitworth Whitley IV was a British twin-engined heavy bomber of the Second World War. It was powered by two 1030hp Rolls-Royce merlin IV 12-cylinder engines giving it a top speed of 245mph. It was armed with a powered operated single gun turret in the nose and a four- gun turret in the tail. Wright flyer The Wright flyer was the aircraft invented by the Wright brothers. On december 17th 1903 it made the first sustained flight by a man-carrying heavier-than-air machine. Y-10 The Y-10 is a Chinese medium-haul commercial transport aircraft. YAK-36mp The YAK-36mp is a Soviet shipboard VTOL air defence and strike fighter aircraft. ROCKS AND MINERALS Accessory Accessory refers to a mineral that occurs in a rock in minute quantities, and does not affect the way the rock is named or classified. Acidic rock Acidic rock refers to an igneous rock that consists mostly of light coloured minerals and has more than 66% free or combined silica. Actinolite Actinolite has the formulae Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 6. It commonly occurs in the crystalline schists, being often the chief constituent of green-coloured schists and greenstones. Used somewhat as an asbestos material. Adamantine Adamantine refers to a brilliant luster like that of a diamond. Results from a mineral having a high index of refraction. Adamite Adamite has the formulae Zn2(AsO4)(OH). It has a relative hardness of 4. It has brilliant fluorescence. Of scientific interest and much desired by collectors. Aegirite Aegirite has the formulae NaFe(Si2O6). It has a relative hardness of 7. It is a rock-forming mineral found mainly in rocks rich in soda and poor in silica. Named after Aegir, Icelandic god of the sea. Agaric Mineral Agaric Mineral is one of the purest native carbonates of lime. It is chiefly found in the clefts of rocks and at the bottom of some lakes. Agate Agate is a semi-precious stone comprised mainly of silica. It is a compact variety of chalcedony. It has a pattern of banding which occurs due to chemical admixtures of haematite, limonite and other minerals. Alabaster Alabaster is naturally occurring hydrated calcium sulphate. Albite Albite has the formulae NaAlSi3O8. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is widely distributed, rock-forming mineral. Present in pegmatite dikes and may be found in crystals. Alkaline rock Alkaline rock refers to any rock which contains more than average amounts of potassium bearing and sodium bearing minerals. Allanite Allanite has the formulae (Ce,Ca,Y)2(Al,Fe)3(SiO4)3(OH). It has a relative hardness of 6. It occurs as a minor constituent of many igneous rocks. Frequently associated with epidote. Found in some magnetic bodies. Allemontite Allemontite is a natural alloy of arsenic and antimony. It has a relative hardness of 4. Almandine Almandine is a variety of precious garnet, reddish or violet in colour. Alteration Alteration refers to physical or chemical change in a rock or mineral after its original formation. Can result in new minerals or in textural changes in the rock. Alumina Alumina is aluminium oxide and occurs as ruby, sapphire, bauxite. Alunite Alunite has the formulae KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is usually formed by sulfuric acid solutions acting on rocks rich in alkalic feldspar. Used in the production of alum. Amblygonite Amblygonite has the formulae (Li,Na)Al(PO4)(F,OH). It has a relative hardness of 6. It occurs in lithium and phosphate rich granite pegmatites. Associated with spodumene, apatite, tourmaline, lepidolite. Amethyst Amethyst is a precious stone. It is quartz coloured with manganese. Amorphous Amorphous refers to 'Without form'. The term is applied to rocks and minerals that lack definite crystal structure. Amygdule Amygdule refers to a mineral containing cavity in an igneous rock formed by escaping gas. Anaclime Anaclime has the formulae NaAlSi2O6ù2H2O. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is of interest to collectors. Found in cavities of intrusive and volcanic igneous rocks; often as clear shiny crystals. Associated with calcite and zeolites. Anatase Anatase has the formulae TiO2. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is a form of rutile. Found in granite, gneiss, mica schist, maetamorphic limestone, and dolomite. May be present as an accessory mineral in the rocks or in a quartz vein traversing it. Used as a coating of welding rods. A derivative it titanium. Andalusite Andalusite has the formulae Al2SiO5. It has a relative hardness of 8. It is formed by the metamorphism of aluminous shales and slate. Used in the manufacture of spark plugs and other porcelains. May serve as a gem stone if clear and transparent. Name from Andalusia, a province of Spain. Andesine Andesine has the formulae NaAlSi3O8. It has a relative hardness of 6. Anglesite Anglesite has the formulae PbSO4. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is a common, minor ore of lead. Formed by the oxidation of galena. Found in the upper, oxidzed portions of lead veins. Named after the Island of Anglesey. Anhydrite Anhydrite has the formulae CaSO4. It has a relative hardness of 4. It has rectangular cleavage fragments. Occurs in a manner similar to gypsum and often found with it but not as common. Found in the cap rock of salt domes and in limestone rocks. From the Greek meaning 'without water'. Annivite Annivite is a variety of terahedrite containing bismuth and usually iron and zinc. Anorthite Anorthite has the formulae (Na,Ca)AlSi3O8. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is widely distributed and abundant rock-forming feldspar. Anthophyllite Anthophyllite has the formulae (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 6. It occurs in crystalline schists rich in magnesium. Of interest to collectors. Antimonite Antimonite is an antimony ore. It was used by the Greeks as a cosmetic for darkening the eyelids. Antimony Antimony has the formulae Sb. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a native semimetal and difficult to distinguish from arsenic. Rather brittle and a poorer conductor of heat and electriciy than native metals. Apatite Apatite has the formulae Ca5(F,Cl,OH)(PO4)3. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is widely distributed as an accesory constituent in all classes of rock. Found in crystals and masses. Crystallized apatite has been extensivley for fertilizer. Transparent varieties of fine colour are sometimes used for gems - but it's too soft for extensive use. Aphanitic rock Aphanitic rock refers to a rock in which the crystalline constituents are too small to be distinguished without magnification. Apophyllite Apophyllite has the formulae KCa4Si8O2O(OH)ù8H2O. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is a hydrothermal mineral filling cavities in basalt and tufaceous rocks. Associated with stilbite, scolecite, calcite, prehnite, analcime. Aragonite Aragonite has the formulae CaCO3. It has a relative hardness of 4. It forms easily in a sedimentary environment but only stable in metamorphic rocks formed at high temperatures. Arfvedsonite Arfvedsonite has the formulae Na2-3(Fe,Mg,Al)5Si8O22(OH,F)2. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is typical of alkaline plutonic rocks that are rich in iron. Argentite Argentite has the formulae Ag2S. It has a relative hardness of 3. It lacks distinct cleavage. An important primary silver ore. The name is from Latin meaning 'silver'. Occurs disseminated in galena and in the cementation zone of lead and zinc deposits. Associated with cerussite, chlorargyrite, native silver. Argillaceous Argillaceous refers to composed mostly of or containg clay; such as shale. Arsenates Arsenates refers to minerals in which arsenate (AsO4) is an important part. Arsenic Arsenic has the formulae As. It has a relative hardness of 4. It has a garlicky odor; otherwise difficult to distinguish from antimony. A minor ore of arsenic and a relatively rare mineral found in veins in crystalline rocks associated with silver, cobalt, or nickel ores. Arsenopyrite Arsenopyrite has the formulae FeAsS. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is the most common mineral containing arsenic. It occurs with tin and tungsten ores in high temperature deposits as a deposition from hot waters. Frequently associated with gold. Also found with copper and silver ores. Asbestos Asbestos is a fibrous mineral with a high melting and combustion point. Atacamite Atacamite has the formulae Cu2Cl(OH)3. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a comparatively rare copper mineral. Occurs in arid regions in the upper oxidized zone of copper deposits. Augite Augite has the formulae (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al,Ti)(Si,Al)2O6. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is an important rock forming mineral. Chiefly found in dark coloured igneous rocks, especially those whose magmas were rich in iron, calcium and magnesium. Seldom found in rocks that contain much quartz. A common memeber of the pyroxene group. Told from amphibole by cleavage. Autunite Autunite has the formulae Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2ù10-12H2O. It has a relative hardness of 3. It has strong fluorescence. A secondary mineral found in the zone of oxidation and weathering of uranite or other uranium minerals. Used as an ore of uranium. Axinite Axinite has the formulae Ca2(Fe,Mn)Al2(BO3)(Si4O12)(OH). It has a relative hardness of 7. It occurs in cavities in granite and in the contact zones surrounding granite intrusions. Azurite Azurite has the formulae Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a minor ore of copper with an intense azure-blue colour. Alters to malachite. Associated with limonite, calcite, chalcocite, chrysocolla and other secondary copper minerals. Reacts vigorously with hydrochloric acid. Barite Barite has the formulae BaSO4. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is major ore of barium. Has a high SG for a light coloured mineral. Common gangue mineral in hydrothermal veins or as a repacement mineral in veins of limestone and dolomite. Associated with lead, silver and antimony sulfides. Barytes Barytes was the first mineral to be found to be luminescent when heated, and led to the discovery of the luminescence of minerals. It has a relative hardness of 3.5. Basanite Basanite is a smooth, black siliceous mineral. Basic rock Basic rock refers to an igneous rock with a low percentage of silica and a high percentage of pyroxene, hornblende, and labradorite. Bauxite Bauxite is a sedimentary rock group of various aluminium oxides, a principal ore of aluminium, found in France and Jamaica. Bauxite was named after the place where it was first found, Les Baux in France. It has a relative hardness of 1 to 3. Bedding Bedding refers to the arrangement of sedimentary rocks in about parallel layers or strata which correspond to the original sediments. Beryl Beryl has the formulae Be3Al2Si16O18. It has a relative hardness of 8. It has a characteristic six-sided outline. Used as a gem stone of various colours. It green variety is emerald. Beryl is also the major source of the rare element beryllium, a light metal similar to aluminum. Quite common and occurs usually in granite rocks, mica schists and with tin ores. Biotite Biotite has the formulae K(Mg,Fe)2(Al,Fe)Si3O10(OH,F)2. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is widely distributed rock forming mineral. Occurs in igneous and metamorphic rocks. A common member of the mica group. Bismuth Bismuth has the formulae Bi. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is the chief ore of bismuth and often shows broad cleavage surfaces. A somewhat rare mineral occurring in connection with ores of silver, cobalt, nickel, lead, and tin. Bismuth forms low melting alloys. It is used in fuses, medicine and cosmetics. Bismuthinite Bismuthinite has the formulae Bi2S3. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is a rare ore of bismuth. Occurs in veins that show definite relations to igneous rocks. Bituminous rocks Bituminous rocks refers to rocks that contain tar, petroleum, or asphalt. Blende Blende is a zinc ore. It generally contains more than half its weight in zinc, a quarter sulphur and often a small amount of iron. Bloodstone Bloodstone is a dark green variety of chalcedony. Bohemian garnet see "Pyrope" Bole Bole is an earthy mineral occuring in amorphous masses , and composed chiefly of silica with alumina, iron and occasionally magnesia. Boracite Boracite has the formulae Mg3B7O13Cl. It has a relative hardness of 7. It occurs associated with beds of halite, anhydrite, and gypsum. Formed by the evaporation of bodies of salt water. Borates Borates refers to a group of minerals in which the borate radical (BO3) is an important constituent. Borax Borax has the formulae Na2B4O7ù10H2O. It has a relative hardness of 3. It dissolves in water and has a sweetish alkaline taste. Formed as a deposit from the evaportation of salt lakes. Used in cleansing, antiseptic,, preservative, and chemical uses. Is a source of boron which is used in fuels. Bornite Bornite has the formulae Cu5FeS4. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is an ore of copper with a colourful tarnish(peacock). Widely occurring, it is found in basic rocks and metamorphic deposits. Botryoidal Botryoidal refers to resembling a bunch of grapes. A mineral of this type appears to have a surface covered with spherical bulges. Boulangerite Boulangerite is a lead ore. It contains 55 percent lead. It has a relative hardness of 2.5. Bournonite Bournonite has the formulae PbCuSbS3. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is an ore of lead, copper, and antimony which often exhibits twinned crystals. Occurs in in veins formed at moderate temperatures. Brimstone Brimstone is another name for sulphur. Brookite Brookite has the formulae à-TiO2. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is a source of titanium but deposits are usually too small to be of commercial use. Brown Spar Brown Spar is the name given to some crystalline varieties of dolomite tinged with peroxide of Iron Brucite Brucite has the formulae Mg(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is a decomposition product of magnesium silicates, especially serpentine. Variety: nemalite. Calamine Calamine is a zinc ore. Calcareous Calcareous refers to containing calcium carbonate or calcite. Calcic Calcic refers to containing calcium. Calcite Calcite has the formulae CaCO3. It has a relative hardness of 3. It effervesces vigorously with HCl. Clear specimens exhibit double refraction. Occurs as widespread sedimentary rock masses such as limestone. Crystalline metamorphosed limestones are called marbles. Fine grained deposits form chalk. Variety: onyx. Caliche Caliche is naturally occurring sodium nitrate found in Chile. Carbonaceous Carbonaceous refers to composed chiefly of organic carbon. (i.e. carbon derived from plant and animal remains.) Carbonates Carbonates refers to minerals, such as calcite, where the carbonate radical (CO3) is an important constituent. Carnallite Carnallite has the formulae KMgCl3ù6H2O. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is a source of potassium coumpounds and magnesium. Has a bitter salty taste. Carnelian Carnelian is a semi-precious gemstone consisting of quartz with iron impurities which give it a translucent red colour. Carnelian is found mainly in Brazil, Japan and India. Carnotite Carnotite has the formulae K2(UO2)2(VO4)2ù3H2O. It has a relative hardness of 1. It is an ore of uranium and vandium. Found in sands, sandstones and around petrified trees. Probably formed as a deposition from meteoric waters. Strongly radioactive. Cassiterite Cassiterite has the formulae SnO2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is the principal ore of tin. Widely distributed in small amounts but commerically available in only a few localities. Frequently associated with wolframite. Also found as rolled pebbles in placer deposits ('stream tin'). Usually found in veins associated with quartz, in or near granitic rocks. Celestine Celestine is a natural sulphate of strontium. Celestite Celestite has the formulae SrSO4. It has a relative hardness of 4. It often found disseminated through limestone or sandstone, or lining cavities in such rocks. Associated with calcite, dolomite, gypsum, sulfur, fluorite. Also found as a gangue mineral in lead veins. Used to prepare nitrate of strontium for fireworks and tracer bullets and in the refining of beet sugar. Cerussite Cerussite has the formulae PbCO3. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is an important and widely distributed supergene lead ore formed by the action of carbonated waters on galena in the upper zone of lead veins. Often found associated with galena and sphalerite. Chabazite Chabazite has the formulae Ca(Al2Si4)O12ù6H2O. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is a mineral of secondary origin found lining cavities in volcanic and intrusive igneous rocks. Chalcanthite Chalcanthite has the formulae CuSO4ù5H2O. It has a relative hardness of 3. It dissolves quickly in water and produces a blue solution. A minor ore of copper and found only in arid regions. Occurs near the surface in copper veins. Often deposited on iron from the water in copper mines. Used in calico printing, insecticides and for industrial purposes. Chalcedony Chalcedony is a variant of quartz comprised of silica. Chalcedony was named after Chalkedon, near Istanbul. It was traditionally used for decorative objects and amultes. It has a relative hardness of 7. Chalcocite Chalcocite has the formulae Cu2S. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is one of the most important copper ore minerals. It occurs primarily in enriched zones of sulfide deposits. Chalcopyrite Chalcopyrite has the formulae CuFeS2. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is the most widely occuring copper mineral and one of the most important ore sources of that metal. Occurs as an original constituent of igneous rocks, in pegmatic dikes, and in contact with metamorphic deposits. May carry gold or silver and become an ore of those metals. Chalcosine Chalcosine is an important copper ore. It was discovered in the 16th century. Chili Saltpetre see "Cubic_Nitr" Chlorite Chlorite has the formulae (Mg,Fe)6(AlSi3)O10(OH)8. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is a mineral group whose members usually exhibit a charactersitic green colour. The formula above is for 'green mica'. Distinguished from muscovite and green phlogopite by a lack of elasticity. Chondrodite Chondrodite has the formulae (Mg,Fe)3(SiO4)(OH,F)2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is a common metamorphic mineral in dolomitic marbles. Chromite Chromite has the formulae FeCr2O4. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is slightly magnetic. The only ore of chromium. A common constituent of peridotite rocks and the serpentines derived from them. Also associated with corundum. One of the first minerals to separate from a cooling magma. Chromium is widely used in metal plating and in stainless steel. Chrysoberyl Chrysoberyl has the formulae BeAl2O4. It has a relative hardness of 9. It occurs in granite rocks, pegmatites, and in mica schists. Frequently in river sands and gravels. Serves as a gem stone: alexandrite and "cats eye" which can be of great value. Chrysocolla Chrysocolla has the formulae (Cu,Al)2H2Si2O5(OH)4ùnH2O. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a minor ore of copper. A mineral of secondary origin, occuring in the oxidized zones of copper veins. Associated with malachite, azurite, cuprite, native copper. Named from two Greek words meaning 'gold' and 'glue'. Chrysostom Chrysostom is a gem stone of beryllium aluminate. Cinnabar Cinnabar (vermilion) is a red crystalline form of mercuric sulphide. It has the formulae HgS and a relative hardness of 3. It often has a bright red colour. The only important source of mercury and it's found in few localities. Occurs as vein fillings near recent volcanic rocks and hot springs. Used in scientific equipment, in drugs, and with tin in silvering mirrors. Many other uses. Clastic rock Clastic rock refers to a sedimentary rock comprised of fragments of preexisting rocks that have been transported and deposited. Clay Clay refers to a soft sediment or deposit that is plastic when wet and comprised of very fine-grained materials, mainly hydrous aluminum silicates. Cleavage Cleavage refers to a mineral is said to possess cleavage if when it breaks it yields definite plane surfaces. Cleavage can be perfect as in micas or, in some minerals, completely lacking. Cleavage is always parallel to crystal faces. Clinozoisite Clinozoisite has the formulae Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH). It has a relative hardness of 7. Cobaltite Cobaltite has the formulae CoAsS. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is an ore of cobalt. Usually found in high temperature deposits, disseminated in metamorphic rocks, or in vein deposits with other cobalt and nickel minerals. Coelestine Coelestine is a mineral used in pyrotechnics and a s a source of strontium. Occassionaly it is cut and used as a gem stone. It has a relative hardness of 3.5. Colemanite Colemanite has the formulae Ca2B6O11ù5H2O. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is a major ore of boron. Occurs in high temperature hydrothermal veins or disseminated in metamorphic rocks associated with other cobalt and nickel sulfides/arsenides. Columbite Columbite has the formulae (Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6. It has a relative hardness of 6. It shows a bluish iridescent fracture surface. The main ore of niobium and tantalum; used in metallurgy to create heat-resistant alloys and in the rust proofing of stainless steel. Concretion Concretion refers to an accumulation of mineral matter when mineral particles become cemented together into an orderly, rounded form. Contact metamorphism Contact metamorphism refers to metamorphism resulting from the intrusion of magma which takes place at or near the contact point with the molten rock. Copper Copper has the formulae Cu. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is one of the essential metals of modern civilization. Native copper is found in copper veins but copper sulfides are the principal source ores of the metal. Cordierite Cordierite has the formulae Mg2Al4Si5O18. It has a relative hardness of 8. It is found as an accessory mineral in granite, gneiss, schists, and in contact metamorphic zones. Transparent specimens of good colour have been used as a gem. Corundum Corundum has the formulae Al2O3. It has a relative hardness of 9. It is common as an accessory mineral in metamorphic rocks and as an original constituent of certain igneous rocks. Color differences give rise to several varieties of gem, notably, ruby and saphire. The deep red ruby is one of the most valuable gems, second only to emerald and diamond. Covellite Covellite has the formulae CuS. It has a relative hardness of 2. It has an indigo-blue colour. Not an abundant material but is found in most copper deposits, usually as a coating in the zone of sulfide enrichment. Cristobalite Cristobalite has the formulae SiO2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is present in many siliceous volcanic rocks as a lining in cavities. Upon heating to 1470 C it becomes nearly transparent. On cooling it assumes its initial white translucent appearance. Crocoite Crocoite has the formulae PbCrO4. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is a rare mineral found in the oxidized zones of lead deposits where lead veins have traversed rocks containing chromite. Not abundant enough to be of commercial value although it does contain chromium. Name is Greek and means 'saffron', an allusion to the colour. Cross-stone see "Harmotome" Cryolite Cryolite has the formulae Na3AlF. It has a relative hardness of 3. It often found enclosing brown siderite and grey galena. Always occurs in pegmatites where it's probably a precipitate from flouride rich solutions. Used in the manufacture of sodium salts, certain kinds of glass and porcelain, and as a flux for cleaning metal surfaces. Crystal Crystal refers to a solid mineral having a regular geometric shape and bounded by smooth flat surfaces(called crystal faces). Crystal symmetry Crystal symmetry refers to the repetitive pattern of crystal faces caused by the orderly internal arrangements of atoms within a mineral. Cubic Nitre Cubic Nitre (sodium nitrate, Chili Saltpetre) is a mineral found mainly in the Tarapaca district of Chile. Cuprite Cuprite has the formulae Cu2O. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is an important ore of copper. Found in the upper oxidized portions of copper veins. Commonly found in crystal forms. Danburite Danburite has the formulae CaB2Si2O8. It has a relative hardness of 7. Datolite Datolite has the formulae CaBSiO4(OH). It has a relative hardness of 6. It is a mineral of secondary origin found usually in cavities in basalt lavas and similar rocks. Delvauxite Delvauxite is a mineral source of phosphate. It has a relative hardness of 2.5. Destinezite Destinezite is a mineral. It is a source of phosphate. It has a relative hardness of 3. Detrital sediment Detrital sediment refers to deposited rock and mineral fragments. Diamond Diamond has the formulae C. It has a relative hardness of 10. It is the hardest naturally occuring mineral and the most important of the gem stones. Occurs in pale shades of several colours, deep shades are rare. Gem quality diamond is transparent, of attractive colour, and without internal fractures or inclusions of other materials. Diaspore Diaspore has the formulae AlO(OH). It has a relative hardness of 7. It is a constituent of bauxites and a major source of aluminum. Dike Dike refers to a wall-like body of igneous rock that cuts across layers of surrounding rocks. Diopside Diopside has the formulae CaMgSi2O6. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is usually found as a contact metamorphic mineral in crystalline limestones. Transparent varieties have been cut and used as gemstones. Dioptase Dioptase has the formulae CuSiO2(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is found in the oxidation zone of copper deposits, in cavities of massive copper minerals. Dolomite Dolomite has the formulae CaMg(CO3)2. It has a relative hardness of 4. It's powder reacts vigorously with HCl. A potential ore of magnesium. Occurs in widely extended rock masses as dolomitic limestone. Often intimately mixed with calcite. Formed from ordinary limestone by the replacement of calcium by magnesium. Dumortierite Dumortierite has the formulae Al7(BO3)(SiO4)3O3. It has a relative hardness of 7. It often has a bright colour and fibrous habit. Occurs in metamorphic rocks rich in aluminum. Also in pegmatites and contact metamorphic rocks. Dysodile Dysodile is a yellow or green foliated mineral found in limestone. Emerald Emerald is a green precious stone variety of the mineral beryl. Enargite Enargite has the formulae Cu3AsS4. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a relatively rare mineral found in vein and replacement deposits associated with pyrite, shpalerite, bornite, galena, chalcocite. Used as an ore of copper. Enstatite Enstatite has the formulae Mg2Si2O6. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is a common and widespread mineral. Found in mafic plutonic and vocanic rocks and often in both metallic and stony meteorites. Epidote Epidote has the formulae Ca2(Al,Fe)3Si3O12(OH). It has a relative hardness of 7. It is a common mineral. Found in regional and metamorphic rocks of mafic composition and as a product of alteration of other minerals. Sometimes used as a gemstone. Epsomite Epsomite has the formulae MgSO4ù7H2O. It has a relative hardness of 3. It has a bitter salty taste; dissolves easily in water. Occurs in delicate fibrous and capillary aggregates. Often called 'epsom salt'. Found as an efflorescent deposit on the walls of caves and sometimes in lake deposits. Erythrite Erythrite has the formulae Co3(AsO4)2ù8H2O. It has a relative hardness of 3. It often shows a vivid colour and occurs in thin crusts. An important indicator of cobalt mineral deposits. Euclase Euclase has the formulae BeAlSiO4(OH). It has a relative hardness of 8. It is a variety of berly. Feldspar Feldspar refers to a group of minerals containing aluminum and silica. They all show good cleavage in two directions at about 90 degrees. The hardness is about 6 and the specific gravity between 2.5 - 2.8. Ferberite Ferberite has the formulae FeWO4 - MnWO4. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is the chief ore of tungsten. A rare mineral found usually in pegmatite dikes and high-temperature quartz veins associated with granites. Ferruginous Ferruginous refers to containing iron. Fire-Garnet see "Pyrope" Flint Flint is a compact mineral of fine grained silica. It is a variety of quartz. Flow banding Flow banding refers to a structure sometimes found in volcanic rocks where alternating layers of rock have different mineral compositions. Fluorine Fluorine is a non-metallic element occurring naturally. Fluorite Fluorite has the formulae CaF2. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is found in veins where it's the main mineral or with metallic ores, especially lead and silver. Common in dolomites and limestone. Associated with many different minerals. Used chiefly as a flux in the making of steel, also for enameling, and it's used in the preparation of hydroflouric acid. Fluorspar Fluorspar is a natural mineral containing flourine. Foliation Foliation refers to a layered structure present in some metamorphic rocks which results from the segregation of different minerals into roughly parallel layers. Franklinite Franklinite has the formulae (Zn,Mn,Fe)(Fe,Mn)2O4 It has a relative hardness of 7. It is used as an ore of zinc and manganese. With minor exceptions, the mineral is confined to Franklin, New Jersey. Freibergite Freibergite is a variety of tetrahedrite containing between 28 and 36 percent silver. Friable Friable refers to crumbles or is pulverized easily. Galena Galena has the formulae PbS. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is virtually the only source of lead and an important ore of silver. Its a very common metallic mineral. When found in veins that show a connection to igneous rocks, it is frequently found with silver minerals. Galena is also found in limestones either as veins or as a replacement deposit. Garnet Garnet has the formulae A3B2(SiO4)3. It has a relative hardness of 8. It is a widely distributed group with several minerals. Found in both metamorphic and igneous rocks. Its chief use is as an inexpensive gem stone. Much is used as an abrasive materal. Garnierite Garnierite has the formulae (Ni,Mg)6Si4O10(OH)8. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is an ore of nickel. It's probably formed as an alteration of nickel bearing peridotites. Has a nice apple green colour. Glauberite Glauberite has the formulae Na2Ca(SO4)2. It has a relative hardness of 3. It has a bitter salty taste; dissolves slowly in water. Is a sedimentary mineral formed by the evaporation of saline water. Slowly alters to gypsum when exposed to air. Glauconite Glauconite has the formulae (K,Na)(Al,Fe,Mg)2(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2 It has a relative hardness of 2. It is of marine origin and found in sedimentary deposits of various kinds. Similar to a mineral called celadonite. Used in the textile, sugar, and brewing industries; as a colouring agent and in the manufacture of fertilizers. Glaucophane Glaucophane has the formulae Na2(Mg,Fe)3Al2Si8O22(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It often has a blue colour. A sodium rich rock forming mineral which, like other amphiboles, is poor in silica. Of interest to petrologists in helping to define the metamorphic conditions which formed the surrounding rock. Gneiss Gneiss refers to a coarsely foliated (layered) metamorphic rock. Goethite Goethite has the formulae FeO(OH). It has a relative hardness of 6. It is an ore of iron and a common mineral. Usually formed as a weathering product of iron bearing minerals. The term "limonite" is commonly used for earthy yellow and brown goethite. Gold Gold has the formulae Au. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is a rare element but occurs in nature in widely distributed small amounts. The main source of gold is in gold-quartz veins where gold was deposited from mineral bearing solutions. When the veins weather, the gold is separated from the quartz and mechanically settles on the stream floor as a placer deposit. Granite Granite is a plutonic igneous rock containing a high proportion of silica. Graphite Graphite has the formulae C. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is pure carbon and often confused with the heavier molybdenite. Formed from organic materials or by the presence of hydrocarbons in a metamorphic region. Used in the manufacture of crucibles, as a lubricant when mixed with oils, as 'lead' for pencils when mixed with clay. Feels greasy. Greasy Greasy refers to a luster of a mineral which appears to be covered with thin coat of oil. Greenockite Greenockite has the formulae CdS. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is the most common mineral containing cadmium but found in few places and usually as an earthy coating on zinc ores. The largest use of cadmium is for electroplating other metals to form chemical resistant coatings. Gypsum Gypsum has the formulae CaSO4ù2H2O. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is a common mineral distributed in sedimentary rocks, often as thick beds. Usually found under beds of rock salt as it's one of the first minerals to crystallize from evaporated salt waters. Used in the production of plaster of Paris. Habit Habit refers to the physical form of a crystal. It's determined by the shape and relative proportions of the crystal faces. Haematite Haematite is an iron ore. Halides Halides refers to a group of minerals that are mostly compounds of halogen elements (bromine, chlorine, flourine, iodine). Ex: halite, flourite. Halite Halite has the formulae NaCl. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is common salt. Tastes salty and exhibits lusterless cubic crystals. Hardness Hardness refers to hardness is the resistance of a smooth surface to scratching. It's determined by the binding force of atoms within the crystal structure. Moh's scale of hardness: 1)talc 2)gypsum 3)calcite 4)flourite 5)apatite 6)orthoclase 7)quartz 8)topaz 9)corundum 10)diamond. Harmotome Harmotome has the formulae (Ba,K)(Al,Si)2Si6O16ù6H20. It has a relative hardness of 5. It occurs mostly in volcanic rocks, especially basalt. Hausmannite Hausmannite has the formulae Mn2O4 It has a relative hardness of 6. It is an excellent ore of manganese. Hauyne Hauyne has the formulae (Na,Ca)4-8(Al6Si6)O24(SO4,S)1-2. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is of interest to collectors. Occurs in igneous and volcanic rocks. Hematite Hematite has the formulae Fe2O3. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is the most abundant and important ore or iron. Has been found in enormous deposits in the United States and elsewhere. Many samples are soft as the hematite is sedimentary or weathered iron oxide and the true hardness is not being measured. Hemimorphite Hemimorphite has the formulae Zn4Si2O7(OH)2ùH2O. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is an ore of zinc. Found in the oxidized regions of zinc deposits. Heulandite Heulandite has the formulae (Na,Ca)4-6Al6(Al,Si)4Si26O72ù24H2O. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is found in the cavities of basic igneous rocks and often associated with calcite. Hexagonal Hexagonal refers to a six sided crystal with hexagonal bases. An unsharpened pencil is a basic example. Horn Silver Horn Silver is a native chloride of silver, so called because when fused it assumes a horny appearance. Hornblende Hornblende has the formulae (Ca,Na)2-3(Mg,Fe,Al)5(Al,Si)8O22(OH)2 It has a relative hardness of 6. It is a common member of the amphibole group. Told from pyroxene by cleavage. Found in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Hydrothermal Hydrothermal refers to the alteration of minerals or rocks by super- heated mineral rich fluids, usually water, within a crystallizing magma. Hydrozincite Hydrozincite has the formulae Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is found mainly in deposits associated with smithsonite and occurs as a result of the oxidation of zinc bearing minerals. A major ore of zinc if found in economic quantities. Ilmenite Ilmenite has the formulae FeTiO3. It has a relative hardness of 6. It has weak magnetism. The major ore of titanium and a common accessory mineral in plutonic rocks. Also in metamorphic rocks. Occurs concentrated in black sands. Associated with magnetite. Intermediate rock Intermediate rock refers to an igneous rock that is transitional between acidic and basic rocks. Have a silica content between 54-65%. Iron Iron has the formulae Fe. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is is recovered primarily from iron bearing minerals. Iron is recognizable by the oxide coating on its surface. Isometric Isometric refers to cubic. Three axis, all the same length and at right angles to each other. Jade Jade is a group of glassy silicate minerals including jadetite and nephrite. Jadeite Jadeite has the formulae Na(Al,Fe+3)Si2O6. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is long prized in the Orient where its been used to make beautiful ornaments. Occurs in large masses in serpentine. Transparent and translucent varieties are called jade. Jasper Jasper has the formulae SiO2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is a form of quartz usually coloured red from inclusions of hematite. Jet Jet is a soft black mineral. Kaolinite Kaolinite has the formulae Al2Si2O5(OH)4. It has a relative hardness of 3. It has a crumbly habit. One of the common members of the group called clay. Derived from the decomposition of feldspars, particulary aluminum silicates. One of the most important of the natural industrial substances, it is used for bricks, ceramics, and many other applications. Kernite Kernite has the formulae Na2B4O7ù4H2O. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is a major ore of boron. Formed in playa lakes with the boron supplied by thermal springs passing through the underlying volcanic rock. Kimberlite Kimberlite is an igneous rock containing very little silica. Kyanite Kyanite has the formulae Al2SiO5. It has a relative hardness of 7. It has a different hardness in two directions. An accessory mineral in gneiss and mica schist. It often found with garnet and corundum. Used in the production of refractory porcelains. Labradorite Labradorite has the formulae (Na,Ca)AlSi3O8. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is one of the plagioclase feldspars, also known as soda-lime feldspars. Others in the grouping are: albite, oligoclase, andesine, bytownite, and anorthite. Labradorite often has a beautiful display of colours. The name is derived from the locality of Labrador. Lamellar Lamellar refers to composed of thin layers, scales, or plates Lapis lazuli Lapis lazuli is a blue mineral used in the manufacture of ultramarine pigment. Laumontite Laumontite has the formulae Ca(Al2Si4)O12ù4H2O. It has a relative hardness of 4. It shows a powdery white surface. A form of anaclime (or analcite). Characterized by the fact that it is monoclinic. Lazulite Lazulite has the formulae MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is a rare mineral and a minor gem stone. Usually found in quartzites associated with kyanite, andalusite, corundum and rutile. Name derived from the Arabic word for 'heaven' in regard to the mineral's colour. Lazurite Lazurite has the formulae (Na,Ca)8(Al,Si)12O24(S,SO4). It has a relative hardness of 5. It is usually shows a deep blue colour. The greenish variety is called lapis lazuli and is very rare. Found in metamorphic limestones associated with calcite and pyrite. Lenticular Lenticular refers to have a lens-like shape. Lepidolite Lepidolite has the formulae K(Li,Al)3(Si,Al)4O10(F,OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a relatively rare mineral found in pegmatic dikes and usually associated with lithium bearing minerals such as pink and green tourmaline. Often found intergrown with muscovite. Used as a source of lithium and it's used in the manufacture of heat resistant glass. Leucite Leucite has the formulae KAlSi2O6. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is a rather rare mineral occuring only in igneous rocks and usually in recent lavas. Found in rocks where the amount of silica in the magma was not sufficient to form feldspar. It is not found, therefore, in rocks that contain quartz. From the Greek word for 'white'. Lime Lime is the common name of calcium oxide. Limestone Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate. Limonite Limonite is an iron ore found in bog deposits. It has a relative hardness of 5.5. Luster Luster refers to the general look of a mineral in reflected light. Minerals are divided into two types: metallic and non-metallic. There's no clear dividing line between the two. In general, non-metallic minerals will transmit light through a thin edge, are light coloured, and will have a light or colourless streak. Non-metallic minerals are further described as: vitreous, resinous, pearly, greasy, silky, adamantine. Magma Magma refers to molten rock beneath the earth's crust. It solidifies to form igneous rocks. Magnesite Magnesite has the formulae MgCo3. It has a relative hardness of 4. It has been used as an ore of metallic magnesium but the primary source of magnesium is sea water. Is a source of magnesia for industrial chemicals. Commonly found in veins and masses derived from the alteration of serpentine through the action of waters containing carbonic acid. Magnetite Magnetite has the formulae Fe3O4. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is the richest and most important ore of iron. Found as an accessory mineral in most igneous rocks. Highly magnetic. Malachite Malachite has the formulae Ci2(CO3)(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a widely distributed copper ore. Found in the oxidized portions of copper veins and is often associated with azurite, cuprite, native copper, iron oxides, and sulfides of copper and iron. Often occurs in copper veins that are found in limestone. Manganite Manganite has the formulae MnO(OH). It has a relative hardness of 4. It is strongly magnetic. An ore of manganese but seldom found in commercial quantities. Often found in veins associated with granitic igneous rocks. Alters to pyrolusite. Barite and calcite are frequent associates. Marble Marble is metamorphosed limestone. Marcasite Marcasite has the formulae FeS2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It often shows a white colour on a fresh surface. Found in iron metallic veins and frequently with lead and zinc ores. Also found in sedimentary rocks. Marcasite most frequently occurs as a replacement deposit in limestone and often in concretions imbedded in clays, marls, and shales. Margarite Margarite has the formulae CaAl2(Al2Si2))O10(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is a metamorphic mineral associated with staurolite and tourmaline. Massive Massive refers to a mineral that does not show any definite external crystal form or consists of poorly defined masses of small crystals. Mercury Mercury has the formulae Hg. It has a relative hardness of 0. It is a native metal. Has uses in mining, engineering, and pharmacy. Mica Mica refers to a group of silicate minerals having perfect cleavage in one direction and which easily split into thin, elastic, sheets. Microcrystalline Microcrystalline refers to a rock in which the crystals are too small to be seen without a microscope. Microline Microline has the formulae KAlSi3O8. It has a relative hardness of 7. It has the same composition as orthoclase but distinguished by triclinic twinning (usually requires a microscope). If a feldspar is a deep green it is microline - and sometimes called 'amazon stone'. Told from plagioclase by lack of striations. Millerite Millerite has the formulae NiS. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is the richest ore of nickel but too scattered to be commercially important. Forms at low temperatures often in cavities and as an altered form of other nickel minerals, or as a crystal inclusion in other minerals. Mimetite Mimetite has the formulae Pb5(AsO4)3Cl. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a minor ore of lead. A relatively rare which occurs in the oxidized portions of lead bearing veins. Mohs Mohs is a scale of hardness applied to minerals. It ranges from 1 for talc to diamond at 10. Molybdates Molybdates refers to a group of minerals in which the molybdate radical (MoO4) is an important constituent. Ex: wulfenite Molybdenite Molybdenite has the formulae MoS2. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is the main ore of molybdenum. Resembles graphite but has a higher specific gravity and a slight blue tint. Monazite Monazite has the formulae (Ca,La,Nd,Th)PO4. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is the chief ore of thorium and cerium. Thorium is a radioactive element. It is concentrated in sands due to its durability and high specific gravity. Associated with other heavy minerals such as magnetite, rutile, and zircon. Monoclinic Monoclinic refers to a crystal with six faces and three axes of unequal length. Two axes are at right angles to each other and the third is inclined to the plane of the other two. A ream of paper with a long edge sloped at an angle is an example. Mud Mud is a mixture of clay, sand and organic matter. Muscovite Muscovite has the formulae KAl2(AlSi3)O10(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 3. It has extremely perfect cleavage and thin flakes are flexible. Very common. Used for electrical and heat insulation. Natrolite Natrolite has the formulae Na2(Al2Si3)O10ù2H2O. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is of interest to collectors. Found lining cavities in basalts and other lavas. Associated with calcite and zeolites. Nephiline Nephiline has the formulae (Na,K)AlSiO4. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is confined almost exclusively to the zinc deposits at Franklin, NJ. Associated with franklinite and willemite, often in an intimate mixture. Niccolite Niccolite has the formulae NiAs. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is a minor ore of nickel and often has a copper-like colour. Nodular Nodular refers to appearing as or composed of irregular lumps of rock or a mineral. Oligoclase Oligoclase has the formulae (Na,Ca)AlSi3O8. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is a plagioclase feldspar. Of interest to petrologists and collectors. Varieties: labradorite, anorthite. Olivine Olivine has the formulae (Mg,Fe)2SiO4. It has a relative hardness of 7. It's name is derived from the characteristic olive green colour. A common rock forming mineral. A clear green variety is called peridot and has some uses as a gem. Onyx Onyx is a mineral formed of silica. Opal Opal has the formulae SiO2ùnH2O. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is found lining and filling cavities in igneous and sedimentary rocks where it's been deposited by hot waters. The ordinary varieties are common but the precious varieties are quite valuable. Orpiment Orpiment has the formulae As2S3. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is a rare mineral usually associated with realgar. Used in dyeing but is poisonous. Distinguished from sulfur by its perfect cleavage. Orthoclase Orthoclase has the formulae KAlSi3O8. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is used in the manufacture of porcelin and for other industrial purposes. Orthorhombic Orthorhombic refers to a rectangular crystal with three axes of different lengths and all at right angles to each other. A closed book is a basic example. Oxide Oxide refers to a group of minerals where oxygen joined with a metal is a major constituent. Oxidized zone Oxidized zone refers to the portion of an ore body that has been altered by downward percolating groundwater and which contains dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide. Pearly Pearly refers to a luster with the iridescent look of a pearl. Most commonly seen on surfaces parallel to cleavage planes. Pectolite Pectolite has the formulae NaCa2Si3O8(OH). It has a relative hardness of 5. It is formed from hydrothermal solutions filling cavities in basalts. Associated with zeolites, prehnite, calcite. Of interest to collectors. Pegmatite Pegmatite refers to an igneous rock of very coarse grain size. Usually found as dikes within a larger rock mass. They are often excellent sources of fine crystals. Penninite Penninite has the formulae Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2ùMg3(OH)6. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is a member of the chlorite group of minerals. Pentlandite Pentlandite has the formulae (Fe,Ni)9S8. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is the principal ore of nickel. The major use of nickel is in the manufacture of steel. Perlite A perlite is an obsidian, or other vitreous rock with a concentric structure and which is expansible by heating. Petalite Petalite has the formulae LiAlSi4O10. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is an ore of lithium. Associated with spodumene, lepidolite, tourmaline. Petroleum Petroleum is a mineral oil from which petrol is derived. Phenakite Phenakite has the formulae Be2SiO4. It has a relative hardness of 8. It is a rare mineral found in pegmatite dikes associated with topaz, beryl, and apatite. From the Greek word for 'a deceiver' in that it can be mistaken for quartz. Phillipsite Phillipsite has the formulae (K2,Na2Ca)(Al2Si4)O12ù4-5H2O. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is a hydrothermal mineral found lining cavities in basalt rocks associated with chabazite. Formed as an alteration product of feldspars and volcanic ashes. Phlogopite Phlogopite has the formulae K(Mg,Fe)3(AlSi3)O10(F,OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 3. It occurs as a result of the metamorphism of crystalline magnesium limestones or dolomitic marbles. Also found in serpentine. Rarely found in igneous rocks. Phosphates Phosphates refers to a group of minerals where phosphate (PO4) is an important constituent. Pipe Pipe refers to a cylindrical, vertical mass of igneous rock. Placer Placer refers to a concentrated deposit of mineral particles that have weathered out of rock. Usually deposited by stream action. Plagioclase Plagioclase has the formulae Na(AlSi3O8). It has a relative hardness of 6. It is the plagioclase feldspar group includes: albite, oligoclase, andesine, labradorite, bytownite, anorthite. Platinum Platinum has the formulae Pt. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is a rare metal and more valuable than gold. Has a high melting point and is resistant to chemicals. Playa Playa refers to a shallow basin or plain in a desert where water collects after a rain and then evaporates. Plutonic rock Plutonic rock refers to a granular igneous rock that has solidified at great depth and shows a distinct grain structure. Ex: granite Polybasite Polybasite has the formulae (Ag,Cu)16SbS11. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is an ore of silver. Resembles hematite but much softer. Polyhalite Polyhalite has the formulae KaCa2Mg(SO4)4ù2H2O. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is urce of potassium. Occurs in bedded deposits associated with sylvite, carnallite, halite. Has a characteristic red colour. Potash Potash is the name given to any mineral containing potassium. Prase Prase is a dark green variety of quartz, the colour being due to an admixture of hornblende. Precipitation Precipitation refers to the process by which disolved or suspended solids are separated from a liquid. Prehnite Prehnite has the formulae Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It occurs as a crusty lining in cavities in basalt and related rocks. Associated with zeolites, datolite, pectolite, and calcite. Has a characteristic green colour. Resembles hemimorphite but is of lower specific gravity and fuses easily. Proustite Proustite has the formulae Ag3AsS3. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is an ore of silver. Has a characteristic ruby-red colour, vermilion streak and a brilliant luster. Pseudomorph Pseudomorph refers to a mineral that has taken the outward crystal form of a different mineral. Psilomelane Psilomelane has the formulae BaMnO16(OH)4 It has a relative hardness of 6. It is an ore of manganese. Usually occurs with pyrolusite. Different from other manganese oxides in that it is of greater hardness and has an apparent lack of crystal structure. Pumice Pumice is a light volcanic rock. Purpurite Purpurite has the formulae (Mn,Fe)PO4 . It has a relative hardness of 5. It is an alteration product of lithiophilite that occurs in pegmatites. Of interest to collectors. Pyragyrite Pyragyrite has the formulae Ag3SbS3. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is an ore of silver. Similar to proustite but has a deeper red colour and is less translucent. Forms in silver veins formed at low temperatures and is one of the last minerals to crystallize in the process of deposition. Pyrite Pyrite has the formulae FeS2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is iron pyrite. Formed from cooling magma. It is found as an igneous segregation and also in metamorphic rocks and as vein deposits. Often found in sedimentary rocks being both primary and secondary in origin. Often mined for the gold or silver associated with it. Pyrolusite Pyrolusite has the formulae MnO2. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is the major ore of manganese which is used in the manufacture of steel. Pyrolusite is formed when manganese is dissolved out of crystalline rocks and then redeposited in dentrites etc. Pyromorphite Pyromorphite has the formulae Pb5(PO4)3Cl. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a minor ore of lead which is found in the oxidized portions of lead veins. Pyrope Pyrope (fire-garnet, Bohemian garnet) is a dark-red variety of garnet found embedded in trap tufa in the mountains of Bohemia, and in serpentine in Germany. Pyrophyllite Pyrophyllite has the formulae A12Si4O10(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is appears very similar to talc. A comparatively rare mineral found in metamorphic rocks and often with kyanite. Pyroxenes Pyroxenes refers to a group of closely related and dark coloured rock forming minerals. Ex: augite, diopside. Pyrrhotite Pyrrhotite has the formulae FeS. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is magnetic. A common mineral often found in igneous rocks. It is mined for the nickel minerals associated with it. Quartz Quartz has the formulae à-SiO2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is a very widespread mineral which occurs as an important constituent of igneous rocks which have an excess of silica. Very resistant to mechanical and chemical attack. Massive, fine grained types are called jasper, chert, flint, agate. Coarse crystalline types called amethyst, rose quartz etc. Realgar Realgar has the formulae AsS. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is found in veins of lead, silver, and gold ores associated with arsenic minerals and stibnite. Also occurs as a deposit from hot springs. When mixed with saltpeter and burned it gives a bright white light and was used in fireworks. Red Ochre Red Ochre is a soft, earthy variety of haematite mineral. Replacement Replacement refers to the process by which one mineral is replaced by another and the original physical form is often retained. Resinous Resinous refers to a luster with the appearance of resin. Rhodochrosite Rhodochrosite is an important manganese ore. In South America it is used as an ornamental stone. It has a relative hardness of 4. Rhodocrosite Rhodocrosite has the formulae MnCO3. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is a minor ore of manganese. Occurs in veins with ores of silver, lead, copper, and other manganese minerals. Rhodonite Rhodonite has the formulae (Mn,Fe,Mg)SiO3. It has a relative hardness of 7. It often has a pink-red colour. Sometimes polished for use as an ornamental stone. Of interest to collectors. Rhyolite Rhyolite is a fine grained igneous rock. Ruby Ruby is the red transparent form of corundum. It is a precious stone. Rutile Rutile has the formulae à-TiO2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It exhibits a strong luster and often twinned crystals. Found in granite, granite pegmatites, gneiss, mica schist, metamorphic limestone and dolomite. Present as an accessory mineral in the rocks or in quartz veins. Name is derived from the latin word "rutilus"; red. Sapphire Sapphire is the blue transparent form of corundum. Scapolite Scapolite has the formulae (Na,Ca,K)4A13(Al,Si)3Si6O24(Cl,SO4,CO3). It has a relative hardness of 6. It shows fluorescence. Occurs in the crystalline schists, gneisses, and often is probably derived from the alteration of plagioclase feldspars. Also occurs in crystalline limestones formed by metamorphic contact or igneous intrusion. Associated with diopside, amphibole, garnet, apatite, and zircon. Scheelite Scheelite has the formulae CaWO4. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is an ore of tungsten. Found in granite pegmatites, contact metamorphic deposits and high-temperature ore veins associated with granitic rocks. Associated with cassiterite, topaz, flourite, apatite, molybdenite, and wolframite. Sometimes found with gold. Schist Schist refers to a metamorphic rock which exhibits fine lamination or layers along which the rock may be easily broken. Mica is a good example. Schwazite Schwazite is a variety of Tetrahedrite containing upto 17 percent mercury. Scolecite Scolecite has the formulae Ca(Al2Si3)O10ù3H2O. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is of interest to collectors. Found in lavas and contact metamorphic depostis. Scorodite Scorodite has the formulae FeAsO4ù2H2O. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is of interest to collectors. Occurs in the oxidized portions of metallic veins as an alteration of arsenic containing minerals. Secondary minerals Secondary minerals refers to minerals formed by the alteration of preexisting minerals. Sepiolite Sepiolite has the formulae Mg4Si6O15(OH)2ù6H2O. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is an alteration product of magnesite and serpentine. Becomes plastic when mixed with water. Used in the manufacture of meerschaum pipes. Serpentine Serpentine has the formulae Mg6(Si4O10)(OH)8. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a common mineral group and usually an alteration product of some magnesium silicate, especially olivine, pyroxene, and amphibole. Frequently associated with magnesite, chromite, and magnetite. Two varieties are antigorite(massive) and chrysotile(fibrous; also called asbestos). Shale Shale is a fine black sedimentary rock. Siderite Siderite has the formulae FeCO3. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is becomes magnetic when heated. An ore of iron. Frequently found as an impure admixture with clay materials. Also in concretions with concentric layers. Silica Silica refers to silicon dioxide (SiO2). A very common mineral that is found in many forms including quartz, opal, chert. Silicates Silicates refers to a group of minerals composed chiefly of SiO4. Ex: quartz, orthoclase. Silky Silky refers to a silk-like luster on a mineral. Results from a fine, fibrous and parallel surface. Sillimanite Sillimanite has the formulae A;2SiO5. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is a somewhat rare mineral found as a constituent of gneiss and schist in metamorhpic rocks. Often occurs with corundum. Silver Silver has the formulae Ag. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is native silver results from the deposition of silver from hydrothermal solutions. Most of the world's silver comes from silver ores rather than pure native silver. Skutterudite Skutterudite has the formulae CoAs2-3. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is an important ore of cobalt and nickel. Associated with native silver, bismuth, calcite, arsenopyrite. Slate Slate is a metamorphic rock. Smithsonite Smithsonite has the formulae ZnCO3. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is an ore of zinc. Usually found with zinc deposits in limestone beds. Sodalite Sodalite has the formulae Na4Al3(SiO4)3Cl. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is usually has an attractive blue colour. Used as polished slabs and for carved ornaments. Specific gravity Specific gravity refers to the relative density of a mineral. It is the ratio of:; Weight in Air/(Weigth in Air - Weight in Water). ;This measurement is an easily accomplished procedure using a simple balance or spring scale. Sperrylite Sperrylite has the formulae PtAs2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is a rare natural compound of platinum and arsenic. Sphalerite Sphalerite has the formulae (Zn,Fe)S. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is the main ore of zinc. Associated with galena, pyrite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, calcite. Formed as a replacement deposit in limestones and in veins in igneous rocks. Sphene Sphene has the formulae CaTiO(SiO4). It has a relative hardness of 6. It is a source of titanium. A rather common accessory mineral in igneous rocks. Often found as crystals. Commonly associated with chlorite. Spinel Spinel has the formulae MgAl2O4. It has a relative hardness of 8. It is a common metamorphic mineral occuring imbedded in crystalline limestone, gneisses, and serpentine. Occurs as a common accessory mineral in many dark igneous rocks. When transparent and finely coloured it is used as a gem. Spodumene Spodumene has the formulae LiAlSi2O6. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is a source of lithium. Found occasionaly as very large crystals in pegmatic dikes. Staurolite Staurolite has the formulae (Fe,Mg,Zn)2Al9Si4O23(OH). It has a relative hardness of 8. It is an accessory mineral in crystalline schists, slates, and sometimes gneisses. Often associated with garnet, kyanite, and tourmaline. May form cross twins. Stephanite Stephanite has the formulae Ag5SbS4. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is a minor ore of silver. One of the last minerals to form in silver veins. Stibnite Stibnite has the formulae Sb2S3. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is the major ore of antimony. Deposited by alkaline waters, usually in association with quartz. Found in quartz veins or beds in granite and gneiss. May occur as a replacement in limestones and shales. Stilbite Stilbite has the formulae NaCa2(Al5Si13)O36ù14H2O. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a mineral of seconadary origin found in cavities in basalts and related rocks. Strata Strata is layers of sedimentary rock. Streak Streak refers to the colour of the powder produced when a mineral is rubbed over the surface of a piece of unglazed, white porcelain. Striations Striations refers to very small parallel grooves or narrow channels of the faces of a crystal. Strontianite Strontianite has the formulae SrCO3. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is source of strontium. Physically simialar to cerussite and witherite. Associated with barite, celestite, and calcite in veins in limestone. Occasionaly found in igneous rocks and as a gangue mineral in sulfide veins. Sulfates Sulfates refers to a group of minerals in which sulfate SO4 is an important part. Sulfides Sulfides refers to a mineral group where sulfur is combined with one or more metals. Sulfur Sulfur has the formulae S. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is formed near the crater rims of volcanoes by hot gases; also formed by the reduction of sulfates, especially gypsum. Sulphides Sulphides refers to a mineral group where sulphur is combined with one or more metals. Sylvanite Sylvanite has the formulae AgAuTe4. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is a rare ore of gold, silver, and tellurium. Formed in low temperature hydrothermal veins. Associated with calaverite, other tellurides - usually in quartz gangue. Sylvite Sylvite has the formulae KCl. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is an industrial mineral used as a fertilizer. Found in sedimentary evaporite deposits associated with halite. Talc Talc has the formulae Mg3Si4O10(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 1. It is a mineral of secondary origin formed by the alteration of magnesium silicates. Usually found in metamorphic rocks where, in a non-crystalline form, it occurs as 'soapstone' - and can make up large rock masses. Used for laboratory table tops and for many industrial uses. Has a greasy feel. Tenacity Tenacity refers to the ability of a substance to resist being separated. Tetragonal Tetragonal refers to a crystal with four rectangular(not square) sides and two square bases. A butter package is an example. Tetrahedrite Tetrahedrite has the formulae (Cu,Fe)12Sb4Si3 - (Cu,Fe)12As4S13. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is an ore of copper and silver. Commonly found in hydrothermal veins formed at low to moderate temperatures. Usually associated with other silver, lead, and copper minerals. Thenardite Thenardite has the formulae Na2SO4. It has a relative hardness of 3. It dissolves easily in water and has a weak salty taste. Forms in sedimentary evaporite deposits in lakes and playas of desert climates. Used in the glass and paper-making industries. Till A till is a stiff unstratified clay mixed with sand, gravel and boulders. Tillite A tillite is a rock composed of consolidated till. Topaz Topaz has the formulae Al2SiO4(F,OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 8. It is formed by flourine-bearing vapors given off during the last stages of the solidification of igneous rocks. It is used as gem stone. Torbernite Torbenite is a uranium ore. It contains up to 61 percent uranium. It has a relative hardness of 2.5. Tourmaline Tourmaline has the formulae (Na,Ca)(Al,Fe,Li,Mg)3A16(BO3)3(Si6O18) It has a relative hardness of 8. It is most commonly found in granite pegmatites. Usually black but lighter coloured gem varieties are also found. Travertine Travertine is a white or light-coloured crystalline concretionary limestone deposited from springs and used for building. Tremolite Tremolite has the formulae Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is the fibrous variety has been used for asbestos. The compact variety is called nephrite and is used for ornamental purposes by oriental people. Most often found in impure limestones where the rock has recrystallized during metamorphism. Triclinic Triclinic refers to a crystal with six faces as parallelograms and three axes of unequal length all inclined to each other. An uncommon form of crystal. Trydimite Trydimite has the formulae á-SiO2. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is of interest to scientists and collectors due to its rarity. Tufa Tufa is a soft white porous rock of calcium carbonate deposited from solution in spring water or percolating ground water. Turquoise Turquoise has the formulae CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8ù5H2O. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is a mineral of secondary origin usually found in small veins and stringers. Used as a gem stone. Twin Twin refers to a mineral specimen comprised of two or more single crystals intergrown in a systematic arrangement. Ulexite Ulexite has the formulae NaCaB5O9ù8H2O. It has a relative hardness of 2. It is an ore of boron. Formed during the evaporation of lake basins. Umber Umber is a naturally occurring mineral used as a pigment. Uraninite Uraninite has the formulae UO2. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is radioactive. An important source of uranium. Occurs in pegmatites and veins in granite; also as sedimentary deposits. Vanadinite Vanadinite has the formulae Pb5(VO4)3Cl. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is source of vanadium and a minor ore of lead. Found in the oxidized portion of lead veins associated with other lead minerals. Vanadium is used as a steel-hardening metal. Vein Vein refers to a sheetlike extension of mineral matter cutting through preexisting rock. Vermilion see "cinnaba" Vesicle Vesicle refers to a small cavity in a volcanic rock. Vesuvianite Vesuvianite has the formulae Ca10(Mg,Fe)2Al4(SiO4)5(SiO7)2(OH)4. It has a relative hardness of 7. It is usually found in crystalline limestones and is formed as a result of contact metamorphism. Vitreous Vitreous refers to a luster like that of glass. Quartz is an example. Vivianite Vivianite has the formulae Fe3(PO4)2ù8H2O. It has a relative hardness of 3. It is a rare mineral of secondary origin, associated with pyrite in copper and tin veins. Forms as a weathering product from primary iron- manganese phosphates in pegmatites. Also found in beds of clay. Wavellite Wavellite has the formulae Al3(PO4)2(OH)3ù5H2O. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a rare mineral of secondary origin. Found frequently in small amounts in crevices in aluminous, low-grade metamorphic rocks and in limonite and phosphorite deposits. Willemite Willemite has the formulae Zn2SiO4. It has a relative hardness of 6. It is an ore of zinc. Found in crystallized limestone. Associated with calcite, zincite, franklentie. Witherite Witherite has the formulae BaCO3. It has a relative hardness of 4. It is a somewhat rare mineral found most often in veins associated with galena. It's a minor source of barium. Woolastonite Woolastonite has the formulae CaSiO3. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is used in the manufacture of tile. Occurs mainly as a contact metamorphic mineral in crystalline limestones. Wulfenite Wulfenite has the formulae PbMoO4. It has a relative hardness of 3. It often displays brilliant colours and a tabular habit. A minor source of molybdenum. Found in the oxidized portion of lead veins with other secondary lead minerals. Prized by collectors. Zincite Zincite has the formulae (Zn,Mn)O. It has a relative hardness of 5. It is an ore of zinc and used in the production of zinc oxide. Zircon Zircon has the formulae ZrSiO4. It has a relative hardness of 8. It is a common accessory mineral found in all types of igneous rocks. When transparent it's used as a gemstone. Zoisite Zoisite has the formulae Ca2Al3(Si3O12)(OH). It has a relative hardness of 7. It is of interest to collectors. Formed in high temperature metamorphic rocks. Variety: tanzanite. MYTHOLOGY Abaddon According to the ancient Hebrews, Abaddon was chief of the demons of the 7th hierarchy. Abaris In Greek mythology Abaris was a priest to the god Apollo. Apollo gave him a golden arrow which rendered him invisible and also cured diseases and gave oracles. Abaris gave the arrow to Pythagoras. Abas Abas was the son of Celeus and Metaneira. He mocked Demeter and was turned into a lizard. By some accounts he was the 12th king of Argolis who owned a magic shield. Abdera Abdera was an ancient Greek city supposedly founded by Hercules in honour of his friend Abderus. Abderus Abderus was a friend of Hercules. Hercules left him to look after the mare of Diomedes, which ate him. Abira In Antioquia mythology, Abira is the creator. Abominable snowman The Abominable snowman is a legendary creature, said to resemble a human, with long arms and a thickset body covered with reddish gray hair. Reports of its existence in the Himalayas have been made since 1832, and they gained substance from a published photograph of a huge footprint in the snow in 1951. No further "evidence" has been found. Absyrtus Absyrtus (Apsyrtus) was a son of Aeetes, King of Colchis and brother of Medea. When Medea fled with Jason she took Absyrtus with her and when her father nearly overtook them she murdered Absyrtus and cut his body into pieces and threw it around the road so that her father would be delayed picking up the pieces of his son. Acacetus Acacetus is a name sometimes given to Hermes because of his eloquence. Acamas Acamas was a son of Theseus and Phaedra. He went to Troy with Diomedes to demand the return of Helen. Acastus Acastus was a son of Pelias. He was one of the argonauts. Acestes In Greek mythology, Acestes was a Sicilian bowman who in a trial of skill discharge an arrow with such force that it ignited. Achaeus In Greek mythology, Achaeus was a son of Xuthus and Creusa. He returned to Thessaly and recovered the dominions of which his father had been deprived. Achates In Greek mythology Achates was a companion of Aeneas in his wanderings subsequent to his flight from Troy. He typified a faithful friend and companion. Achemon Achemon and his brother Basalas were two Cercopes who were for ever arguing. One day they insulted Hercules, who tied them by their feet to his club and marched off with them like a brace of hares. Acheron Acheron was one of the rivers of Hades. Acherusia In Greek mythology, Acherusia was a cave on the borders of Pontus which led to the infernal regions. It was through this cave that Hercules dragged Cerberus to earth. Achilles In Greek mythology, Achilles was the son of Peleus, king of the Myrmidons in Thessaly, and of the sea nymph Thetis, who rendered him invulnerable, except for the heel by which she held him, by dipping him in the river Styx. Achilles killed Hector at the climax of the Iliad, and according to subsequent Greek legends was himself killed by Paris, who shot a poisoned arrow into Achilles' heel. Achiyalatopa In Zuni mythology, Achiyalatopa is a celestial giant monster with feathers of flint knives. Achmon Achmon is an alternative spelling for Achemon. Acis In Greek mythology, Acis was a son of Faunus and a river nymph. He loved the sea-nymph Galatea and was killed by his jealous rival Polyphemus. Acrisius In Greek mythology, Acrisius was a son of Abas and the twin brother of Proetus with whom he quarrelled even in the womb. He was the father of Danae. When Abas died, Acrisius expelled Proetus from his inheritance, but Proetus returned supported by Iobates and Acrisius was compelled to give him Tiryns while he kept Argos. Actaeon In Greek mythology, Actaeon was a great hunter who was turned into a stag by Artemis for looking on her while she was bathing. He was subsequently torn to pieces by his own dogs. Adaro In the mythology of the Solomon Islands, Adaro is a sea-spirit. Addanc The addanc was a dwarf or marine monster which lived near lake llyon. He was killed in some accounts by Peredu who obtained a magic stone which made him invisible. Adekagagwaa In Iroquois mythology, Adekagagwaa is the spirit of summer who rests during the winter in the south. Adja see "Adjassou-Linguetor" Adja Bosu see "Adjassou-Linguetor" Adjassou-Linguetor In Voodoo, Adjassou-Linguetor (Adja, Adha Bosu) is a loa with protruberant eys and a bad temper who governs spring water. Adonis Adonis was a Phoenician god, adopted by Greek mythology as a mortal favourite of Aphrodite. He was killed by a wild boar and upon finding him Aphrodite caused the plant the anemone to rise from his blood. Adrastea Adrastea was an alternative name for Nemesis. Adrastus Adrastus was the son of Talaus and the king of Argos. He attempted to restore Polynices to his throne at Thebes, he failed but led a second assault leading the Epigoni. He died of grief when he heard that his son had been killed in the Epigoni assault. Aegir In Norse mythology, Aegir is the god of the sea. Aello Aello was one of the harpies. Aeneas Aeneas was a Trojan hero. He was the son of Anchises and Aphrodite. He led the survivors of the Trojan war to Italy. Aeolus Aeolus was the son of Hippotes. He lived on a rocky island where the winds were trapped in caves. He let the winds out as commanded by the gods. Aesculapius Aesculapius was the son of Apollo and Coronis. His mother died at his birth, struck by an arrow of Artemis. His father saved him and took him to the physician Chiron who taught Aesculapius about healing. Aesir The Aesir were the principal gods in Norse mythology. They lived in Asgard. Agamemnon In Greek mythology, Agamemnon was a Greek hero of the Trojan wars, son of Atreus, king of Mycenae, and brother of Menelaus. He married Clytemnestra, and their children included Electra, Iphigenia, and Orestes. He sacrificed Iphigenia in order to secure favorable winds for the Greek expedition against Troy and after a ten years' siege sacked the city, receiving Priam's daughter Cassandra as a prize. On his return home, he and Cassandra were murdered by Clytemnestra and her lover, Aegisthus. His children Orestes and Electra later killed the guilty couple. Agla An agla is a talisman used by the rabbis to exorcise evil spirits. Agni Agni is the Hindu god of fire, the guardian of homes, and the protector of humans against evil. Agwe In Voodoo, Agwe is the goddess of the sea. Ah Kinchil In Maya mythology, Ah Kinchil is the sun god. Ah Puch In Maya mythology, Ah Puch is the god of death. Ahau Chamahez In Maya mythology, Ahau Chamahez was one of two gods of medicine. Ahmakiq In Maya mythology, Ahmakiq is a god of agriculture. He locks up the wind when it threatens to destroy the crops. Ahriman In Zoroastrianism the Ahriman is the supreme evil spirit, lord of the darkness and death. Ahura Mazda In Zoroastrianism Ahura Mazda is the spirit of supreme good, god of light and life. Aida-Wedo Aida-Wedo is the voodoo rainbow snake loa. Airsekui In Huron mythology, Airsekui is the great spirit. He is invoked at times of great danger. Ajax In Greek mythology, Ajax was son of Telamon, king of Salamis, he was second only to Achilles among the Greek heroes in the Trojan War. According to subsequent Greek legends, Ajax went mad with jealousy when Agamemnon awarded the armor of the dead Achilles to Odysseus. He later committed suicide in shame. Akhushtal In Maya mythology, Akhushtal is the goddess of childbirth. Aktunowihio In Cheyenne mythology, Aktunowihio is the soul of the earth. A subterranean spirit. Akycha In Eskimo mythology, Akycha is the sun spirit. Alcaeus Alcaeus was a son of Perseus and Andromeda. Alcestis Alcestis was the wife of Admetus in Greek mythology. Her husband was ill, and according to an oracle would not recover unless someone vowed to die in his place. Alcestis made the vow and her husband recovered. After she died Hercules brought her back from the infernal regions. Alcides Alcides is an alternative name for Hercules. Amaethon Amaethon was the celtic god of husbandry. Amaterasu In Japanese mythology, Amaterasu is the sun goddess, grandmother of Jimmu Tenno, the first ruler of Japan. Amazon in Greek mythology, the Amazons were a group of female warriors living near the Black Sea, who cut off their right breasts to use the bow more easily. Their queen, Penthesilea, was killed by Achilles at the siege of Troy. The Amazons attacked Theseus and besieged him at Athens, but were defeated, and Theseus took the Amazon Hippolyta captive; she later gave birth to Hippolytus. Ambrosia In Greek mythology, ambrosia was the food of the gods which was supposed to confer eternal life upon all who ate it. Amen Amen is an alternative spelling of Ammon. Amitolane In Zuni mythology, Amitolane is the rainbow spirit. Ammon Ammon was an ancient Egyptian god. He was depicted as a human with a ram's head. He was one of the chief gods, and was adopted by the Greeks as Zeus and the Roman's as Jupiter. Amor Amor was the Roman god of love. Amphion In Greek mythology, Amphion was a son of Zeus and Antiope. He was the husband of Niobe. Amphion had great skill in music which he was taught by Hermes. He helped build the walls of Thebes, the stones moving themselves into position at the sound of his lyre. Amphitrite Amphitrite was the Greek goddess of the sea and wife of Poseidon. Amphitryon In Greek mythology, Amphitryon was King of Thebes, son of Alcaeus and husband of Alcmena. Amset In Egyptian mythology, amset was son of horus; guardian of the south. His canopic jar receives the stomach and large intestines of the dead. Amun Amun is an alternative spelling of Ammon. Amymone Amymone was a daughter of Danaus. She and her sisters were sent to search for water when Poseidon caused a drought in the district of Argos. Whilst searching she threw a spear at a dear, missed it and hit a satyr which pursued her. She called to Poseidon for help. He came, drove off the satyr and produced a perennial spring for her at Lerna, where he met her. An In Sumerian mythology, An was the personification of heaven. An tigh geatha In druidry an tigh geatha refers to the outer order. Anadyomene Anadyomene is a name of Aphrodite when she was represented as rising from the sea. Andraste In British mythology, Andraste is a warrior goddess. She was invoked by Queen Boudicca when she revolted against the Roman invaders. Androcles In Roman mythology, Androcles was a Roman slave who fled from a cruel master into the African desert, where he encountered a crippled lion and took a thorn from its paw. The lion later recognized the recaptured slave in the arena and spared his life. The emperor Tiberius was said to have freed them both. Andromache In Greek mythology, Andromache was the wife of Hector. Andromeda Andromeda was a daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopea. Perseus found her bound to a rock as a sacrifice to a sea monster. Perseus rescued her after killing the sea monster so that she might become his wife. Angpetu Wi In Dakota mythology, Angpetu Wi is the sun spirit. Anguta In Eskimo mythology, Anguta is a god who lives under the sea and drags down the dead. Aningan In Eskimo mythology, Aningan is the moon spirit. Ankh The Ankh was the ancient Egyptian amulet of life. It was usually employed as a pendant for a necklace. Anniu Anniu was an ancient Egyptian god. Annwn In British mythology, annwn is the otherworld. Anpao In Dakota mythology, Anpao is the spirit of the dawn. Antaeus Antaeus was the giant son of Poseidon and Ge. He was invincible so long as he remained in contact with the earth. Hercules killed him by picking him up so that his feet were off the ground and then stifling him. Anteros In Greek mythology, Anteros was the god of mutual love. He was said to punish those who did not return the love of others. Anthesteria Anthesteria was a Greek festival held each year in honour of the gods, particularly Bacchus and to celebrate the beginning of spring. Antigone In Greek mythology Antigone was the daughter of Oedipus and Jocasta. She was celebrated for her devotion to her father and her brother Polynices. Antilochus In Greek mythology, Antilochus was a son of Nestor. He was a hero of the Trojan war and was renowned for his speed of foot. He was killed by Memnon. Antiope In Greek mythology, Antiope was a daughter of Nycteus, King of Thebes. Zeus was attracted by her beauty and came to her in the guise of a Satyr. Antiope conceived twins by Zeus, and scared of her father's wrath fled to Sicyon where she married King Epopeus. Anu In Babylonian mythology, Anu is the god of the sky. He is the son of Anshar and Kishar. Anubis Anubis (Anepo) was an ancient Egyptian god. He was the son of Osiris and Isis. He was depicted as having the head of a jackal. He guided the souls of the dead from this world into the next. He also weighed the actions of the deceased in the presence of Osiris. Anulap In Truk Island mythology, Anulap is the sky god and the husband of Ligougubfanu. Apep Apep is an evil serpant in ancient Egyptian mythology. Aphrodisia Aphrodisia was the festival in celebration of Aphrodite celebrated throughout Greece and Cyprus. Aphrodite Aphrodite was the Greek goddess of love. The Romans called her Venus. Apis Apis were bulls symbolic of Osiris in ancient Egyptian culture. When they reached 25 years of age they were secretly killed by the priests and thrown into a sacred well. Apollo Apollo was the Roman name of the Greek god Phoebus. Apsu In Babylonian mythology, Apsu is the sweet-water ocean. It is the union of Apsu with Tiamat which brings forth the first gods. Arachne In Greek mythology, Arachne was a Lydian woman who was so skillful a weaver that she challenged the goddess Athena to a contest. Athena tore Arachne's beautiful tapestries to pieces and Arachne hanged herself. She was transformed into a spider, and her weaving became a cobweb. Aratron In magic, Aratron is ruler of the affairs of Saturn. It is a spirit which can be invoked on the 1st hour of saturday. Arcadia Arcadia was a green mountainous isolated region in the centre of Peloponnese inhabited by shepherds and peasants. Ares Ares was the Greek god of storms and tempests. He was a son of Zeus and Hera. He became symbolic with storms and turmoil in human relationships and hence to being the god of war. The Romans called him Mars. Arethusa In Greek mythology, Arethusa was a daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was a nympth changed by Artemis into a fountain to enable her to escape the pursuit of Alpheus. Argonauts In Greek mythology the Argonauts were heroes who made a hazardous voyage to Colchis with Jason in the ship the Argo to get the golden fleece. Argus In Greek mythology the Argus was a beast with a hundred eyes placed by Juno to guard Io. Ariadne In Greek mythology Ariadne was the daughter of King Minos. She helped Theseus out of the labyrinth with a thread. She was abandoned by Theseus on the Isle of Naxos where she subsequently met and married Bacchus. Arimaspians In Greek mythology the Arimaspians were a one-eyed people who conducted a perpetual war against the griffins in an attempt to steal the griffin's gold. Aristaeus In Greek mythology Aristaeus was the son of Apollo and Cyrene. He introduced bee-keeping. Artemis Artemis was a Greek goddess of the moon. Aruspices The Aruspices (Haruspices) were a class of priests in ancient Rome. Their job was to foretell the future from the entrails of sacrificial victims. Ascanius Ascanius was a son of Aeneas and Creusa. He escaped from Troy with his father. Asclepius Asclepius was a Greek god of healing. He was the son of Apollo and Coronis. He was taught the art of healing by Cheiron. Zeus killed him with a thunderbolt as a punishment for bringing a dead man back to life. Asgard In Norse mythology Asgard was the home of the gods. Ashera Ashera was an ancient Semetic goddess symbolised by the phallus. Ashnan In Sumerian mythology, Ashnan was the goddess of grain. She was created by Enlil to provide food and clothes for the gods. Ashtaroth Ashtaroth was a goddess worshipped by the ancient Canaanites. She was regarded as symbolising the productive power of nature. Asmodai In ancient Egyptian mythology Asmodai (Asmodeus) was an evil spirit who killed seven husbands of Sara but was driven away into the uppermost part of Egypt by Tobias. Asmodai is also reprsented as the prince of demons who drove King Solomon from his kingdom. Asrael In Islam, Asrael is the angel of death who takes the soul from the body. Astarte Astarte is a Syrian goddess representing the productive power of nature. She was a moon goddess. Astraea In Greek mythology Astraea was the daughter of Zeus and Themis, the goddess of justice. Ataentsic In Iroquois mythology, Ataentsic is the goddess of the earth. Atalanta In Greek mythology Atalanta was a famous huntress of Arcadia. She was to be married only to someone who could outrun her in a race, the consequence of failure being death. Atanua In the mythology of The Marquesas Islands, Atanua is the dawn goddess. She was the wife of Atea, and it was her miscarriage that created the seas. Ate Ate was the goddess of infatuation, mischief and guilt. She would mislead men into actions which would be the ruin of them. Atea In the mythology of the Marquesas Islands, Atea is the god of light and husband of Atanua. Ateshga Ateshga was a sacred site for the Guebres. It was on the peninsular of Apsheron on the west coast of the Caspian sea. Pilgrims would bow before the sacred flames which issued forth from the bituminous soil. Athena Athena (Athene) was the Greek goddess of intellect. She was the daughter of Zeus and Metis. Athene see "Athena" Athor Athor (Hathor, Hat-Her) was an Egyptian goddess symbolised by a cow with a solar disk on its head and haw-feather plumes. Atlantiades Atlantiades was another name for Hermes. Atlantides Atlantides was name given to the Pleiades who were fabled to be the seven daughters of Atlas. Atlantis In Greek mythology, Atlantis was an island continent, said to have sunk following an earthquake. The Greek philosopher Plato created an imaginary early history for it and described it as a utopia. Atlas Atlas was a giant who had to support the heavens upon his shoulders. Atreus In Greek mythology Atreus was the son of Pelops and Hippodamia. He was King of Mycenae. To seek revenge on his brother Thyestes for seducing his wife, Atreus gave a banquet at which Thyestes dined on the flesh of his own sons. Attis In classical mythology, Attis was a Phrygian god whose death and resurrection symbolized the end of winter and the arrival of spring. He was loved by the goddess Cybele, who drove him mad as a punishment for his infidelity, he castrated himself and bled to death. Au In the mythology of the Gilbert Island, Au is the sun god and lord of the skies. Augean stables in Greek mythology, the Augean stables were the stables of Augeas, king of Elis in southern Greece. One of the labours of Hercules was to clean out the stables, which contained 3,000 cattle and had never been cleaned before. He was given only one day to do the task so he diverted the river Alpheus through their yard. Aum Aum is the sacred mystical syllable representing the Hindu trinity. Aurora Aurora was goddess of the dawn. She was the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, and sister of Helios and Selene. Autolycus In Greek mythology, Autolycus was an accomplished thief and trickster. He was a son of the god Hermes, who gave him the power of invisibility. Avali Avali is the plural of Omuli. Avalon Avalon is the place where King Arthur is said to have gone after disappearing. It is a sort of fairy land. Avatar Avatar (Avatara) in Hindu mythology is an incarnation of a deity. Ba-Maguje In Hausa mythology, Ba-Maguje is the spirit of drunkeness. Baal In Canaanite mythology, Baal was the god of fertility. He was the son of El. Babamik In Arapesh mythology, Babamik is a cannibal ogress who is eventually lured to her death and she then becomes a crocodile. Bacabs In Maya mythology, the bacabs are the canopic gods. They stand at the four corners of the world supporting the heavens. Bacchanalia Bacchanalia were feasts held in honour of Bacchus and characterized by licentiousness and revelry. Bacchus Bacchus was another name for Dionysus. Balder In Norse mythology, Balder was the son of Odin and Freya and husband of Nanna, and the best, wisest, and most loved of all the gods. He was killed, at Loki's instigation, by a twig of mistletoe shot by the blind god Hodur. Banshee In Gaelic folklore, a banshee is a female spirit whose wailing outside a house foretells the death of one of its inhabitants. Bard A bard was an order of druid. The bard's office was to supervise, regulate and to lead. His robe was sky blue, symolising justice and truth. Barong In Balinese mythology, Barong is a protective spirit portrayed as a lion or tiger. Basalas see "Achemon" Bast Bast was an ancient Egyptian goddess. The cat was sacred to her. Batara Guru In Indonesian mythology, Batara Guru is the great god who made the earth. Bateia In Greek mythology, Bateia was a daughter of Teucer. She was married to Dardanus by whom she had two sons, Ilus and Erichthonius. Begu In Batak mythology, begu are ghosts which wander the afterworld formless and starving. They approach humans by way of mediums demanding sacrifices to feed on. They may also steel the soul of a living person for a husband/wife. Bel Bel (Belenos) was the Celtic god of light. Belam In Melanau mythology, Belam are protective spirits who catch the souls of sick people and return them to their bodies thereby curing them. Bellerophon In Greek mythology, Bellerophon was a victim of slander who was sent against the monstrous chimera, which he killed with the help of his winged horse Pegasus. After further trials, he ended his life as a beggar. His story was dramatized by Euripides. Bellona Bellona was the Roman goddess of war. Beltaine Beltaine is the name of the feast of the spring equinox. Berserker In Norse mythology, a berserker was a warrior whose frenzy in battle transformed him into a wolf or bear howling and foaming at the mouth, and rendered him immune to sword and flame. Bertha In Norse mythology, Bertha is the goddess of spinning. Bes Bes was the Egyptian god of recreation, music and dancing. He was represented as a grotesque dwarf wearing a crown of feathers. Bia In Greek mythology, Bia was a son of Styx and the Titan Pallas. Bia was the personification of might and force. Biloko In Zaire mythology, Biloko are spirits which live in hollow trees in the forest. They dress only in leaves and are devoid of hair, instead grass grows on their body. They have piercing eyes and a snout with a mouth which can open wide enough to swallow a man dead or alive. They have long sharp claws and can put a spell on passers by except those protected by strong counter magic. Bladud In English mythology, Bladud was the father of King Lear, and was said to have founded Bath having been cured by its waters. Boan Boan was another name for Dana. In this version of events, Boan visited a sacred well which, to punish her for breaking the law, rose up and pursued her to the sea and thus became the river Boyne where lived the salmon of knowledge which fed on nuts dropped from the nine hazel trees at the water's edge. Boann In Irish mythology, Boann is the goddess of rivers. Bochica In Chibcha mythology, Bochica was the supreme being. Bodhisattva A Bodhisattva is someone who has transmuted his personal human nature and raised it into impersonality. Bokwus In Kwakiutl mythology, Bokwus is a wild spirit of the woods who draws the spirits of the drowned to his home. Bope In Bororo mythology, Bope are evil spirits who attack the souls of the dead. Boraspati ni Tano In Batak mythology, Boraspati ni Tano is an earth spirit. Sacrifices are made to him when a new house is built. Boreas Boreas was the north wind god. He was the son of Astraeus and Aurora. Bragi In Norse mythology, Bragi is the god of poetry and eloquence. He was married to the goddess Iduna who dwelt in the underworld. Brahma Brahma is the Hindu supreme god and creator of the cosmos. Brighid In Gaelic mythology, Brighid was the goddess of metalwork, poetic inspiration and therapy. Bromius Bromius was another name for Dionysus. Brono In Norse mythology, Brono was the son of Baldr. He was the god of daylight. Brownie The brownie is a spirit popular in Scottish folk-lore. Brownies haunt houses, and if treated well will help with the drudgery of the housework while the occupants sleep. Bubastis In Egyptian mythology, Bubastis was the daughter of Isis. She was represented as having the head of a cat, the animal sacred to her. Bucentaur The bucentaur was a mythical creature, half man and half ox Bylgja In Norse mythology, Bylgja is a daughter of Aegir and Ran. Cadmus Cadmus was the founder of the ancient city of Cadmeia and gave the Greeks an alphabet. Caduceus Caduceus is the winged and serpent twisted staff or wand of Hermes. Calliope Calliope was the muse of heroic poems. She was the chief of the muses. Callisto Callisto was a daughter of Lycaon. She was one of Artemis' huntresses. She bore arcas to Zeus. To conceal their affair, Zeus turned her into a bear. Calypso In Greek mythology, Calypso was a sea nymph who waylaid the homeward- bound Odysseus for seven years. Cassandra In Greek mythology, Cassandra was the daughter of Priam, King of Troy. Her prophecies were never believed, because she had rejected the love of the god Apollo. She was murdered with Agamemnon by his wife Clytemnestra, having been awarded as a prize to the Greek hero on his sacking of Troy. Castor Castor was the twin brother of polydeuces. He was a son of Zeus and Leda. He, like his brother was born from an egg after Zeus visited Leda disguised as a swan. Cavillaca In Quecha mythology, Cavillaca was a goddess loved by Coniraya. Celaeno Celaeno was one of the harpies. Celeus In Greek mythology, Celeus was King of Eleusis and the husband of Metaneira. Centaur A centaur was a beast half horse, and with the head, torso and arms of a man. Centeotl In Aztec mythology, Centeotl was the corn god. He was a son of Tlazolteotl and the husband of Xochiquetzal. Cepheus Cepheus was the king of Aethiopia. He displeased Poseidon by having a beautiful daughter, Andromeda. Poseidon then sent floods and a sea monster to terrorise the area until cepheus gave his daughter as a sacrifice to the sea monster. Cerberus Cerberus was a huge and savage dog with 3 heads which guarded the entrance to Hades. He was the offspring of Echidne and Typhon. Cercyon Cercyon was a son of Hephaestus. He was king near Eleusis. He challenged all travellers and wrestled them to death untill he challenged and was killed by Theseus. Ceres Ceres was the Roman goddess of agriculture, equivalent to the Greek Demeter. Cernunnos In Celtic mythology, Cernunnos was the god of the underworld and of animals. He is depicted as a man with the antlers of a stag. Cerridwen In Welsh mythology, Cerridwen is the goddess of dark prophetic powers. She is the keeper of the cauldron of the underworld, in which inspiration and divine knowledge are brewed. Cestus In Greek mythology, the cestus was a girdle worn by Aphrodite and which was endowered with the power of exciting love towards the wearer. Chahuru In Pawnee mythology, Chahuru is the spirit of water. Chalchiuhtlicue In Aztec mythology, Chalchiuhtlicue was the goddess of running water. She was the sister of Tlaloc. Chalybes The Chalybes were mythical inhabitants of north Asia Minor who invented iron working. Chantico In Aztec mythology, Chantico was the goddess of hearth fires and volcanoes. Chaos In Greek mythology, Chaos was the infinite space before Ge (the earth) was created. Charites The Charites were the Greek goddesses of gracefulness and the charms of beauty. Charon Charon was the ferryman who transported the dead across the river Styx to Hades. Charybdis In Greek mythology, the charybdis was a whirlpool formed by a monster of the same name on one side of the narrow straits of Messina, Sicily, opposite the monster Scylla. Cheiron Cheiron was a centaur. He was a son of Cronus and Philyra. He learnt hunting and medicine from Apollo and Artemis. Chenoo In Abnaki mythology, the Chenoo were stone giants versed in hunting who were invoked to assist the hunters. Chia In Chibcha mythology, Chia is the moon-goddess. Chibchacum In Chibcha mythology, Chibchacum was the god of farmers and merchants. Chicomecoatl In Aztec mythology, Chicomecoatl was the goddess of corn and fertility. Chimaera The chimaera was a monster composed of the head of a lion, the body of a goat and a serpant for a tail. Bellerophon was sent to slay it. Chipiripa In Curra mythology, Chipiripa is the rain god. Chixu In Pawnee mythology, Chixu are the spirits of the dead. Cihuacoatl In Aztec mythology, Cihuacoatl was a goddess whose roaring signalled war. Circe In Greek mythology, Circe was an enchantress living on the island of Aeaea. In Homer's Odyssey, she turned the followers of Odysseus into pigs. Odysseus, bearing the herb moly provided by Hermes to protect him from the same fate, forced her to release his men. Cit Bolon Tum In Maya mythology, Cit Bolon Tum was a god of medicine. Clermeil In Voodoo, Clermeil is a loa in the form of a white-man. When angry he makes rivers overflow. Clio Clio was the muse of history. Clytemnestra In Greek mythology, Clytemnestra was the wife of Agamemnon. With the help of her lover Aegisthus, she murdered her husband and his paramour Cassandra on his return from the Trojan War, and was in turn killed by her son Orestes. Comus Comus was a Greek and Roman god of banquets. Conchobar In Celtic mythology, Conchobar was the King of Ulster whose intended bride, Deidre, eloped with Noisi. Conchobar killed Deidre's husband and his brothers and she died of sorrow. Congo In Voodoo, Congo is a handsome but lethargic and slow-witted loa. Coniraya In Quecha mythology, Coniraya is the creator of all things and the founder of agriculture. He came to earth as a beggar, fell in love with the goddess Cavillaca and secretly impregnated her by turning some of his sperm into fruit which she ate. Cavillaca later turned herself and her child into stone at the shame of mothering the child of a beggar. Corbenic Corbenic was the castle in the Arthurian legend in which the Holy Grail was kept. Cornucopia In Greek mythology, the cornucopia was one of the horns of the goat Amaltheia, which was caused by Zeus to refill itself indefinitely with food and drink. Cratos Cratos was a son of Uranus and Gaea. He was very strong. Creidhne In Celtic mythology, Creidhne was the god of metal working. Creusa In Greek mythology, Creusa was the daughter of Erechtheus and wife of Xuthus. She was also loved by Apollo. Cronus Cronus was the son of Uranus. He succeeded to the throne of the gods when Uranus was deposed. He married Rhea. He appears in Greek mythology. Cuchulain Cuchulain was a Celtic hero, the chief figure in a cycle of Irish legends. He is associated with his uncle Conchobar, King of Ulster; his most famous exploits are described in The Cattle Raid of Cuchulain. Cupid Cupid was another name for Amor. Cupido Cupido is an alternative spelling for Cupid. Curetes In Greek mythology the Curetes were attendants of Rhea. They were supposed to have saved the infant Zeus from his father Cronus and then to have become a sort of bodyguard of the god. Cybele Cybele was the Great Mother Goddess of the Phrygians and later the Greeks and Romans. Cyclops In Greek mythology, the Cyclops wereone of a race of Sicilian giants, who had one eye in the middle of the forehead and lived as shepherds. Odysseus blinded the Cyclops Polyphemus in Homer's Odyssey. Daedalus In Greek mythology, Daedalus was an Athenian artisan supposed to have constructed for King Minos of Crete the labyrinth in which the Minotaur was imprisoned. When Minos became displeased with him, Daedalus fled from Crete with his son Icarus using wings made by them from feathers fastened with wax. Daemons The daemons were an order of invisible beings. Zeus assigned one daemon to each man to attend, protect and guide him. Dagda Dagda was the Celtic equivalent of Cronus. Also called Cian. Daghdha In Irish mythology, Daghdha is the great god. He had a secret affair with Boann which resulted in the birth of Oenghus. Dagon Dagon was the god of the Philistines. He had the upper torso of a man and the tail of a fish. Dakaki In Hausa mythology, the Dakaki is a serpant spirit which causes the evil eye resulting in stomach ulcers. Dama In Huli mythology, dama are invisible deities which control the weather and attack people causing illness, sterility or death. Most of them can also bring good fortune, but a small minority are completely evil. Dama dagenda In Huli mythology, dama dagenda are evil forest-spirits that attack travellers making their noses bleed and giving them sores. Damballa In Voodoo, Damballa is a loa who governs snakes and floods and can cure all illness. Danaans The Danaans were one of the 3 Nemedian families who survived the Fomorian victory. The brought the stone of destiny from Falias. Danae In Greek mythology, Danae was daughter of Acrisius, king of Argos. He shut her up in a bronze tower because of a prophecy that her son would kill his grandfather. Zeus became enamored of her and descended in a shower of gold; she gave birth to Perseus. Danhyang Desa In Java mythology, each village has a Danhyang Desa which is a spirit who lives in a large tree near to or in the village. All blessings emanate from him. Any disasters occuring to the village are seen as a sign that he has been neglected. Daphne Daphne was a daughter of Peneus. She was pursued by Apollo and asked to be turned into a laurel tree to escape him, which she was. Daphnis Daphnis was a son of Hermes and a nymph. He was raised by Sicillian shepherds when his mother abandoned him. Dardanus In Greek mythology, Dardanus was a son of Zeus and Electra. He was originally a king in Arcadia, he migrated to Samothrace and from there to Asia where Teucer gave him the site of his town, Dardania. He married Bateia. Datagaliwabe In Huli mythology, Datagaliwabe is a giant who punishes offences against kinship laws with illness, fatal accidents or death in battle. Deianeira Deianeira was the daughter of Oeonus and the wife of Hercules. Deidamia Deidamia fell in love with Achilles and bore him Neoptolemus. Deirdre In Celtic mythology, Deidre was the beautiful intended bride of Conchobar. She eloped with Noísi, and died of sorrow when Conchobar killed him and his brothers. Demeter Demeter was a Greek goddess of the earth. She is also called Ceres. She was the nourishing mother, bringing forth fruits. She was a daughter of Cronus and Rhea. Demigod A demigod was a Greek hero. They were men who posessed god-like strength and courage and who had performed great tasks in the past. Deucalion In Greek mythology, Deucalion was the son of Prometheus. Warned by his father of a coming flood, Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha built an ark. After the waters had subsided, they were instructed by a god to throw stones over their shoulders which then became men and women. Dia Dia is an alternative name for Hebe. Diable Tonnere In Voodoo, Diable Tonnere is a powerful loa. Diablesse In Voodoo, Diablesses are the spirits of women who died as virgins. They are forced to purge the sin of dieing a virgin by living in the woods for many years before they will be allowed into heaven. Diana Diana was the Roman name for the Greek goddess Artemis. Diancecht In Irish mythology, Diancecht is the god of healing. He destroyed the giant serpent that threatened and destroyed cattle throughout the land. Dido Dido was a Phoenician princess. The legendary founder of Carthage, she committed suicide to avoid marrying a local prince. Diejuste In Voodoo, Diejuste is a benevolant loa. Dike Dike was the attendant of justice to Nemesis. Dinditane In Huli mythology, Dinditane is a fertility god of gardening. Dionysus Dionysus was a Greek god of happiness. He was also called Bacchus and Iacchus. Dis In Roman mythology, Dis was the god of the underworld, also known as Orcus. Discordia Discordia was the Roman goddess of strife. Druid The ancient druids were divided into 3 functional orders:primitive druid, bard and ovate. Druidism originated amongst the megalithic ancient British. They taught it to the immigrant celts, and later trained celts from the conntinent. Dryades The dryades were nymphs of the woods and trees. Duamutef In Egyptian mythology, Duamutef was son of Horus and guardian of the East. His canopic jar receives the lungs and heart of the dead. Dumuzi In Sumerian mythology, Dumuzi is the shepherd god. Dunawali In Huli mythology, Dunawali is an evil goddess who lodges herself in a woman's internal organs making the victim the innocent vehicle of the goddesses evil power. Duppies see "Duppy" Duppy In Jamaican folklore, Duppies are the ghosts of deceased people. An Obeah man will summon a Duppy and plant it in a home to curse the occupants. A sample of the victim's clothing, hair or especially menstrual fluid may be obtained so that a Duppy may rape a femal victim while she sleeps and make her ill. Durga Durga is a Hindu deity. She is depicted as having ten arms. Her most famous exploit was slaying Mahisha. The festival of Durga puja is celebrated annually in her honour. In Bali mythology, Durga is the goddess of death. Dyaus In Hindu mythology, Dyaus is the god of the sky. Dzivaguru In Korekore mythology, Dzivaguru was the great earth goddess. She lived in a valley near Dande, kept cattle and goats and dressed in goatskins. She posessed a long horn which gave he whatever she wished for. Ea In Babylonian mythology, Ea was the god of wisdom and magic. Eblis In Islamic mythology, Eblis is the chief of the evil spirits. Echo Echo was a mountain nymph and a servant of Hecate. Ehecatl In Aztec mythology, Ehecatl was the god of wind. Eirene Eirene was the goddess of peace. Ekahau In Maya mythology, Ekahau is the god of travellers and merchants. Ekkekko In Quecha mythology, Ekkekko is the god of good fortune. El In Canaanite mythology, El was the father of the gods. Electra In Greek mythology, Electra was daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, and sister of Orestes and Iphigenia. Her hatred of her mother for murdering her father and her desire for revenge, fulfilled by the return of her brother Orestes, made her the subject of tragedies by the Greek dramatists Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Electryon Electryon was a son of Perseus and Andromeda. Elementals The Elementals are creatures or spirits of the elements. They are the forces of nature. Eloko In Zaire mythology, the Eloko are dwarves who live in the densest and darkest parts of the forest guarding their treasure, which is the fruits and animals of the forest. Elysium In Greek mythology, Elysium was originally another name for the Islands of the Blessed, to which favored heroes were sent by the gods to enjoy a life after death. It was later a region in Hades. Endymion In Greek mythology, Endymion was a beautiful young man loved by Selene, the Moon goddess. He was granted eternal sleep in order to remain forever young. Enki Enki was the Sumerian water god. Enki supplied clear drinking water to the town of Dilmun at the request of Ninhursag. Enkidu In the Epic of Gilgamesh, Enkidu is the wild man created by the goddess Aruru who becomes a companion to Gilgamesh. After Gilgamesh has provoked the anger of the goddess Ishtar, Enkidu sickens and dies. Enkimdu In Sumerian mythology, Enkimdu was the farmer god. Enlil In Sumerian mythology, Enlil was the son of Ki and An. He was the god of the sky and separated the earth from the heaven. Enyo Enyo was the Greek goddess of war. Eos Eos was the goddess of dawn. She was the daughter of Hyperion and Thia, and sister of Helios and Selene. Epaphus In Greek mythology, Epaphus was a son of zeus and Io who was born on the River Nile. He became King of Egypt and married Memphis, or by some accounts Cassiopeia. he had a daughter, Libya, who gave her name to the African country of Libya. Epigoni The Epigoni were the descendants of the seven against Thebes who attacked the city ten years after their fathers had done so. They were organised by Adrastus. Epimetheus Epimetheus was the brother of Prometheus. Epona In Celtic mythology, Epona was the goddess of horses. Erato Erato was the muse of love and marriage songs. Erebus Erebus was the Greek god of darkness. Erechtheus In Greek mythology, Erechtheus (Erichthonius) was an Attic hero, said to have been the son of Hephaestus and Atthis. He was brought up by Athena. Erichthonius see "Erechtheus" Eridanus Eridanus was a Greek river god known as the king of rivers. He was a son of Oceanus and Tethys. Erinys Erinys was the attendant of vengeance to Nemesis. Eris Eris was the Greek goddess of strife. Eros Eros was the Greek god of love. He was the son of Aphropdite. Erzilie In Voodoo, Erzilie is the goddess of sexual love. Eteocles In Greek mythology, Eteocles was a son of the incestuous union of Oedipus and Jocasta and brother of Polynices. He denied his brother a share in the kingship of Thebes, thus provoking the expedition of the Seven against Thebes, in which he and his brother died by each other's hands. Europa Europa was the daughter of Agenor. She was carried off by Zeus who had transformed himself into a great white bull. Eurus Eurus was the east wind god. Euryale Euryale was one of the gorgons. Eurydice In Greek mythology, Eurydice was the wife of Orpheus. She was a dryad, or forest nymph, and died from a snake bite. Orpheus attempted unsuccessfully to fetch her back from the realm of the dead. Euterpe Euterpe was the muse of music. Fama Fama was an alternative name for Pheme. Farbanti In Norse mythology Farbanti was a giant who ferried the dead over the waters to the underworld. He was the father of Loki. Fate In Greek and Roman mythology, the Fates was goddesses who decreed what would happen to both men and gods. Fauna Fauna was a Roman goddess. Faunus Faunus was a Roman god similar to Pan. Fenris In Norse mythology, Fenris was the monstrous wolf of the god Loki. Fenris swallowed the god Odin but was stabbed to death by Odin's son, Vidar. Finweigh In Bilan mythology, Finweigh was the god who with Melu made man. Flora Flora was the Roman goddess of flowers, youth, and spring. Forso In Gururumba mythology, the forso are ghosts of the dead. They are tiresome attracting attention and causing accidents and illness. Fortuna Fortuna was the Roman goddess of luck. Freyr In Norse mythology, Freyr was Odin in another form as the god of rain, sunshine and fruits. He married Gredr. Fulla In Norse mythology, Fulla was attendant to Frigg. Furiae The Furiae were attendants of Hades and Persephone. Ga-oh In Iroquois mythology, Ga-oh is the wind-giant. His house is guarded by a bear, whose prowling brings the north wind; a panther whose whining brings the westerly wind; a moose whose breathing brings the wet east wind and a fawn whose returning to its mother brings the gentle south wind. Gaea Gaea was a Greek goddess of the earth. Gahonga In Iroquois mythology, the Gahonga are the jogah of rocks and rivers. Galatea In Greek mythology, Galatea was the daughter of Nereus and Doris. She rejected the advances of the Cyclops Polyphemus and instead gave herself to the Sicilian shepherd Acis. Polyphemus crushed Acis beneath a rock. Gandayah In Iroquois mythology, the Gandayah are the jogah who tend the earth's fertility. Ganesa Ganesa is an elephant headed Hindu god. He is the son of Siva and Parvati. Gangan In Voodoo, a gangan is an inferior shaman unable to reach hougan. Gans In Apache mythology, the Gans were mountain spirits sent to teach the Apache the arts of civilisation. But they went away because they were distressed by the corruption of people. Ganymeda Ganymeda is an alternative name for Hebe. Ganymedes Ganymedes was a son of the Trojan king Tros. He was carried off by Zeus and became the cup-bearer of the gods. Garm In Norse mythology, Garm is a hound which stands in front of Hel's home and snarls with jaws dripping blood at the pilgrims from the upper world. Genii Genii is an alternative name for the daemons. Geofon In British mythology, Geofon was the ocean goddess. Geyaguga In Cherokee mythology, Geyaguga is the moon spirit. Gikuyu Gikuyu and Mumbi were the spiritual ancestors of all the Kikuyu people. They had 9 daughters. For the daughters, Gikuyu found 9 husbands beneath a large fig tree at Murang'a for the daughters. These husbands then became the ancestors of the 9 Kikuyu clans. Gilgamesh Gilgamesh was a hero of Sumerian, Hittite, Akkadian and Assyrian legend. He was one-third mortal and two-thirds divine. Gilgamesh was Lord of the Sumerian city of Uruk. Ginnunggap In Norse mythology, Ginnunggap was the Yawning Void. Gioll In Norse mythology, Gioll was a river which surrounded the underworld, Hel. Gladsheim In Norse mythology, Gladsheim was the mansion in Asgard where the gods lived. Gleipnir In Norse mythology, Gleipnir is the chain which bounds Fenris. It is made from the footfalls of cats, the beards of women, the roots of mountains and the breath of fish. Gnomes The Gnomes are elementals evolved in the realm of Earth. Gohone In Iroquois mythology, Gohone is the spirit of winter. Goibhniu In Celtic mythology, Goibhniu was the smith god. Gold-comb In Norse mythology, Gold-comb is the cock who shall crow when ragnarok comes. Golden fleece The golden fleece was the fleece of the ram on which Phrixus had escaped and was given to aetes the king of colchis. It hung from an oak tree in the grove of Ares where a dragon guarded it. Gordian Knot In Greek mythology, the Gordian Knot was tied by King Gordius, and could only br unravelled by a future conquerer of Asia. Alexander cut it with his sword in 334BC. Gorgons The gorgons were three daughters of Phorcys and Ceto. Gotterdammerung In Norse mythology, Gotterdammerung is the end of the world. Graces Graces is an alternative name for the Charites. Graeae The Graeae were three daughters of Phorcys and Ceto. They had only one eye and one tooth between them which they shared. Perseus forced them to tell him where he could find Medusa by stealing their solitary eye and tooth. Grand Bois In Voodoo, Grand Bois is the loa of the forces of nature. Griffin The griffin was a mythical monster, the supposed guardian of hidden treasure, with the body, tail, and hind legs of a lion, and the head, forelegs, and wings of an eagle. Guanyin In Chinese mythology, Guanyin is the goddess of mercy. Guatrigakwitl In Wishok mythology, Guatrigakwitl is the creator who made all things. Guebres The Guebres were Persian fire worshippers. Guedes In Voodoo, guedes are the spirits of the dead. Gulltopr In Norse mythology, Gulltopr was the horse of Heimdall. Gullveig In Norse mythology, Gullveig was the thrice-born and thrice-burnt virgin. Gungnir In Norse mythology, Gungnir is Odin's spear, obtained from the Dwarves by Loki for Odin. Gwyn ap Nudd In Celtic mythology, Gwyn ap Nudd is the lord of the underworld and master of the wild hunt. He lives at Glastonbury Tor. Ha Wen Neyu In Iroquois mythology, Ha Wen Neyu is the great spirit. Hadad In Canaanite mythology, Hadad was the god of thunder and lightning. Hades Hades was the Greek god of the underworld. He was a son of Cronus. Haemus In Greek mythology, Haemus was a son of Boreas and Oreithyia. He married Rhodope and by her had a son, Hebrus. He and his wife presumed to assume the names of Zeus and Hera and were turned into mountains for their insolence. Hafoza In Jate mythology, Hafoza is the god of thunder and lightning. Hanghepi In Dakota mythology, Hanghepi is the spirit of the night moon. Hanuman In Hindu mythology, Hanuman is the monkey god and King of Hindustan. He assisted Rama in the recovery of his wife, Sita, from Ravana of Lanka. Hapi In Egyptian mythology, Hapi was the personification of the Nile. He was son of Horus and guardian of the North. His canopic jar receives the small intestines of the dead. Harmonia Harmonia was the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite. She married Cadmus. At the wedding she was given a necklace made by Hephaestus which confered irresistible beauty upon the wearer. Harpies The harpies were employed by the gods to carryout the punishment of crime. Harpocrates Harpocrates was the Egyptian god of silence. Hastsehogan In Navajo mythology, Hastsehogan is the god of houses. Hastseltsi In Navajo mythology, Hastseltsi is the god of racing. Hastsezini In Navajo mythology, Hastsezini is the fire-god. Hathor see "Hathor" Haumea In Hawaiin mythology, Haumea is the goddess of procreation and childbirth. Heammawihio In Cheyenne mythology, Heammawihio is the great spirit. Hebe Hebe was the goddess of youth. She was the daughter of Zeus and Hera. Hebrus In Greek mythology, Hebrus was a river god. He was the son of Haemus and Rhodope. Hecate Hecate was a Greek goddess of the moon and spirits. Dogs were sacred to her. Hector In Greek mythology, Hector was a Trojan prince, son of King Priam and husband of Andromache, who, in the siege of Troy, was the foremost warrior on the Trojan side until he was killed by Achilles. Heimdall In Norse mythology, Heimdall was the watchman of the bridge, Bifrost, which led to the underworld. Heise In Ju mythology, Heise was half man and half god. He created the forests from his own hair so that his own delicate son could have shelter from the searing sun. Hekau Hekau was a term for the magical formulae used on amulets in ancient Egypt. Hel Hel (Hela) was the Norse goddess of the underworld. Hela see "Hel" Helabe In Huli mythology, Helabe is a son of Honabe. Helahuli In Huli mythology, Helahuli is a son of Honabe. His four sons were the founders of mankind and the four tribes bear their names. Helen In Greek mythology, Helen was the daughter of Zeus and Leda, and the most beautiful of women. She married Menelaus, King of Sparta, but during his absence, was abducted by Paris, Prince of Troy. This precipitated the Trojan War. Afterwards she returned to Sparta with her husband. Helicon Helicon was a mountain in central Greece, on which was situated a spring and a sanctuary sacred to the Muses. Helios Helios was the Greek god of physical light. Hemera Hemera was the Greek goddess of day. She was born from Erebus and Nyx. She emerged from Tartarus as Nyx left it and returned to it as she was emerging from it. Heng In Huron mythology, Heng is the god of thunder. Hephaestus Hephaestus was the Greek god of volcanic fire. The Romans called him Vulcan. He was the son of Zeus and Hera. Heqt Heqt was the frog-headed goddess of ancient Egypt. She was wife of Khnemu. She represented resurrection and was symbolised by a frog. Hera Hera was a Greek goddess. She was mother to Hephaestus. Herabe In Huli mythology, Herabe is a god who causes insanity. Heracles see "Hercules" Hercules In Greek and Roman mythology, Hercules (Heracles) was considered as the perfect athlete. He was given twelve labours. 1) Kill the Nemean lion. 2) Destroy the Lernean hydra. 3) Capture alive the Erymanthian boar. 4) Capture alive the Ceryneian stag. 5) Kill the Stymphalian birds. 6) Clean the Augean stables. 7) Bring alive into Peloponnesus the Cretan bull. 8) Obtain the horses of Diomedes. 9) Obtain the girdle of Hippolyte. 10) Kill the monster and cattle of Geryon. 11) Obtain the apples of Hesperides. 12) Bring from the infernal regions Cerbeus the three headed dog of Hades. Hermaphroditus In Greek mythology, Hermaphroditus was the son of Hermes and Aphrodite. He was loved by a nymph who asked for eternal union with him. Her request was granted and they became one body with both male and female sex organs. Hermes Hermes was the Greek god of oratory. He was a son of Zeus and Maia. Herne The Hunter In English folklore, Herne The Hunter is the spirit of a hunter which guards travellers through Windsor Great Park. He wears the antlers of a stag upon his head. Herne was prominent in the tales of Robin Hood, although Windsor Great Park is nowhere near Sherwood Forest. Hesperides The Hesperides were daughters of Atlas and Hesperis. Hestia Hestia was a Greek goddess. She was a daughter of Cronus and Rhea. She was goddess of the hearth. She was also called Vesta. Het-Her see "Athor" Hindu see "Hinduism" Hinduism Hinduism is a religion that originated in India. Hino In Iroquois mythology, Hino is the thunder god, guardian of the skies. Hippocoon In Greek mythology, Hippocoon was a King of Sparta. He was the son of Oebalus and Gorgophone. He refused to purify Hercules after he murdered Iphitus and further offended Hercules by killing Oeonus. Hippolytus In Greek mythology, Hippolytus was the son of Theseus. When he rejected the love of his stepmother, Phaedra, she falsely accused him of making advances to her and turned Theseus against him. Killed by Poseidon at Theseus' request, he was in some accounts of the legend restored to life when his innocence was proven. Hiribi In Canaanite mythology, Hiribi was the goddess of summer. Hiro In Easter Island mythology, Hiro is the god of rain and fertility. Hokewingla In Dakota mythology, Hokewingla is a turtle spirit who lives in the moon. Honabe In Huli mythology, Honabe is the primaeval goddess and the first inhabitant of the land. She was seduced by the god Timbu and bore five deities. Horae The horae were the Greek goddesses of the seasons. They were daughters of Zeus and Themis. Horus Horus was the Egyptian hawkheaded sun god, son of Isis and Osiris, of whom the pharaohs were declared to be the incarnation. Hoturu In Pawnee mythology, Hoturu is the wind spirit. Houmea In Maori mythology, Houmea was a cannibal who swallowed her own children, but was forced to disgorge them by her husband, Uta. She later persued him and the children in the form of a stag and he killed her by throwing hot stones down her mouth. Houngans In Voodoo, the houngans are the priests. Hresvelgr In Norse mythology, Hresvelgr is a giant who lives in the extreme north and the motion of whose wings causes wind and tempest. Hu Hu was the giver of mead and wine to man. He holds a plough to show men that the noblest of the arts is to control and to guide. Huitaca In Chibcha mythology, Huitaca is the beautiful goddess of drunkeness and licentiousness. Huitzilopochtli In Aztec mythology, Huitzilopochtli was the son of Coatlicue and a god of war and the sun. Huixtocihuatl In Aztec mythology, Huixtocihuatl is the goddess of salt. Hunin In Norse mythology, Hunin was a raven of thought which sat upon Odin's shoulder and brought him news everyday of what was occuring in the world. Hydra In Greek mythology, the Hydra was a huge monster with nine heads. If one were cut off, two would grow in its place. One of the 12 labours of Hercules was to kill it. Hygea Hygea was the daughter of Aesculapius. She was the goddess of health. Hymen Hymen was the Greek and Roman god of marriage. Hymenaeus Hymenaeus is an alternative name for Hymen. Hypnos Hypnos was a son of night, and twin brother of Thanatos. He provided rest and relieved pain. Iacchus Iacchus is an alternative name for Dionysus. Ibo In Voodoo, Ibo is a handsome, friendly loa. Ibo Loa In Voodoo, the Ibo Loa are gods and spirits. Icarus Icarus escaped from the Minos labyrinth by means of wings made by his father Daedalus. In escaping he flew too close to the sun, the wax holding the feathers to the wings melted and icarus fell into the sea and drowned. Idlirvirissong In Eskimo mythology, Idlirvirissong is an evil spirit. Iduna In Norse mythology, Iduna was the wife of Bragi. She kept golden apples in a box which the gods ate to keep themselves young. Ifa Ifa is the Yoruba god of wisdom, knowledge and divining. Igaluk In Eskimo mythology, Igaluk is the moon spirit. Ilara In Tiwi mythology, Ilara is the underworld. Inanna In Sumerian mythology, Inanna is the sister of Utu. She must choose as a husband between Enkimdu and Dumuzi. Both gods were keen to marry her, but she eventually married Dumuzi. Incubus In folk-lore, the Incubus were male spirits who raped women during their sleep, producing Witches and Demons as offspring. Indra Indra is the Hindu sky god. He is depicted as a four-armed man on a white elephant carrying a thunderbolt. It is he who slashes the clouds with his thunderbolt to release the rain. Inti In Inca mythology, Inti is the sun god. Io In Greek mythology, Io was the daughter of Inachus. She was beloved of Zeus. Zeus changed her into a white heifer to protect her from the jealousy of Hera. Iphigenia In Greek mythology, Iphigenia was a daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. She was sacrificed by her father at Aulis to secure favorable winds for the Greek fleet in the expedition against Troy, on instructions from the prophet Calchas. According to some accounts, she was saved by the goddess Artemis, and made her priestess. Irene Irene was the Greek goddess of peace. She was sometimes regarded as one of the Horae, who presided over the seasons and the order of nature, and were the daughters of Zeus and Themis. Iris Iris was the goddess of the rainbow. She was the daughter of Thaumas and Electra. She was a sister of the harpies. She was a messenger who conveyed divine commands from Zeus and Hera to mankind. Ishtar Ishtar was the Mesopotamian goddess of love and war, worshiped by the Babylonians and Assyrians, and personified as the legendary queen Semiramis. Isis Isis was an ancient Egyptian goddess associated with serpants and the colour red. Isitoq In Eskimo mythology, Isitoq is a spirit who helps to find people who have broken taboos. Isolde In Celtic and medieval legend, Isolde was the wife of King Mark of Cornwall who was brought from Ireland by his nephew Tristan. She and Tristan accidentally drank the aphrodisiac given to her by her mother for her marriage, were separated as lovers, and finally died together. Itzpapalotl In Aztec mythology, Itzpapalotl is a goddess of agriculture. Ix Chel In Maya mythology, Ix Chel is the goddess of the moon. Ixion In Greek mythology, Ixion was King of the Lapithae in Thessaly who was punished for his wickedness by being tied to a perpetually revolving wheel of fire. Ixtab In Maya mythology, Ixtab is the goddess of the hanged. She receives their souls into paradise. Ixtlilton In Aztec mythology, Ixtlilton was the god of healing, feasting and games. Izdubar Izdubar was a hero of ancient Babylonia. He has feats similar to those of Hercules ascribed to him. Janus Janus was a two faced Roman god of beginnings and ends. Jason Jason was the rightful king of Iolcus. He was smuggled out of Iolcus by Cheiron. When Jason returned to claim his birthright, Pelias sent him to fetch the golden fleece from Colchis. Jean In Voodoo, Jean is a stern, but nervous loa who rules the thunder and earthquakes. Jinn In Muslim mythology, a jinn is a spirit which is able to assume human or animal shape. Jocasta Jocasta was the wife of Laius the king of Thebes. She unwittingly had incest with Oedipus, bringing a plague on Thebes. Her father sacrificed himself to rid Thebes of the plague. Jocasta hanged herself when she learnt the truth of her marriage to Oedipus. Jogah In Iroquois mythology, jogah are dwarf nature spirits. Jormungandr In Norse mythology, Jormungandr is the great dragon which lives in the Ocean-stream which runs around Midgard. Jotunheim In Norse mythology, Jotunheim is the abode of the giants. It is on the edge of the ocean far to the north east. Juno Juno was the Roman name for the Greek goddess Hera. Jupiter Jupiter was the Roman name for the Greek god Zeus. Kabta In Sumerian mythology, Kabta is the god of bricks, he is the god who lays foundations and builds houses. Kahit In Wintun mythology, Kahit is the wind god. Kali Kali is the Hindu goddess of destruction and death. She is the wife of Siva. Kalunga In Ndonga mythology, Kalunga is the creator of all things, the supreme god. Kan-u-Uayeyab In Maya mythology, Kan-u-Uayeyab was the god who guarded cities. Kanati In Cherokee mythology, Kanati was the first man and ancestor of the Cherokee. He was married to Selu. Kapo In Hawaiin mythology, Kapo is a fertility god. Kathirat In Canaanite mythology, the Kathirat were the wise goddesses. Keneun In Iroquois mythology, Keneun is chief of the Thunderbirds. He is an invisible spirit. Thunder is the sound of his beating wings and lightning his flashing eyes. Khem In Egyptian mythology, Khem was the god of reproduction and generation. He was identified as Pan by the Greeks. Khepera Khepera was the ancient Egyptian god of creation who propelled the sun across the sky. Khu Khu was the ancient Egyptian term for the soul. Khuno In Aymara mythology, Khuno is the god of snowstorms. Ki In Sumerian mythology, Ki was the personification of the earth. Kianda In Angolan mythology, Kianda is the god of the sea and the fish in it. Kinich Kakmo In Maya mythology, Kinich Kakmo is the sun god symbolised by the Macaw. Kishi In Angolan folklore, a Kishi is an evil spirit. It is a demon with two faces on its head. One face resembles that of a normal man, and the other is the face of a hyena with big strong teeth and powerful jaw muscles. Kisin In Maya mythology, Kisin is the evil earthquake spirit. He lives beneath the earth in a purgatory where all souls except those of soldiers killed in battle and women who died in childbirth spend some time. Suicides are doomed to his realm for eternity. Kolga In Norse mythology, Kolga is a daughter of Aegir and Ran. Kostrubonko In Russian mythology, Kostrubonko is god of the spring. Kothar-u-Khasis In Canaanite mythology, Kothar-u-Khasis was the god of craftsmanship. Kukucan In Maya mythology, Kukucan is the wind god. Kuri In Hausa mythology, Kuri is a black hyena spirit who causes paralysis. L'inglesou In Voodoo, L'inglesou is a fierec looking loa who lives among rocks and in ravines and kills those who offend him. Lacedaemon In Greek mythology, Lacedaemon was a son of Zeus and Taygete. He married Sparte. He was King of Lacedaemon and named the capital city Sparta after his wife. Laestrygones The Laestrygones were a race of giant cannibals. They were ruled by Lamus. At Telepylos Odysseus lost all but one of his ships to them. Lahar In Sumerian mythology, Lahar was the god of cattle. He was created by Enlil to provide cattle for the earth. Laius Laius was the king of Thebes and father of Oedipus. Lakshami Lakshami is the Hindu goddess of wealth and beauty. Lakshmi Lakshmi is the Hindu goddess of wealth and beauty. She is the consort of Vishnu and is celebrated during Diwali. Laocoon Laocoon was a Trojan prophet, son of Antenor and a priest of Apollo and Poseidon. He warned the Trojans against the Wooden Horse. Laodice Laodice was a daughter of Priam and the wife of Helicaon. When Troy fell she was swallowed by the earth. Lares The Lares were beings of the Roman religion protecting households and towns. Larissa Larissa was a city in Thessaly where Achilles was reportedly born. Leda Leda was a daughter of Thestius. She was the wife of Tyndareus. She was seduced by Zeus and gave birth to two eggs. From one hatched her daughter Helen and son Polydeuces, and from the other hatched Castor. Legba In Fon mythology, Legba is the youngest son of Lisa and Mawu. He is the god of fate. In Voodoo, Legba is one of the two gods who open the road to the spirit world. Lemnos Lemnos was a small island at the mouth of the Hellespont. Hephaestus landed on Lemnos when Zeus threw him out of heaven, and set up a forge on the island. Lethe In Greek mythology, Lethe was a river of the underworld whose waters, when drunk, brought forgetfulness of the past. Leto In Greek mythology Leto was the mother of Apollo. Leuce Leuce was a nymph loved by Hades. He turned her into a white poplar tree. Liber Pater Liber Pater was an ancient Italian god of the vine. Libera Libera was the Roman name for the Greek goddess Persephone. Limba In Voodoo, Limba is a rough male loa who lives among the rocks and persecutes people. He has an insatiable appetite and is said to kill and eat his devotees. Lisa In Fon mythology, Lisa is the sun god who causes the day and its heat. He is the god of strength and endurance. Litai Litai was the goddess of recompense. Loa In voodoo, the loa are spirits. They may be either male or female. Loki In Norse mythology, Loki was one of the Aesir (the principal gods), but the cause of dissension among the gods, and the slayer of Balder. His children are the Midgard serpent Jormungander, which girdles the Earth; the wolf Fenris; and Hela, goddess of death. Lubangala In Bakongo mythology, Lubangala is the protector of villages, men and the souls of the dead. He appears as a rainbow during and after storms. Luchtaine In Celtic mythology, Luchtaine was the god of wheel making. Lugh In Irish mythology, Lugh was the god of light. He killed his grandfather, Balor, during the great battle in which a new order of gods and goddesses took over from the primal beings of chaotic energy. He was the god of skill and ability. Luna Luna was the Roman name of the Greek goddess Selene. Lutin In Voodoo, a lutin is the ghost of an unbaptised child. Lutinus Lutinus was the Roman name for the Greek god Priapus. Mabon In Celtic mythology, Mabon was the Son of Light, equated with the Roman Apollo. He was the god of liberation, harmony, music and unity. Macha In Irish mythology, Macha is a goddess of athletic games, festivals and fertility. Macuilxochitl In Aztec mythology, Macuilxochitl was the god of music and dance. Mahisha Mahisha was chief of the demons in Hindu mythology. He was killed by Durga. Maia In Greek mythology, Maia was the daughter of Atlas and the mother of Hermes. Maman Brigitte In voodoo, Maman Brigitte is the loa of death and cemeteries. Mamlambo In Zulu mythology, Mamlambo is the godess of the rivers. Manannan mac Lir In Celtic mythology, Manannan mac Lir (Barinthus) was the god of the ocean. He ferried the wounded King Arthur to the otherworld so that he could be cured. Manes The manes were the souls of departed people in the Greek and Roman religions. Mangalubulan In Batak mythology, Mangalubulan is the god of thieves. Manu In Hindu mythology, Manu was the founder of the human race. He was saved by Brahma from a deluge. Mara In Buddhism, the Mara is a supernatural being who tried to distract Buddha from the meditations which led to his enlightenment. In Hindu mythology, Mara is a goddess of death. Marassa Jumeaux In Voodoo, Marassa Jumeaux are the ghosts of dead twins. Marduk Marduk was the Babylonian sun god, creator of Earth and humans. Mark In Celtic legend, Mark was king of Cornwall, uncle of Tristan, and suitor and husband of Isolde. Mars Mars was the Roman name for the Greek god Ares. Marsyas In Greek mythology, Marsyas was a satyr who took up the pipes thrown down by the goddess Athena and challenged the god Apollo to a musical contest. On losing, he was flayed alive. Maruts In Hindu mythology, the Maruts are the fierce storm-beings who toss the sea into foam. Mawu In Fon mythology, Mawu is the moon goddess. She is the sister of Lisa, and causes the night and its coolness. She is also the goddess of peace, joy, fertility, motherhood and rain. Mayahuel In Aztec mythology, Mayahuel was a goddess of maguey. Mbombo In Zaire mythology, Mbombo is the White Giant who rules over the chaos of the universe and one day from his stomach comes the sun, the moon and the stars, and soon after the trees, animals and people of the earth. Medea In Greek mythology, Medea was the sorceress daughter of the king of Colchis. When Jason reached Colchis, she fell in love with him, helped him acquire the Golden Fleece, and they fled together. When Jason later married Creusa, daughter of the king of Corinth, Medea killed his bride with the gift of a poisoned garment, and then killed her own two children by Jason. Meditrina Meditrina was a Roman goddess of health. She was a sister of Hygea. Medusa Medusa was the youngest and most beautiful of the gorgons. She loved Poseidon and desecrated the temple of Athene by meeting Poseidon there. For this she was punished by having her hair turned to snakes. The result was her appearance was so hideous to behold that it would turn the viewer to stone. Megapenthes In Greek mythology, Megapenthes was a son of Proetus and King of Argos. He exchanged his dominion with that of Perseus and afterwards killed Perseus. Melpomene Melpomene was the muse of tragedy. Memnon Memnon was the son of Eos and Tithonus. He was the king of Ethiopia who helped the Trojans and killed many Greeks. He was killed by Achilles in single combat whilst Zeus weighed their fates in the balance. Memphis In Egyptian mythology, Memphis was the daughter of Nile. She married Epaphus who founded the city of Memphis and named it after his wife. Menat The Menat was an ancient Egyptian amulet employed to bring joy and health to the bearer. It represented the power of reproduction. Menelaus Menelaus was the husband of Helen of Troy. Mercury Mercury was the Roman name for the Greek god Hermes. Metempsychosis Metempsychosis is the transmigration of the soul after death through the bodies of lower animals, plants or inanimate objects. Also called reincarnation. Metztli In Aztec mythology, Metztli was the moon god. Mictlan In Aztec mythology, Mictlan was the underworld. It was the home of all the dead except warriors and women who died in labour. Mictlantecuhtli In Aztec mythology, Mictlantecuhtli was the god of Mictlan and the dead. Midas In Greek mythology, Midas was a king of Phrygia who was granted the gift of converting all he touched to gold. He soon regretted his gift, as his food and drink were also turned to gold. For preferring the music of Pan to that of Apollo, he was given ass's ears by the latter. Mimir In Norse mythology, Mimir was a god of wisdom and knowledge. He dwelt by the ash-tree Yggdrasil. Minerva Minerva was the Roman name of the Greek goddess Athene. Minos In Greek mythology, Minos was a king of Crete (son of Zeus and Europa), who demanded a yearly tribute of young men and girls from Athens for the Minotaur. After his death, he became a judge in Hades. Minotaur In Greek mythology, the Minotaur was a monster, half man and half bull, offspring of Pasiphae, wife of King Minos of Crete, and a bull. It lived in the Labyrinth at Knossos, and its victims were seven girls and seven youths, sent in annual tribute by Athens, until Theseus killed it, with the aid of Ariadne, the daughter of Minos. Mithras Mithras was the Persian god of light. Mithras represented the power of goodness, and promised his followers compensation for present evil after death. He was said to have captured and killed the sacred bull, from whose blood all life sprang. Mithraism was introduced into the Roman Empire 68 BC. By about AD 250, it rivaled Christianity in strength. A bath in the blood of a sacrificed bull formed part of the initiation ceremony of the Mithraic cult, which spread rapidly, gaining converts especially among soldiers. Mitnal In Maya mythology, Mitnal was the underworld hell where the wicked were tortured. Mnemosyne Mnemosyne was the mother of the muses. She signified the memory of great events. Moerae Moerae was the Greek goddess of right and reason. Mombu In Voodoo, Mombu is a stammering loa who causes storms of torrential rain. Momus Momus was the ancient Greek god of jeering. Morpheus Morpheus was an ancient Greek god of dreams. Morrigan Morrigan was the Celtic goddess of war and death who could take the shape of a crow. Mot In Canaanite mythology, Mot was the god of sterility. Munin In Norse mythology, Munin was a raven of memory which sat on Odin's shoulder and along with Hunin brought Odin news each day of what was occuring in the world. Muse see "muses" Muses The muses were nympths of the springs. Myrtilus Myrtilus was the son of Hermes. Na'iads In Greek mythology, the Na'iads were nymphs of fountains and brooks. Nacon In Maya mythology, Nacon was the god of war. Nago Shango In Voodoo, Nago Shango is a powerful and lively loa. Nammu In Sumerian mythology, Nammu was the goddess who gave birth to the heavens and the earth. Nanna In Sumerian mythology, Nanna was the god of the Moon. Narcissus In Greek mythology, Narcissus was a beautiful youth who rejected the love of the nymph Echo and was condemned to fall in love with his own reflection in a pool. He pined away and in the place where he died a flower sprang up that was named after him. Nastrand In Norse mythology, Nastrand was the worst region of hell. It's roofs and doors were wattled with hissing snakes, ejecting poison and it was through this that murderers and perjurers were forced to wade as punishment. Nauplius Nauplius was the son of Amymone and Poseidon. He was the wrecker of Nauplia. Ndara In the mythology of Sulawesi Island, Ndara is the god of the underworld. Nefer The Nefer was an ancient Egyptian amulet signifying happiness and good luck. It was made of red stone or red porcelain and was worn from a necklace or a string of beads. Neith In Egyptian mythology, Neith was the goddess of the heavens. Nemesis Nemesis was the goddess of punishment. Nephthys Nephthys was an ancient Egyptian goddess. Daughter of Seb and Nut, she married Set. Neptune Neptune was the Roman name for the Greek god Poseidon. Nereid In Greek mythology, the Nereid were 50 sea goddesses, or nymphs, who sometimes mated with mortals. Their father was Nereus and their mother was Doris. Nereus Nereus was a sea god. He was a son of Pontys and Gaea. Nergal Nergal was the Babylonian god of the underworld. Ngendi In Fiji mythology, Ngendi is a fertility god who showed men the use of fire. Ni In Huli mythology, the god Ni is the sole cause of leprosy. Nidhogg In Norse mythology, Nidhogg is a dragon which devours the corpses of evil doers. He lives in Hwergelmir, in the realm of Hel. Nike Nike was the goddess of victory. She was the daughter of Pallas and Styx. Nikkal In Canaanite mythology, Nikkal was the goddess of the fruits of the earth. She was a daughter of Hiribi. She married Yarikh. Ningal In Sumerian mythology, Ningal was the wife of Nanna. Ninhursag In Sumerian mythology, Ninhursag was the earth mother. From her union with Enki came Ninsar, the goddess of plants. Ninkurra In Sumerian mythology, Ninkurra was a goddess. She was the daughter of Enki and his daughter Ninsar. Ninsar In Sumerian mythology, Ninsar was the goddess of plants. She was the daughter of Enki and Ninhursag. Niobe In Greek mythology, Niobe was the daughter of Tantalus and wife of Amphion, the king of Thebes. She was contemptuous of the goddess Leto for having produced only two children, Apollo and Artemis. She died of grief when her own 12 offspring were killed by them in revenge, and was changed to stone by Zeus. Njord In Norse mythology, Njord is a sea god of fruitfulness who lives in Noa- tun. Norn In Norse mythology, the Norn were three goddesses of fate - the goddess of the past (Urd), the goddess of the present (Verdandi), and the goddess of the future (Skuld). Norns In Norse mythology, the Norns were three sisters responsible for the destiny of individuals and gods. Notus Notus was the south wind god. Nut In Egyptian mythology, Nut was the sky goddess and mother of Osiris by Seb. She was married to Ra, but also took Thoth for a lover. Nymph A nymph was a higher being than a human, but not immortal like a god. They were respected in mythology. Nymphs see "nymph" Nyx Nyx was a goddess of night. She was a daughter of Chaos. She married Erebus. Obatala In Yoruba mythology, Obatala was the son of Olodumare. He created makind from the earth. Oberon In English folklore, Oberon is the king of the elves. Oceanides The oceanides were 40 sea nymphs of the ocean. They were the daughters of Oceanus. Oceanus Oceanus was the son of Uranus and Gaea. He was the only Titan not to revolt against Uranus. Ocypete Ocypete was one of the harpies. Odin Odin was chief god of Norse mythology. A sky god, he lived in Asgard, at the top of the world-tree, and from the Valkyries receives the souls of half of the heroic slain warriors, feasting with them in his great hall, Valhalla; the rest are feasted by Freya his wife. Oduduwa In Yoruba mythology, Oduduwa is the wife of Obatala. Odysseus Odysseus was a Greek hero. He devised the strategy of the wooden horse used by the Greeks to conquer Troy. Oedipus Oedipus was the son of Laius. The Delphic oracle foretold that Laius would be killed by his son, so Oedipus was abandoned on mount Cithaeron with a nail through his feet. However, he was found by a shepherd and raised by Polybus. Hearing that he would kill his father, Oedipus left Corinth and met Laius on his travel. He killed him in an argument not knowing who he was. Oenghus In Irish mythology, Oenghus is the son of Daghdha and Boann. He is the god of fatal love. Oeonus In Greek mythology, Oeonus was a son of Licymnius. He was attacked by a dog belonging to the sons of Hippocoon, he threw a stone at the dog and in revenge the sons of Hippocoon killed him. Ogmios In Celtic mythology, Ogmios was the eloquent god of the strength of poetry, charm and incantation. He is depicted as an old man with wrinkles, but carrying a club and a bow. Ogoun In Voodoo, Ogoun is a warrior and blacksmith loa. He is especially fond of rum and tobacco. Ogres In Norse mythology, Ogres are creatures who make the storms and who with their iron clubs strike the earth and send it flying into the air. Ogun In Yoruba mythology, Ogun is a son of Obatala and Oduduwa. He was a warrior who won many battles and was rewarded with the kingdom of the town of Ire in the land of Ekiti given to him by Oduduwa. Ohdows In Iroquois mythology, the Ohdows are the jogah who control the underworld spirits and prevent them coming to the surface. Oileus Oileus was one of the Argonauts, he was the father of Ajax. Olokun In Nigerian mythology, Olokun is the god of sea and lagoons and brother of Olorun. Olorun In Nigerian mythology, Olorun is the god of the sky. Ometecuhtli In Aztec mythology, Ometecuhtli was the god of duality. Omphale Omphale was queen of Lydia. She bought Hercules as a slave who stayed with her for 3 years. Omuli In Nande folklore, an Omuli is a woman or girl who consumes the soul of a living person, and causes that person to die of consumption. Oneiros Oneiros was the ancient Greek god of dreams. Ops Ops was the Roman goddess of plenty and the personification of abundance. Oreades The oreades were mountain nymphs. Orestes Orestes was the son of Clytemnestra and Agamemnon. As a child he was smuggled out of Mycenae by his sister Electra when Clytemnestra and Aegisthus seized power. He later killed Clytemnestra with the help of Electra and Pylades and was punished by the Erinnyes. Orion Orion was a giant and son of Poseidon. He was a hunter and very handsome. He was promised the hand of Merope whom he loved if he could ride Chios. He did but was not given Merope so he seduced her. Apollo caused his death at the hands of Artemis who put his image in the stars. Orpheus Orpheus was a mythical Greek poet and musician. The son of Apollo and a muse, he married Eurydice, who died from the bite of a snake. Orpheus went down to Hades to bring her back and her return to life was granted on condition that he walk ahead of her without looking back. He did look back and Eurydice was irretrievably lost. In his grief, he offended the maenad women of Thrace, and was torn to pieces by them. Osiris Osiris was the Egyptian god of goodness. He ruled the underworld after being killed by Set. Outgard In Norse mythology, Outgard is the home of giants and monsters. Ovate An ovate was a type of druid. His purpose was to observe and invent. His robe was green symbolising budding life. Pales Pales was a Roman god of cattle-rearing. Pallas In Greek mythology Pallas was one of the Titans. He was a son of Crius and Eurybia and brother of Astraeus and Perses. He married Styx and fathered Zelus, Cratos, Bia and Nike. Pan Pan was the Greek god who looked after shepherds and their flocks. His parentage is unsure. In some accounts he is the son of Zeus, in others the son of Hermes. His mother was a nymph. Pandarus In Greek mythology, Pandarus was the leader of the forces of Zeleia in Lycia at the Trojan War. He was the second best Greek archer (next to Paris) and fought in the Trojan War as an archer. Pandion In Greek mythology, Pandion was a son of Erichthonius, the King of Athens. Pandora Pandora was a woman made by the gods. She was taken to Epimetheus by Hermes. He made her his wife, against his brother's advice. Pandora came with a sealed vase. Her husband was tempted and opened the vase from which came all the troubles, weariness and illnesses that mankind is now burderned with. Paris In Greek mythology, Paris was a prince of Troy whose abduction of Helen, wife of King Menelaus of Sparta, caused the Trojan War. Helen was promised to him by the goddess Aphrodite as a bribe, in his judgment between her beauty and that of two other goddesses, Hera and Athena. Paris killed the Greek hero Achilles by shooting an arrow into his heel, but was himself killed by Philoctetes before the capture of Troy. Pasiphae In Greek mythology, Pasiphae was the wife of King Minos of Crete and mother of Phaedra and of the Minotaur. Patecatl In Aztec mythology, Patecatl was the god of medicine. Patroclus Patroclus was a cousin and close friend of Achilles. He was killed by Hector in the Trojan wars. Pax Pax is an alternative name for Eirene. Paynal In Aztec mythology, Paynal was the messenger to Huitzilopochtli. Pegasus Pegasus was the winged horse offspring of Medusa and Poseidon. Pehrer Pehrer was an ancient Egyptian god. Peirithous In Greek mythology, Peirithous was a King of the Lapiths and a son of Ixion and Dia. He waged war against the Centaurs and helped Theseus carry off the Amazon Antiope and later Helen. He tried to abduct Persephone, but was bound to a stone seat by her husband Hades and remained a prisoner in the underworld. Pelias Pelias was king of Iolcus and half-brother of Jason. Penelope In Greek mythology, Penelope was the wife of Odysseus, the king of Ithaca; their son was Telemachus. While Odysseus was absent at the siege of Troy she kept her many suitors at bay by asking them to wait until she had woven a shroud for her father-in-law, but unraveled her work each night. When Odysseus returned, after 20 years, he and Telemachus killed her suitors. Peneus Peneus was a river god. He was a son of Oceanus and Tethys. Persephone Persephone was a Greek goddess. She was the daughter of Zeus and Demeter. Hades obtained sanction from Zeus to carry her off by force and marry her. Perseus Perseus found Medusa asleep and cut her head off which he presented to Athene. He married Andromeda. Petro loa In Voodoo, the Petro loa are a group of easily annoyed spirits symbolised by the whip. Phaea In Greek mythology, Phaea was the Crommyonium Sow a wild pig said to have been the offspring of Echidna and Typhon. It ravaged the town of Crommyon on the Isthmus of Corinth until it was destroyed by Theseus. Phaedra In Greek mythology, Phaedra was a daughter of Minos, King of Crete and Pasiphae. Her unrequited love for Hippolytus led to his death and her suicide. Pheme Pheme was the goddess of fame. She was a daughter of Gaea. Phoebus Phoebus was the Greek god of enlightenment. Picus Picus was a Roman god. He was the son of Saturnus and father of Faunus. His wife was Canens. He was a prophet and god of the forest. Pie In Voodoo, Pie is a grave soldier loa who lies at the bottom of ponds and rivers. He makes floods. Pinga In Eskimo mythology, Pinga is a female spirit who watches carefully over men's actions, especially their treatment of animals. Pitho Pitho was the daughter of Aphrodite. She was the goddess of persuasion. Pleiades The Pleiades were the seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione. They were turned into doves by Zeus and and their image put into the stars to save them from the attentions of Orion. Pleuron In Greek mythology, Pleuron was a son of Aetolus and Pronoe and brother to Calydon. He married Xanthippe by whom he fathered Agenor, Sterope, Stratonice and Laophonte. He is said to have founded the town of Pleuron in Aetolia. Pluto Pluto was the Roman name for the Greek god Hades. Poena Poena was the attendant of punishment to Nemesis. Polites Polites was a son of Priam and Hecabe. He was killed before them by Neoptolemus. Pollux Pollux was the Roman name for Polydeuces. Polybus Polybus was king of Corinth. He raised Oedipus as his own son. Polydeuces Polydeuces was twin brother of Castor. He was a son of Zeus and Leda. He was born from an egg after Zeus visited Leda disguised as a swan. Polydorus In Greek mythology, Polydorus was a son of Cadmus and Harmonia. he was King of Thebes and husband of Nycteis by whom he fathered Labdacus. Polymnia Polymnia was the muse of song and oratory. Polynices In Greek mythology, Polynices was a son of Oedipus. He and his brother Eteocles were supposed to rule Thebes in alternate years, but Eteocles refused to relinquish the throne, and Polynices sought the help of Adrastus. Polynices and Eteocles killed each other in single combat. Polyphemus In Greek mythology Polyphemus was the most famous of the Cyclops. He is described as a giant cannibal living alone in a cave on Mount Etna. Odysseus and his companions unwarily sheltered in his cave, and Polyphemus killed and ate four of them before Odysseus intoxicated him with wine and when he fell asleep poked his eye out with a blazing stake. Polyphemus was also the despised lover of Galatea. Pomona Pomona was a Roman goddess of garden fruits. Poseidon Poseidon was the Greek god of the sea. He was a son of Cronus. Priapus Priapus was the Greek god of fertility in nature. He was a son of Dionysus and Aphrodite. Primitive druid The primitive druid was an order of druid involved with teaching science and religion. His robe was white symbolising light, purity and knowledge. Procne In Greek mythology, Procne was a daughter of King Pandion and Zeuxippe. She married Tereus. Procris In Greek mythology, Procris was a daughter of Erechtheus and wife of Cephalus. Artemis gave her the hound Laelaps which she gave to her husband. Procrustes In ancient Greek legends, Procrustes was a robber. He robbed people whilst they slept. If his victim was too short for his bed he was stretched to death. If the victim was too long for his bed, his feet or legs were cut off. Theseus treated Procrustes in the same way. Proetus In Greek mythology, Proetus was a son of Abas and the twin brother of Acrisius. In a dispute between the two brothers over the kingdom of Argos, Proetus was defeated and expelled. He fled to Iobates in Lycia and married his daughter Stheneboea. Iobates restored Proetus to his kingdom by force and Acrisius then agreed to share it, surrendering Tiryns to him. When Bellerophon came to Proetus to be purified for a murder, Sthenebeoa fell in love with him. Bellerophon refused her and she charged him with making improper proposals to her. Proetus then sent him to Iobates with a letter asking Iobates to murder Bellerophon. Prometheus Prometheus was a Greek hero. He was a son of the Titan Japetus. Prometheus obtained fire for mankind from Zeus. Psyche Psyche was the personification of the passion of love. She appears in Roman mythology. Pygmalion In Greek mythology, Pygmalion was a king of Cyprus who made an image in ivory of a maiden. He fell in love with the image and asked Venus to endow it with life. She did, and Pygmalion married the maiden. Pylades In Greek mythology, Pylades was son of Strophius and Anaxibia. He assisted Orestes in murdering Clytemnestra and eventually married his sister Electra. Qebhsennuf Qebhsennuf was the ancient Egyptian god of the West. His cannopic jar receives the liver and the gall-bladder. Quetzalcoati In Aztec and Toltec mythology, Quetzalcoati was the feathered serpant god. Quetzalcoatl In ancient Mexican mythology, Quetzalcoatl was the god of the air. He presided over commerce, and was said to have predicted the coming of the Spaniards. Rada loa In Voodoo, the Rada loa are the chief deities. Ragnarok In Norse mythology, ragnarok is the ultimate battle between good and evil from which a new order will come. Raja Guru In Batak mythology, Raja Guru is the gods' huntsman. He catches souls with his hounds Sordaudau and Auto Portburu. When he catches a soul that person dies suddenly. Raja Indainda In Batak mythology, Raja Indainda is the thunder god. He is the spy and messenger of the other gods. Rakshasa In Hindu mythology, the rakshasa are demons capabale of assuming the form of animals or humans they are completely evil, powerful creatures that delight in spreading fear, confusion, chaos, and destruction among human families and communities, finishing the trouble they cause in a murderous, ghoulish feast upon human flesh. They are among the most feared of all creatures, for they delight in mental torture of their victims . Ran In Norse mythology Ran is the wife of Aegir. It is she who uses a net to draw the sailors of sinking ships to their doom. Ranno Ranno was the ancient Egyptian god of gardens. he was represented as an asp. Rati-mbati-ndua In Fiji mythology, Rati-mbati-ndua is the god of the underworld who devours the dead. He lacks arms, but has great wings. Ravana In Hindu mythology, Ravana is the demon King of Lanka who abducted Sita, the wife of Rama. Revenant In Voodoo, a revenant is a spirit of the dead who feeling neglected returns to plague their living relatives. Rhadamanthus Rhadamanthus was a son of Zeus and Europa. He was famed for his wisdom and justice, and so after his death was made one of the judges of the underworld. Rhamnusia Rhamnusia was an alternative name for Nemesis. Rhea Rhea was the Greek goddess of the earth, mountains and forests. Runes The runes are the letters of the alphabet peculiar to the ancient Teutonic peoples of north west Europe. There are 3 runic alphabets; the Norse, with 16 characters, the Anglo-Saxon with 40 and the German. Saxon tradition ascribes the invention of the runes to Woden. Their use reduced under christianity because of their connection with magic. They were used for casting spells as well as divining the future. Runic wand A runic wand was a smooth willow wand inscribed with runic characters (runes). Sabians The Sabians were a sect which arose about 830 and who followed a religion of the ancient Syrians modified by Hellenic influences. Saga In Norse mythology, Saga was the daughter of Odin. She was the goddess of poetry. Sajara Sajara is the Rainbow-god of the Songhai people of eastern Mali. He is represented by a forked tree where a white ram is sacrificed to him. Salamanders The Salamanders are elementals evolved in the realm of Fire. Sam The Sam was an ancient Egyptian amulet for sexual pleasure. Samedi In Voodoo, Samedi is an important loa, god of the cemetery. Sarpedon Sarpedon was a son of Zeus and Europa. He went to Asia Minor and became the king of the Lycians after helping Cilix of Cilicia to defeat them. He helped Troy in the Trojan wars before being killed by Patroclus. Sati In Egyptian mythology, Sati was the goddess of the lower heavens (the air). Saturnus Saturnus was the Roman god of learning and agriculture. He appeared to king Janus and gave lessons on agriculture to his subjects. Satyr The satyrs were attendants to the god Dionysus. Savitar In Hindu mythology, Savitar is an all-powerful sun god. He cut off one hand at a sacrifice, and priests gave him a golden hand to replace it. Scarab The Scarab was an Egyptian amulet associated with Khepera. Sceiron In Greek mythology, Sceiron (Sciron) was a robber who haunted the frontier between Attica and Megaris. He robbed travellers and kicked them into the sea where they were eaten by a tortoise that lived there. He was killed by Theseus. Seb In Egyptian mythology, Seb was the earth god. He was the father of Osiris. Seidr Seidr was a form of Norse magic ascribed to Odin and Gullveig. It was mainly used for harmful purposes. Selene Selene was a Greek goddess of the moon. Semele In Greek mythology, Semele was a daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia. She was beloved by Zeus and bore him Dionysus. Serapis In Egyptian mythology, Serapis was another name for Osiris, and was known as the judge of the underworld. Serviteur In Voodoo, a serviteur is someone who becomes posessed by a loa during a ceremony. Set see "Seth" Seth In Egyptian mythology, Seth (Set) was the devil and enemy of Osiris. Shahar In Canaanite mythology, Shahar was the god of the dawn, and twin brother of Shalim. He was a son of El and Asherah. Shalim In Canaanite mythology, Shalim was the god of the dusk. He was the twin brother of Shahar and a son of El and Asherah. Shango In Yoruba mythology, Shango is an earth god. He was the King of Oyo, but because his citizens were dissatisfied with his tyranical rule he rode off into the forest and rose up into heaven where he became a god of thunder and lightning. He is the god of justice and fair play. Shapash In Caananite mythology, Shapash is the sun goddess. Shen The Shen was an ancient Egyptian amulet representing the sun's orbit and symbolising eternity. Silenius Silenius was the oldest satyr. Silvanus Silvanus was a Roman god of the forest. Sisyphus In Greek mythology, Sisyphus was an evil King of Corinth. After he died he was condemned in the underworld to roll a huge stone uphill, which always fell back before he could reach the top. Skuld In Norse mythology, Skuld was the Norn of the future. Sleipnir In Norse mythology, Sleipnir was the swift horse ridden by Odin. Sobo In Voodoo, Sobo is a loa who looks like a handsome soldier. Sodza In Hua mythology, Sodza is the great god who lives in heaven and to whom the priests pray for rain. Sogblen In Hua mythology, Sogblen is a god who mediates between priests and Sodza. He carries the priests prayers to Sodza and brings back promises of good crops. Sogbo In Fon mythology, Sogbo is the god of thunder, lightning and fire. Sol Sol was the Roman name for the Greek god Helios. Somnus Somnus was an alternative name for the Greek and Roman god Hypnos. Sousson-Pannan In Voodoo, Sousson-Pannan is an ugly loa covered in sores. He is totaly evil and drinks spirits and blood. Sphinx The Sphinx is a monster which appears in both Greek and Eyptian mythology. Both sphinx have the body of a lion and the head of a woman. The Greek sphinx has wings, the Egyptian does not. In Greek mythology, the Sphinx posed a riddle to all who seeked to pass. This riddle was at last explained by Edipus, where upon the Sphinx destroyed itself. The Egyptian Sphinx was a goddess of wisdom and knowledge. Stheino Stheino was one of the gorgons. Strophius In Greek mythology, Strophius was King of Phocis. Styx In Greek and Roman mythology, the Styx was the principal river in the underworld. Styx was the name of a nymph who was the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She dwelt at the entrance to Hades in a lofty grotto which was supported by silver columns. Styx took her children to help Zeus in the fight against the Titans. Suada Suada is an alternative name for Pitho. Succubus In folk-lore, Succubus were female spirits who seduced men and had intercourse with them whilst they slept. Surtr In Norse mythology, Surtr was a giant who lived in the extreme south, and whose flaming sword guarded the bounds of Muspelheim. Sutalidihi In Cherokee mythology, Sutalidihi is the sun-spirit. Sylphs The Sylphs are elementals evolved in the realm of Air. Tahit In Tlingit mythology, Tahit is the god of fate. Taio In Lakalai mythology, Taio is the moon goddess. Taisch Taisch was the Gaelic name given to "second sight", the involuntary ability of seeing the future or distant events. It originated in the Scottish highlands. Takuskanskan In Dakota mythology, Takuskanskan is the wind-spirit and trickster. Talaus In Greek mythology, Talaus was King of Argos. He was the son of Nias and Pero. Talaus sailed with the Argonauts. Talos In Greek mythology, Talos was a bronze man given to Europa by Zeus to guard Crete. He would clutch people to his breast and jump into a fire so that they were burnt alive. Tammuz In Sumerian mythology, Tammuz was a god of agriculture. He died in midsummer, and was brought back from the underworld by his lover Ishtar. Tantalus In Greek mythology, Tantalus was a son of Zeus. He was king of Phrygia, Lydia. He was admitted to the table of the gods, but displeased them and was punished by being put in a lake such that he just couldn't reach the water with his lips, and being tempted by fruit above him which again was just out of reach. Taranis In Druid mythology, Taranis is the god of the wheel, associated with forces of change. Tartarus In Greek mythology, Tartarus was the part of Hades where the wicked were punished. Taxet In Haida mythology, Taxet is a sky-god who receives the souls of those who die by violence. Tcolawitze In Hopi mythology, Tcolawitze is the fire-spirit. Telepylos Telepylos was the capital city of the Laestrygones. Telesphorus Telesphorus was the god of that which sustains the convalescent. He is depicted with Aesculapius and Hygea. Teoyaomqui In Aztec mythology, Teoyaomqui is the god of dead warriors. Terminus Terminus was the Greek and Roman god of boundaries. Terpsichore Terpsichore was the muse of dancing. Tet The Tet was an ancient Egyptian amulet representing the tree trunk in which the goddess Isis concealed the body of her dead husband. Tethys Tethys was a Titan woman. Teucer There are two descriptions for Teucer, both refer to Greek mythology. The first is that Teucer was the first King of Troy. He was a son of the river god Scamander and Idaea. The second that Teucer was son of Telamon and Hesione and the best archer in the Greek army in the Trojan War. He would have shot Hector if Zeus had not broken his sbowstring. Thalia Thalia was the muse of comedy and burlesque. Thanatos Thanatos was the ancient Greek god of death and of pain. Themis In Greek mythology, Themis was a daughter of Uranus and Gaea. She was the Greek goddess of human rights. Theseus In Greek mythology, Theseus was a son of Aegeus and Aethra. He was king of Athens. Stories about him include his slaying of the Minotaur. Thiassi In Norse mythology, Thiassi was a giant who slay Thor and cast his eyes up into heaven where they shone thereafter as stars. Thor Thor was the Norse god of thunder. Thoth Thoth was the ancient Egyptian god of wisdom. He was a lover of Nut, and playing draughts with the moon won from her a seventy second part of every day which he compounded into five days which he added to the original Egyptian calendar of 360 days. Thyrsus A thyrsus was a wand wreathed with ivy leaves, and topped with a pine- cone carried by the Ancient Greeks as a symbol of Bacchus. Ti Jean Quinto In Voodoo, Ti Jean Quinto is an insolent loa in policeman form who lives under bridges. Tiamat In Babylonian mythology, Tiamat is the salt water Ocean. In the beginning there was only Apsu and Tiamat. Titan In Greek mythology, the Titans were the 12 sons of Ge and Uranus. Titanomachia Titanomachia was the 10 year war waged in Thessaly by Zeus and the Olympian gods against Cronos and the Titans led by Atlas. The war deposed the Titans. Titans see "Titan" Tithonus In Greek mythology, Tithonus was a son or brother of Laomedon the king of Troy. He was made immortal by by Zeus at the request of Eos who loved him. Tlaloc In Aztec mythology, Tlaloc is the great rain and fertility god. He lived at Tlalocan with the corn goddesses. Tlalocan In Aztec mythology, Tlalocan was the paradise of Tlaloc. It was where the souls of those killed by lightning, dropsy, skin diseases and those sacrificed to Tlaloc went. Tlazolteotl In Aztec mythology, Tlazolteotl was the goddess of licentiousness. Tonacatecuhtli In Aztec mythology, Tonacatecuhtli was the creator and provider of food. Tonatiuh In Aztec mythology, Tonatiuh was a sun-god, the eagle and heavenly warrior. Triton Triton was a Herald of Neptune. In Greek mythology the Tritons were sea- gods with the upper half of a human and the lower part of the body that of a fish. They carried a trumpet which the blew to soothe the waves at the command of Poseidon. Troll In Icelandic mythology, Trolls were a race of giants. They appear in various Northern mythologies. In Norse mythology Trolls are represented as a type of goblin. Tros Tros was the grandson of Dardanus and the father of Ilus. He gave his name to the city of Troy. Tule In Zande mythology, Tule is the Spider god who brought from heaven the seeds of all the plants on earth which he scattered in all the countries. Tyche Tyche was the Greek goddess of luck. Tydeus Tydeus was the son of Oeonus and Calydon. After commiting a murder whilst a youth he fled to the court of Adrastus. Tyndareus Tyndareus was the king of Sparta. He was deposed by his brother Hippocoon, and reinstated by Hercules. Typhon In Greek mythology, Typhon was the father of destructive and fierce winds. He is dereived from the Egyptian Set or Seth. Tyr In Norse mythology, Tyr was the god of war and athletic sports. Tyr had one hand bitten off by the wolf Fenris, after he put it in the wolve's mouth as a pledge of security when the wolf allowed himself to be bound in a net until the judgement day. Ulala In Haida mythology, Ulala was a man-eating ogress. Ulle In Norse mythology, Ulle is the god of the chase. Ullr In Norse mythology, Ullr is the god of war and the chase. He dwells in the Dale of Bows. Ulysses Ulysses was the Roman name for Odysseus. Undines The Undines are elementals evolved in the realm of Water. Unicorn The unicorn is a mythical horse with a straight horn projecting from the forehead. Urania Urania was the muse of astronomy. Uranus In Greek mythology, Uranus was a son of Gaea. He later married Gaea. Urd In Norse mythology, Urd was the Norn of the past. Usukun In Lacandones mythology, Usukun is a troglodyte who rules earthquakes. Uta In Maori mythology, Uta is a hero and the husband of Houmea. Utchat The Utchat was an amulet representing the eye of Horus and used in ancient Egypt. According to the book of the dead, the amulet should be made of lapis-lazuli or mak stone. However, these amulets have been found made of almost every conceivable material. Uttu In Sumerian mythology, Uttu was the daughter of Enki and Ninkurra. Her mother warned her to avoid the advances of her father Enki. When Enki made advances on her she demanded cucumbers, apples and grapes as a gift. Enki supplied the fruits and as a result of their union eight plants spring forth. Enki ate the plants and was cursed by Uttu, subsequently becoming ill in eight different parts of his body. Utu In Sumerian mythology, Utu was the sun god. He was the son of Nanna and Ningal. Valhalla In Norse mythology valhalla is the paradise where the souls of dead warriors go to. Vampire In Slav mythology, a Vampire is an undead corpse which lives by drinking the blood of the living. Varuna In Hindu mythology, Varuna is a thousand-eyed god who sees all that happens in the world. Vayu In Hindu mythology, Vayu is the god of the winds. Venus Venus was the Roman name for the Greek goddess Aphrodite. Verdandi In Norse mythology, Verdandi was the Norn of the present. Vertumnus Vertumnus was a Roman god of garden fruits and seasons. He was the husband of Pomona. Vesta see "Hestia" Victoria Victoria is an alternative name for Nike. Ville au Camp In Voodoo, Ville au Camp is the underwater capital of the loas. Vingulf In Norse mythology, Vingulf was the mansion in Asgard where the godesses lived. Vithar In Norse mythology, Vithar was the god second in strength to Thor, and who would kill the wolf Fenris by wrentching the wolve's jaws asunder. Vritra In Hindu mythology, Vritra is the snake of darkness. Enemy of Indra. Vulcan Vulcan was the Roman name for the Greek god Hephaestus. Wakinyan In Dakota mythology, Wakinyan is the thunder-spirit. Wakonda In Sioux mythology, Wakonda is the Great Spirit. Woden Woden was the Anglo-Saxon form of the name of the god called Odin by the Norse. Xilonen In Aztec mythology, Xilonen was the goddess of young maize. She was a wife of Tezcatlipoca. Xipe Totec In Aztec mythology, Xipe Totec was the god of seedtime. Xochipilli In Aztec mythology, Xochipilli was the god of feasting and young maize. Xuthus In Greek mythology, Xuthus was a son of Helen by the nymph Orseis. He was King of Peloponnesus and the husband of Creusa. After the death of his father, Xuthus was expelled from Thessaly by his brothers and went to Athens, where he married the daughter of Erechtheus. Yacatecuhtli In Aztec mythology, Yacatecuhtli was the god of merchant adventurers. Yagis In Kwakiutl mythology, Yagis is a sea monster that overturns canoes and eats their crews. Yarikh In Canaanite mythology, Yarikh was the moon god. Yaxche In Maya mythology, Yaxche is the tree of heaven under which good souls rejoice. Ymir In Norse mythology Ymir is a giant. In the beginning there was just Ymir and Ginnunggap. Ymir was slain by Odin, Vili and Ve and out of his blood they made the sea, out of his flesh the earth and out of his bones the rocks and out of his skull the cavity of heaven. Yum Kaax In Maya mythology, Yum Kaax is the maize god. Zagreus Zagreus was a son of Zeus. He was torn apart and eaten by Titans apart from his heart which Athene saved. He is sometimes identified with Dionysus. Zelus In Greek mythology, Zelus was son of the Titan Pallas and Styx. He was a constant companion of Zeus and personified zeal. Zephyrus Zephyrus was the west wind god. Zethus In Greek mythology, Zethus was a son of Zeus and Antiope and twin brother of Amphion. Zeus Zeus was the third king of the Greek gods. He had his throne on mount Olympus. He was a son of Cronus. Zeuxippe In Greek mythology, Zeuxippe was the daughter of Eridanus and the wife of Pandion. Zobops In Voodoo, the zobops are an order of male sorcerers. Zombie In Voodoo, a zombie is the spirit of a person killed by a sorcerer and resurected by evil houngans. Zu In Babylonian mythology, Zu is an evil lesser-god who steals the tablets of destiny from Enlil while he was washing, and flies away to his mountain. He was killed by Lugalbanda who was sent by the gods to retrieve the tables of destiny. PLACES OF THE WORLD Aachen Aachen is an ancient German city near the Belgian and Dutch borders. It was the scene of coronations until the 16th century. Aare The Aare is a river in Switzerland. It flows 290 km through Brienz into the Rhine and is the longest river wholly in Switzerland. Aargau Aargau (Argovie) is a northern canton of Switzerland. Aarhuus Aarhuus is an ancient seaport in Denmark on the east coast of Jutland. Aasvar The Aasvar are a group of small islands off the Norwegian coast in the Arctic Circle. Abakan Abakan is a town in east Siberia. Abakansk Abakansk is a fortified place in Siberia near the Upper Yenisei. It was founded by Peter the Great in 1707. Abana The Abana is a river near Damascus. Abano Abano is a village in Northern Italy famous for its mud-baths and warm springs. Abarim The Abarim are a mountain range in East Palestine (Israel). Abbeville Abbeville is a town in France on the River Somme. Abbiategrasso Abbiategrasso is a town in north Italy. Abbotsbury Abbotsbury is a village in Dorset. It is noted for its swannery which was founded in the 14th century. Abdera Abdera was an ancient Greek city on the Thracian coast. Its inhabitants were reputedly stupid. Abensberg Abensberg is a village in Bavaria, in the Danube Valley where Napoleon defeated the Austrians in 1809. Aber Aber is a Celtic prefix given to place names signifying the mouth or entrance of a river into the sea or into another river. Aberbrothock Aberbrothock is the old name for Arbroath. Aberdare Aberdare is a town in South Wales at the junction of the Cynon and Dare. Aberdeen Aberdeen is a city on the east coast of Scotland in the region of Grampian. Aberfan Aberfan is a town in Wales. A slag-heap slid into a school playground here in 1966 killing 144 people, most of them children. Abergavenny Abergavenny is a town in England. It was a coal and iron mining centre around 1900. Aberystwith Aberystwith is a seaport in Wales on the Cardigan Bay. Abingdon Abingdon is a town in Berkshire 80 km north west of London. It was an important Saxon town where King Offa had a palace. Abinger Hammer Abinger Hammer is a village in Surrey noted for a remarkable clock which just out over the Dorking to Guildford road. There is a monument here marking the spot where Bishop Wilberforce was killed in a riding accident in 1873. Abo Abo is a one-time capital of Finland. It was capital until 1819 when it was supplanted by Helsinki. Abydos Abydos is an ancient city in north Egypt. Abyss An abyss is a very deep gorge. Acadia Acadia is the old name of Nova Scotia. Accra Accra is the capital of Ghana. Achaea Achaea was a district of ancient Greece on the south shore of the gulf of Corinth. Aconcagua Aconcagua is an extinct volcano and the highest peak of the Andes. Addis Ababa Addis Ababa is the capital of Ethiopia. Adelaide Adelaide is a seaport in Australia. Capital of south Australia. Adelie land Adelie land is a French owned part of Antarctica. Aden Aden is a country in south west Arabia. Adrianople Adrianople was the scene of the battle in 378 when the Romans were defeated by the Visigoths. Adriatic The adriatic sea is the mediterranean sea between Italy and the Balkans. Aegean The aegean sea is between Greece and Asia minor. Afghanistan Afghanistan is a country in Asia. It has a total area of 647,500 km2 and a land area of 647,500 km2 The climate is arid to semiarid with cold winters and hot summers. The terrain is mostly rugged mountains with plains in north and southwest. Natural resources include natural gas, crude oil, coal, copper, talc, barites, sulphur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semi-precious stones. The religion is 74% Sunni Muslim, 15% Shia Muslim, 11% other. The language is 50% Pashtu, 35% Afghan Persian (Dari), 11% Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen), 4% thirty minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) with much bilingualism. Africa Africa is a large continent. It straddles both the equator and zero degrees longitude. Agadir Agadir is a seaport in South Morocco. The original town was wrecked by an earthquake in 1960, and the new town built south of the old city in an area of greater geological stability. Agana Agana is the capital of Guam. Agen Agen is a market town in France. It is the site of a bridge over the Garonne River. Agincourt Agincourt is a village in north west France where Henry V defeated the French army in 1415. Agra Agra is a town in Uttar Pradesh on the Jumna River. It was the capital of the Mogul Empire. Agulhas Agulhas is a rocky projection 160 km east of the Cape of Good Hope. It is the most southerly part of Africa. Ahlen Ahlen is a town in Germany on the river Werse. It is a coal mining town with metal and engineering works. Ahvaz Ahvaz is the capital of Khuzestan province in Iran. It has an airport. Ajanta Ajanta is a village in south central India. Al-Uqsur Al-Uqsur is the Arab name for Luxor. Alabama Alabama is a state in south USA. Alamein Alamein is a place in north east Egypt where Axis forces were defeated in 1942 by the Allies. Alaska Alaska is a state in the extreme north west of America. Alatau The Alatau are three mountain ranges in central Asia on the Russian and Chinese frontiers. Alba Longa Alba Longa was the chief city of the league of the Latins in ancient Latium. It was reportedly built by Ascanius some 300 years before the foundation of Rome. Albania Albania is a Balkan state between Greece and Yugolsavia. Alberta Alberta is the western prairie province of Canada. Alcaniz Alcaniz is a town in north east Spain. Alcira Alcira is a strongly fortified town in Valencia Province, Spain. It was founded by the Carthaginians. Aldbourne Aldbourne is a large village in Wiltshire. Aldeburgh Aldeburgh is a town in Suffolk. During the 16th century it was a seaport. Aldermaston Aldermaston is a village in Berkshire, England. It is home to Britain's atomic weapons research establishment. Alderney Alderney is one of the Channel Islands in the English Channel. Aldershot Aldershot is a town in Hampshire and home of the British army. Aldworth Aldworth is a village in Berkshire. Aleppo Aleppo is an important market city in north Syria. Aletsch The Aletsch is the most extensive glacier in Europe. It is 16 km long. Aleutian The aleutian islands progress south west from Alaska. Aleutians The Aleutians are a chain of islands in the north pacific ocean. They stretch west south west from Alaska. Alexandria Alexandria is a city and seaport of Egypt. Alfriston Alfriston is an ancient town in Sussex. The Star Inn at Alfriston is one of the oldest pubs in England, dating back to the 15th century. Algeria Algeria is a republic in north Africa. It has a total area of 2,381,740 km2. The climate is arid to semiarid with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers along the coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in the summer. The terrain is mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow, discontinuous coastal plain. Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc. The religion is 99% Sunni Muslim (state religion), 1% Christian and Jewish. The language is Arabic (official), French, and Berber dialects. Algiers Algiers is the capital of Algeria Alhama Alhama is a town in Southern Spain in Granada province on the Motril 40 km south-west of Granada. It is renowned for its warm baths and drinking waters. It was ruined in 1884 by an earthquake. Alhaurin Alhaurin is a spa town in southern Spain. Alice Springs Alice Springs is a town in Australia. It was originally a telegraph station on the Todd river. Aliwal Aliwal is a village in Punjab on the left bank of the Sutley. A battle was fought here on January 28, 1846 between the Sikhs and the British army resulting in the total defeat of the Sikhs. Allhallows Allhallows is a small holiday resort on the Thames Estuary in Kent. It is the site of an Elizabthan iron beacon erected to warn of invasion. Almaden Almaden is a town in Ciudad Real province, Spain. It has large mercury deposits. Alphen Alphen is a market town in the Netherlands 16 km south east of Leiden. Alps The Alps are the highest mountain range in Europe. They are 960 km long and separate south and central Europe. Alresford Alresford is a market town in Hampshire. Alston Alston is a town in Cumbria, England. It is the site of limestone quarrying. Altai The Altai is a mountain range in west Siberia and Mongolia. Altamira Altamira is a cave near the village of Santillana del Mar. It contains remarkable paleolithic wall paintings. Altdorf Altdorf is the capital of Uri canton, Switzerland. Alton Alton is a town in Hampshire, England. It was the site of the Watney's Brewery. Alton is a town on the Mississippi in Illinios in the USA. Amasra Amasra is a sea port on the Black Sea in north Turkey. Amazon The Amazon is a major river in South America. Amba Alagi Amba Alagi is a mountain in Ethiopia 129 km north of Magdala. It is 10000m high. Amberley Amberley is a village in Sussex. It was home to the Bishops of Chichester (in Amberley Castle). Ambleteuse Ambleteuse is a French seaport 10 km from Boulogne. James II landed here in 1688 in his flight from England. Ambleteuse was also the sight where Napoleon assembled his flotilla of barges to invade Britain. America America is a large continent in the western hemisphere. It comprises North America, Central America and South America. Amsterdam Amsterdam is the largest city in the Netherlands. It is the commercial and intellectual centre of the Netherlands. It stands on the river Amstel. Amu Darya The Amu Darya is a river in Asian Russia. It rises in the Pamirs and flows to the Aral Sea. It is 2398 km long. Anatolia Anatolia is a region of central Turkey. Ancona Ancona is the capital of Marche region in Italy. Andes The Andes are a mountain range running north south in South America. Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh is a state in east India. Andorra Andorra is an autonomous republic in the Pyrenees between France and Spain. Andorra has a total area of 450 km2. The climate is temperate; snowy, cold winters and cool, dry summers. The terrain is rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys. Natural resources are hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore and lead. The religion is virtually all Roman Catholic. The language is Catalan (official). Many people also speak some French and Castilian. Andover Andover is an old town in Hampshire. It was once an importan wool centre. Anglesey Anglesey is an island off the north west coast of Wales. Angola Angola is a country in west Africa. It has a Total area of 1,246,700 km2. The climate is semiarid in the south and along the coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April). The terrain is a narrow coastal plain which rises abruptly to a vast interior plateau. Natural resources are petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite and uranium. The religion is 47% indigenous beliefs, 38% Roman Catholic, 15% Protestant. The language is Portuguese (official) and various Bantu dialects. Anhui Anhui is a province in east China. Anhwei Anhwei is a province of China. Ankara Ankara is the capital of Turkey. Antarctica The antarctic is the south polar continent. It has a total area of about 14,000,000 km2. The climate is severe low temperatures which vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than the Antarctic Peninsula in the west; warmest temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing. The terrain is about 98% thick continental ice sheet, with average elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 meters; mountain ranges up to 5,000 meters high; ice-free coastal areas include parts of southern Victoria Land, Wilkes Land, and the scientific research areas of Graham Land and Ross Island on McMurdo Sound; glaciers form ice shelves along about half of coastline. Natural resources are coal and iron ore; chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum, and hydrocarbons have been found in small quantities along the coast; offshore deposits of oil and gas Antilles The Antilles are a group of islands in the caribbean. Antofag'asta Antofag'asta is a town in Chile on the Pacific coast. It has a port and smelting plant serving the local silver mines. Antwerp Antwerp is a seaport in Belgium on the river Scheldt. It is also an important diamond centre. Anzio Anzio was the scene of the Allied invasion of Italy during the Second World War in 1944. Aosta Aosta is the capital of Valle d'Aosta. Apapa Apapa is a seaport in Nigeria on the mainland opposite Lagos. Apennines The apennines are a chain of mountains stretching the length of the Italian peninsular. Apia Apia is the capital city of Western Samoa. It is a port on the north coast of Upolu island in the West Pacific. It was at one time home to Robert Louis Stevenson. Appalachians The Appalachians are a mountain system in eastern North America stretching 2400km from Alabama to Quebec. Apulia Apulia is a region of Italy comprising the south eastern heel. Aquila Aquila is the capital of Abruzzi province in Italy. Aquitaine Aquitaine is a region of south west France. It was an English possession from 1152 until 1452. Arabia Arabia is a country in south west Asia comprised of independent states. Arabistan Arabistan is a former name of the Iranian province of Khuzestan. Arad Arad is an industrial town in the Negev desert in Israel. Aral The Aral Sea is an inland sea in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Ararat Ararat is a mountain in Turkey close to the border with Armenia. It is 3932 metres tall. Archipelago An archipelago is a group of islands caused by the sea rising over a hilly landscape. Archipelagos are often volcanic in origin. Arctic The Arctic is the north polar region. The climate is persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow. The terrain at the central surface is covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack which averages about 3 meters in thickness, although pressure ridges may be three times that size; there is a clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly straight line movement from the New Siberian Islands (USSR) to Denmark Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the ice pack is surrounded by open seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and extends to the encircling land masses. Natural resources are sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals, whales). Arctic ocean The arctic ocean is the sea north of Europe, America and Asia. Ardeche The ardeche is a river in south east France. Ardennes The Ardennes is a wooded plateau in North-East France, South East Belgium and Northern Luxembourg, cut through by the river Meuse. There was heavy fighting here during the Great War and the Second World War. Arequipa Arequipa is a city in Peru at the base of the volcano El Misti. It was founded in 1540 by Pizarro. Today it is a busy commercial and cultural centre. Argentina Argentina is a republic in South America. It has a total area of 2,766,890 km2. The climate is mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in the southwest. The terrain is rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border. Natural resources are fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, crude oil, uranium The religion is 90% nominally Roman Catholic (less than 20% practicing), 2% Protestant, 2% Jewish, 6% other The language is Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French. Argos Argos was a city in ancient Greece at the head of the Gulf of Nauplia. It was a cult centre of the goddess Hera. Arizona Arizona is a state in USA. Arkansas Arkansas is a state in central south USA. Arlberg Arlberg is an Alpine pass forming the main western entry to Austria. Armagh Armagh is a county in Northern Ireland. Armenia Armenia is a republic in east Europe. Arnold Arnold is an industrial town in Nottinghamshire, England. Arran Arran is an island in Scotland. Arras Arras is the capital of Pas-de-Calais department in France. It is a market town famous for its tapestry. It was alsmost destroyed during the Great War. Aruba Aruba is an island in the Caribbean. It was one of the Netherlands Antilles until 1986 when it achieved full autonomy. Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh is a union territory in India. It is located in the Himalayas on the borders of Tibet and Burma. Arundel Arundel is a market town on the River Arun in West Sussex, England. It is the site of Arundel castle, the home of the Duke Of Norfolk. Ascension Ascension Island is a British island of volcanic origin in the south Atlantic. It is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns. Ascot Ascot is a town in Berkshire. The race course at Ascot was laid in 1711 on the orders of queen Anne. Ashburnham Ashburnham is a town in Sussex. It was the last place where the Sussex iron industry survived, its iron foundery closing in the 19th century. Ashford Ashford was once a village in Kent, but became an important railway junction and so grew into a major commercial town. It has one of the oldest cattle markets in England. Ashkhabad Ashkhabad is the capital city of Turkmen. Ashmore Ashmore is the highest village in Dorset, 213 metres up in the chalk hills of Cranbourne Chase. Asia Asia is the largest continent. It is the landmass east of Europe. Asia Minor Asia Minor is an historical name for Anatolia, the Asian part of Turkey. Asmara Asmara is the capital city of Eritrea. It is situated on the Red Sea. Assam Assam is a state in India between east Pakistan and Burma. It is famed for its tea. Assisi Assisi is a town in Umbria, Italy. It was the birthplace of Saint Francis. Assyria Assyria was an empire in the Middle East from 2500BC until 612BC in what was then called Mesopotamia, now Iraq. Asturias Asturias is an autonomous region of northern Spain. It is a major coal producing area. Aswan Aswan is a winter resort town in Egypt. Atacama The Atacama is an extensive desert in South America covering a large area of northern Chile. Athens Athens is the capital city of Greece. Atlanta Atlanta is the capital and largest city in Georgia, USA. Atlantic see "atlantic_ocean" Atlantic ocean The atlantic ocean is the sea to the west of Europe and east of America. Atlas The Atlas are a mountain range in north west Africa. They extend from the Atlantic coast of Morocco to the Gulf of Gabes in Tunisia. They are 2414 km long. Attica Attica is a region of Greece comprising Athens and the district around it. Auckland Auckland is a city and seaport of New Zealand. Auschwitz Auschwitz is a town near Krakow in Poland. It was the site of a camp used by Nazis to exterminate Jews during the Second World War. Austerlitz Austerlitz is a town in Czechoslovakia, formerly in Austria, where Napoleon defeated Alexander I of Russia and Francis II of Austria in 1805. Austin Austin is the state capital of Texas. Australasia Australasia is the countries of Australia, New Zealand etc. Australia Australia is an island continent in the southern hemisphere. Austria Austria is a republic in central Europe. It has a total area of 83,850 km2. The climate is temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain in lowlands and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional showers. The terrain is mostly mountains with Alps in west and south; mostly flat, with gentle slopes along eastern and northern margins. Natural resources are iron ore, crude oil, timber, magnesite, aluminum, lead, coal, lignite, copper, hydropower The religion is 85% Roman Catholic, 6% Protestant, 9% other The language is German. Auvergne Auvergne is an ancient province of central France. Auxerre Auxerre is the capital of Yonne department in France. It is a commercial and industrial centre. It is the site of a Gothic Cathedral. Avebury Avebury is a village in Wiltshire, England 10 km west of Marlborough. It is built on the world's largest stone circle. Avignon Avignon is the capital of Vaucluse department in France. It is an ancient Roman town at the crossing of the Rhone. Avignon is the Provencal tourist centre. Avila Avila is a town and capital of Avila province in Spain. It was the birth place of St. Teresa. Avington Avington is a village in Hampshire on the River Itchen. Avon Avon is a non-metropolitan county in southern England based upon the Lower Avon valley and Severnside. The River Avon flows 128 km from the Cotswolds to enter the Bristol Channel at Avonmouth. Awe Awe is a freshwater loch in Strathclyde, south east of Oban. It is drained by the River Awe into Loch Etive. Axbridge Axbridge is a town in Somerset. Anglo-Saxon and Norman Kings hunted stags on the Mendips from here. During the Middle Ages Axbridge became a wool centre producing knitted stockings. Axminster Axminster is an industrial town in Devon famous for its carpets. Aylesford Aylesford is an old village in Kent 5 km from Maidstone. Aylsham Aylsham is a market town in Norfolk on the River Bure. Ayrshire Ayrshire was once a county of south west Scotland. Azerbaijan Azerbaijan is a republic in Asia. The religion is traditionally Shi'ite Muslim. The language is Turkic. Azores The Azores are an island group in the atlantic ocean. Azov Sea see "Black_Sea" Babel Babel is the old Hebrew name for the city of Babylon. Babylon Babylon was the capital of the ancient Chaldean empire in Asia. Its hanging gardens were one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, until it was sacked by Cyrus of persia in 538 b.C. Bactria Bactria was a region of central Asia comprising modern Afghanistan, Pakistan and central Soviet Asia. Bacup Bacup is a market town in Lancashire, England 31 km north east of Manchester. Baden Baden was a state in south west Germany. In 1952 it was made part of Baden-Wurttemberg. Baden-Wurttenberg Baden-Wurttenberg is an administrative region of Germany. Baghdad Baghdad is the capital city of Iraq. Bahamas The Bahamas are a group of islands in the Caribbean. They have a total area of 13,940 km2. The climate is tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream The terrain is long, flat coral formations with some low rounded hills. Natural resources are salt, aragonite, timber. The religion is Baptist 29%, Anglican 23%, Roman Catholic 22%, smaller groups of other Protestants, Greek Orthodox, and Jews The language is English; some Creole among Haitian immigrants. Bahrain Bahrain is a country composed of a group of islands in the Arabian gulf. It has a total area of 620 km2. The climate is arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers. The terrain is mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment. Natural resources are oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish. The religion is Muslim (70% Shia, 30% Sunni) The language is Arabic (official); English also widely spoken; Farsi, Urdu Baikal Lake Baikal is the largest freshwater lake in Asia, and the deepest freshwater lake in the world. Baku Baku is the capital of Azerbaydzhan. It is a port on the Caspian Sea. Bala Bala is a lake and town in Gwynedd, North Wales. Balaton Lake Balaton is the largest lake in Hungary. It is 596 km2. Baldwin Baldwin is a fishing town on Long Island, New York, USA. Balearic islands The Balearic islands are a group in the Mediterranean. Bali Bali is an island in Indonesia. Balkans The Balkan Peninsular (Balkans) are a mountain range between the Adriatic and Ionian seas in eastern Europe. Balkash Balkash is a lake in Kazakh. It covers an area of 6680 square meters. Balsas The River Balsas flows 800 km east to the Pacific through the valley of Morelos in Mexico. Baltic see "Baltic_Sea" Baltic Sea The Baltic Sea (The Baltic) is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean which opens into the North Sea by narrow channels between Denmark and Sweden. Baltimore Baltimore is an industrial city and seaport in Maryland, USA. It is the home of Johns Hopkins university. Baluchistan Baluchistan is a mountainous desert area comprising part of Iran, part of Pakistan and part of Afghanistan. Bamako Bamako is the capital city of Mali. It is on the River Niger. Bamako is the main industrial centre of Mali. Bamberg Bamberg is a city in Bavaria, Germany. It is an important river port on the Trans-European waterway. Bandung Bandung is a commercial city and capital of Jawa Barat province on the island of Java. Bangalore Bangalore is the capital city of Karnataka state in south India. Bangkok Bangkok is the capital city of Thailand. Bangladesh Bangladesh is a country in Asia. It has a total area of 144,000 km2. The climate is tropical; cool, dry winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); cool, rainy monsoon (June to October). The terrain is mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast. Natural resources are natural gas, uranium, arable land, timber. The religion is 83% Muslim, about 16% Hindu, less than 1% Buddhist, Christian, and other. The language is Bangla (official), English widely used. Bangui Bangui is the capital of the Central African Republic. It stands on the River Ubangi. Banjul Banjul is the capital city of Gambia. It is also the chief port of Gambia, and is situated on an island at the mouth of the River Gambia. Bantustan Bantustan (Bantu Homelands) was the name until 1978 of the Black National States in the Republic of South Africa. Barbados Barbados is an island in the Caribbean. It has a total area of 430 km2. The climate is tropical; rainy season (June to October). The terrain is relatively flat; rises gently to central highland region. Natural resources are crude oil, fishing, natural gas. The religion is 70% Anglican, 9% Methodist, 4% Roman Catholic, 17% other, including Moravian The language is English. Barcelona Barcelona is a city and sea port in Spain. It is the capital city of Catalonia. Bari Bari is the capital of Apulia region in southern Italy. It is an industrial city and port on the Adriatic coast. Bari is renowned for its electronics industry and being the site of Italy's first nuclear power station. Barnstaple Barnstaple is a town in Devon. It was a major ship-building town in the Middle Ages. Barotseland Barotseland was a native kingdom in Africa. It is now part of Zambia. Barranquilla Barranquilla is a seaport in north Colombia on the River Magdalena. Basel Basel is the capital city of Basel canton in Switzerland. Bashkir Bashkir is an autonomous republic in eastern Europe. It was annexed by Russia in 1557, and was given autonomy in 1919. Basing Basing was once the site of a Norman castle which was replaced in the 16th century by a Tudor mansion. It is a village just outside Basingstoke in Hampshire. Basingstoke Basingstoke is a town 80km south and west of London. It was once a small market town, it developed an industry of light engineering in the middle of the 20th century. During the 1960s and 1970s Basingstoke was expanded and finance industries moved in. Basque Basque is 3 provinces of Spain close to the border with France. Some of the residents wish to form a separate Basque state. Basra Basra is the only port in Iraq. It is located in the Shatt-al-Arab delta, 97 km from the Persian Gulf. Bath Bath is a city in England. Bath is a faming community and mineral spa in east Jamaica. The spa was discovered by a runaway slave in the 1690s. Batley Batley is an old town in Yorkshire, 10 km south west of Leeds. Battle Battle is a town in East Sussex, England. It was the scene of the battle of Hastings in 1066. Bavaria Bavaria is an administrative region of Germany. Bay of Biscay The Bay Of Biscay is a stormy area of the Atlantic Ocean west of France and north of Spain. Bay of Pigs The Bay of Pigs is an inlet on the south coast of Cuba. It was the site of an unsuccessful invasion attempt by the USA in 1961. Bayern Bayern is the German name for Bavaria. Bayeux Bayeux is a town in Calvados department, France 29 km north west of Caen. Bayreuth Bayreuth is a town in Bavaria 68 km north east of Nuremberg. Beaminster Beaminster is a town in Dorset. Beaulieu Beaulieu is a village in southern Hampshire on the Beaulieu River. Beccles Beccles is a town in Suffolk on the River Waveney. Bedfordshire Bedfordshire is a county in central southern England. Beijing Beijing (formerly Peking) is the capital city of China. Beirut Beirut is the capital city of Lebanon. It is a sea port which was devastated by the civil war of the 1970s and 1980s. Belfast Belfast is the capital of northern Ireland. It is an industrial port and has suffered from guerrilla activity since 1968. Belfort Belfort is a town in France between the Vosges and the Jura mountains. Belgian Congo The Belgian Congo is a former name of Zaire. It was used from 1908 until 1960. Belgium Belgium is a kingdom in west Europe. It has a total area of 30,510 km2. The climate is temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy. The terrain is flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged mountains of Ardennes Forest in southeast .Natural resources are coal, natural gas. The religion is 75% Roman Catholic; remainder Protestant or other. The language is 56% Flemish (Dutch), 32% French, 1% German; 11% legally bilingual; divided along ethnic lines. Belgrade Belgrade is the capital of Yugolsavia and Serbia. It is a river port situated on the Danube and linked with the port of Bar on the Adriatic. Belize Belize (formerly British Honduras) is a country in Central America south of Mexico and east of Guatemala. The terrain is mainly forest. The religion is about 60% Roman Catholic and 35% Protestant. The language is English (official) Spanish is widely spoken, and native Indian dialects. Belize City Belize City was the capital city of Belize until following its destruction by a hurricane in 1961 it was decided to move the capital inland to Belmopan in 1970. Belorussia Belorussia is a republic in eastern Europe. Belsen Belsen was the site of a Nazi concentration camp in Lower Saxony during the second World War. Bembridge Bembridge is the most easterly village on the Isle Of Wight. Ben Lawers Ben Lawers is a mountain in Perth and Kincross, Scotland. It is 1215m high. Ben Nevis Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in the British Isles. It stands 1342 meters high in the Grampians in Scotland. Benfleet Benfleet is a residential town in Essex, England. Bengal Bengal was a province of British India. It was divided in 1947 into West Bengal and East Bengal. East Bengal fought for independance from India and formed Bangladesh in 1972. Benghazi Benghazi is an historic city and industrial port in north Libya on the Gulf of the Sirte. Benin Benin is a province in west Africa. It has a total area of 112,620 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north. The terrain is mostly flat to undulating plain; some hills and low mountains. Natural resources are small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber The religion is 70% indigenous beliefs, 15% Muslim, 15% Christian. The language is French (official); Fon and Yoruba most common vernaculars in south; at least six major tribal languages in north. Benin City Benin City is a former slave centre in Nigeria. Bere Regis Bere Regis is a water-cress growing village in Dorset. During the Middle Ages it was famed for its fairs, and was a resort of Kings. Bergen Bergen is a seaport and city in Norway. Bering Sea The bering sea is the northern part of the Pacific ocean. It separates America from Asia. Berkeley Berkeley is a village in Gloucestershire near to the River Seven, 24 km north of Bristol. It was the scene of the murder of Edward II. Berkshire Berkshire is a county of southern England. Berlin Berlin is a large industrial city in Germany. Bermuda Bermuda is an island in the Caribbean. It has a total area of 50 km2. The climate is subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter. The terrain is low hills separated by fertile depressions. Natural resources are limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism. The religion is 37% Anglican, 14% Roman Catholic, 10% African Methodist Episcopal (Zion), 6% Methodist, 5% Seventh-Day Adventist, 28% other. The language is English Bern Bern is the capital city of Bern canton and the federal capital of Switzerland. It stands on the Aare River. Bernese Alps The Bernese Alps (Bernese Oberland) are a mountain range in Berne Canton, Switzerland. Bexhill-On-Sea Bexhill-On-Sea is a popular seaside resort in Sussex. Bhopal Bhopal is an industrial city and capital of Madhya Pradesh in central India. Bhutan Bhutan was a state in India, it is now a country in south east Asia. Biafra The Republic of Biafra was an African state established in 1968 within Nigeria. Civil war led to its destruction in 1970. Bideford Bideford is a town in Devon. It was a major seaport from 1550 until 1750. Bihar Bihar is a state in north east India. Bikini Atoll Bikini Atoll is an atoll in the Marshall Islands, in the north Pacific, where the USA conducted atomic weapon tests between 1946 and 1963. Bilbao Bilbao is an industrial seaport in Spain. Binham Binham is a village in Norfolk. It was originally a Benedictine priory and centre founded around 1100. Bio-Bio The Bio-Bio is the longest river in Chile. It is about 370 km long. It flows from the Andes to the Pacific. Bioko Bioko is an island in the Bight of Bonny, West Africa. It is part of Equatorial Guinea. It was formerly a Spanish possession and known as Fernando Po. Birkenhead Birkenhead is a seaport on the River Mersey opposite Liverpool. Birmingham Birmingham is a city in the English midlands. Birmingham is an industrial city in Alabama, USA. Birnam Birnam is a village in Pert and Kinross, Scotland. It is mentioned in Macbeth. Bisceglie Bisceglie is a seaport town on the east coast of Italy. Bishop's Cannings Bishop's Cannings is a village in Wiltshire. Bishop's Waltham Bishop's Waltham is an old town in Hampshire. Biskra Biskra is a winter resort and market town in Algeria. Bisley Bisley is a village in Surrey and home to the National Rifle Association. Annual rifle shooting contests are held at Bisley. Bissau Bissau is the capital city and chief port of Guinea-Bissau. It stands on an island at the mouth of the Geba river. It was originally a fortified slave-trading centre, in 1869 it became a free port. Black Country The Black Country is the area of central England around and to the north of Birmingham. It is a heavily industrialized area which got its name in the 19th century from its belching chimneys. Black Forest The Black Forest is a mountainous coniferous forest region of Baden- Wurttenberg in west Germany. It is bounded to the west and south by the Rhine which separates it from the Vosges. Black Prairie The Black Prairie is a region of Texas which extends 560 km south west from the Ouachita Mountains to Austin. It contains some very fertile areas which are primarily used for growing cotton. Black River Black River is a fishing town in south west Jamaica. Watchout for the crocodiles if you visit! Black Sea The Black Sea is an inland sea of Europe. Blackpool Blackpool is a seaside resort town in Lancashire, England. Blakeney Blakeney is a small town on the north coast of Norfolk at the estuary of the River Glaven. Blantyre-Limbe Blantyre-Limbe is the chief industrial and commercial centre for Malawi. Blarney Blarney is a small town in County Cork, Ireland. Blenheim Blenheim is a village in Bavaria. It was the scene of a battle in 1704 when English troops under the Duke of Marlborough defeated the French and Bavarian armies. Bloemfontein Bloemfontein is the capital of the Orange Free State and the judicial capital of the Republic of South Africa. Blois Blois is a city in France on the right bank of the loire river. Blue mountains The blue mountains are a mountain range in east Jamaica famed for coffee. Blue Ridge Mountains The Blue Ridge Mountains are a mountain range extending from West Viginia to Georgia in the USA. Bocking Bocking is a town in Essex on the outskirts of Braintree. Bodmin Moor Bodmin Moor is a plateau in Cornwall comprised of rough grass. Boeotia Boeotia was a central district of ancient Greece. Bognor Regis Bognor Regis was one of the first English seaside resorts. Bogota Bogota is the capital of Columbia. Bohemia Bohemia is the western area of Czechoslovakia. Bolivia Bolivia is a republic in south America. It has a total area of 1,098,580 km2. The climate is varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid. The terrain is high plateau, hills, lowland plains. Natural resources are tin, natural gas, crude oil, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron ore, lead, gold, timber The religion is 95% Roman Catholic; active Protestant minority, especially Evangelical Methodist. The language is Spanish, Quechua, and Aymara (all official). Bologna Bologna is an industrial city and the capital of Emilia-Romagna in Italy. It is 80km north of Florence. Bombay Bombay is a city and seaport in India. Bonchurch Bonchurch is a village on the Isle of Wight. Bondu Bondu (Bondou) was once a sovereign country in West Africa inhabited by the Foulahs. Bonin Bonin is a group of islands in the north Pacific. Bonn Bonn is an industrial city and former capital of West Germany. Boothia Boothia is a peninsular on the Canadian Arctic coast. Bootle Bootle is a town in Merseyside, England. It shares a line of docks with Liverpool. It's industry includes tanning, ship-repairing and a tin plant. Bophuthatswana Bophuthatswana is an independant Bantu territory in South Africa. It was established by the then apartheid govenment of South Africa to consolidate their policy of apartheid. Borbonnais Borbonnais was once a province in France, and later a duchy. Bordeaux Bordeaux is a port on the Garonne and capital of Aquitaine in south west France. Borders The Borders are a region of Scotland. Boreham Boreham is a village in Essex. Borneo Borneo is an island in the east Indian archipelago. Boscombe Boscombe is a village in Wiltshire. Bosham Bosham is the most westerly town in Sussex. It was here that King Cnut demonstrated that even he had not the pwoer to turn back the sea. Bosnia Bosnia is a country in south east Europe. Part of Yugolsavia. Bosporus The Bosporus is a 27km long strait joining the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara and forming part of the water division between Europe and Asia. Boston Boston is the capital of Massachusetts. Botany Bay Botany Bay is an inlet on the east coast of Australia. It was chosen in 1787 as the site for a penal colony. Botswana Botswana is a country in southern Africa. It has a total area of 600,370 km2. The climate is semiarid; warm winters and hot summers. The terrain is predominately flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest Natural resources are diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver, natural gas. The religion is 50% indigenous beliefs, 50% Christian. The language is English (official), Setswana Bourg Bourg is a town in Eastern France. Bourges Bourges is an ancient city in France. It is at the confluence of the Auron and Yevre 200 km south of Paris. Bourgogne Bourgogne is a region of France and former independant kingdom. It was incorporated into France in 1477. Bournemouth Bournemouth is a seaside resort in Hampshire. It was a small village until the 19th century and it has been growing ever since. Bouvet Island Bouvet Island is an island in Antarctica. It has a total area of 58 km2. The climate is antarctic. The terrain is volcanic; maximum elevation about 800 meters; the coast is mostly inacessible. Bovington Bovington is a village in Dorset. It is the site of the British Army tank research centre and museum. Box Hill Box Hill is a 700 foot high hill in Surrey. It is a popular beauty spot. Brabant Brabant is a former duchy of western Europe comprising part of Belgium and the Netherlands. Bradford Bradford is an industrial city in west Yorkshire in England. It is 14km west of Leeds. It was once an important wool and later cloth manufacturing centre but this has declined since the 1970s. Bradford Abbas Bradford Abbas is a village in Dorset. Brading Brading was a harbour on the Isle of Wight, however since 1880 a 2 km long causeway has cut off the town from the sea. Brahmaputra The Brahmaputra is a 2900km long river in Asia. It is a tributary of the Ganges. Braintree Braintree is a town in Essex. It formed around the junction of important Roman roads. Braintree derived its prosperity from the silk trade which followed the wool trade. Bramber Bramber is a village in Sussex. It is the site of the Exhibition of Humerous Taxidermy, a museum established in the late 19th century by William Potter. Brancaster Brancaster is a village in Norfolk. It was originally a Roman fort (Branodunum). Brand's Hatch Brand's Hatch is a motor racing circuit in Kent. Brandenburg Brandenburg is a former Prussian and German province. It was divided in 1945 between Poland and Germany. Brasil Brasil is the Brazilian name for Brazil. Brasov Brasov is an industrial town in Romania at the foot of the Transylvanian Alps. It was part of Hungary until 1920. Brasso Brasso is the Hunagarian name for the Romanian town of Brasov. Bratislava Bratislava (Pressburg) is an industrial port on the Danube in Czechoslovakia. Braunschweig Braunschweig is the German name for Brunswick. Bray Bray is a village in Berkshire set on a bend in the River Thames. A 17th century vicar of Bray continualy changed his religion in keeping with that of the King of the day inorder to keep his living, so the story goes. Brazil Brazil is the largest country in south America. It has a total area of 8,511,965 km2. The climate is mostly tropical, but temperate in south. The terrain is mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and narrow coastal belt Natural resources are iron ore, manganese, bauxite, nickel, uranium, phosphates, tin, hydropower, gold, platinum, crude oil, timber. The religion is 90% Roman Catholic (nominal). The language is Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French. Brazzaville Brazzaville is the capital city of the Congo. It is an industrial port on the Zaire river opposite Kinshasa. Breamore Breamore is a village on the edge of the New Forest in Hampshire. It is the site of one of the few complete Anglo-Saxon churches in England. Bremen Bremen is an old town on the banks of the river Weser in Germany 64km from the North Sea. It is an industrial and commercial centre. Brenner Pass The brenner pass is the lowest pass over the alps. Brentwood Brentwood is a town in Essex just off the main London to Chelmsford road. Brescia Brescia is an historic industrial city in northern Italy 84km east of Milan. Breslau Breslau is the German name of Wroclaw. Brest Brest is a naval base and industrial port on the Rade de Brest at the western extremity of Brittany, France. Bretagne Bretagne is the French name for Brittany. Bretton Woods Bretton Woods is a township in New Hampshire, USA. Breydon Water Breydon Water is an extension of the estuary of the River Yare in Norfolk. It was a natural harbour in Roman times. Bridgetown Bridgetown is a port and the capital city of Barbados. It was founded in 1628. Bridgwater Bridgwater grew from being a village to a major river-port during the Middle Ages. Bridlington Bridlington is a sea-side resort town in north east England. Bridport Bridport is a town in Dorset. It was an important rope-making town once, hence the expression "Bridport Dagger" which referred to a hangman's noose. Brighton Brighton is a sea-side resort town in Sussex. It was formerly called Brighthelmstone. Brisbane Brisbane is the capital of Queensland in Australia. Bristol Bristol is a city at the confluence of the rivers Avon and Frome in west England. Britain Britain is the collective name for England, Scotland, Wales and northern Ireland. British Antarctic Territory The British Antarctic Territory is a colony created in 1962 and comprising all British territories south of latitude 60 degrees south. British Columbia British Columbia is a province of western Canada on the Pacific. British Honduras British Honduras is a former name of Belize. British Isles The British Isles are a group of islands off the north west coast of Europe consisting of Great Britain, Ireland, The Channel Islands, Orkney, Shetland, Isle of Man and other islands. Brittany Brittany is a region of north west France in the Breton peninsular between the Bay of Biscay and the English Channel. Brixen Brixen is an old city in Austria in the Tyrol. Brixham Brixham is a fishing port in Devon on Tor Bay. Brixia Brixia is the ancient name for Brescia. Brno Brno is an industrial city in central Czechoslovakia. Broads The Norfolk Broads are a combination of lakes, rivers and cuts in Norfolk famous for their boating. They are largely man made, water filled pits left by turf cutters of years ago. Broadway Broadway is a major street in Manhattan, New York, famed for its theatres. Brocken Brocken is the highest summit of the Harz mountains, 1141 metres. Brockenhurst Brockenhurst is a village in the New Forest in Hampshire. Brockville Brockville is a town in Ontario on the left bank of the St Lawrence Brownsea Island Brownsea Island is the largest island in Poole Harbour, in Dorset. It is 2 km long and 1 km wide. Bruges Bruges is the capital of west Flanders. It is a mediaeval town connected by a canal to its port Zeebrugge. Brugge Brugge is the Flemish name for Bruges. Brunei Brunei is a country in the far east. It has a total area of 5,770 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid, rainy. The terrain is flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland in west Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, timber. The religion is 60% Muslim (official); 8% Christian; 32% Buddhist and indigenous beliefs. The language is Malay (official), English, and Chinese. Brunswick Brunswick is an industrial city in Lower Saxony, Germany. It was the capital of the duchy of Brunswick from 1671. Brussel Brussel is the Flemish name for Brussels. Brussels Brussels is the capital of Belgium. It is an industrial city first settled in the 6th century, and a city from 1321. It became the capital of belgium in 1830. Bruton Bruton is a town in Somerset. Bucaramanga Bucaramanga is an industrial and commercial city in north central Columbia. It was founded by the Spanish in 1622. Bucharest Bucharest is the capital of Romania. Buchenwald Buchenwald was the site of a Nazi concentration camp in Germany during the Second World War. Buckingham Buckingham is a market town on the river Ouse in Buckinghamshire, England. It is 24km north west of Aylesbury. Buckinghamshire Buckinghamshire is a county in south east England. Bucuresti Bucuresti is the Romanian name for Bucharest. Budapest Budapest is the capital city of Hungary. Buenos Aires Buenos Aires is the capital city of Argentina. Bulawayo Bulawayo is an industrial city and railway junction in Zimbabwe on the River Matsheumlope. Bulgaria Bulgaria is a country in central Europe. It has a total area of 110,910 km2. The climate is temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers. The terrain is mostly mountains with lowlands in north and south. Natural resources are bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land The religion is religious background of population is 85% Bulgarian Orthodox, 13% Muslim, 0.8% Jewish, 0.7% Roman Catholic, 0.5% Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian, and other. The language is Bulgarian; secondary languages closely correspond to the ethnic breakdown. Bunbury Bunbury is a town and seaport in Western Australia. Bungay Bungay is a market town in Suffolk. Burgenland Burgenland is a federal state in south east Austria. Burghclere Burghclere is a village in Hampshire. Burgundy Burgundy is a region in east France. Burma Burma is a country in Asia south of Tibet. It has a total area of 678,500 km2. The climate is tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April). The terrain is central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands. Natural resources are crude oil, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas. The religion is 85% Buddhist, 15% animist beliefs, Muslim, Christian, or other. The language is Burmese; minority ethnic groups have their own languages. Burnham-on-crouch Burnham-on-Crouch is a town in Essex. It is an estuary town noted for its boat-building and yachting. Bursa Bursa is a city in north west Turkey. It was the capital of the Ottoman Empire from 1326 until 1423. Burundi Burundi is a country in east Africa. It has a total area of 27,830 km2. The climate is temperate, warm with the occasional frost in the uplands. The terrain is mostly rolling to hilly highland with some plains. Natural resources are nickel, uranium, rare earth oxide, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet exploited), vanadium The religion is about 67% Christian (62% Roman Catholic, 5% Protestant), 32% indigenous beliefs, 1% Muslim. The language is Kirundi and French (official); Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area). Burwell Burwell is a village in Cambridgeshire. Bury St Edmunds Bury St Edmunds is a city in Suffolk. Buscot Buscot is a village in Berkshire next to the Thames. Byblos Byblos was an ancient Phoenician city 32km north of Beirut. Today it is called Jebeil. Byzantium Byzantium was the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Today it is called Istanbul. Cadarache Cadarache is a French nuclear research site north east of Aix-en- Provence. Cadiz Cadiz is a city and seaport in Spain. Cagliari Cagliari is the capital of Sardinia in Italy. Cairo Cairo is the capital city of Egypt. Caister-on-Sea Caister-on-Sea is a seaside town in Norfolk on the outskirts of Great Yarmouth. It was a Roman town and also an Anglo-Saxon town in the past. Calabria Calabria is a mountainous earthquake region occupying the toe of Italy. Calais Calais is a seaport in France. Calcutta Calcutta is a city in India in the province of Bengal. Calgary Calgary is a city in Alberta, Canada. Cali Cali is a city in south west Colombia in the Cauca Valley. It was founded in 1536. California California is a state in the west USA. Callao Callao is the chief fishing and commercial port of Peru. It is 12km south west of Lima. It was founded in 1537 and destroyed by an earthquake in 1746. Calleva Atrebatum Calleva Atrebatum was the Roman name for their settlement at what is now called Silchester. Calne Calne is a market town in Wiltshire. Camargue The Camargue is a marshy area of the Rhone delta south of Arles in France. Cambodia Cambodia is a country in the far east. South east of Thailand. It has a total area of 181,040 km2. The climate is tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to October); dry season (December to March); little seasonal temperature variation. The terrain is mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north. Natural resources are timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential. The religion is 95% Theravada Buddhism, 5% other. The language is Khmer (official), French Cambridge Cambridge is a famous university town situated on the river Cam 80 km north of London in Cambridgeshire. Cambridgeshire Cambridgeshire is a county in east England. Camden Camden is a port on the river Delaware in New Jersey, USA. Cameroon Cameroon is a country in west Africa. Most recently noted for it's football team's performance in the world cup. It has a total area of 475,440 km2. The climate is varies with terrain from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north. The terrain is diverse with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center, mountains in west, plains in north. Natural resources are crude oil, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower potential. The religion is 51% indigenous beliefs, 33% Christian, 16% Muslim. The language is English and French (official), 24 major African language groups. Campeche Campeche is a Mexican port and capital of Campeche state. It was founded in 1540. Camulodunum Camulodunum was the Roman name for Colchester. Canaan Canaan is an area of the Palestinian coast. The people who lived in Canaan in the 1st millenium BC were known to the Greeks as Phoenicians. Canada Canada is a country occupying the northern most part of America. It has a total area of 9,976,140 km2. The climate is varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north. The terrain is mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast. Natural resources are nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, crude oil, natural gas. The religion is 46% Roman Catholic, 16% United Church, 10% Anglican. The language is English and French (both official). Canary Islands The Canary islands are an archipelago in the atlantic ocean off the north west coast of Africa. Canberra Canberra is a territory in Australia and also the capital city of Australia since 1908. Cantabria Cantabria is an autonomous region of northern Spain. Canterbury Canterbury is an ancient city in Kent. Canton A canton is a territorial division of Switzerland. Canton is the former name of Kwangchow in China. Canvey Island Canvey Island is an island in the Thames estuary in Essex. Cape Cod Cape Cod is a peninsular in south east Massachusetts, USA where in 1620 the English Pilgrims landed at Provincetown. Cape Horn Cape Horn is the most southerly point of South America. Cape of Good Hope The Cape of Good Hope is a South African headland forming a peninsular between Table Bay and False Bay. Cape Province The Cape Province is the largest province of South Africa. Cape Town Cape Town is a city and seaport in South Africa. Cape Verde Cape Verde is a group of 14 volcanic islands in the Atlantic ocean. It has a total area of 4,030 km2. The climate is temperate; warm, dry, summer precipitation very erratic. The terrain is steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic. Natural resources are salt, basalt rock, pozzolana, limestone, kaolin, fish The religion is Roman Catholicism fused with indigenous beliefs. The language is Portuguese and Crioulo, a blend of Portuguese and West African words Capodimonte Capodimonte is a village north of Naples in Italy famous for its porcelain. Cappadocia Cappadocia is an ancient region of Asia Minor in modern east central Turkey. Capri Capri is a small island at the south entrance of the bay of Naples. It has an area of 4 square miles. Caracas Caracas is the capital of Venezuela. Carbonia Carbonia is a town in Sardinia. It was built in 1937. Carchemish Carchemish (now Karkamis) was the centre of the Hittite New Empire. Cardiff Cardiff is the capital of Wales. It is a port with docks on the Bristol Channel. Caribbean The Caribbean is the sea north of South America and east of Central America. Caribbean Sea The Caribbean Sea is part of the Atlantic Ocean between the noth coasts of South America and Central America and the West Indies. Carinthia Carinthia is an alpine federal state in south east Austria bordering Italy and Yugoslavia. Carlow Carlow is a county in the Republic of Ireland. Carmarthenshire Carmarthenshire was once a county in south Wales. It was merged with Cardigan and Pembroke in 1974 to form Dyfed. Carmona Carmona is a town in Spain. Carniola Carniola was a duchy of Austria. Carolina North Carolina and South Carolina are states in the USA. Caroline islands The Caroline islands are an archipelago in the north west Pacific. Carpathians The carpathians are a mountain range in central Europe. Cartagena Cartagena is a port and industrial city in north west Colombia. Carthage Carthage was an ancient city on the north west coast of Africa. Casablanca Casablanca is a port and commercial and industrial centre on the Atlantic coast of Morocco. Caspian The Caspian sea is a large salt water lake between Europe and Asia. It is the world's largest inland sea at 422,170 km2. It is fed by the River Volga. Caspian Sea see "Caspian" Casquets The Casquets are dangerous rocks 11 km west of Aldernay. Castile Castile is an historic kingdom in central Spain. Castilla-La Mancha Castilla-La Mancha is an autonomous region of central Spain. Castilla-Leon Castilla-Leon is an autonomous region of central Spain. Castries Castries is a port and capital city of St. Lucia on the north west coast of the island. Catalonia Catalonia is an autonomous region in north east Spain. Caucasus The Caucasus are a series of mountain ranges between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea. Cavendish Cavendish is a village in Suffolk. It is the former ancestoral village of the Dukes of Devonshire. Cawston Cawston is a village in Norfolk 19 km north west of Norwich. Cayenne Cayenne is the capital of French Guiana. Cayman The Cayman are 3 islands in the caribbean west and north of Jamaica. They have a total area of 260 km2. The climate is tropical marine with warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April). The terrain is a low-lying limestone base surrounded by coral reefs. Natural resources are fish, the climate and beaches that foster tourism. The religion is United Church (Presbyterian and Congregational), Anglican, Baptist, Roman Catholic, Church of God, other Protestant denominations. The language is English. They were first settled by military deserters in the 17th century, and became home to pirates in the 18th century. They were then administered along with Jamaica until independance in 1962. Cebu Cebu is a city and Island in the Philippines. Celebes Celebes is the English name for the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. Central African Republic The Central African Republic is a country in Africa. It has a total area of 622,980 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers. The terrain is vast, flat to rolling, monotonous plateau; scattered hills in northeast and southwest. Natural resources are diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil. The religion is 24% indigenous beliefs, 25% Protestant, 25% Roman Catholic, 15% Muslim, 11% other; animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian majority. The language is French (official); Sangho (lingua franca and national language); Arabic, Hunsa, Swahili. Central America Central America is the isthmus connecting north and south America. Cephalonia Cephalonia is the largest of the Ionian islands off the west coast of Greece. It has an area of 260 square miles. Ceuta Ceuta is a coastal town in Morocco but owned by Spain. Ceylon Ceylon was the name for what is now called Sri Lanka. Chablais Chablais is a district of France south of Lake Geneva. Chad Chad is a country in Africa. It has a total area of 1,284,000 km2. The climate is tropical in south, desert in north. The terrain is broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south. Natural resources are small quantities of crude oil (unexploited but exploration beginning), uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad) The religion is 44% Muslim, 33% Christian, 23% indigenous beliefs, animism. The language is French and Arabic (official); Sara and Sango in south; more than 100 different languages and dialects are spoken. Chahar Chahar was once a province in China. It was divided in 1947 between Inner Mongolia, Shansi and Hopei. Chaldaea Chaldaea was in ancient times, the southerly part of Babylonia. Chale Chale is a coastal village on the Isle of Wight. Champagne Champagne is a region of France famed for its sparkling wine. Chandernagore Chandernagore is a city in India, 35 km north of Calcutta in the state of West Bengal. Chandigarh Chandigarh is a city in India. Capital of the Punjab. Chang Jian The Chang Jian is the longest river in China. It flows 6300km from Tibet to the Yellow Sea. Changchun Changchun is an industrial city and the capital city of Jilin province, China. Changsha Changsha is a river port on the Chang Jiang River. It is the capital city of Hunan province, China. Channel island see "channel islands" Channel islands The Channel islands are a group of British owned islands in the English channel off the north west coast of France. Chard Chard is a town in Somerset. Charing Charing is a village in Kent. Charlottesville Charlottesville is a town in Virginia USA. It stands on the banks of the river Rivanna. Charmouth Charmouth is a coastal village in Dorset famed for its fossils. Chatham Chatham is a naval town in Kent. Chawton Chawton is a village in Hampshire 2 km south of Alton. Cheddar Gorge Cheddar Gorge is a 2 km long limestone gorge in Somerset. Chefoo Chefoo is a port in Shantung province, China. Chekiang Chekiang is a province of China. Chelmsford Chelmsford is a market town in Essex, England 48 km north east of London. Cheltenham Cheltenham is a spa and resort town in England. It stands at the foot of the Cotswolds on the Chelt river. Chelyabinsk Chelyabinsk is an industrial town and capital of Chelyabinsk region in western Siberia. Chengchow Chengchow is capital of Honan province. Chengdu Chengdu (formerly Chengtu) is an ancient city and capital of Sichuan province, China. Cher The Cher is a river in central France. It is a 322 km long tributary of the Loire which it enters near Tours. Chernobyl Chernobyl is a town in the Ukraine. Cheshire Cheshire is a county in north west England. Chesil Bank The Chesil Bank is a huge bank of shingle which connects Portland with mainland England and extends north west almost to Brisport. It is 29 km long. Cheviot hills see "Cheviots" Cheviots The Cheviots are a range of hills 56km long mainly in Northumberland, forming part of the border between England and Scotland. Chianti Chianti is a mountain region in Tuscany. It lends its name to the localy made dry red and white wines. Chicago Chicago is a city in Illinois, on the south shore of Lake Michigan. It has the 2nd largest population of American cities. Chichen Itza Chichen Itza is a Mayan city in Yucatan, Mexico. Chichester Chichester is the county town of West Sussex. It is an ancient city, formely called Noviomagus by the Romans when they established a base here in 43. Chideock Chideock is a village in Dorset. Chilcomb Chilcomb is a small village in Hampshire 3 km from Winchester. Chile Chile is a country in west South America. It is bordered by the Pacific. It has a total area of 756,950 km2. The climate is temperate; desert in north; cool and damp in south. The terrain is low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes in east. Natural resources are copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum. The religion is 89% Roman Catholic, 11% Protestant, and small Jewish population. The language is Spanish. Chilhuahua Chilhuahua is the capital of Chilhuahua state, Mexico. Chiltern Hills The Chiltern Hills are a chalk escarpment in England. Their highest point is near Wendover which is 276m high. China China is a country in east Asia. It is divided into provinces and has a total area of 9,596,960 km2. The climate is extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north. The terrain is mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east. Natural resources are coal, iron ore, crude oil, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, world's largest hydropower potential. The religion is officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclectic; most important elements of religion are Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism; about 2-3% Muslim, 1% Christian. The language is Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect); also Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, and minority languages. China Sea The China sea is a western division of the Pacific ocean. Chios Chios is one of the Greek islands. Chippenham Chippenham is a market town in Wiltshire. Chislehurst Chislehurst is a village in Kent. It was an important Druid centre in ancient times. It is the site of a labyrinth of caves and tunnels which were used during the Second World War as an air-raid shelter for some 15000 people. Chittagong Chittagong is a city and port in Bangladesh, 16km from the mouth of the Karnaphuli river on the Bay of Bengal. Chogori see "K2" Chongqing Chongqing is a city in Sichuan province, China. Christchurch Christchurch is a town in Hampshire adjoining Bournemouth at the junction of the Stour and the Avon. Christchurch is a city on South Island, New Zealand on the Avon. Christmas island Christmas island is an atoll in the Indian ocean. Cisalpine Cisalpine was the southern region of the Roman province of Gallia (north Italy). Ciskel Ciskel is a Bantu homeland in South Africa. Clacton-on-sea Clacton-on-sea is a seaside holiday resort town in Essex. Clare Clare is a town in Suffolk on the Melford to Haverhill road. Clare is a county on the west coast of Ireland. Cleeve Cloud Cleeve Cloud is the highest point in the Cotswolds. It is 309m above sea level. Clermont-Ferrand Clermont-Ferrand is the capital city of Puy-de-Dome department in the Auvergne region of France. Cleveland Cleveland is a county in north east England. Cleveland is a large city in Ohio, USA. Clovelly Clovelly is a fishing village in Devon. Cludad Juarez Cludad Juarez is a city on the Rio Grande in Chihuahua state in north Mexico. Clwyd Clwyd is a county in north Wales. Clyde The Clyde is a river which flows 170 km through Strathclyde region of south west Scotland through Glasgow. Coal Market Coal Market, offically called Crescent, is a small rural community beside the main Spanish Town to Bog Walk road in Jamaica. It is a strongly PNP ghetto, and not a place tourists should visit unarmed. Across the road is the notorious River Side go-go club where many an unsuspecting tourist has been robbed by the prostitutes who work there. Coban Coban is a market town in Guatemala. Cobham Cobham is a former Roman town in Kent. Cochin Cochin is a sea port in Kerala, India. Cochin China Cochin China is the Mekong Delta region which was part of Indo-China, but is now south Vietnam. Coco The Coco River flows 480 km to the Caribbean sea through Honduras and Nicaragua. Cocos Islands The Cocos Islands (Keeling Islands) are 20 small coral islands in the Indian ocean. Their total area of 14 km2. The climate is pleasant, modified by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year; moderate rainfall The terrain is flat, low-lying coral atolls. The only natural resource is fish. The language is English Coddenham Coddenham is a village in Suffolk. It was a Roman settlement, called Combretonium. Coggeshall Coggeshall is a village in Essex on the old Roman road from Colchester to the West Country. Colchester Colchester is a town in Essex. It was founded before the Romans and was previously called Camulodunum. It stands on the river Colne. Colditz Colditz is a town in eastern Germany. It is the site of a castle used as a prisoner of war camp by the Nazis during the second World War where habitual escapers were kept. Colima Colima is a volcano in Mexico. It is 3850 metres high. Cologne Cologne is an industrial and commercial port in Germany. Colombia Colombia is a country in South America. It has a total area of 1,138,910 km2 The climate is tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands. The terrain is mixture of flat coastal lowlands, plains in east, central highlands, some high mountains. Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds. The religion is 95% Roman Catholic. The language is Spanish Colombo Colombo is the capital city of Sri Lanka. Colorado Colorado is a west central state of the USA. Colorado Desert The Colorado Desert is an irrigated area in California, USA. Coltishall Coltishall is a village in Norfolk. The RAF have a station 3 km north of the village. Colton Colton is a market town in south east California. Columbia Columbia is the state capital of South Carolina. The Columbia River is a major river in north America. It rises in the rocky mountains and flows 2240 km. Colyton Colyton is a small town in Devon. Comayaguela Comayaguela is a city and former capiyal of Hinduras. Combretonium Combretonium was the Roman name for Coddenham in Suffolk. Como Lake Como is a tourist resort in Italy. It has spectacular mountain scenery. Comoros Comoros is an archipelago in the Indian Ocean. It has a total area of 2,170 km2 The climate is tropical marine; rainy season (November to May). The terrain is volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains to low hills. Natural resources are negligible. The religion is 86% Sunni Muslim, 14% Roman Catholic. The language is Shaafi Islam (a Swahili dialect), Malagasy, French. Compton Compton is a village in Surrey 5 km from Guidford. Conakry Conakry is the capital of Guinea. It is a port on the island of Tumbo linked with the mainland by a causeway. Concord Concord is a town in California, USA. It is a residential and commercial center in the San Francisco area. Concord is a textile producing town in Massachusetts, USA. Concordia Concordia is a port on the Uruguay River in Argentina. Congleton Congleton is a town in east Cheshire on the south west margin of the Pennines in England. Congo The Congo is a republic in west central Africa. It has a total area of 342,000 km2. The climate is tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator. The terrain is coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern basin. Natural resources are petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, natural gas. The religion is 50% Christian, 48% animist, 2% Muslim. The language is French (official); many African languages with Lingala and Kikongo most widely used. Coniston Coniston is a town in Ontario, Canada. It was built by and for the local nickel mining company. Connacht Connacht is a province in west Ireland. Connaught Tunnel The Connaught Tunnel is a 8 km long railway tunnel under mount Sir Donald in Canada. It is the longset tunnel in north America. Connecticut Connecticut is a state in the USA. Constantinople Constantinople is the former name of Istanbul. Content Content is a small rural bush community beside the Rio Cobra river in Jamaica between Bog Walk and Spanish Town. Continent A continent is a continuous land mass. Cook Captain James Cook was an English sailor and explorer. In 1768 he sailed around the world. He discovered Easter island in 1772. Cook islands The Cook islands are a group of polynesian islands north east of New Zealand. They have a total area of 240 km2. The climate is tropical; moderated by trade winds. The terrain is low coral atolls in north; volcanic, hilly islands in south. Natural resources are negligible. The religion is Christian, majority of populace members of Cook Islands Christian Church . The language is English. Cook Strait The cook strait is the water separating north and south New Zealand. Cookham Cookham is a village in Berkshire. Copenhagen Copenhagen is the capital of Denmark. Copford Copford is a village in Essex. Coral Sea The Coral Sea is part of the Pacific Ocean lying between north east Australia, New Guinea, The Solomon Islands, New Hebrides and New Caledonia. Cordilleras The Cordilleras are a mountainous western section of North America. Corfu Corfu is the most northerly, and second largest of the Ionian islands. Cork Cork is the largest county of the Republic of Ireland. Cornwall Cornwall is a county in south west England. Corregidor Corregidor is an island at the mouth of Manila Bay, Luzon, Philippines. Corsica Corsica is an island in the Mediterranean west of Italy and owned by France. Cos Cos (Kos) island is a Greek island in the Aegean sea. It is the 2nd largest of the Dodecanese islands and gives its name to the cos lettuce. Costa Rica Costa Rica is a republic in Central America. It has a total area of 51,100 km2. The climate is tropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November). The terrain is coastal plains separated by rugged mountains. Natural resources are the potential for hydropower. The religion is 95% Roman Catholic. The language is Spanish (official), English spoken around Puerto Limon. Cotacachi Cotacachi is a volcano in Ecuador. It is 4937 metres high. Cote d'Or The Cote d'Or is a department in east France. It is the heart of ancient Burgundy. Cotonou Cotonou is the chief port and the largest city in Benin. Cotopaxi Cotopaxi is the worlds highest volcano. It stands 5978 metres tall in Ecuador. Cotswold Hills see "Cotswolds" Cotswolds The Cotswold Hills (Cotswolds) are a limestone escarpment in Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire. They are the source of the River Thames. County A county is an administrative unit of a country. County Down County Down is a county in south east Northern Ireland. Covehithe Covehithe is a village in Suffolk. It was once a town, but declined in the 17th century into a village. Coventry Coventry is an industrial city in the West Midlands, England. It suffered heavy bombing during the Second World War. Cranborne Cranborne was once a market town, it is now a village in Dorset. Cranbrook Cranbrook is a market town in Kent. In the 15th century it was the centre of the local weaving industry. Cranleigh Cranleigh is a country town in Surrey. Crawley Crawley is a town in Sussex. The old town dates back to the 14th century at least. A new town was built around as an overspill for London in the 1970s. Crete Crete is the largest Greek island. Cricklade Cricklade is a town in north Wiltshire on the River Thames 13 km north west of Swindon. It was a fortified township during Anglo-Saxon times. Crimea The crimea is the north peninsular region of the Ukraine. Croatia Croatia is a republic in Europe. Part of Yugolsavia. Cromer Cromer is a seaside resort town in Norfolk. Crowhurst Crowhurst is a village in Surrey. Croydon Croydon was once a village in Surrey. Since 1820 Croydon has grown to become a suburb of greater-London. Ctesiphon Ctesiphon is the ruined royal city of the Parthians and later capital of the Sassanian empire, 19km south east of Baghdad. Cuba Cuba is a large island in the Caribbean off the south coast of Florida. It has a total area of 110,860 km2. The climate is tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October). The terrain is mostly flat to rolling plains with rugged hills and mountains in the southeast. Natural resources are cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica. The religion was at least 85% nominally Roman Catholic before Castro assumed power. The language is Spanish. Cumae Cumae is an ancient city in Italy on the coast 16km west of Naples. Cumberland Cumberland is a former county of north west England. Cumbria Cumbria is a county in north west England. Curacao Curacao is an island in the Caribbean. Cuzco Cuzco is a city in south Peru and capital of Cuzco department. It was the capital city of the ancient Inca empire. Cyprus Cyprus is an island in the eastern mediterranean. Cyrenaica Cyrenaica is an area of east Libya which was colonized by the Greeks in the 7th century BC and later held by the Egyptians, Romans, Arabs, Turks and Italians. Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia is a land locked country in east central Europe. It has a total area of 127,870 km2. The climate is temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters. The terrain is mixture of hills and mountains separated by plains and basins. Natural resources are coal, timber, lignite, uranium, magnesite, iron ore, copper, zinc. The religion is 50% Roman Catholic, 20% Protestant, 2% Orthodox, 28% other. The language is Czech and Slovak (official), Hungarian. Dacca see "Dhaka" Dachau Dachau was the site of a Nazi concentration camp during the Second World War in Bavaria. Dacia Dacia was a region of ancient Europe, north of the Danube occupied by the Getae, and then later a Roman province. Dagenham Dagenham is an industrial town on the River Thames in Essex. It is host to the Ford motor car factory. Dagestan Dagestan is a Caucasian republic, formerly part of the Soviet Union. It is a mountainous country with a small population for its area, approximately 50000 square kilometers. Dahomey Dahomey is the former name (until 1975) of Benin. Dakar Dakar is the capital of Senegal. Dalalven The Dalalven is a 520 km long river in south central Sweden used for transporting timber. Dalkey Dalkey is a town in the republic of Ireland on the west coast 6km north of the Wicklow border. It is a residential resort town. Dallas Dallas is an industrial town in Texas. It has been made famous by a soap opera of the same name. Daman Daman is a seaport in India on the Gulf of Cambay, 161 km north of Bombay. It was conquered by the Protugese in 1531 who made it a permanent settlement in 1558. Damanhur Damanhur is a market town on the west margin of the Nile delta, 40 km south east of Alexandria in Egypt. Damascus Damascus is the capital of Syria. Dambovitta The Dambovitta is a river in Romania. It rises in Mount Omul in the Transylvanian Alps and flows south through Bucharest to the River Danube. Damietta Damietta is an ancient town in Egypt on one of the principal branches of the Nile some few miles from the mouth of the river. Danbury Danbury is a small village in Essex. Danelagh Danelagh (Danelaw) was the ancient name of a strip of land extending along the east coast of England from the Thames to the Tweed. It was ceded by Alfred to Guthrun, King of the Danes, after the battle of Ethandune. The inhabitants were governed by a modification of Danish law, rather than English law until the Norman conquest when it was captured by the Normans. Danewerk Danewerk was an ancient wall some 9 to 12 metres high extending along the southern frontier of Schleswig from the North Sea to the Baltic. It was built in the 10th century and destroyed in 1864 after being captured by the Austrians and Prussians. Danube The Danube is the 2nd longest river in Europe. Danzig Danzig is the German name for Gdansk. Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam is a seaport in Tanzania. It was the capital until 1974. Dardanelles The Dardanelles is a Turkish strait connecting the Sea of Marmara with the Aegean Sea. Dartford Dartford is an industrial town in Kent. Dartmouth Dartmouth is a seaport in Devon on the mouth of the river Dart. Darwin Darwin is the capital of the Northern Territory, Australia. Dawlish Dawlish is a seaside resort town in Devon. Dead Sea The dead sea is a large lake partly in Israel and partly in Jordan. Death Valley Death valley is a 225 km long depression in south east California. Debenham Debenham is a village in Suffolk at the source of the River Deben. Debrecen Debrecen is the third largest city in Hungary 193km east of Budapest. Dee The River Dee rises in the Cairngorn Mountains in west Aberdeenshire and flows 140 km to the North Sea at Aberdeen. Deira Deira was an ancient Anglian kingdom. It stretched from the Tees to Humber, and inland to the borders of the British realm of Strathclyde. With Bernicia it formed the Kingdom of Northumbria. Delaware Delaware is a state in north east USA. Delhi Delhi is a union territory in India. Delhi is the capital city of delhi territory, India. Delphi Delphi was a city of ancient Greece. Demerara Demerara is a region in Guyana which has leant its name to raw cane sugar. Denmark Denmark is a kingdom in northern Europe, north of Germany. It has a total area of 43,070 km2. The climate is temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers. The terrain is low and flat to gently rolling plains. Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone. The religion is 97% Evangelical Lutheran, 2% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 1% other. The language is Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Eskimo dialect); small German-speaking minority. Denver Denver is a village in Norfolk on the edge of the Fens. It is host to a 13th century church. Derby Derby is an industrial city in Derbyshire, England. Derbyshire Derbyshire is a county in north central England. Derwent The River Derwent rises on the Yorkshire Moors and flows 92 km to the Ouse. Desert A desert is an area without sufficient vegetation to support human life. Detroit Detroit is a city in Michigan, USA. The Detroit is a River in the USA. Devizes Devizes is an old market town in Wiltshire. Devon Devon is a county in south west England. Dhaka Dhaka (Dacca) is the capital of Bangladesh. Dijon Dijon is the capital city of Cote d'Or in France. Dili Dili is the capital of East Timor. Diss Diss is a town in Norfolk 29km south west of Norwich. It was once renowned for the manufacture of Suffolk hempen cloth. Dixie Dixie is a name given to the southern states of the USA. Djibouti Djibouti is a republic in Arabia. It has a total area of 22,000 km2. The climate is desert; torrid, dry. The terrain is coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountains. Natural resources are geothermal areas. The religion is 94% Muslim, 6% Christian. The language is French (official); Arabic, Somali, and Afar widely used. Dnepropetrovsk Dnepropetrovsk is a city in the Ukraine. Dnieper The Dnieper is a river in Russia. It rises in Smolensk and flows 2250 km south to the Black Sea east of Odessa. Dodoma Dodoma replaced Dar es Salaam as the capital of Tanzania in 1974. Doha Doha is the capital of Qatar. Dominica Dominica is an island in the Caribbean. Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic is a country in the east of the island Hispaniola. It has a total area of 48,730 km2. The climate is tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation. The terrain is rugged highlands and mountains with fertile valleys interspersed. Natural resources are nickel, bauxite, gold, silver. The religion is 95% Roman Catholic. The language is Spanish. Don The don is a river in Russia. It rises south of Moscow and flows 1900 km to the Sea of Azov. Donegal Donegal is a sea port in County Donegal, Ireland. Donetsk Donetsk is a city in the Ukraine. Dong Ting The Dong Ting is a large lake in Hunan province, China. It receives water from the Xi Jiang and Yuan rivers. Dorchester Dorchester is a market town in Dorset, England on the River Frome. Dordogne The Dordogne is a river in south west France. Dorking Dorking is a market town in the Mole Valley, Surrey, England. Dornoch Dornoch is a resort town in Scotland. Dorset Dorset is a county in south west England. Dortmund Dortmund is an industrial centre in the Ruhr, Germany. Douglas Douglas is the capital of the Isle of Man. Douro The Douro is a river in Spain. It flows 800 km through northern Portugal to the Atlantic at Oporto. Downe Downe is a quiet village in Kent. Downham Market Downham Market is a town in Norfolk on the River Ouse 19 km south of Kings Lynn. It was an important settlement in Roman times. Drayton Drayton is an agricultural town in Berkshire. It was a village prior to the Great War. Dresden Dresden is a city in Germany, it was razed to the ground by allied bombing. Dublin Dublin is the capital of Ireland. It is situated at the mouth of the River Liffey in south east Ireland. Dudley Dudley is a town in the West Midlands. Dumfries Dumfries is a region of Scotland. Dumfriesshire Dumfriesshire is a former county of southern Scotland. Dun Laoghaire Dun Laoghaire is a port and suburb of Dublin, Ireland. Dunbartonshire Dunbartonshire is a former county of Scotland. Dundee Dundee is a city and fishing port on the north side of the Firth of Tay, Scotland. Dunedin Dunedin is a port on Otago harbour, South Island, New Zealand. Dunfermline Dunfermline is an industrial town in Fife, Scotland. Dungeness Dungeness is an expanse of shingle jutting into the sea at the edge of Romney Marsh in Kent. Dunkirk Dunkirk is a town and port in north France. It was the scene of a massive evacuation of allied troops during the second world war. Dunwich Dunwich is a village in Suffolk. It was once a thriving town, but today is an isolated seaside resort. Durban Durban is the principle seaport of Natal. Durham Durham is a county in north east England. Dushanbe Dushanbe is the capital of Tadzhik. It was previously called Stalinabad. Dusseldorf Dusseldorf is an industrial city on the right bank of the Rhine, Germany. Dutch Guiana Dutch Guiana is a former Dutch colony which became Suriname in 1948. Dvina The dvina is a river in Russia. It flows to the white sea at Arkhangelsk. Dyfed Dyfed is a county in south west Wales. Dymchurch Dymchurch is a seaside resort in Kent. Ealing Ealing is a borough of London. East Anglia East Anglia is a region in east England. East Clandon East Clandon is a village near Guildford in Surrey. East Grinstead East Grinstead is a town in Sussex. East Sussex East Sussex is a county in south east England. East Timor East Timor is a disputed territory on the island of Timor in the Malay Archipelago. It was formerly a Portugese colony until 1975. Eastbourne Eastbourne is an old English settlement which only became a town in 1883. Today it is a popular seaside resort. Easter Island Easter Island is an island in the south Pacific ocean belonging to Chile. Eastern Roumelia Eastern Roumelia is an area of Bulgaria south of the Balkan mountains. It was part of the Turkish empire, and in 1878 became an autonomous province and then subsequently became part of Bulgaria. Ecuador Ecuador is a republic in South America. It has a total area of 283,560 km2. The climate is tropical along coast becoming cooler inland. The terrain is coastal plain (Costa), inter-Andean central highlands (Sierra), and flat to rolling eastern jungle (Oriente). Natural resources are petroleum, fish, timber. The religion is 95% Roman Catholic. The language is Spanish (official); Indian languages, especially Quechua. Eden The River Eden rises in the Pennines and flows 105 km to the Irish Sea at Solway Firth. Edinburgh Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. Edmonton Edmonton is the capital of Alberta. Effingham Effingham is an old town in Surrey. It was prominent in Elizabethan times as the home of the Howards of Effingham. Egham Egham is an historic town in Surrey on the River Thames and next to the fields of Runnymede. Egypt Egypt is a republic in north east Africa. It has a total area of 1,001,450 km2. The climate is desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters. The terrain is vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta. Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc. The religion is 94% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 6% Coptic Christian and other. The language is Arabic (official); English and French widely understood by educated classes. Eire Eire is the Gaelic name for the Republic of Ireland. El Salvador El Salvador is a republic in Central America. It has a total area of 21,040 km2. The climate is tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April). The terrain is mostly mountains with narrow coastal belt and central plateau. Natural resources are hydropower and geothermal power, crude oil. The religion is about 97% Roman Catholic, with activity by Protestant groups throughout the country The language is Spanish, Nahua (among some Indians). Elba Elba is an island 10 km west of Italy which exports iron ore. Elbe The elbe is one of the principal rivers in Germany. Elbert Elbert is a mountain in Colorado. It is the highest peak of the Rocky Mountains at 4401m. Elbruz The Elbruz is the highest mountain in Europe, standing 5642 meters. It is in the Caucasus, Georgia. Elgin Elgin is a royal borough in Scotland. Elgin is a town in Illinois, USA where electrical equipment is manufactured. Ellice Island Ellice Island was a former British colony, it is now called Kiribati. Ellice Islands Ellice Islands is the former name of Tuvalu. Ellis Island Ellis Island is an island off the shore of New Jersey, USA. Elveden Elveden is a small village in Suffolk. Elveden was home to Admiral Keppel who died here in 1786. Ely Ely is a town in Cambridgeshire. It was originally on an island in the River Ouse, but the Fens were drained in the 17th century. Emilia-Romagna Emilia-Romagna is a region of northern and central Italy including much of the Po Valley. Emsworth Emsworth is a port on Chichester harbour in Hampshire. England England is a country in west Europe. It is the largest division of the united kingdom. English Channel The English Channel is a stretch of water between England and France. Entebbe Entebbe is a town in Uganda. Scene of a famous hijacking. Ephesus Ephesus was an ancient Greek seaport in Asia Minor. Epidaurus Epidaurus was an ancient Greek city and port on the east coast of Argolis. Epping Forest Epping Forest is a forest in Essex. It is 6000 acres today, down from the 60000 acres of the 18th century. It was purchased for the public in 1882. Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea is a republic in west central Africa. It has a total area of 28,050 km2. The climate is tropical; always hot, humid. The terrain is coastal plains rise to interior hills; islands are volcanic. Natural resources are timber, crude oil, small unexploited deposits of gold, manganese, uranium. The religion is natives all nominally Christian and predominantly Roman Catholic; some pagan practices retained. The language is Spanish (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo. Erebus Erebus is a volcano in Antartica. It stands 4023 metres high. Eridu Eridu was an ancient city of Mesopotamia. Erie Lake Erie is the fourth largest of the Great Lakes of North America. Eritrea Eritrea is a province in north Ethiopia. Eritrea has been at war for independence for many years. Esher Esher is a residential town on the River Mole in Surrey. It was the site of a KGB "dead-letter-box" during the 1970's. Essen Essen is a city in Germany. Essex Essex is a county in south east England. Estonia Estonia is a country in east Europe. Physicaly, Estonia is comprised of lakes and marshes in partly forested plains. The language is Estonian. Religion is mainly Lutheran. Ethiopia Ethiopia is a country in north east Africa. It has a total area of 1,221,900 km2. The climate is tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation; prone to extended droughts. The terrain is high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley. Natural resources are small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash. The religion is 40-45% Muslim, 35-40% Ethiopian Orthodox, 15-20% animist, 5% other. The language is Amharic (official), Tigrinya, Orominga, Arabic, English (major foreign language taught in schools). Etna Etna is a volcano in north east Sicily. It erupted in 1971 and 1979. Euboea Euboea is a mountainous island off the east coast of Greece in the Aegean Sea. Euclid Euclid is a manufacturing town in Ohio, USA. Euphrates The Euphrates is a river in south west Asia. It rises in the Armenian uplands and joined by the Tigris enters the Persian Gulf as the Shatt-al Arab. Eure Eure is an agricultural department of Normandy, France. Europe Europe is a continent west of the ural mountains and east of the atlantic. Everest Everest is the earth's highest mountain. Ewell Ewell is a town in Surrey, which has now been all-but swallowed into a suburb of greater London. Exe The River Exe rises on Exmoor in north devon and flows 87 km to the English Channel at Exeter. Exeter Exeter is a city in Devon. It is the administrative capital of Devon and host to a livestock market. Exmoor Exmoor is a heather moor in Devon. Extremadura Extremadura is a region in west Spain. Eye Eye is a town in Suffolk. Eyre Lake Eyre is Australia's largest lake. Falkland Islands The Falkland Islands are an island group in the south Atlantic. They comprise a total area of 12,170 km2. The climate is cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but does not accumulate. The terrain is rocky, hilly, mountainous with some boggy, undulating plains. Natural resources are fish and wildlife. The religion is primarily Anglican, Roman Catholic, and United Free Church; Evangelist Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutheran, Seventh-Day Adventist. The language is English Falmouth Falmouth is a seaport in Cornwall. False Bay False Bay is an inlet on the East side of the Cape Of Good Hope peninsular in South Africa. Far east The far east is that part of Asia east of India. Farnborough Farnborough is a town in Hampshire, home to the RAF. Farnham Farnham is a town in Surrey noted for its Georgian houses and other fine architecture, even the fast-food restaurant is in-keeping with the general appearance. Faroe Islands The Faroe Islands are 320 km north-west of the Shetland Islands in the north sea. They have a total area of 1,400 km2 The climate is mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy. The terrain is rugged, rocky, some low peaks; cliffs along most of coast. Natural resources are fish. The religion is Evangelical Lutheran. The language is Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish. Fatsa Fatsa is a small market town on the Black Sea in north Turkey. It is a very traditional Muslim town. Felbrigg Felbrigg is a village 3 km south of Cromer in Norfolk. Felixstowe Felixstowe is a seaport and seaside resort in Suffolk. It was the site of a Roman fort, and in the 16th century a castle was built to defend the port. Fens The Fens are a marsh in Cambridgeshire. Fermanagh Fermanagh is a county in southern Northern Ireland. Ferro Ferro is the most southern of the Canary Islands. Fes Fes is a city and former capital of Morocco. It is located in a valley north of the Great Atlas mountains, 160 km east of Rabat. Fez Fez is a city in Morocco 160km east of Rabat. It is one of the sacred cities in Islam. Fife Fife is a region of Scotland. Fiji Fiji is a group of 322 islands in the south west Pacific. They have a total area of 18,270 km2. The climate is tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation. The terrain is mostly mountains of volcanic origin. Natural resources are timber, fish, gold, copper; offshore oil potential. The religion is Fijians are mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu with a Muslim minority. The language is English (official); Fijian; Hindustani. Filey Filey is a seaside resort town in North Yorkshire. It is 8km south east of Scarborough. Finland Finland is a republic in Scandinavia. It has a total area of 337,030 km2. The climate is cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes. The terrain is mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills. Natural resources are timber, copper, zinc, iron ore, silver. The religion is 97% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.2% Eastern Orthodox, 1.8% other The language is 93.5% Finnish, 6.3% Swedish (both official); small Lapp- and Russian-speaking minorities. Finnmark Finnmark is the most Northern county of Norway. It is inhabited by Lapps. It has large copper deposits. Firenze Firenze is the Italian name for Florence. Fishbourne Fishbourne is a town 2 km west of Chichester. It is the site of a Roman Palace. Flanders Flanders is a region between the river Scheldt and the coast on the France and Belgium border. It is divided into east and west Flanders. Fleet Fleet is a town in Hampshire. Florence Florence is the capital of Tuscany. Flores Flores is the most westerly island of the Azores. Florida Florida is the most south east state of the USA. Folkestone Folkestone is a popular seaside resort and cross-channel seaport in Kent. Fordwich Fordwich is a village on the River Stour 4 km east of Canterbury in Kent. Formentera Formentera is one of the Balearic Islands. Fort Sumter Fort Sumter is a fort in Charleston harbour, South Carolina, USA. The first shots of the American Civil War were fired at Fort Sumter. Fort-de-France Fort-de-France is the capital of Martinique. Forth The Forth River rises in South Perth on the north east side of Loch Lomond and flows 106 km to the Firth of Forth. Fortunate Islands The Fortunate Islands is a former name for the Canary Islands. Foulness Foulness is the largest island in the Thames estuary in Essex. Framlingham Framlingham is a market town in Suffolk. Franche-Comte Franche-Comte is a region in eastern France. Frankfurt see "Frankfurt-am-Main" Frankfurt-am-Main Frankfurt-am-Main is a city in Hesse, Germany. Freetown Freetown is the capital city of Sierra Leone. It is a port on the Atlantic coast. French Guiana French Guiana is a country on the north coast of South America. It has a total area of 91,000 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation. The terrain is low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small mountains. Natural resources are bauxite, timber, gold (widely scattered), cinnabar, kaolin, fish. The religion is predominantly Roman Catholic. The language is French. French Polynesia French Polynesia is a territory in the south Pacific. It has a total area of 3,941 km2. The climate is tropical, but moderate. The terrain is mixture of rugged high islands and low islands with reefs. Natural resources are timber, fish, cobalt. The religion is mainly Christian; 55% Protestant, 32% Roman Catholic. The language is French (official), Tahitian. French Sudan French Sudan is a former name of Mali. Frensham Frensham is a beauty spot in Surrey. It is comprised of a common more than 1 square miles in area with prehistoric bowl barrows and two large lakes. Freshwater Freshwater is a town on the Isle of Wight. Fressingfield Fressingfield is a village in Suffolk. Friendly Islands Friendly Islands is another name for Tonga. Friesland Friesland is a maritime province of the Netherlands. Frimley Frimley is a prehistoric and Roman village in Surrey. Frinton Frinton is a seaside resort town in Essex. Friuli-Venezia Giulia Friuli-Venezia Giulia is an autonomous agricultural and wine-growing region of north east Italy. Frome Frome is a market town in the Mendips, Somerset, England on the River Frome. The River Frome is a river which rises in north Dorset and flows to Poole. Froyle Froyle is a village in Hampshire. Fuji see "Fujiyama" Fujiyama Mount Fuji (Fujiyama) is a volcanno in Japan and also Japan's highest peak. Fukien Fukien is a province of China. Fukuoka Fukuoka is an industrial town and port on the north west coast of Kyushu island, Japan. Fukushima Fukushima is the chief town of Joban. Fuzhou Fuzhou is an industrial port and capital of Fujian province in south east China. Gabon Gabon is a country in central Africa. It has a total area of 267,670 km2. The climate is tropical; always hot, humid. The terrain is narrow coastal plain; hilly interior; savanna in east and south. Natural resources are crude oil, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron ore. The religion is 55-75% Christian, less than 1% Muslim, remainder animist. The language is French (official), Fang, Myene, Bateke, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi. Gaborone Gaborone is the capital city of Botswana. It became the capital in 1965. Galicia Galicia is a mountainous, fertile autonomous region of north west Spain. Galilee The Sea of Galilee is an alternative name for Lake Tiberias in northern Israel. Gallego The Gallego is a river in north east Spain. It rises in the Pyrenees and flows south to the river Ebro at Zaragoza. It is 176km long. Gallipoli Gallipoli is a port in European Turkey. Galway Galway is a coastal town in the Republic Of Ireland. It is a university town and also features marble quarries and a fishing industry. Gambia Gambia is a country in west Africa. It has a total area of 11,300 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May). The terrain is flood plain of the Gambia River flanked by some low hills. Natural resources are fish. The religion is 90% Muslim, 9% Christian, 1% indigenous beliefs. The language is English (official); Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars. Ganges The ganges is a sacred river in India. Gansu Gansu is a province of north west China. Garonne The Garonne is a river in south west France. It rises at mount Maladetta in the Pyrenees and flows via Toulouse to the Gironde estuary. It is 720km long. Garut Garut is a mountain resort town in West Java, Indonesia. Gascony Gascony is an ancient province in south west France. Gateshead Gateshead is a town on the river Tyne opposite Newcastle in Tyne And Wear, England. Gatwick Gatwick is England's second most important airport. It was opened in 1958 on te London to Brighton route in Surrey. When it was opened it was the most modern airport in Europe. Gaza Gaza is the capital city of the Gaza Strip. Gaza Strip The Gaza Strip is an area of Israel. It has a total area of 380km2. The climate is temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers. The terrain is flat to rolling, sand and dune covered coastal plain. Natural resources are negligible. The religion is 99% Muslim (predominantly Sunni), 0.7% Christian, 0.3% Jewish. The language is Arabic, Israeli settlers speak Hebrew, English widely understood. Gdansk Gdansk (Danzig) is a port in Poland. Geneva Geneva is the capital of Switzerland. Genoa Genoa (Genova) is a town and seaport in north west Italy. Genova Genova is the Italian name for Genoa. Georgetown Georgetown is a port and the capital city of Guyana. Georgia Georgia is a state in the south USA. Georgia is a country in east Europe. Germany Germany is a country in central Europe. The climate is temperate; cloudy, cold winters with frequent rain and snow; cool, wet summers. The terrain is lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south. The east is mostly flat plain with hills. Natural resources are lignite, potash, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, nickel, iron ore, coal, potash, timber. The religion is 47% Protestant, 7% Roman Catholic, 46% unaffiliated or other. The language is German Gettysburg Gettysburg is a site in Pennsylvania of a decisive battle in the American Civil War. Ghana Ghana is a country in west Africa. It has a total area of 238,540 km2 The climate is tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north. The terrain is mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area. Natural resources are gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber. The religion is 38% indigenous beliefs, 30% Muslim, 24% Christian, 8% other. The language is English (official); African languages include Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga. Ghats The ghats are a mountain range in south India. Ghent Ghent is a city and port in East Flanders, north west Belgium. Gibraltar Gibraltar is an island south of Spain and north of Morocco. It has a total area of 6.5 km2. The climate is Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers. The terrain is a narrow coastal lowland borders. Natural resources are negligible. The religion is 75% Roman Catholic, 8% Church of England, 2.25% Jewish. The language is English and Spanish are primary languages; Italian, Portuguese, and Russian also spoken; English used in the schools and for official purposes. Gilbert Island Gilbert Island was a former British colony, it is now called Tuvalu. Givors Givors is a town on the river Rhone in France, 16km south of Lyons. It is a manufacturing town producing glass. Giza Giza is a suburb of Cairo, Egypt. It is the site of the great pyramids and the Spinx. Glandford Glandford is a village in Norfolk. Glasgow Glasgow is a city and the administrative headquarters of Strathclyde, Scotland. Glastonbury Glastonbury is a town in Somerset. Glossop Glossop is a town in Derbyshire, England at the foot of the Pennines. Gloucestershire Gloucestershire is a county in south west England. Glynde Glynde is a village in Sussex, England. Goa Goa is a union territory of India. Gobi The gobi is a desert partly in China and Mongolia. Godthaab Godthaab is the capital of Greenland. Golan Heights The Golan Heights is a plateau on the Syrian border with Israel. It was annexed by Israel in 1981. Goose Bay Goose Bay is a town in Labrador, Canada on the Churchill river. It features an international airport. Gorky Gorky is a city on the river Oka and river Volga in the Soviet Union. It is a university city and was named after Maxim Gorky who was born there. Goteborg Goteborg is a port and industrial city in west Sweden. Gotland Gotland is an island in the Baltic belonging to Sweden, and with many old buildings. It's revenue is primarily derived from tourism. Gough island Gough Island is an island in the atlantic ocean. Graciosa Graciosa is an island of the Azores. Grain Coast Grain Coast is a former name of Liberia Grampian Grampian is a region of Scotland. Gran Chaco The Gran Chaco is a large lowland plain in northern Argentina, western Paraguay and south-east Bolivia. Granada Granada is a city in the Sierra Nevada in Andalucia, southern Spain. Grand Canal The Grand Canal is the world's longest canal. It runs 1600km from Hangzhou to Tianjin, China. Grand Canyon The grand canyon is a vast gorge in Arizona. Grantchester Grantchester is a village 3 km south of Cambridge in Cambridgeshire. Gravesend Gravesend is a sea port in Kent, England on the south bank of the river Thames. Graz Graz is a city in Austria. It stands on the river Mur at the foothills of the Alps. Great altai The great altai are a mountain range in Mongolia and Siberia. Great Australian Bight The Great Australian Bight is a broad bay in south Australia notorious for its storms. Great Barrier Reef The Great Barrier Reef is a chain of coral reefs and islands 2000km long off the east coast of Queensland, Australia. Great Bear Lake The Great Bear Lake is a lake in the Arctic Circle in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Great Bookham Great Bookham is a village in Surrey, the site of Polesden Lacey a Regency house built in 1824. Great Divide The Great Divide is a mountain range extending 3700km from Cape York Peninsular, Queensland to Victoria in Australia. Great Lakes The Great Lakes are a series of five freshwater lakes along the USA and Canada border. Great Ouse The Great Ouse River rises in Northamptonshire near Brackley and flows 251 km to The Wash. Great Rift Valley The Great Rift Valley is the longest split in the earth's surface extending 8000km from the Dead Sea to Mozambique. Great Slave Lake Great Slave Lake is a lake in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Great Yarmouth Great Yarmouth is a town in Norfolk where the River Bure, River Waveney and River Yare converge to flow out into the North Sea. It was granted its charter in 1208 by King John. Greece Greece is a country and island group in south east Europe. It has a total area of 131,940 km2. The climate is temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers. The terrain is mostly mountains with ranges extending into sea as peninsulas or chains of islands. Natural resources are bauxite, lignite, magnesite, crude oil, marble. The religion is 98% Greek Orthodox, 1.3% Muslim, 0.7% other. The language is Greek (official); English and French widely understood. Greenham Common Greenham Common is an area of common land near to Newbury, England. It was the site of a USA missile base and peace protests during the 1980s. Greenland Greenland is the world's largest island. It is in the north Atlantic ocean. It has a total area of 2,175,600 km2. The climate is arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters. The terrain is flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but a narrow, mountainous, barren, rocky coast. Natural resources are zinc, lead, iron ore, coal, molybdenum, cryolite, uranium, fish. The religion is Evangelical Lutheran. The language is Eskimo dialects, Danish. Greenwich Village Greenwich Village is a region of lower Manhattan, popular with artists. Grenada Grenada is an island in the Caribbean. It has a total area of 340 km2. The climate is tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds. The terrain is volcanic in origin with central mountains. Natural resources are timber, tropical fruit, deepwater harbors. The religion is largely Roman Catholic; Anglican; other Protestant sects. The language is English (official); some French patois. Grenadines The Grenadines are a chain of 600 small islands in the Caribbean. Gris-Nez Gris-Nez is a city in north east France on the coast, and the nearest point to Dover in England. Gruzia Gruzia is the Russian name for the country of Georgia. Guadalajara Guadalajara is an industrial city and capital of Jalisco state in western Mexico. Guadalcanal Guadalcanal is the largest of the Solomon islands. Guadeloupe Guadeloupe is an island in the Caribbean. It has a total area of 1,780 km2. The climate is subtropical tempered by trade winds; relatively high humidity. The terrain is Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin with interior mountains; Grand-Terre is low limestone formation. Natural resources are cultivable land, beaches, and climate that foster tourism. The religion is 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu and pagan African. The language is French, creole patois. Guam Guam is the largest of the Mariana islands. It has a total area of 541 km2. The climate is tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season from July to December; little seasonal temperature variation. The terrain is volcanic origin, surrounded by coral reefs; relatively flat coraline limestone plateau (source of most fresh water) with steep coastal cliffs and narrow coastal plains in north, low-rising hills in center, mountains in south. Natural resources are fishing (largely undeveloped), tourism (especially from Japan). The religion is 98% Roman Catholic, 2% other. The language is English and Chamorro, most residents bilingual; Japanese also widely spoken. Guangdong Guangdong is a province in south China. Guangxi Guangxi is a region in south China. Guangzhou Guangzhou is the capital of Guangdong. Guatemala Guatemala is a republic in Central America. It has a total area of 108,890 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands. The terrain is mostly mountains with narrow coastal plains and rolling limestone plateau (Peten). Natural resources are crude oil, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle. The religion is predominantly Roman Catholic; also Protestant, traditional Mayan. The language is Spanish, but over 40% of the population speaks an Indian language as a primary tongue (18 Indian dialects, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi). Guatemala City Guatemala City is the capital of Guatemala. Guayaquil Guayaquil is a city and the chief port of Ecuador. Gubla Gubla was the Babylonian name for Byblos. Guernsey Guernsey is the second largest Channel island. It has a total area of 194 km2. The climate is temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast. The terrain is mostly level with low hills in southwest. Natural resources are cropland. The religion is Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Baptist, Congregational, Methodist. The language is English, French; Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts. Guiana Guiana is the north east part of South America which includes French Guiana, Guyana and Suriname. Guildford Guildford is the capital city of Surrey county. It is an old town on the banks of the River Wey. Guinea Guinea is a republic in west Africa. It has a total area of 245,860 km2. The climate is generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds. The terrain is generally flat coastal plain, hilly to mountainous interior. Natural resources are bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium, hydropower, fish. The religion is 85% Muslim, 5% indigenous beliefs, 1.5% Christian. The language is French (official); each tribe has its own language. Guinea Bissau Guinea Bissau is a republic in west Africa. It has a total area of 36,120 km2. The climate is tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoon-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds. The terrain is mostly low coastal plain rising to savanna in east. Natural resources are unexploited deposits of petroleum, bauxite, phosphates; fish, timber. The religion is 65% indigenous beliefs, 30% Muslim, 5% Christian. The language is Portuguese (official); Criolo and numerous African languages. Guiyang Guiyang (formerly Kweiyang) is the capital of Guizhou province, south China. Guizhou Guizhou (formerly Kweichow) is a province in south China. Gujarat Gujarat is a state in west India. Gulf of Finland The Gulf of Finland is the eastern arm of the Baltic Sea, separating Finland from Estonia. Guyana Guyana is a republic in South America. It has a total area of 214,970 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January). The terrain is mostly rolling highlands; low coastal plain; savanna in south. Natural resources are bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish. The religion is 57% Christian, 33% Hindu, 9% Muslim, 1% other. The language is English, Amerindian dialects. Gwent Gwent is a county in south Wales. Gwynedd Gwynedd is a county in north west Wales. Haarlem Haarlem is an industrial town in the west Netherlands. Haifa Haifa is a port in north east Israel. Hainan Hainan is an island in the south China sea. Haiphong Haiphong is an industrial port in north Vietnam. Haiti Haiti is a republic in the west of the island of Hispaniola. It has a total area of 27,750 km2. The climate is tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds. The terrain is mostly rough and mountainous. Natural resources are bauxite. The religion is 75-80% Roman Catholic (of which an overwhelming majority also practice Voodoo), 10% Protestant The language is French (official) spoken by only 10% of population; all speak Creole. Halesworth Halesworth is a small market town in Suffolk. Halicarnassus Halicarnassus was an ancient city in Asia Minor (now Bodrum) where the tomb of Mausolus was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Halifax Halifax is the capital of Nova Scotia, and east Canada's main port. Halstead Halstead is a small town in the Colne valley in Essex. Hamburg Hamburg is a city and the largest inland port in Europe. It is located on the Elbe in Germany. Hamilton Hamilton is the capital of Bermuda. Hampshire Hampshire is a county in south England. Hangchow Hangchow is a former name of Hangshou. Hangzhou Hangzhou is a port and the capital of Zhejiang province, China. Hanoi Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam. Hanover Hanover is an industrial city and the capital of Lower Saxony in Germany. Happisburgh Happisburgh (pronounced Haysborough) is a coastal village in Norfolk. Harare Harare is the capital of Zimbabwe. Harbin Harbin is a port on the Songhua river in north east China. It is the capital of Heilongjiang province. Harleston Harleston is a town in Norfolk on the River Waveney. Harlow Harlow is a new town in Essex. It was designed and built to relieve London of some residents and industry. Harrisburg Harrisburg is the capital city of Pennsylvania, USA. It stands on the Susquehanna River. Hartford Hartford is the capital of Connecticut. Hartz see "Harz" Harwell Harwell is a village in Berkshire. It is the site of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment. Harwich Harwich is a seaport in Essex. It is located where the River Stour and the River Orwell meet to flow out into the North Sea. Haryana Haryana is a state in north west India. Harz The Harz (Hartz) is the most northerly mountain range of Germany extending roughly 100km from south-east to north-west and about 32 km wide embracing the towns of Klausthal, Goslar and Blankenburg. The highest peak is Brocken. Haslemere Haslemere is a small town set in the Weydown common in Surrey. Hastings Hastings is a sea town in Sussex. William the conqueror invaded at hastings in 1066 where he defeated King harold 2nd. Havana Havana is the capital of Cuba. Havant Havant is a town in Hampshire. Originally a market town, it is now an over spill of Portsmouth. Haverhill Haverhill (pronounced Hayverill) is a town in Suffolk. Hawaii Hawaii is a group of islands in the Pacific and a state of the USA. Heacham Heacham is a village in Norfolk. Heathfield Heathfield is a village, now expanding into a town, in Sussex. It was an important centre of the Sussex iron industry in previous times. Hebei Hebei is a province in north China. Hebrides The Hebrides is a group of 500 islands west of Scotland. Hefei Hefei is the capital of Anhui province, China. Heilongjiang Heilongjiang is a province in north east China. Heilungkiang Heilungkiang is a province of China. Hellshire Hellshire is a hilly region in south-east Jamaica extending to the coast. The Hellshire Hills are a very beautiful part of the island sporting magnificient cactii and are the home to a variety of wildlife including Iguana. Helsinki Helsinki is the capital of Finland. Hemel Hempstead Hemel Hempstead is a new town in Hertfordshire. It was founded in 1947 on the south slopes of the Chiltern Hills. Henan Henan is a province in east China. Hengrave Hengrave is a village in Suffolk. It is noted for its tiny church and magnificent mansion. Herat Herat is the capital of Herat province, Afghanistan, on the north bank of the Hari Rud. Hercegovina Hercegovina is an area of Yugolsavia. Hereford and Worcester Hereford and Worcester is a county in west central England. Herringfleet Herringfleet is a village in north east Suffolk. Hertfordshire Hertfordshire is a county in south east England. Hesse Hesse is an administrative region in Germany. Heydon Heydon is a village in Norfolk. Highland Region The Highland Region is an administrative region of Scotland. Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh is a state in north west India. Himalayas The Himalayas are a mountain range in central Asia. Hindhead Hindhead is a twon in Surrey on the old Portsmouth to London road (now the A3). Hindu Kush Hindu Kush is a mountain range in central Asia. Hiroshima Hiroshima is an industrial city and port on the south coast of Honshu, Japan. It was destroyed on the 6th of August 1945 when it was the target of the first atomic bomb. Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) is the chief port and an industrial city in south Vietnam. Saigon was the capital of South Vietnam from 1954 until 1976. Hobart Hobart is the capital of Tasmania. Hohhot Hohhot (formerly Huhehot) is the capital of Inner Mongolia. Hokkaido Hokkaido is the most northern of the main Japanese islands. Hollesley Hollesley (pronounced Hozely) is a small village in Suffolk. Hollywood Hollywood is a suburb of Los Angeles, California. It is the centre of the USA film industry. Holt Holt is a town in Norfolk. Homs Homs is the capital of Homs district in western Syria. Honan Honan is a province of China. Honduras Honduras is a republic in Central America. It has a total area of 112,090 km2. The climate is subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains. The terrain is mostly mountains in interior, narrow coastal plains. Natural resources are timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fish. The religion is about 97% Roman Catholic; small Protestant minority. The language is Spanish, Indian dialects. Hong Kong Hong Kong is an island off the coast of China. It has a total area of 1,040 km2/ The climate is tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in autumn. The terrain is hilly to mountainous with steep slopes; lowlands in north. Natural resources are outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar. The religion is 90% eclectic mixture of local religions, 10% Christian. The language is Chinese (Cantonese), English. Honiara Honiara is the capital of the Solomon islands. Honington Honington is a town in Suffolk. Honolulu Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii on the south coast of Oahu. Honshu Honshu is the principal Japanese island. Hopa Hopa is a sea port on the Black Sea in east Turkey. Hopei Hopei is a province of China. Horsforth Horsforth is a town in west Yorkshire. Horsham Horsham is a town in West Sussex on the river Arun. Horsham is a town in Victoria, Australia on the river Wimmera. Horta Horta is a town on Fayal Island in the Azores. It features an excellent harbour and is a base for transatlantic flights. Houston Houston is a port in Texas linked by a canal to the Gulf of Mexico. Huang He Huang He (formerly Hwang-ho) is the chinese name for the Yellow River. Hubei Hubei is a province in central China. Hudson Bay Hudson Bay is an inland sea of north east Canada linked with the Atlantic by the Hudson Strait and with the Arctic by the Foxe Channel. Huhehot see "Hohhot" Hull Hull is a city and port on the River Humber in Humberside, England. Humberside Humberside is a county in north east England. Hunan Hunan is a province of China. Hungary Hungary is a republic in central Europe. It has a total area of 93,030 km2. The climate is temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers. The terrain is mostly flat to rolling plains. Natural resources are bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils. The religion is 67.5% Roman Catholic, 20.0% Calvinist, 5.0% Lutheran, 7.5% atheist and other. The language is 98.2% Hungarian, 1.8% other. Hungerford Hungerford is an old town in Berkshire on the Roman road to Bath. It was the scene of a massacre commited by Michael Ryan in the early 1990s. Hupei Hupei is the former name of Hebei province, China. Huron Huron is the second largest of the Great Lakes. Hwang-ho see "Huang_He" Hyderabad Hyderabad is the capital of Andhra Pradesh. Hythe Hythe is a town in Kent. It was formerly a sea port, it is now a seaside resort. Ibadan Ibadan is the capital of Oyo state, Nigeria. Ibiza Ibiza is one of the Balearic Islands. Iceland Iceland is a republic island in the north Atlantic. It has a total area of 103,000 km2. The climate is temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers. The terrain is mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply indented by bays and fiords. Natural resources are fish, hydroelectric and geothermal power, diatomite. The religion is 95% Evangelical Lutheran, 3% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 2% no affiliation. The language is Icelandic. Idaho Idaho is a state in north west America. Ightham Ightham is a village in Kent. Ijsselmeer Ijsselmeer is a lake in the Netherlands. It was formed in 1932 after the Zuider Zee was cut off by a dyke from the North Sea. Ile-de-France Ile-de-France is a region of northern France. Ilfracombe Ilfracombe is a seaside resort in Devon. Illinois Illinois is a midwest state of USA. Ilminster Ilminster is a town in Somerset, England. Its chief industries concern the manufacture of concrete and radio valves. Immingham Immingham is a port on the Humber in Humberside, England. It has a deep- sea oil terminal. Imphal Imphal is the capital of Manipur state in India. Inchon Inchon is the chief port of Seoul, South Korea. India India is a country in south Asia. It has a total area of 3,287,590 km2. The climate varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north. The terrain is upland plain in south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north. Natural resources are coal, iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, comite, natural gas, diamonds, crude oil, limestone. The religion is 82.6% Hindu, 11.4% Muslim, 2.4% Christian, 2.0% Sikh, 0.7% Buddhist, 0.5% Jains, 0.4% other. The language is Hindi, English, and 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telgu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; 24 languages spoken by a million or more people and numerous other languages and dialects. Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; English is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindustani is spoken widely throughout northern India. Indian ocean The Indian ocean is the sea separating Africa from Australia. It has a total area of 73,600,000 km2 Indiana Indiana is a state in midwest USA. Indonesia Indonesia is a group of 3000 islands in south east Asia. They have a total area of 1,919,440 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands. The terrain is mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains. Natural resources are crude oil, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver. The religion is 88% Muslim, 6% Protestant, 3% Roman Catholic, 2% Hindu, 1% other. The language is Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official); English and Dutch leading foreign languages; local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese. Indus The Indus is a river rising in Tibet and flowing 3059 km to the Arabian sea. Inn The River Inn is a European river which flows through Switzerland, the tyrol, Austria and Bavaria for 512km to the River Danube at Passau. Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia is an autonomous region of China. Innsbruck Innsbruck is the capital of Tirol state in western Austria. It is a tourist and winter sports centre. It hosted the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics. Inverness Inverness is a town in the Highland Region, Scotland. Iona Iona is an island in the Hebrides. Iowa Iowa is a state in midwest USA. Iowa City Iowa City is a city in Iowa state, USA. It was once the state capital. Ipoh Ipoh is the capital of Perak state in north west Malaysia. Ipswich Ipswich is the county town of East Suffolk. Iran Iran is a country in south west Asia. It has a total area of 1,648,000 km2. The climate is mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast. The terrain is rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts. Natural resources are petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulphur. The religion is 95% Shia Muslim, 4% Sunni Muslim, 2% Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and Bahai. The language is 58% Persian and Persian dialects, 26% Turkic and Turkic dialects, 9% Kurdish, 2% Luri, 1% Baloch, 1% Arabic, 1% Turkish, 2% other. Iraq Iraq is a country in south west Asia. It has a total area of 434,920 km2. The climate is desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers. The terrain is mostly broad plains; reedy marshes in southeast; mountains along borders with Iran and Turkey Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, phosphates, sulphur. The religion is 97% Muslim (60-65% Shia, 32-37% Sunni), 3% Christian or other. The language is Arabic (official), Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian. Irazu Irazu is an active volcano in Costa Rica. Ireland Ireland is a country and island west of Wales. It has a total area of 70,280 km2. The climate is temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time. The terrain is mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hills and low mountains; sea cliffs on west coast Natural resources are zinc, lead, natural gas, crude oil, barite, copper, gypsum, limestone, dolomite, peat, silver. The religion is 94% Roman Catholic, 4% Anglican, 2% other. The language is Irish (Gaelic) and English; English is the language generally used, with Gaelic spoken in a few areas, mostly along the western seaboard. Irian Jaya Irian Jaya is the western portion of the island of New Guinea. Irkutsk Irkutsk is a city in southern Russia. It was founded in 1652. Irrawaddy The Irrawaddy is the main river in Burma. It flows 2090 km from the Mali and N'mai rivers to the Bay of Bengal. Islamabad Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan. Islay Island Islay Island is one of the Inner Hebrides. It has an area of 609 square km and is chiefly used for dairy farming and distilling. Isle of Man The Isle of Man is an island in north west Britain. Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight is an island south of Hampshire. Islington Islington is a borough of London. It was previously called Isendone and Iseldone by the Romans. Israel Israel is a Jewish country in south west Asia. It has a total area of 20,770 km2. The climate is temperate; hot and dry in desert areas. The terrain is Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central mountains; Jordan Rift Valley Natural resources are copper, phosphates, bromide, potash, clay, sand, sulphur, asphalt, manganese, small amounts of natural gas and crude oil. The religion is 83% Judaism, 13.1% Islam (mostly Sunni Muslim), 2.3% Christian, 1.6% Druze The language is Hebrew (official); Arabic used officially for Arab minority; English most commonly used foreign language. Istanbul Istanbul is a major city in Turkey. Italy Italy is a country in south Europe. It has a total area of 301,230 km2. The climate is predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south. The terrain is mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands. Natural resources are mercury, potash, marble, sulphur, dwindling natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, coal The religion is almost 100% nominally Roman Catholic. The language is Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking; significant French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region; Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area. Ithake Ithake is an Ionian island in the Aegean sea. Ivory coast The ivory coast is a republic in west Africa. It has a total area of 322,460 km2. The climate is tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons-warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October). The terrain is mostly flat to undulating plains; mountains in northwest. Natural resources are crude oil, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt, bauxite, copper The religion is 63% indigenous, 25% Muslim, 12% Christian. The language is French (official), over 60 native dialects; Dioula most widely spoken Ixworth Ixworth is a village in Suffolk. Izmir Izmir (formerly Smyrna) is a port and naval base in Turkey. It is the headquarters of NATO's south east command. Jackson Jackson is the capital city of Mississippi state in the USA. Jackson is a town in Michigan, USA on the Grand River. Jaipur Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan. Jamaica Jaimaica is an island in the Caribbean. It has a total area of 10,990 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior. The terrain is mostly mountains with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain. Natural resources are bauxite, gypsum, limestone. The religion is predominantly Protestant (including Anglican and Baptist), some Roman Catholic. The majority of the population also believe in a form of magic known as Obeah. The language is English, Patois. Jammu Jammu is a state in north India Jan Mayen Jan Mayen Island is an island in the Artci Ocean. It has a total area of 373 km2. The climate is arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog. The terrain is volcanic island, partly covered by glaciers; Beerenberg is the highest peak, with an elevation of 2,277 meters. Japan Japan is a country in east Asia. It is comprised of several islands. It has a total area of 377,835 km2. The climate is varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north. The terrain is mostly rugged and mountainous. Natural resources are negligible mineral resources, fish. The religion is most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist rites; about 16% belong to other faiths, including 0.8% Christian. The language is Japanese. Java Java is an Indonesian island. Jedda see "Jiddah" Jericho Jericho is an Israeli-administered town in Jordan north of the Dead Sea. Jersey Jersey is the largest of the Channel islands. It has a total area of 117 km2. The climate is temperate; mild winters and cool summers. The terrain is gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along north coast. Natural resources are agricultural land. The religion is Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Congregational New Church, Methodist, Presbyterian The language is English and French (official), with the Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts. Jerusalem Jerusalem is an ancient city in Palestine. In 1948 it was divided bwteen Jordan, and the newly formed Israel. Jiangsu Jiangsu is a province on the coast of east China. Jiangxi Jiangxi is a province in south east China. Jiddah Jiddah (Jedda) is a port in Hejaz, Saudi Arabia on the east shore of the Red Sea. Jilin Jilin is a province in north east China. Jimma Jimma is a coffee producing town in Ethiopia. Jinan Jinan is the capital of Shandong province, China. Jinja Jinja is a manufacturing town on the shore of Lake Victoria in Uganda. Jinsha Jiang The Jinsha Jiang is a river in China. It rises in south west China and flows to Yibin where it forms the Chang Jiang. ce. It is hos Joban Joban is a district of north east Honshu in Japan. Johannesburg Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa. It is situated on the Witwatersrand river in Transvaal. â6 †ï‘ø ¾êÇ\ Johnstown Johnstown is an industrial town in Pennsylvania on the Conemaugh River. Jones Town Jones Town is an old ghetto region of Kingston, Jamaica. It is troubled by shootings involving gangs of youths from neighbouring regions. Jordan Jordan is a kingdom in south west Asia. It has a total area of 91,880 km2. The climate is mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April). The terrain is mostly desert plateau in east, highland area in west; Great Rift Valley separates East and West Banks of the Jordan River. Natural resources are phosphates, potash, shale oil. The religion is 92% Sunni Muslim, 8% Christian. The language is Arabic (official); English widely understood among upper and middle classes. Judaea Judaea was a division of Palestine during Roman times. Jugoslavia see "Yugolsavia" Juneau Juneau is the capital city of Alaska. Jura Jura is a mountain range in Switzerland and France. Jura is a French department on the border of France and Switzerland. Jura Mountains The Jura mountains run along the French Swiss border. Jutland Jutland is a peninsular of northern Europe. It was the scene of a naval battle during the first world war. K2 K2 (Chogori) is the second highest mountain in the Karakoram range on the border between China and Pakistan. It stands 8858 meters. It was first climbed in 1954 by an Italian expedition. Kabul Kabul is the capital of Afghanistan. Kairouan Kairouan is a Muslim holy city in Tunisia and a noted centre of carpet manufacturing. Kalahari desert The Kalahari desert is a semi-desert forming most of Botswana. Kalgan Kalgan is a city in north east China, now known as Zhangjiakou. Kalimantan Kalimantan is a province of Indonesia on the island of Borneo. Kamchatka Kamchatka is a mountainous peninsular separating the Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk. Kampala Kampala is the capital of Uganda. Kampuchea Kampuchea is a former name of Cambodia. Kandy Kandy is a city in central Sri Lanka. Kangchenjunga Kangchenjunga is a 8598 meter high mountain in the Himalayas on the Nepal and Sikkim border. It was first climbed in 1955 by a British expedition. Kano Kano is the capital of Kano state in northern Nigeria. Kanpur Kanpur is the capital of Kanpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Kansas Kansas is a state in central USA. Kansu Kansu is a province of China. Kaohsiung Kaohsiung is a sea port on the south west coast of Taiwan. It has aluminium works and also oil refineries. Kaposvar Kaposvar is a town in south west Hungary on the Kapos River. Kara Sea The Kara Sea is the part of the Arctic Ocean east of Novaya Zemlya. Between July and September it provides navigation to the Siberian ports. Kara-Kum The Kara-Kum is a sand desert in Turkmen east of the Caspian Sea. Karachi Karachi is the largest city and chief seaport in Pakistan. Karakoram Karakoram is a mountain range in central Asia. Karakorum Range The Karakorum Range is the part of the Himalayas between Kashmir and China. Karelia Karelia is an autonomous republic in Russia. Karen Karen is a white suburb of Nairobi in Kenya. Karnataka Karnataka (formerly Mysore) is a state in south west India. Karroo Karroo is a high plateau in the West Cape province of South Africa. It is irrigated by the Verwoerd dam on the Orange River. Kashmir Kashmir is an area of Asia divided between Pakistan and India. Kathmandu see "Katmandu" Katmandu Katmandu is the capital of Nepal. Katowice Katowice is an industrial city in Upper Silesia, southern Poland. Katyn Forest The Katyn Forest is a forest near Smolensk. Kawasaki Kawasaki is an industrial city on Honshu island, Japan. Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is a country in central Asia. Kazan Kazan is the capital of Tatar. It is a city on the banks of the river Volga. Keeling Islands see "Cocos_Islands" Kent Kent is a county in south east England. Kenton Kenton is a large village in Devon. Kentucky Kentucky is a state in south central USA. Kenya Kenya is a country in east Africa. It has a total area of 582,650 km2. The climate is varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior. The terrain is low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile plateau in west Natural resources are gold, limestone, diotomite, salt barytes, magnesite, feldspar, sapphires, fluorspar, garnets, wildlife The religion is 38% Protestant, 28% Roman Catholic, 26% indigenous beliefs, 6% Muslim The language is English and Swahili (official); numerous indigenous languages. Kerala Kerala is a state of south west India. Kerkira Kerkira is the Greek name for Corfu. Kermadec Islands The Kermadec Islands are a group of volcanic islands in the Pacific Ocean 960km north east of New Zealand. They were annexed by New Zealand in 1887. Kerman Kerman is a mountanous and desert region of south east Iran. It includes a large copper mining and refining plant. Kerry Kerry is a county in Munster province, Ireland. Ketama Ketama is the principal hash growing town in Morocco. Visitors are advised to stay away as the area is guarded by armed drug gangs. Kettering Kettering is a market town in Northamptonshire, England. Kharkov Kharkov is the capital of Kharkov region in the Ukraine. Khartoum Khartoum is the capital of Sudan. Khuzestan Khuzestan is a province in west Iran. It borders on Iraq. It is a large petroleum centre. Khyber Pass The Khyber Pass is a narrow gap in the Hindu Kush mountains separating Afghanistan and Pakistan. Kiangsi Kiangsi is a province of China. Kiangsu Kiangsu is a province of China. Kiev Kiev is the capital of Ukraine. Kigali Kigali is the capital of Rwanda. Kildare Kildare is a county of Leinster province, Ireland. Kilimanjaro Kilimanjaro is an inactive volcano in Tanzania. It is the site of the only glacier on the equator. Kilkenny Kilkenny is a county of Leinster province, Ireland. King A King is a male sovereign ruler of an independent state. King's Lynn King's Lynn (formerly Bishop's Lynn) is a seaport in Norfolk. Kingsbridge Kingsbridge is a town serving the South Hams farming district of Cornwall. Kingston Kingston is the capital of Jamaica. Kingston-upon-Thames Kingston-upon-Thames is an area of suburban greater London. Kingstown Kingstown is the capital of St. Vincent. Kinshasa Kinshasa (formerly Leopoldville) is the capital of Zaire. Kirghizia Kirghizia is a country in central Asia. Kiribati Kiribati is a country in the central Pacific. It has a total area of 717 km2. The climate is tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds. The terrain is mostly low-lying coral atolls surrounded by extensive reefs. Natural resources are phosphate (production discontinued in 1979). The religion is 48% Roman Catholic, 45% Protestant (Congregational), some Seventh-Day Adventist and Baha'i The language is English (official), Gilbertese. Kirin Kirin is the former name for Jilin, a province in China. Kirov Kirov is a town in Russia on the Vyatka river. Kishinev Kishinev is the capital of Moldavia. Kismayu Kismayu is a port in in Somalia. Kitakyushu Kitakyushu is an industrial city and port on north Kyushu in Japan. Klondike The Klondike is a former gold-mining area in the Yukon, Canada. Kobe Kobe is a deep water port in south Honshu, Japan. Korea Korea is two countries in east Asia, North Korea and South Korea. Kosciusko Kosciusko is the highest mountain in Australia. It is 2229 meters high, and is located in New South Wales. Kosovo Kosovo is an autonomous region of Serbia. Kourou The Kourou is a river in French Guiana. Kowloon Kowloon is a peninsular on the coast of China. Krakow Krakow is a city in Poland on the Vistula. Krems Krems is a market town in Austria on the river Danube. It was founded in the 10th century as an imperial fortress. Kristiansand Kristiansand is a seaport on the west coast of Norway. Krondstadt Krondstadt is the German name for the Romanian town of Brasov. Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur is the capital of Malaysia. Kuibyshev Kuibyshev (Kuybyshev) is the capital of Kuibyshev region, Russia. It is aport at the junctions of the river Volga and river Samara. Kunming Kunming is the capital of Yunnan province, China. Kurdistan Kurdistan is a region in south west Asia. Kuril Islands The Kuril Islands are a chain of 50 small islands stretching from the north east of Hokkaido, Japan. Kurils see "Kuril_Islands" Kuwait Kuwait is a country in south west Asia. It has a total area of 17,820 km2. The climate is dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters. The terrain is flat to slightly undulating desert plain. Natural resources are petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas. The religion is 85% Muslim (30% Shia, 45% Sunni, 10% other), 15% Christian, Hindu, Parsi, and other. The language is Arabic (official); English widely spoken. Kuwait City Kuwait City is the capital of Kuwait. Kwangtung Kwangtung is a province of China. Kweichow Kweichow is a province of China. Kyoto Kyoto was the capital of Japan from 794 until 1868. It is a University town on Honshu island linked by a canal with Biwa Lake. Kyushu Kyushu is the most southernly of the Japanese islands. La Paz La Paz is a city in Bolivia. It was founded by the Spanish in 1548. La Plata La Plata is a seaport city in Argentina. La Rioja La Rioja is a region of northen Spain. Labrador Labrador is the mainland part of the province of Newfoundland. Ladoga Lake Ladoga is the largest lake in Europe. It is located north east of Leningrad. Ladysmith Ladysmith is a town in Natal. It was besieged by Boers from November the 2 nd 1899 until February 28th 1900 when it was relieved by Sir R. H. Buller. Lagash Lagash was a Sumerian city north of Shatra in Iraq. It was important from 3000BC to 2700BC. It was discovered in 1877 by Earnest de Saroec. Lagos Lagos is the former capital of Nigeria. Lahore Lahore is the capital of Punjab. Lake Chad Lake Chad is a lake on the north east boundary of Nigeria. Lake Geneva Lake Geneva is the largest of the central European lakes. It is between Switzerland and France. Lake Magadi Lake Magadi is a soda lake in the Rift Valley below Nairobi in Kenya. It is one of the hottest places in Kenya. It is a popular spot for bird watching. Lake Michigan Lake Michigan is a lake in north central USA. Lake Owens Lake Owens is a lake in southern California on the east flank of Sierra Nevada. Lake Superior Lake Superior is the largest of the Great Lakes, and the second largest lake in the world. Lake Victoria Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa at 69400 km2. It lies between Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania and is a source of the Nile. Lakshadweep Lakshadweep is a group of coral islands in the Indian Ocean 320km off the Malabar coast. 10 of the islands are inhabited. Lampedusa Lampedusa is the largest of the Pelagi islands. It is between Malta and the Tunisian coast. Lancashire Lancashire is a county in north west England. Lancing Lancing is a village on the south coast of West Sussex, England; 3km east of Worthing. Langport Langport is an industrial town in Somerset. Languedoc-Roussillon Languedoc-Roussillon is a region in southern France. Lansing Lansing is the capital of Michigan. Lanzhou Lanzhou is the capital of Gansu province, China. Laois Laois is a county in Leinster province, Ireland. Laos Laos is a country in south east Asia. It has a total area of 236,800 km2. The climate is tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April). The terrain is mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus. Natural resources are timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones. The religion is 85% Buddhist, 15% animist and other. The language is Lao (official), French, and English. Lapland Lapland is a region of Europe within the arctic circle. Laptev Sea The Laptev Sea is an inlet of the Arctic Ocean between Severnaya Zemlya and New Siberian Island. Larissa In mythology, Larissa was a city in thessaly where Achilles was reportedly born. Las Palmas Las Palmas is a tourist resort on the north east coast of Gran Canaria. Latium Latium was an ancient region of central Italy on the Tyrrhenian Sea, extending between Etruria and Campania, and inhabited by the Latins, Volsci and Aequi. Latvia Latvia is a country in east Europe. The climate is mild. Physicaly the country is wooded lowland, marshes and lakes. The language is Latvian. The religion is mainly Lutheran Protestant with some Roman Catholic. Lausanne Lausanne is a resort and the capital of Vaud canton in western Switzerland. Laxfield Laxfield is a village in Suffolk. Lazio Lazio is a region of west central Italy. It was called Latium by the Romans. Le Havre Le Havre is an industrial port in Normandy, north west France on the River Seine. Le Mans Le Mans is the capital town of Sarthe department in north west France. It is host to a world famous motor race. Leadenhall Leadenhall is a meat and poultry market in London. It is so named because it was originaly held in a lead roofed hall at the corner of Gracechurch street. Leatherhead Leatherhead is an old town in Surrey. Lebanon Lebanon is a country in west Asia. It has a total area of 10,400 km2. The climate is Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers. The terrain is narrow coastal plain; Al Biqa (Bekaa Valley) separates Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon Mountains Natural resources are limestone, iron ore, salt; water-surplus state in a water-deficit region. The religion is 75% Islam, 25% Christian, NEGL% Judaism; 17 legally recognized sects-4 Orthodox Christian (Armenian Orthodox, Greek Orthodox, Nestorean, Syriac Orthodox), 7 Uniate Christian (Armenian Catholic, Caldean, Greek Catholic, Maronite, Protestant, Roman Catholic, Syrian Catholic), 5 Islam (Alawite or Nusayri, Druze, Ismailite, Shia, Sunni), and 1 Jewish. The language is Arabic and French (both official); Armenian, English Ledbury Ledbury is a market town in Herefordshire, England at the west foor of the Malvern hills. Leeds Leeds is a dismal industrial city in west Yorkshire, England. It stands on the River Aire. Leek Leek is a market town in Staffordshire, England 18 km north east of Stoke-On-Trent. Leeuwarden Leeuwarden is the capital city of Friesland province in the Netherlamds. It is noted for its cattle market. Leicester Leicester is an industrial city on the River Soar in England. Leicestershire Leicestershire is a county in central England. Leigh Leigh is a market town in Greater Manchester, England. Leinster Leinster is a south eastern province of the Republic of Ireland. Leipzig Leipzig is the capital city of Leipzig county in eastern Germany. It is 145km south west of Berlin. Leitrim Leitrim is a county in Connacht province in the Republic of Ireland bounded to the north west by Donegal Bay. Lemnos In mythology, Lemnos was a small island at the mouth of the Hellespont. Hephaestus landed on Lemnos when Zeus threw him out of heaven, and set up a forge on the island. Lena The Lena is one of the great navigatable Siberian rivers. It is 4480km long. Leningrad Leningrad was the name given to the town of Petrograd in 1924 which stands at the head of the Gulf of Finland in Russia. Leon Leon is a city in west Nicaragua. It was founded in 1524, and was the capital of Nicaragua until 1855. Leopoldville Leopoldville was a former name of Kinshasa city in Zaire. Leopolis Leopolis was a suburb founded by Pope Leo 4th in the 9th century. It was later renamed Leonine City and became a part of the city of Rome. Leptis Magna Leptis Magna was a city in Libya, 120km east of Tripoli. It was founded by the Phoenicians, conquered by Carthage and finally by the Romans in 47BC. Lesbos Lesbos is the former name of the Greek island of Lesvos. Lesotho Lesotho is a country within South Africa. It has a total area of 30,350 km2. The climate is temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers. The terrain is mostly highland with some plateaus, hills, and mountains. Natural resources are some diamonds and other minerals, water, agricultural and grazing land The religion is 80% Christian, rest indigenous beliefs. The language is Sesotho (southern Sotho) and English (official); also Zulu and Xhosa Lewes Lewes is the county town of East Sussex. Lewes came into prominence shortly after William The Conqueror invaded and erected a fort here. Lexington Lexington is a city in Massachusetts, USA. On the 19th April 1775 it was the scene of a battle during the American War of Independance. Lhasa Lhasa is the capital of the autonomous region of Tibet, in China. Liaoning Liaoning is a province of north eastern China. Liberia Liberia is a country in west Africa. It has a total area of 111,370 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers. The terrain is mostly flat to rolling coastal plains rising to rolling plateau and low mountains in northeast Natural resources are iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold. The religion is 70% traditional, 20% Muslim, 10% Christian. The language is English (official); more than 20 local languages of the Niger-Congo language group; English used by about 20%. Liberty City Liberty City is a mainly black slum area of Miami. It is generally considered a no-go area for whites, however much of its reputation is built upon racial prejudice rather than facts. It is the drug centre of Miami. Libreville Libreville is the capital city of Gabon. It stands on the estuary of the River Gabon. Libreville was founded in 1849 as a refuge for slaves freed by the French. Libya Libya is an arab country in north Africa. It has a total area of 1,759,540 km2. The climate is Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior. The terrain is mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions. Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, gypsum. The religion is 97% Sunni Muslim. The language is Arabic; Italian and English are widely understood in major cities. Lidice Lidice is a mining village in Czechoslovakia which was destroyed by the Nazis in 1942 as a reprisal for the assassination of Heydrich. Liechtenstein Liechtenstein is a country in west Europe. It has a total area of 160 km2. The climate is continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers. The terrain is mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western third. Natural resources are hydroelectric potential. The religion is 82.7% Roman Catholic, 7.1% Protestant, 10.2% other. The language is German (official), Alemannic dialect. Liege Liege is an industrial city and capital of Liege province in Belgium. It stands south east of Brussels on the Meuse River. Lille Lille is an industrial city, and the capital of Nord-Pas-de-Calais in France. Lilongwe Lilongwe is the capital of Malawi. Lima Lima is the capital of Peru. Limerick Limerick is the county town of Limerick in the Republic of Ireland. It was founded in the 12th century, and today is the main port in western Ireland. Limpsfield Limpsfield is a village in Surrey with a Norman church. Lincolnshire Lincolnshire is a county in central England. Linlithgowshire Linlithgowshire is a former name of West Lothian in Scotland. Linz Linz is a port on the river Danube in Austria. It features iron and steel works. Lipa Lipa is a town in the Philippines. It is a sugar, cocoa and maize processing centre. Lippe The Lippe is a 176 km long tributary river of the Rhine. Lisboa Lisboa is the Portugese name for Lisbon. Lisbon Lisbon is the capital of Portugal. Lithuania Lithuania is a country in east Europe. Littlehampton Littlehampton is a quiet seaside resort town in Sussex. Liverpool Liverpool is a city and seaport in Merseyside, north west England. It is Europe's main Atlantic port. Livingston Livingston is a new town in West Lothian, Scotland. It was founded in 1962 as an industrial town. Livingstone Livingstone is a town in Zambia on the Zambesi River. It was once the capital of Zambia. Livonia Livonia was a region of Europe which comprised much of what is today Latvia and Estonia. Ljubljana Ljubljana is the capital of Slovenia. Llanberis Llanberis is a mountain pass between Snowdon and Clyder Fawr in Gwynedd, Wales. Llanstephan Llanstephan is a village in Dyfed, Wales at the mouth of the River Towy. The Normans built a castle here. Loanda Loanda is a former name of Luanda, in Angola. Loch Lomond Loch Lomond is Scotland's largest lake. It is 70 km2. Loch Ness Loch Ness is a lake in the Highland region of Scotland reportedly the home of a sea monster. Locomotion Locomotion is the idea of movement from one place to another. Loddon Loddon is a small town in Norfolk. Lodz Lodz is an industrial town in central Poland 120km south west of Warsaw. Loire The Loire is the longest river in France. It rises in Cevennes and flows 1050 km to the Bay of Biscay at St. Nazaire. Lombardy Lombardy is a major industrial area in north Italy. Lome Lome is the capital of Togo. Lomza Lomza is a town in Bialystok, Poland on the Narew River. London London is the capital of England. Londonderry Londonderry is a county in Northern Ireland. Londrina Londrina is a city in Parana, Brazil. It is an industrial and commercial centre handling coffee, maize, cotton and livestock. Long Beach Long Beach is a Pacific coast resort and industrial suburb of Los Angeles. Long Island Long Island is an island off the coast of Connecticut and New York in the USA. Longford Longford is a county of Leinster province, Republic of Ireland. Looe Looe is a fishing village and tourist resort in Cornwall. Lorient Lorient is a sea port in Morbihan department, north west France. Lorraine Lorraine is a region of France. Los Alamos Los Alamos is a town in New Mexico, USA. It was the site for the testing of the first atomic bomb. Los Angeles Los Angeles is a city in south California, USA. It is the busiest port in California. It is one of the world's largest urban areas. Lostwithiel Lostwithiel is a market town in Cornwall, England on the River Fowey south east of Bodmin. Lot Lot is a department in south west France. Primary industry includes livestock, wine, cereals, coal and iron. Lothian Lothian is a region of Scotland. Lough Neagh Lough Neagh is a lake in Northern Ireland. It is the largest lake in the Britsh Isles at 396 km2. Loughrea Loughrea is a market town in Galway, Ireland. Louisiana Louisiana is a state in south USA. Louisville Louisville is a city on the Ohio river in Kentucky, USA. It is a university city and host to the world's largest tobacco market. Lourdes Lourdes is a town in south west France. It has a christian shrine to St. Bernadette which has a reputation for miraculous cures. Louth Louth is a county of Leinster in the Republic of Ireland. Lower Hutt Lower Hutt is an industrial city in New Zealand. Lower Saxony Lower Saxony is an area of North West Germany. Lowestoft Lowestoft is a seaside town in Suffolk. Luanda Luanda is the capital city of Angola. It was founded in 1575 and became a Portugese administrative centre and later an outlet for slaves being transported to Brazil. It is still a seaport today. Lucea Lucea is a sea port in north Jamaica. Lucerne Lucerne is the capital of Lucerne canton in Switzerland. Lucerne stands on the Reuss River where it flows out of Lake Lucerne. Lucerne grew up around the Benedictine monastery established around 750. Lucknow Lucknow is the capital of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is an industrial city which during the Indian mutiny against British rule was beseiged for several months. Ludham Ludham is a village on the Broads in Norfolk. Lumbini Lumbini is the borthplace of Buddha in the foothills of the Himalayas near the Nepalese-Indian border. A shrine and sacred garden were established here in 1970 by the Nepalese government. Lundy Island Lundy Island is a small island, 5 km long and 1 km wide, off the north Devon coast. Lusaka Lusaka is the capital of Zambia. Luton Luton is a town in Bedfordshire, England in the Chiltern Hills. Luxembourg Luxembourg is a small country in western Europe. It has a total area of 2,586 km2. The climate is modified continental with mild winters and cool summers. The terrain is mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle floodplain in the southeast Natural resources are iron ore which is no longer exploited. The religion is 97% Roman Catholic, 3% Protestant and Jewish. The language is Luxembourgish, German, French; many also speak English. Luxor Luxor is a village in Egypt on the East bank of the River Nile near the ruins of Thebes. Luzon Luzon is the largest island of the Philippines. Lydford Lydford was once a town in Devon, it is now a village. Lydia Lydia was an ancient kingdom in Anatonia around 6BC. Lyme Regis Lyme Regis is a town in Dorset. It was a busy medieval port. During the 18th century it became a seaside resort. It is still a good place to look for fossils. Lyndhurst Lyndhurst is a town in the New Forest in Hampshire. Lyons Lyons (Lyon) is an industrial city and capital of Rhone department in France. It is the third largest city in France and is situated at the confluence of the Rhone and Saone rivers. M'pongo M'pongo was a former name for the area now called Gabon. Macao see "Macau" Macapa Macapa is a city at the mouth of the Amazon river in Brazil. Macau Macau is a country in east Asia. It has a total area of 16 km2. The climate is subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers. The terrain is generally flat. Natural resources are negligible. The religion is mainly Buddhist; 17,000 Roman Catholics, of whom about half are Chinese The language is Portuguese (official); Cantonese is the language of commerce. Macclesfield Macclesfield is a town in Cheshire, England at the foot of the Pennines. It is 16km south of Stockport. Macedonia Macedonia is a republic of Yugolsavia. Maceio Maceio is a seaport in Brazil. Mackenzie The Mackenzie River flows 1800 km from the Great Slave Lake in the Northwest territories of Canada north west to the Atlantic Ocean. Madagascar Madagascar is an island country in the Indian ocean east of Africa. It has a total area of 587,040 km2. The climate is tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south. The terrain is narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center. Natural resources are graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish. The religion is 52% indigenous beliefs; about 41% Christian, 7% Muslim. The language is French and Malagasy (official) Madeira Madeira is a group of islands off the north west coast of Africa. Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh is a state in central India. Madras Madras is the capital of Tamil Nadu. Madrid Madrid is the capital of Spain. Madurai Madurai is a city in Tamil Nadu, India. It is the site of the 16th century Hindu temple of Sundareswara. Magadha Magadha was a kingom of ancient India. Magdeburg Magdeburg is an industrial city and port on the River Elbe in eastern Germany. Maghreb Maghreb is a name for north west Africa. Maharashta Maharashta is a state in west central India. Maharashtra Maharashtra is a state in west central India. Maidenhead Maidenhead is a town in Berkshire. Maidstone Maidstone is the county town of Kent. It stands on the River Medway. Maidstone came into prominence in the 14th century when it was a centre of revolt. Maine Maine is a state in north east USA. Majorca Majorca is the largest of the Balearic Islands. Makhachkala Makhachkala is the capital of Dagestan. Malabo Malabo is the capital of Equatorial Guinea. Malaga Malaga is an industrial seaport and holiday resort in Spain. Malawi Malawi is a country in south east Africa. It has a total area of 118,480 km2. The climate is tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November) The terrain is narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills, some mountains Natural resources are limestone; unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxite The religion is 55% Protestant, 20% Roman Catholic, 20% Muslim; traditional indigenous beliefs are also practiced The language is English and Chichewa (official); other languages important regionally. Malaysia Malaysia is a country in south east Asia. It has a total area of 329,750 km2. The climate is tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons The terrain is coastal plains rising to hills and mountains. Natural resources are tin, crude oil, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite. The religion is Peninsular Malaysia - Malays nearly all Muslim, Chinese predominantly Buddhists, Indians predominantly Hindu; Sabah - 38% Muslim, 17% Christian, 45% other; Sarawak - 35% tribal religion, 24% Buddhist and Confucianist, 20% Muslim, 16% Christian, 5% other. The language is Peninsular Malaysia - Malay (official); English, Chinese dialects, Tamil; Sabah - English, Malay, numerous tribal dialects, Mandarin and Hakka dialects predominate among Chinese; Sarawak - English, Malay, Mandarin, numerous tribal languages. Maldives The Maldives is a 1196 island group country in the Indian ocean. They have a total area of 300 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August). The terrain is flat with elevations only as high as 2.5 meters. Natural resources are fish. The religion is Sunni Muslim. The language is Divehi (dialect of Sinhala; script derived from Arabic); English spoken by most government officials. Maldon Maldon is a town in Essex on the River Blackwater. Male Male is the capital of the Maldives. Mali Mali is a country in north west Africa. It has a total area of 1,240,000 km2. The climate is subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February. The terrain is mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast Natural resources are gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium; bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited. The religion is 90% Muslim, 9% indigenous beliefs, 1% Christian. The language is French (official); Bambara spoken by about 80% of the population; numerous African languages Mallorca see "Majorca" Malmo Malmo is an industrial port in south west Sweden. Malta Malta is an island country in the mediterranean. It has a total area of 320 km2. The climate is Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers. The terrain is mostly low, rocky, flat to dissected plains; many coastal cliffs. Natural resources are limestone, salt. The religion is 98% Roman Catholic. The language is Maltese and English (official) Malton Malton is a market town in north Yorkshire, England on the River Derwent. Maluku The Maluku are a group on Indonesian islands formerly known as the Spice Islands. Malvinas Malvinas is the Argentine name for the Falkland Islands Mamore The Mamore is a river in north Bolivia and Brazil. It rises in the Andes. It is 1920km long. Managua Managua is the capital city of Nicaragua. It is on the shore of lake Managua. Manama Manama is the capital and a free trade port of Bahrain. Manaus Manaus is the capital of Amazonas in Brazil. It stands on the Rio Negro near to its confluence with the Amazon. Manche Manche is a department in north west France. Primary industry is dairy farming and cattle. Manchester Manchester is a major city in north west England on the River Irwell 50 km east of Liverpool. Manchuria Manchuria is the European name for a region of north east China. Mandalay Mandalay is the chief town of Upper Burma. It stands on the River Irrawaddy 495 km north of Rangoon. Manhattan Manhattan is an island, 20 km long and 4 km wide lying between the Hudson and East rivers and forming a borough of the city of New York in the USA. Manila Manila is the capital of the Philippines. Manipur Manipur is a state in north east India. Manitoba Manitoba is a province in west Canada. Mantle The mantle is the layer of the earth's crust between the crust and the core. Maputo Maputo is the capital of Mozambique. Maracaibo Maracaibo is an oil-exporting port in Venezuela on the channel connecting Lake Maracaibo with the Gulf of Venezuela. Marche Marche is a region of east central Italy consisting of the provinces of Ancona, Ascoli Piceno, Macerata and Pesaro e Urbino. Margate Margate is a seaside resort town in Kent. Mariana Trench The mariana trench is a 2414 km long gorge in the north west Pacific. Marianas The Marianas is an archipelago in the north west Pacific. Market Bosworth Market Bosworth is a village 19km west of Leicester in England. Marlborough Marlborough is a town in Wiltshire. Marmara Marmara is a small inland sea separating Turkey in Europe from Turkey in Asia. It is 275 km long and 80 km wide. Marocco Marocco is a 19th century spelling for Morocco. Marple Marple is a residential town in Greater Manchester, England. It is 5km east of Stockport. Marrakesh Marrakesh is a town in Morocco in the foothills of the Atlas Mountains. Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the sun. Marseilles Marseilles is the chief seaport in France, and an important industrial centre. Marshall Islands The Marshall islands are a group of 2 chains of islands in the west Pacific. They have a total area of 181.3 km2. The climate is wet season May to November; hot and humid; islands border typhoon belt The terrain is low coral limestone and sand islands. Natural resources are phosphate deposits, marine products, deep seabed minerals The religion is predominantly Christian, mostly Protestant. The language is English universally spoken and is the official language; two major Marshallese dialects from Malayo-Polynesian family; Japanese. Martinique Martinique is an island country in the Caribbean. It has a total area of 1,100 km2. The climate is tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to October) The terrain is mountainous with indented coastline and dormant volcanos. Natural resources are coastal scenery and beaches, cultivable land. The religion is 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu and pagan African. The language is French, Creole patois. Maryland Maryland is an eastern state of the USA. Maseru Maseru is the capital of Lesotho. Massachusetts Massachusetts is a state in the USA. Massif Central Massif Central is a mountainous plateau region of southern central France. Mataro Mataro is a seaport in Spain near Barcelona. Mato Grosso Mato Grosso is a region of south west Brazil. Mauritania Mauritania is a country in north west Africa. It has a total area of 1,030,700 km2. The climate is desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty. The terrain is mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central hills. Natural resources are iron ore, gypsum, fish, copper, phosphate. The religion is nearly 100% Muslim. The language is Hasaniya Arabic (national); French (official); Toucouleur, Fula, Sarakole, Wolof. Mauritius Mauritius is an island country in the Indian ocean east of Madagascar. It has a total area of 1,860 km2. The climate is tropical modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May). The terrain is small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains encircling central plateau. Natural resources are arable land, fish. The religion is 51% Hindu, 30% Christian (mostly Roman Catholic with a few Anglicans), 17% Muslim, 2% other The language is English (official), Creole, French, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bojpoori. Mayo Mayo is a county in Connacht province, Republic of Ireland. Mayotte Mayotte is an island in the Comoro Archipelago. It has a total area of 375 km2. The climate is tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November). The terrain is generally undulating with ancient volcanic peaks, deep ravines. Natural resources are negligible. The religion is 99% Muslim; remainder Christian, mostly Roman Catholic. The language is Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French. Mbabane Mbabane is the capital of Swaziland. Mbabne Mbabne is the capital of Swaziland. Meath Meath is a county in Leinster province, Republic of Ireland. Mecca Mecca is a city in Saudi Arabia and the birth place of Muhammad. Medellin Medellin is an industrial town in central Cordillera, Columbia. Medina Medina is a city in Saudi Arabia 355km north of Mecca. Mediterranean The mediterranean is an inland sea separating Africa from Europe. Medoc Medoc is a wine producing region of bordeaux in south west France. Medway The River Medway is a river dividing East and West Kent. It flows to the Thames estuary. Meghalaya Meghalaya is a state in north east India. Megiddo Megiddo is the site of a former fortress town in northern Israel. Mekong The Mekong is a river which rises in Tibet and flows 4500km to the South China Sea. Melbourne Melbourne is the capital of Victoria. Melksham Melksham is a town in Wiltshire on the River Avon. In medieval times Melksham was surrounded by forest, but it has developed since then. Memphis Memphis is a city on the river Mississippi in Tennesse, USA. It was the site of the assassination of Martin Luther King in 1968. Mendips The mendips are a range of hills 40 km long and 8 km wide in Somerset. Mercia Mercia was a region of England in Anglo-Saxon times. Meroe Meroe was an ancient city in Sudan on the Nile near Khartoum. It was the capital of Nubia from 600BC until 350AD. Mersey The Mersey River rises in the Pennines and flows 113 km to the Irish Sea at Liverpool. Merseyside Merseyside is a metropolitan county in north west England. Mesopotamia Mesopotamia was the land between the river Euphrates and the river Tigris. Today it is part of Iraq. Mexico Mexico is a country in Central America. It has a total area of 1,972,550 km2. The climate is varies from tropical to desert. The terrain is high, rugged mountains, low coastal plains, high plateaus, and desert Natural resources are crude oil, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber The religion is 97% nominally Roman Catholic, 3% Protestant. The language is Spanish. Mexico City Mexico City is the capital of Mexico. Miami Miami is a city and port in Florida. Michigan Michigan is a state in northern USA. Michipicoten The Michipicoten River flows 200 km through Ontario to Lake Superior. Mid Glamorgan Mid Glamorgan is a county in Wales. Middlesbrough Middlesbrough is a town in Cleveland, England. Middlesex Middlesex was once an English county. It is now part of Greater London. Midhurst Midhurst is a small town in Sussex. Midi-Pyrenees Midi-Pyrenees is a region of south western France. Midlands The Midlands is a region of England corresponding roughly with the old region of Mercia. Midway Islands The Midway Islands are 2 islands in the Pacific north west of Honolulu. They have a total area of 5.2 km2. The climate is tropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds. The terrain is low, nearly level. Natural resources are fish and wildlife. Milan Milan is an industrial city and the capital of Lombardy in Italy. Milano Milano is the Italian name for Milan. Milwaukee Milwaukee is an industrial port in Wisconsin, USA. Mindanao Mindanao is the 2nd largest of the philippines. Minehead Minehead is a seaside resort town in Somerset. During the Middle Ages Minehead was an important fishing port. Minnesota Minnesota is a north west state in the USA. Minorca Minorca is the 2nd largest Balearic Island. Minsk Minsk is an industrial city and capital of Byelorussia. Mississippi Mississippi is a southern state of the USA. Missouri Missouri is a central state in the USA. The Missouri is the longest river in the USA. It is 3942km long. Missouri River The Missouri River is a river in central USA. It is a tributary of the Mississippi which it joins at St Louis. Misti Misti is an inactive volcano in Peru. It stands 5801 metres high. Mitidja Mitidja is a plain in Algeria. It borders the Meditteranean. Mjosa Mjosa is the largest lake in Norway. It is 88km long. Moab Moab was an ancient country in Jordan east of the southern part of the River Jordan and the Dead Sea. Mobile Mobile is a seaport in Alabama on the River Mobile. Modane Modane is a town in south east Savole in France. Modena Modena is a town in Italy. Modesto Modesto is a town in California, USA. Primary industry is peach production. Mogadishu Mogadishu is the capital and chief port of Somalia. Mojave see "Mojave_Desert" Mojave Desert The Mojave Desert is an arid region of southern California. Moldavia Moldavia is a country in east Europe. Mombasa Mombasa is an industrial port in Kenya, built upon Mombasa Island and the adjacent mainland. Mon Mon is an island off the coast of Sjaaelland, Denmark. Mona Passage The Mona Passage is the straight in the Caribbean sea separating Hispaniola from Puerto Rico. Monaco Monaco is a country in south Europe. It has a total area of 1.9 km2 The climate is Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. The terrain is hilly, rugged, rocky. It has no natural resources. The religion is 95% Roman Catholic. The language is French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque. Monaghan Monaghan is a county of Ulster province, Northern Ireland. Mondego The Mondego is a 208 km long river in Portugal. Mongolia Mongolia is a country in central east Asia. It has a total area of 1,565,000 km2. The climate is desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) The terrain is vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in southeast Natural resources are coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold The religion is predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, about 4% Muslim. The language is Khalkha Mongol used by over 90% of population; minor languages include Turkic, Russian, and Chinese. Monmouthshire Monmouthshire is a former county of Wales. Monrovia Monrovia is the capital of Libya. Mont Blanc Mont Blanc is the highest mountain in the Alps at 4807 meters high. Montana Montana is a state in west USA. Monte Bello Island Monte Bello Island is a small island off the north west coast of Australia. The first British atomic weapon was exploded here in 1952. Montenegro Montenegro is a region of Yugolsavia. Monteria Monteria is the capital city of Cordoba province in Colombia. Monterrey Monterrey is an industrial city in north east Mexico. Montevideo Montevideo is the capital of Uruguay. Montreal Montreal is an inland port and industrial city in Quebec, Canada. It stands at the junction of the Ottawa River and St. Lawrence River. Montserrat Montserrat is a volcanic island in the Caribbean. Moravia Moravia is a district of central europe. Morelia Morelia is a town in west Mexico. It is built on a rocky hill. Moreton Moreton is a town in Dorset beside the River Frome. Morocco Morocco is a country in north west Africa. It has a total area of 446,550 km2. The climate is Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior. The terrain is mostly mountains with rich coastal plains. Natural resources are phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt The religion is 98.7% Muslim, 1.1% Christian, 0.2% Jewish. The language is Arabic (official); several Berber dialects; French is language of business, government, diplomacy, and postprimary education. Moscow Moscow is the capital of Russia. Mount Cook Mount Cook is the highest point at 3764 meters of the Southern Alps, in New Zealand. Mount Erebus see "Erebus" Mount Fuji see "Fujiyama" Mount McKinley Mount McKinley is a mountain peak in Alaska, the highest in North America at 6194 meters. Mount of Olives The Mount of Olives is a range of hills east of Jersualem. Mount St Helens Mount St Helens is a volcanic mountain in Washington state, USA. Mozambique Mozambique is a country in south east Africa. It has a total area of 801,590 km2. The climate is tropical to subtropical. The terrain is mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in northwest, mountains in west Natural resources are coal, titanium. The religion is 60% indigenous beliefs, 30% Christian, 10% Muslim. The language is Portuguese (official); many indigenous dialects. Munchen see "Munich" Munich Munich is an industrial city and the capital of Bavaria, Germany. Munster Munster is a southern province of the Republic of Ireland. Murmansk Murmansk is a seaport in north west Russia on the Barents Sea. Murray The Murray is the principal river in Australia. Muscat Muscat is the capital of Oman. My Lai My Lai is a village in southern Vietnam. It was the scene of the massacre of 109 civilians by USA troops under the command of Lt William Calley in 1968. Mycenae Mycenae was an ancient Greek city in the East Peloponnese which gave its name to the Mycenaen civilization. N'Djamena N'Djamena is the capital of Chad. Nachingwea Nachingwea is a military training base in Tanzania that was used by the ANC. Nadir The Nadir is the point opposite to the Zenith, i.e., the point of the heavens directly below the observer. Nagaland Nagaland is a state in north east India. Nagano Nagano is a city on the River Sinanogawa in Japan. It is a cultural centre with industry comprised of publishing, manufacturing and food- processing. Nagasaki Nagasaki is an industrial port on Kyushu Island, Japan. It was destroyed by an antomic bomb dropped on it by the USA on 9th August 1945. Nagorno Karabakh Nagorno Karabakh is a region of Azerbaijan. Nagoya Nagoya is the 3rd city of Japan. It is a major port and industrial centre. Naha Naha is the capital city of Okinawa Island. Nairobi Nairobi is the capital of Kenya. Naivasha Lake Naivasha was a Maasai grazing ground outside of Nairobi until it was discovered by Joseph Thomson in 1884. The British persuaded the Maasai to give up their grazing rights so that villas for white settlers could be built. Today Lake Naivasha is a beauty spot and home to a plethora of wildlife. Nakua'lofa Nakua'lofa is the capital of Tonga. Namibia Namibia is a country in south west Africa. It has a total area of 824,290 km2. The climate is desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic. The terrain is mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in east. Natural resources are diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, zinc, salt, vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspected deposits of coal and iron ore. The religion is predominantly Christian. The language is Afrikaans principal language of about 60% of white population, German of 33%, and English of 7% (all official); several indigenous languages. Nanchang Nanchang is an industrial city and the capital of Jianqxi province, China. Nanjing Nanjing is the capital of Jiangsu. Nanning Nanning is an industrial river port and the capital of Guangxi Zhuang region, China. Naples Naples is an industrial port and capital of Campania, Italy on the Tyrrhenian Sea coast. Naseby Naseby is a village in Northamptonshire, England. It was the scene of a decisive battle in the English civil war when the Royalists were defeated by the Oliver Cromwell and General Fairfax. Nashville Nashville is the capital of Tennessee. Nassau Nassau is the capital of the Bahamas. Natal Natal is a province in South Africa north east of Cape Province in southern Africa. Nauru Nauru is an island country in the south west Pacific (Polynesia). It has a total area of 21 km2. The climate is tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February). The terrain is sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised coral reefs with phosphate plateau in center. Natural resources are phosphates. The religion is Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Roman Catholic). The language is Nauruan, a distinct Pacific Island language (official); English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes. Navarre Navarre is an autonomous mountain region of northern Spain. Nebraska Nebraska is a state in central USA. Negev The Negev is a desert in south Israel. Negril Negril is a tourist resort in west Jamaica. The beach is 11km long and protected by an off-shore reef. If you visit, watchout for the "wolves". If you don't know what a "wolf" is, then be prepared to spend a lot of money! Nepal Nepal is a country in the himalayas. It has a total area of 140,800 km2. The climate is varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winter in south The terrain is Tarai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, central hill region, rugged Himalayas in north Natural resources are quartz, water, timber, hydroelectric potential, scenic beauty; small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore. The religion is only official Hindu state in world, although no sharp distinction between many Hindu (about 88% of population) and Buddhist groups; small groups of Muslims and Christians. The language is Nepali (official); 20 languages divided into numerous dialects. Netherlands The Netherlands is a country in west Europe. has a total area of 37,290 km2. The climate is temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters. The terrain is mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeast. Natural resources are natural gas, crude oil, fertile soil. The religion is 36% Roman Catholic, 27% Protestant, 4% other, 33% unaffiliated. The language is Dutch. Netherlands Antilles The Netherlands Antilles are two groups of islands in the caribbean belonging to the Netherlands, but having full autonomy. Netherlands Antilles The Netherlands Antilles are two islands in the Caribbean near Venezuela. Nevada Nevada is a state in west USA. New Brighton New Brighton is a town in Merseyside, England at the entrance to the Mersey estuary. It is a resort and residential town. New Brunswick New Brunswick is a province in east Canada. New Brusnwick New Brusnwick is a maritime province in east Canada. New Caledonia New caledonia is an island group in the south Pacific. It was discovered by Cook on 4th September 1774. New Guinea New Guinea is an island in the south west Pacific. New Hampshire New Hampshire is a state in north east USA. New Hebrides New Hebrides was the name of Vanuatu until 1980. New Jersey New Jersey is a state in north east USA. New Mexico New Mexico is a state in south west USA. New Orleans New Orleans is a commercial and industrial city and river port on the Mississippi river in Louisiana, USA. New South Wales New south Wales is a state in south east Australia. New York New York is a state in north east USA. New Zealand New Zealand is a two island country in the south Pacific. It has a total area of 268,680 km2. The climate is temperate with sharp regional contrasts. The terrain is predominately mountainous with some large coastal plains. Natural resources are natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower, gold, limestone The religion is 81% Christian, 18% none or unspecified, 1% Hindu, Confucian, and other. The language is English (official), Maori. Newbury Newbury is a town in Berkshire north of Basingstoke. It was a prehistoric settlement and the Normans built a castle here. Today Newbury is famous the world over for its race course. Newcastle Upon Tyne Newcastle-Upon-Tyne is an industrial port and commercial centre in Tyne And Wear, England. Newfoundland Newfoundland is a province in north east Canada bordering the Atlantic. Newhaven Newhaven is a seaport town in Sussex. It hosts the cross-channel ferry service to Dieppe. Newport Newport is a town on the Isle of Wight. It is the commercial capital of the Isle of Wight and is situated on the River Medina. Newquay Newquay is a seaside resort in Cornwall. It was first a settlement during the Iron age. Ngong Ngong is an area of Kenya outside Nairobi. The Ngong Hills are revered by the Maasai. One Maasai story tells how a giant stripped over Kilimanjaro on his way north, and as he fell his hand squeezed the earth and formed the Ngong Hills. Niagra Falls Niagra Falls is two waterfalls on the Niagra River, on the Canada and USA border, separated by Goat Island. Niamey Niamey is the capital of Niger. Nicaragua Nicaragua is a country in Central America. It has a total area of 129,494 km2. The climate is tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands. The terrain is extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior mountains and a narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes. Natural resources are gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish. The religion is 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Protestant. The language is Spanish (official); English - and Indian - speaking minorities on the Atlantic coast. Nice Nice is a tourist city in southern France. Nicosia Nicosia is the capital of Cyprus. Niedersachsen Niedersachsen is the German name for Lower Saxony. Niger Niger is a country in west Africa. It has a total area of 1,267,000 km2. The climate is desert, mostly hot, dry, dusty and tropical in the extreme south. The terrain is predominately desert plains and sand dunes with flat to rolling plains in the south and hills in the north. Natural resources are uranium, coal, iron ore, tin and phosphates. The religion is 80% Muslim, remainder indigenous beliefs and Christians. The language is French (official); Hausa, Djerma. Nigeria Nigeria is a country in west Africa. The climate is tropical in the center and arid in the north. The terrain is southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus with mountains in the southeast and plains in north. Natural resources are crude oil, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc and natural gas. The religion is 50% Muslim, 40% Christian, 10% indigenous beliefs. The language is English (official); Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Fulani, and several other languages also widely used. Nile The Nile is the world's longest river and is in Africa. Ningxia Hui Ningxia Hui is an autonomous region of north west China. Niue Niue (Savage Island) was formerly one of the Cook Islands. It has a total area of 260 km2. The climate is tropical; modified by southeast trade winds. The terrain is steep limestone cliffs along coast, central plateau. Natural resources are fish, arable land. The religion is 75% Ekalesia Nieue (Niuean Church)-a Protestant church closely related to the London Missionary Society, 10% Mormon, 5% Roman Catholic, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventist. The language is Polynesian tongue closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English. Niut Ammon Niut Ammon was the Egyptian name of the city of Thebes. Norfolk Norfolk is a county on the east coast of England. Norfolk Island Norfolk Island is a remote Pacific island. It was discovered by Cook in 1774. It was a penal settlement from 1788 to 1853. It is now a tourist resort. It has a total area of 34.6 km2. The climate is subtropical, mild, little seasonal temperature variation. The terrain is volcanic formation with mostly rolling plains. Natural resources are fish. The religion is Anglican, Roman Catholic, Uniting Church in Australia, and Seventh-Day Adventist. The language is English (official) and Norfolk - a mixture of 18th century English and ancient Tahitian. Normandy Normandy is a region of north France. North Carolina North Carolina is a state in the USA. North Dakota North Dakota is a state in the USA. North Korea North Korea is a country in east Asia. has a total area of 120,540 km2. The climate is temperate with the rainfall concentrated in the summer. The terrain is mostly hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow valleys; coastal plains wide in west, discontinuous in east. Natural resources are coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold, pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower, The religion is Buddhism and Confucianism; religious activities now almost nonexistent. The language is Korean. North Moravia North Moravia is a region of Czechoslovkia. North Sea The North Sea is the sea to the east of Britain. North-West Passage The North-West Passage is a sea route from the Atlantic to the Pacific around the north of Canada. Northamptonshire Northamptonshire is a county in central England. Northern Ireland Northern Ireland is a part of Ireland which was created in 1921 when the mainly Protestant counties of Ulter withdrew from the newly formed Irish Free State. It is part of Great Britain and comes under English rule. Northern Territory Northern territory is a territory of Australia. Northumberland Northumberland is a county in north England. Northumbria Northumbria was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom covering north east England and south east Scotland. Northwest territories Northwest territories are a territory of Canada. Norway Norway is a Scandinavian country in north west Europe. It has a total area of 324,220 km2. The climate is temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior; rainy year-round on west coast. The terrain is glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords; arctic tundra in north. Natural resources are crude oil, copper, natural gas, pyrites, nickel, iron ore, zinc, lead, fish, timber, hydropower. The religion is 94% Evangelical Lutheran (state church), 4% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 2% other. The language is Norwegian (official); small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities. Norwich Norwich is a city in Norfolk, England on the River Wensum. It has a university and a castle. Its main industry is footwear and printing. Norwich is a town in Conneecticut, USA. Its industry is comprised primarily of textiles. Nottingham Nottingham is an industrial city in Nottinghamshire, England. Nottinghamshire Nottinghamshire is a county in central England. Nouakchott Nouakchott is the capital of Mauritania. Nova Scotia Nova scotia is a province in east Canada. Novi Sad Novi Sad is an industrial and commercial city and capital of Vojvodina province, Yugoslavia. It is located on the River Danube. Noviomagus see "Chichester" Novosibirsk Novosibirsk is an industrial city in west Siberia. Nuba The nuba is a mountain range in Sudan. Nukua'lofa Nukua'lofa is the capital of Tonga. Numazu Numazu is a manufacturing town on Honshu island, Japan. Nuremberg Nuremberg is an industrial city in Bavaria, Germany. Nuuk Nuuk is the Greenland name for Godthaab. Nykobing Nykobing is a seaport in Denmark. Oadby Oadby is a town in Leicestershire. It is 5KM south east of Leicester. Oahu Oahu is the main island of Hawaii. Honolulu is on Oahu island. Oare Oare is a village in Somerset in the Exmoor valley. Oaxaca Oaxaca is the capital city of Oaxaca state in Mexico. It is the site of gold and silver mines. Oaxaca is a mountainous, agricultural state on Mexico's Pacific coast. Ob The Ob is a river in Siberia. It flows 4160 km from the Altai mountains to the Gulf of Ob. Oberammergau Oberammergau is a village in Bavaria. Ocean An ocean is a great expanse of water which surrounds the land masses of the earth. Oder The Oder river flows 896 km from Moravia to the Baltic through Silesia and Pomerania forming a frontier between Poland and Germany. Odessa Odessa is a port on the Black Sea built by the Empress Catharine of Russia in 1784. Offa's Dyke Offa's Dyke is an earthwork which was constructed by Offa, then King of Mercia, in in the 8th century as a boundary between Wales and England. Offaly Offaly is a county of Leinster province, Republic of Ireland. Offenbach Offenbach is a town in Germany on the River Malne. Ogbomosho Ogbomosho is a commercial city in western Nigeria. Ohio Ohio is a mid west state in the USA. It was settled by the French in 1673. Okehampton Okehampton is a town in Devon on dartmoor. Okhotsk The Sea of Okhotsk is an arm of the North Pacific Ocean between the Kamchatka Peninsula and Sakhalin. It is frozen most of the year, clearing in summer, and is often fogbound. Okinawa Okinawa is an island in the west Pacific. Oklahoma Oklahoma is a state in south west USA. Olenek The Olenek is a river in northern Siberia. It flows 2160 km west from the Lena River to the Laptev Sea. Olten Olten is a town in Switzerland on the River Aare. Olympus Olympus is the name of several mountains in Greece. The most famous being Miunt Olympus north of Thessaly. Oman Oman is a country in Arabia. Omdurman Omdurman is a city in Sudan on the White Nile, opposite Khartoum. It was the scene of a battle in 1898 when the Mahdi were defeated by the British under Kitchener. Omsk Omsk is a city in west Siberia at the confluence of the Irtysh and Om rivers. It is an important railway port on the Trans-Siberian railway. Omuta Omuta is a seaport town in west Kyushu, Japan, on the Amakusa Sea coast. Ontario Ontario is a province in central Canada. Lake Ontario is the smallest and easternmost of the Great Lakes. It is on the USA Canada border and drains into the St. Lawrence River. Oporto Oporto is an industrial city in Portugal on the Douro river, 5km from its mouth. Orange Free State The Orange Free State is a province of South Africa. Orasul Stalin Orasul Stalin was the name of the Romanian town of Brasov from 1948 to 1956. Oregon Oregon is a state in the west of the USA. Orinocco The Orinocco is a river in South America. It flows 2400km through Venezuela to form part of the boundary with Colombia. Orinoco The orinoco is a river in south America. Orissa Orissa is a state in north east India. Orkney see "Orkney_Islands" Orkney islands The orkney islands are a group of islands off the north east coast of Scotland. Osaka Osaka is an industrial port on Honshu island, Japan. Oshogbo Oshogbo is a city and trading centre on the River Niger in west Nigeria. Oslo Oslo is the capital of Norway. Ostava Ostava is an industrial city in Czechoslovakia. Osterreich Osterreich is the Austrian name for Austria. Ostia Ostia is an ancient town in Italy near the mouth of the Tiber. Otaru Otaru is a seaport town in Japan. Ottawa Ottawa is the capital of Canada. Otterbourne Otterbourne is a village in Hampshire in the Itchen valley on the Southampton to Winchester road. Ouagadougou Ouagadougou is the capital of Burkina Faso. Oudh Oudh is a region of northern India, it is now part of Uttar Pradesh. Ouse The Ouse is a river formed by the river Swale and river Ure. It flows through North Yorkshire and Humberside to the humber estuary. It is 208km long. The Ouse is a river in East Sussex which flows to the English Channel at Newhaven. It is 48km long. The Great Ouse is a river which rises in south Northamptonshire and flows north east to the Wash. It is 250km long. Oxford Oxford is a famous university city about 80 km west of London. Oxfordshire Oxfordshire is a county in south England. Ozark Mountains The Ozark Mountains are a forested mountain range in Oklahoma and Arkansas, USA. Ozd Ozd is a town in Hungary. Pacific The Pacific ocean is the world's largest ocean. Padstow Padstow is a fishing town in Cornwall. Padua Padua is a city in north Italy, 45km west of Venice. Pakistan Pakistan is a muslim republic in south Asia. It has a total area of 803,940 km2. The climate is mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north. The terrain is flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan plateau in west. Natural resources are land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited crude oil, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone. The religion is 97% Muslim (77% Sunni, 20% Shia), 3% Christian, Hindu, and other. The language is Urdu and English (official); total spoken languages-64% Punjabi, 12% Sindhi, 8% Pashtu, 7% Urdu, 9% Balochi and other; English is lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries, but official policies are promoting its gradual replacement by Urdu. Palau Palau was a former name, until 1981, of the Republic of Belau in the west Pacific. Palermo Palermo is a seaport and the capital of Sicily. Palestine Palestine is the area of between the mediterranean and the river Jordan. Palma Palma is an industrial port and resort and capital of the Balearic Islands on Majorca. Pamirs The Pamirs is a plateau in central Asia. Pampas Pampas are flat, treeless plains in Argentina between the Andes and the Atlantic. Panama Panama is a country in central America. It has a total area of 78,200 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May). The terrain is interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland plains; coastal areas largely plains and rolling hills. Natural resources are copper, mahogany forests, shrimp. The religion is over 93% Roman Catholic, 6% Protestant. The language is Spanish (official); 14% speak English as native tongue; many Panamanians bilingual. Panama Canal The Panama Canal is a canal across the Panama isthmus connecting the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans. Panama City Panama City is the capital of Panama. Panipat Panipat is a town in north west India on the Jumna river. It has been the scene of a number of battles. Papaloa The Papaloa is a river in Mexico. Papeete Papeete is the capital of Tahiti. Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea is a country in the south west Pacific. It has a total area of 461,690 km2. The climate is tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation. The terrain is mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills. Natural resources are gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil potential. The religion is over half of population nominally Christian (490,000 Roman Catholic, 320,000 Lutheran, other Protestant sects); remainder indigenous beliefs. The language is 715 indigenous languages; English spoken by 1-2%, pidgin English widespread, Motu spoken in Papua region. Paraguay Paraguay is a country in South America. It has a total area of 406,750 km2. The climate is varies from temperate in east to semiarid in far west. The terrain is grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran Chaco region west of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the river, and dry forest and thorny scrub elsewhere. Natural resources are iron ore, manganese, limestone, hydropower, timber. The religion is 90% Roman Catholic; Mennonite and other Protestant denominations. The language is Spanish (official) and Guarani. Paramaribo Paramaribo is the capital of Surinam. Parana The Parana is a river in South America formed by the confluence of the Rio Grande and Paranaiba. Paris Paris is a port and the capital city of France. Parma Parma is the capital city of Parma province in Italy. It is from Parma that parmesan cheese comes. Parnassus Parnassus is a mountain in central Greece. It stands 2457 meters high and was revered as the home of Apollo. Paros Paros is a Greek island west of Naxos. It is the source of Parian marble. Parthia Parthia was an ancient country in west Asia in what is now north eastern Iran. Passchendaele Passchendaele is a village in west Flanders, Belgium near to Ypres. Patras Patras is an industrial city on the Gulf of Patras, in Greece. Pays de la Loire Pays de la Loire is an agricultural region of west France. Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor is a USA naval base in Oahu, Hawaii. Peking see "Beijing" Peloponnese Peloponnese is a peninsula forming the southern part of Greece. Pemba Pemba is an island with Tanzania. Pembrokeshire Pembrokeshire is a former county in the extreme south west of Wales. It became part of Dyfed in 1974. Penang Penang is a port on the island of Penang in Malaysia. Pennines The pennines are a mountain range in England. Pennsylvania Pennsylvania is a state in north east USA. Pentland Firth The Pentland Firth is the most difficult navigational passage on the coasts of the United Kingdom due to the great strength of the tidal streams. Pentland Hills The Pentland Hills are a range of rounded hills in the Lothian, Borders and Strathclyde regions of Scotland. Pentonville Pentonville is a prison in Islington, London. Penzance Penzance is a town in Cornwall, England. It was the first Cornish town to become a resort. Penzance gained its prosperity from the local tin-mining industry, and smuggling. It was razed to the ground in 1595 by the Spanish, but was rebuilt. Perlis Perlis is a State of Malaysia. Perranporth Perranporth is a village in Cornwall. It was originally a tin-mining village, reaching its peak in 1874. Today it is a seaside resort. Persepolis Persepolis was the ancient capital of the Persian Empire. It was located 65km north west of Shiraz. Persia Persia was an ancient kingdom in south west Asia. Persian Gulf The Persian Gulf is a shallow bay linked by the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman to the Arabian Sea. Perth Perth is the capital of western Australia. Perthshire Perthshire is a former inland county of central Scotland. Peru Peru is a country in South America. It has a total area of 1,285,220 km2. The climate varies from tropical in the east to dry desert in the west. The terrain is western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva). Natural resources are copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash. The religion is predominantly Roman Catholic. The language is Spanish and Quechua (official), Aymara. Peshawar Peshawar is the capital of North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Petersfield Petersfield is a town in Hampshire. It was first chartered in the 12th century, and became properous through the wool trade and then became an important coaching centre. Today Petersfield is a lot quieter. Petrograd Petrograd was the name of Leningrad from 1914 until 1924. Petropavlovsk Petropavlovsk is the capital and only town in Kamchatka. Petworth Petworth is an old country town in Sussex. It is the site of Petworth house, a great mansion built by the Duke of Sommerset towards the end of the 17th century. Pharos Pharos is an island off Alexandria on which stood a tower lighthouse built by Ptolemy Philadelphus. Philadelphia Philadelphia is an industrial city and port on the Delaware river in Pennsylvania, USA. Philippines The Philippines is an archipelago country in the Pacific Ocean and South China Sea. It has a total area of 300,000 km2. The climate is tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October). The terrain is mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands. Natural resources are timber, crude oil, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper. The religion is 83% Roman Catholic, 9% Protestant, 5% Muslim, 3% Buddhist and other. The language is Pilipino (based on Tagalog) and English; both official.*Poland Poland is a country in central Europe. Phnom Penh Phnom Penh is the capital of Kampuchea. Phoenicia Phoenicia was a country in the ancient world. It was located on a narrow strip of land along the coast of what is now called Lebanon. Phoenix Phoenix is the capital of Arizona. Phom Penh Phom Penh is the capital of Kampuchea. Phrygia Phrygia is a former kingdom of western Asia covering Anatolia. Picardy Picardy was a province of northern France between Normandy and Flanders. Pichincha Pichincha is an inactive volcano in Ecuador. It stands 4789 metres high. Piddletrenthide Piddletrenthide is one of the most scenic villages in Dorset. Piedmont Piedmont is a region of northern Italy bordering Switzerland on the north and France on the west. Pilgrims' Way The Pilgrims' Way is a track running from Winchester to Canterbury, England which was the route of medieval pilgrims visiting the shrine of Thomas a Becket. Pisa Pisa is a city in Tuscany, Italy famous for its leaning tower. Pitcairn islands The Pitcairn islands are a British colony north east of New Zealand. They have a total area of 47 km2. The climate is tropical, hot, humid, modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March). The terrain is rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs. Natural resources are miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish. The religion is 100% Seventh-Day Adventist. The language is English (official); also a Tahitian/English dialect. Pittsburgh Pittsburgh is an industrial city and inland port where the Allegheny and Monogahela meet to form the Ohio River in Pennsylvania, USA. Pizen Pizen is an industrial city and capital of Zapadocesky region, Czechoslovakia. Plymouth Plymouth is a city and seaport in Devon. Pointe-Noire Pointe-Noire is the chief port of the Congo. It was the capital of the Congo from 1950 until 1958. Poitou-Charentes Poitou-Charentes is a region of west central France. Poland Poland is a country in central Europe. It has a total area of 312,680 km2. The climate is temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers. The terrain is mostly flat plain, mountains along southern border. Natural resources are coal, sulphur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt. The religion is 95% Roman Catholic (about 75% practicing), 5% Russian Orthodox, Protestant, and other. The language is Polish. Pompeii Pompeii was an ancient city in Italy at the foor of Vesuvius, 21km south east of Naples. It was destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius in 79. Pondicherry Pondicherry is a union territory of south east India. Poole Poole is a sea port in Dorset, England. It is famed for its pottery. Popocatapetl Popocatapetl is a volcano in Mexico. It is 5452 metres high. Popocatepeti Popocatepeti is a volcano in Amecameca, south east Mexico. It is 5340 meters high. Porlock Porlock is a village in Somerset on the edge of Exmoor. Port Antonio Port Antonio is a small town with two natural harbours in east Jamaica. Port Au Prince Port Au Prince is the capital of Haiti. Port Elizabeth Port Elizabeth is an industrial port in Cape province, South Africa. Port Louis Port Louis is the capital of Mauritius. Port moresby Port moresby is the capital of Papua New Guinea. Port Morseby Port Morseby is a port and the capital of Papua New Guinea, on the south coast of New Guinea. Port of Spain Port of Spain is the capital of Trinidad and Tobago. Port Rashid Port Rashid is a port serving Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. Portmore Portmore was a large swamp in south-east Jamaica. During the mid-1990's it was drained and a large housing estate built upon it. As the area is very flat and exposed, temperatures rise to amongst the highest on the island. Porto Novo Porto Novo is the capital of Benin. Portsmouth Portsmouth is a seaport in Hampshire. It is home to the Royal Navy. The first dock was built in 1194 by Richard I. In 1495 the world's first dry dock was built at Portsmouth. Portugal Portugal is a country in south west Europe. It has a total area of 92,080 km2. The climate is maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south. The terrain is mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in south. Natural resources are fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marble. The religion is 97% Roman Catholic, 1% Protestant denominations, 2% other. The language is Portuguese. Powys Powys is a county in central Wales. Poznan Poznan is an industrial city in western Poland. Prague Prague is the capital of Czechoslovakia. Praia Praia is the capital of Cape Verde. Pressburg Pressburg is the German name for Bratislava. Pretoria Pretoria is the administrative capital of South Africa. Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island is a province of Canada. It was originally called Isle St-Jean by Cartier who discovered it in 1534. Provence Alpes Cote d'Azur Provence Alpes Cote d'Azur is a region in south east France. Prussia Prussia was a kingdom in northern Germany from 1618 until 1867 when it became part of Germany. Puddletown Puddletown is one of the most attractive villages in Dorset. Puerto Rico Puerto Rico is a country in the Caribbean. It has a total area of 9,104 km2. The climate is tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature variation. The terrain is mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north; mountains precipitous to sea on west coast Natural resources are some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore crude oil. The religion is mostly Christian, 85% Roman Catholic, 15% Protestant denominations and other. The language is Spanish (official); English is widely understood.*Punjab Punjab is a state in north west India. Pune Pune is an industrial city in Maharashtra, India. It was formerly called Poona. Punjab Punjab is a state in north west India. Pusan Pusan is the chief industrial port of South Korea. Pyongyang Pyongyang is the capital of North Korea. Pyrenees The Pyrenees are a mountain range between France and Spain. Pyrford Pyrford is an ancient village near to Woking in Surrey, England. It was founded at a ford over the river Wey. Qatar Qatar is a country in Arabia. It a total area of 11,000 km2. The climate is desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer. The terrain is mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel. Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, fish. The religion is 95% Muslim. The language is Arabic (official); English is commonly used as second language.*Queensland Queensland is a state in north east Australia. Qinghai Qinghai is a province in north west China. Qisarya Qisarya is a Mediterranean port north of Tel Aviv, Israel. Quantocks The Quantocks are a 19 km long ridge of hills in Somerset. Quebec Quebec is a province and also the capital of the province in east Canada. Queen Camel Queen Camel is a village in Somerset. Queensland Queensland is a state in north east Australia. Quezon City Quezon City is a town in the Philippines on Luzon island. It was the capital of the Philippines from 1948 until 1976. Quito Quito is the capital of Ecuador. Rabat Rabat is the capital of Morocco. Rajasthan Rajasthan is a state in north west India. Ramsgate Ramsgate is a town in Kent. It was once an important port, after 1827 it became popular as a seasid resort following a visit by George IV. Rangoon Rangoon is the capital of Burma. Rannoch Rannoch is a loch in Perth and Kinross. It is 14km long and 1.6km wide. It drains into the river Tay. Rapa Nui Rapa Nui is another name for Easter Island. Raung Raung is a volcano in Indonesia. It stands 3332 metres high. Rawalpindi Rawalpindi is a city in Punjab province, Pakistan at the foothills of the Himalayas. Razorbill The razorbill is a north atlantic sea bird. Reading Reading is a city in Berkshire north of Basingstoke. Reading is on the River Thames and because of its strategic importance was occupied by the Danes in 871. Red Sea The Red Sea is a submerged section of the Great Rift Valley. It is a sea 2000km long with Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia and Saudi Arabia on its shores. Regina Regina is the capital of Saskatchewan. Regnum see "Selsey" Reigate Reigate is an old town in Surrey. It was not called Reigate until the 12th century, previous to that it was the manor of the Earl of Surrey. Reims Reims is the capital of Champagne Ardenne region in France. Rennes Rennes is an industrial city and capital of Ille-et-Vilaine department, western France. Reunion Reunion is an island in the Indian ocean. Reykjavic Reykjavic is the capital of Iceland. Reykjavik Reykjavik is the capital of Iceland. Rhine The rhine is a river that rises in Switzerland and flows through Germany and the netherlands. Rhode Island Rhode island is the smallest state in the USA. Rhodes Rhodes is a Greek island. Rhodesia Rhodesia was a white ruled country in Africa. It went over to black rule and divided into Zambia and Zimbabwe. Rhone The Rhone is a river that rises in Switzerland and flows to Lyon in France. Ribble The River Ribble rises in the Pennines and flows 121 km to the Irish Sea near Southport. Richmond Richmond is a Royal manor on the River Thames in greater London. Rif The Rif Mountains are a mountain range in Morocco. They extend along the north African coast for 320 km from the Straits of Gibraltar. Riga Riga is the capital city of Latvia. It is a Baltic sea port. Ringwood Ringwood is a market town in Hampshire by the River Avon. Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro is a city in south east Brazil. It is a sea port. It is the capital city of Guanabara state and former federal state capital. Rio Grande The Rio Grande is a river rising in the rockies in Colorado and flowing to the Gulf of Mexico. The Rio Grande is the headstream of the River Parana in Brazil. It is 1040km long. River Derwent The River Derwent is the largest river in Tasmania. It is 190km long. The River Derwent is a river in Derbyshire. It is a tribute of the River Trent. It is 96km long. The River Derwent is a river in north Yorkshire. It is a tribute of the River Ouse. It is 91km long. River Lea The river Lea rises in the Chiltern hills near Luton and flows south and east into the river Thames at East London. It is 74km long. River Ribble The River Ribble rises in the Pennines and flows west to the Irish sea near Preston. It is 120km long. River Tay The Tay river flows south east from Loch Tay in Perth and Kinross to the Firth of Tay. It is 188km long and the longest river in Scotland. River Thames The river Thames rises in the Cotswold hills and flows past Oxford, Reading, Windosr and London to the North Sea. It is 336km long. River Trent The River Trent rises in north staffordshire, flows around the south Pennines and joins the River Ouse to form the Humber estuary. It is 240km long. River Tummel The River Tummel is a tributary of the River Tay. It is 88km long. River Wear The river Wear rises in the Pennines, and flows through Durham to the North Sea at Sunderland. It is 96km long. Riyadh Riyadh is the royal capital of Saudi Arabia. It is 368km inland from the Persian Gulf. Rize Rize is a market city in east Turkey. Rochdale Rochdale is a town in Greater Manchester, England. It was the site of the founding of the cooperative movement in 1844. Rochester Rochester is a town in Kent. It was originally a Celtic settlement, it is now a connercial town. Rockall Rockall is a small island in the Atlantic Ocean 320km west of the Outer Hebrides. It was annexed by Britain in 1955. Rocky Mountains The rocky mountains are a mountain range in west USA. Romania Romania is a country in south east Europe. It has a total area of 237,500 km2. The climate is temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms. The terrain is central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the plain of Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps. Natural resources are crude oil (reserves being exhausted), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt. The religion is 80% Romanian Orthodox; 6% Roman Catholic; 4% Calvinist, Lutheran, Jewish, Baptist. The language is Romanian, Hungarian, German. Rome Rome is the capital of Italy. Romsey Romsey is a market town in the Test Valley, Hampshire. It stands on the River Test 14km north west of Southampton. Ronda Ronda is an ancient Moorish town in Malaga, Spain. Ronne Ronne is the capital of Bornholm Island in Denmark. It is a fishing port and ceramics centre. Roosendaal Roosendaal is a sugar-refining town in the Netherlands. Roquefort Roquefort is a town in south France famous for its particular brand of cheese. Rorke's Drift Rorke's Drift is a ford on the Buffalo River in South Africa, about 32km south-east of Dundee. It was the scene of a famous and gallant defence by a few British soldiers against 4000 Zulus on January 22, 1879 in which a large number of Victoria Cross medals were awarded for bravery. Roscoff Roscoff is a seaport on the north coast of France. It was here that Mary Steuart landed in 1548. Roscommon Roscommon is a county of Connacht province, Republic of Ireland. Roseau Roseau is the capital of Dominica. Ross Dependency The Ross Dependency is a large area of the Antarctic belonging to New Zealand. Rossendale Fells The Rossendale Fells is an upland in south east Lancashire. They are an extension of the Pennines between the River Mersey and River Ribble. Their altitude is mainly above 360m. Rostock Rostock is a medieval city in Germany close to the Baltic coast. Rostov Rostov is a port on the River Don near to the Azov Sea. It is one of Russia's oldest agricultural centres. Rother The Rother is a river in Derbyshire and south Yorkshire. It is 34km long. Rotherham Rotherham is a manufacturing town in South Yorkshire on the River Don 6km north east of Sheffield. Rothwell Rothwell is a coal mining town in West Yorkshire. It stands on the River Aire 5km south east of Leeds. Rotorua Rotorua is a spa town in Auckland, New Zealand. Rotterdam Rotterdam is a city and seaport in the Netherlands. Rottingdean Rottingdean is a village in Sussex 6 km from Brighton. Ruhr The Ruhr is a river in Germany. Runnymede Runnymede is a green expanse of meadows outside Egham in Surrey. Russia Russia is a country in east Europe. Rustavi Rustavi is a new town in Georgia 32km south east of Tbilisi. It has a large metallurgical plant. Rutbah Rutbah is a town on the trans-desert route from Iraq to Haifa. Rwanda Rwanda is a country in central Africa. It has a total area of 26,340 km2. The climate is temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible. The terrain is mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west. Natural resources are gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas, hydropower. The religion is Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous beliefs and other 25%. The language is Kinyarwanda, French (official); Kiswahili used in commercial centers. Ryde Ryde is a seaport on the Isle of Wight. It is a popular seaside resort and is the main point of entry to the island with connecting ferries to Portsmouth. Rye Rye is a town in Surrey popular with tourists for its Tudor, Stuart and Georgian houses. Ryssel Ryssel is the Flemish name for Lille. Ryukyu Islands The Ryukyu Islands are the southernmost island group of Japan. Saarland Saarland is a heavily forested state in Germany. Sahara The Sahara is a north African desert extending from the Atlantic to the Nile. Saigon see "Ho_Chi_Minh_City" Saint Lucia Saint Lucia is a country in the Caribbean. Sakartvelo Sakartvelo is the Georgian name for the country of Georgia. Sakhalin Sakhalin is an island in the Pacific north of Japan. Salado The Salado is a river in north west Argentina. It is 800km long. Salch Salch is a seaport near Fez in Morocco. Salcombe Salcombe is a seaside resort town in Devon. Salerno Salerno is the capital of Salerno province in south Italy. The allied landings took place here in 1943. Salisbury Salisbury is the former name of Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe. Salisbury is an old town in Wiltshire built upon the junction of the River Avon and the River Nadder. Salt Lake City Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah, USA. Salvador Salvador is a port and naval base in Bahia state, Brazil. Salzburg Salzburg is the capital of Salzburg state, Austria. It stands on the River Salzburg. Samarkand Samarkand is the capital of Samarkand region, Uzbek. Samoa Samoa is a volcanic island group in the south west Pacific. San Antonio San Antonio is a city in south Texas, USA. San Diego San Diego is a city and military base in California, USA. San Francisco San Francisco is a Pacific port in California, USA. San Jose San Jose is the capital of Costa Rica. San Juan San Juan is the capital of Puerto Rico. San Luis San Luis is the capital of San Luis province in Argentina. It is a cattle, grain and wine producing centre. San Luis Potosi San Luis Potosi is a silver-mining city and the capital of San Luis Potosi state in central Mexico. San Marino San Marino is a country in north Italy. It has a total area of 60 km2. The climate is Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers. The terrain is rugged mountains. Natural resources are building stones. The religion is Roman Catholic. The language is Italian. San Salvador San Salvador is the capital of El Salvador. San'a San'a is the capital of North Yemen. Sandhurst Sandhurst is a village in berkshire. Sandown Sandown is a seaside resort on the Isle of Wight 3 km north of Shanklin. Sandwich Sandwich is an old town and one time naval port in Kent. Sandwich Islands The Sandwich Islands is a former name of Hawaii. Sangay Sangay is a volcano in Ecuador. It is 5410 metres high. Santiago Santiago is the capital of Chile. Santillana del Mar Santillana del Mar is a village in Santander provibce, Spain. Santo Domingo Santo Domingo is the capital and chief sea port of the Dominican Republic. Sao Paulo Sao Paulo is a city in Brazil. It is South America's leading industrial city producing electronics, steel and chemicals. Sao Tome Principe Sao Tome Principe is a country off the west coast of Africa. It has a total area of 960 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May). The terrain is volcanic, mountainous. Natural resources are fish. The religion is Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist. The language is Portuguese (official). Sapele Sapele is a town in Nigeria south of Benin. It is a plywood plant. Sapporo Sapporo is the capital of Hokkaido, Japan. Saragossa Saragossa is an industrial city in Aragon, Spain. Sarajevo Sarajevo is the capital of Bosnia Hercegovina. Sarawak Sarawak is a Malaysian state on the island of Borneo. Sardinia Sardinia is a mountainous island in the mediterranean. Sargasso Sea The Sargasso Sea is part of the north Atlantic. Circling ocean currents leave it static, and its surface is covered with floating weed. Sark Sark is one of the Channel islands. Saskatchewan Saskatchewan is a province in west Canada. Saskatoon Saskatoon is a town in Canada. It is 241 km north west of Regina. Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia os a country in Arabia. Sauerland Sauerland is a district in west Germany. Savanna-La-Mar Savanna-La-Mar is a sea port in south west Jamaica. It has an unusual claim to fame as the port most devastated by hurricanes in the world. Save The save is a river which rises in the alps and flows through Yugolsavia and Italy and terminates in the danube at belgrade. Savoy Savoy is an area of France between the Alps, Lake Geneva and the Rhone. Saxony Saxony was a former kingdom in germany. Scandinavia Scandinavia is a peninsula in north west Europe. Scarpe The scarpe is a river in France. Scilly Islands The Scilly Islands are a group of 140 islands south west of Cornwall. Scotland Scotland is a country north of England. Scyros Scyros is an island in the aegean sea. Theseus was killed and buried on Scyros. Scythia Scythia is a region north of the Black Sea between the Carpathian mountains and the river Don. Sea of Okhotsk see "Okhotsk" Sedgemoor Sedgemoor is a battlefield in Sommerset where the Duke of Monmouth was defeated on july the 6th 1685. Sedlescombe Sedlescombe is a village in Sussex dating back to at least Anglo-Saxon times. Seine The Seine is a French river. Selsey Selsey was once an island in the English Channel, it is now a peninsular in Sussex. It was the site of a Roman settlement called Regnum. Selworthy Selworthy is a village in the Vale of Porlock, in Somerset. Semarang Semarang is a port in north Java. Sempach Sempach is a town in Switzerland where Swiss independance was gained in 1386. Senegal Senegal is a country in west Africa. It has a total area of 196,190 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has strong southeast winds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry harmattan wind. The terrain is generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast. Natural resources are fish, phosphates, iron ore. The religion is 92% Muslim, 6% indigenous beliefs, 2% Christian (mostly Roman Catholic). The language is French (official); Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo. Seoul Seoul is the capital of South Korea. Serajevo Serajevo is the capital of Bosnia in Yugolsavia. Serbia Serbia is a country in Yugolsavia. Sevenoaks Sevenoaks is a residential town in Kent. Severn The Severn is a river in England. It rises in Plynlimmon and flows 354 km to the Bristol Channel. Seville Seville is a sea port on the Guadalquir River in Spain. It is the capital city of Seville province. It is a major commercial, industrial and cultural centre. Seychelles The seychelles is an island group country in the Indian ocean north of Madagascar. It has a total area of 455 km2. The climate is tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May). The terrain varies. The Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others are coral, flat, elevated reefs Natural resources are fish, copra, cinnamon trees. The religion is 90% Roman Catholic, 8% Anglican, 2% other. The language is English and French (official); Creole. Sfax Sfax is a sea-port in Tunisia. Shaanxi Shaanxi is a province of north west China. Shaftesbury Shaftesbury is a town in Dorset. It was originally an Anglo-Saxon fortified town. Shamokin Shamokin is a town in Pennsylvania. Shandong Shandong is a province in north east China. Shanghai Shanghai is a port on the Huang-pu and Wusong rivers in Jiangsu province, China. Shanklin Shanklin is a town in the Isle of Wight. Shannon The Shannon is the longest river in Ireland. Shansi Shansi is a province of China. Shantung Shantung is a province of China. Shanxi Shanxi is a province in north west China. Sharjah Sharjah is a member state of the United Arab Emirates. It is located on the Arabian Gulf, north east of Dubai. Sharpeville Sharpeville is a black township on South Africa. Shatt-al-Arab Shatt-al-Arab is the waterway formed by the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris. It flows 190km to the Arabian Gulf. Sheba Sheba was the ancient name for what is now South Yemen. Shechem Shechem was an ancient city in Palestine, and the capital of Samaria. Sheffield Sheffield is an industrial city in Yorkshire, England. It is famous for its steel industries, and fine cutlery. Shekel The shekel is the currency of Israel. Shendi Shendi is a town in Egypt. Shensi Shensi is a province of China. Shenyang Shenyang is the capital of Liaoning. Sherborne Sherborne is a picturesque village in Dorset. Sherwood Forest Sherwood Forest is an area of west Nottinghamshire, England. It was formerly a royal forest. Shetland The shetland are a group of islands north of Scotland. Shikoku Shikoku is the smallest of the four main Japanese islands. Shropshire Shropshire is a county in west England. Shusha Shusha is a town and former fortress in Azerbaijan. Siberia Siberia is a region of north Asia. Sichuan Sichuan is a province in central China. Sicily Sicily is an island south west of Italy. Sidmouth Sidmouth is a seaside resort town in Devon. Sierra Leone Sierra Leone is a country in west Africa. It has a total area of 71,740 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April) The terrain is coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau, mountains in east. Natural resources are diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite. The religion is 30% Muslim, 30% indigenous beliefs, 10% Christian, 30% other or none. The language is English (official); regular use limited to literate minority; principal vernaculars are Mende in south and Temne in north; Krio is the language of the resettled ex-slave population of the Freetown area and is lingua franca. Sierra Madre Sierra Madre is a system of 3 mountain ranges in Mexico. Sikkim Sikkim is a state in north east India. Silchester Silchester is a village in Hampshire. It was originally a Celtic settlement. The Romans formed a settlement, calling it Calleva Atrebatum. Silesia Silesia is a region in Europe. Sinai Sinai is an Egyptian peninsula at the head of the Red Sea. Singapore Singapore is an island country in south east Asia. It has a total area of 632.6 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid, rainy; no pronounced rainy or dry seasons; thunderstorms occur on 40% of all days (67% of days in April). The terrain is lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water catchment area and nature preserve. Natural resources are fish, deepwater ports. The religion is majority of Chinese are Buddhists or atheists; Malays nearly all Muslim (minorities include Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, Taoists, Confucianists). The language is Chinese, Malay, Tamil, and English (official); Malay (national). Sinop Sinop is a sea port with a natural harbour on the Black Sea in north Turkey. In 1853 the Russians sank the Turkish fleet at Sinop and so began the Crimean War. Siquijor Siquijor is an island in the Philippines 32 km south of sebu. Skiddaw Skiddaw is a mountain in Cumbria north of Keswick. It is 931 metres tall. Skien Skien is a town in Norway. Skopje Skopje is an industrial city and the capital of Macedonia. Skye Skye is an island of the Hebrides. Slamat Slamat is a volcano in Indonesia. It is 3428 metres high. Sligo Sligo is a county of Connacht province, Republic of Ireland. Slovakia Slovakia is a region of eastern Czechoslovakia. Slovenia Slovenia is a country in Yugolsavia. Smarden Smarden is a village in Kent. Snowdon Mount Snowdon is a 1085 metres high mountain in Wales. Sofia Sofia is the capital of Bulgaria since 1878. Sokal Sokal is a town in Ukraine. It was the scene of a battle between Russian cavalry and Austrian forces in august 1914. Solomon islands The Solomon islands are a country in the west Pacific. They have a total area of 28,450 km2. The climate is tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather. The terrain is mostly rugged mountains with some low coral atolls. Natural resources are fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates. The religion is almost all at least nominally Christian; Anglican, Seventh-Day Adventist, and Roman Catholic Churches dominant. The language is 120 indigenous languages; Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca; English spoken by 1-2% of population. Somalia Somalia is a country in north east Africa. It has a total area of 637,660 km2. The climate is desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), cooler southwest monsoon (May to October); irregular rainfall; hot, humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons. The terrain is mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north. Natural resources are uranium, and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt. The religion is almost entirely Sunni Muslim. The language is Somali (official); Arabic, Italian, English. Somerset Somerset is a county in south west England. Somme The Somme is a river in north France. It was the scene of a bloody battle in 1917. Sompting Sompting is a small town in Sussex, and site of one of the oldest churches in England. Sonning Sonning is a village 5 km from Reading on the River Thames in Berkshire. Soria Soria is the capital of Soria district in Spain. It is located on the River Duero. It is a medieval looking town. South Africa South Africa is a country in south Africa. It has a total area of 1,221,040 km2. The climate is mostly semiarid; subtropical along coast; sunny days, cool nights. The terrain is vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow coastal plain. Natural resources are gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas. The religion is most whites and Coloreds and roughly 60% of blacks are Christian; roughly 60% of Indians are Hindu, 20% Muslim. The language is Afrikaans, English (official); many vernacular languages, including Zulu, Xhosa, North and South Sotho, Tswana. South America South America is an American continent. South Australia South Australia is a state in Australia. South Carolina South Carolina is a state in south east USA. South Dakota South Dakota is a state in the USA. South georgia South Georgia is an island south east of the Falkland Islands. The climate is variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year, interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow. The terrain is largely barren and has steep, glacier-covered mountains. South Glamorgan South Glamorgan is a county in south Wales. South Korea South Korea is a country in east Asia. It has a total area of 98,480 km2. The climate is temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter. The terrain is mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south. Natural resources are coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower The religion is strong Confucian tradition; vigorous Christian minority (28% of the total population); Buddhism; pervasive folk religion (Shamanism); Chondokyo (religion of the heavenly way), eclectic religion with nationalist overtones founded in 19th century, claims about 1.5 million adherents. The language is Korean; English widely taught in high school. South Moravia South Moravia is a region of Czechoslovakia. South West Africa South West Africa was a former name of Namibia. Southampton Southampton is a naval town in Hampshire, England. It is situated at the head of Southampton water on a peninsular between the estuaries of the River Test and the River Itchen. It is one of Britain's biggest container ports. Soweto Soweto is a township in South Africa. Spain Spain is a country in south west Europe. It has a total area of 504,750 km2. The climate is temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast. The terrain is large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees in north. Natural resources are coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, potash, hydropower. The religion is 99% Roman Catholic, 1% other sects. The language is Castilian Spanish; second languages include 17% Catalan, 7% Galician, and 2% Basque. Spandau Spandau is a suburb of Berlin, Germany. Spanish Town Spanish Town is the former capital of Jamaica.*Sparta Sparta was a city in ancient Greece. Sparta Sparta was a city in ancient Greece. Spey The River Spey rises in the Grampian Mountains at Inverness and flows 177 km to the Moray Firth. Spice Islands see "Maluku" Spitsbergen Spitsbergen is an island of Svalbard. Split Split is an Adriatic port in Yugoslavia. Spratly Islands The Spratly Islands are a group of 50 islands in the south China Sea. They have a total area of less than 5 km2. The climate is tropical. The terrain is flat. Natural resources are fish, guano; oil and natural gas potential. Sri Lanka Sri Lanka is an island country south of India. has a total area of 65,610 km2. The climate is tropical; monsoonal; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October). The terrain is mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south- central interior. Natural resources are limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay. The religion is 69% Buddhist, 15% Hindu, 8% Christian, 8% Muslim. The language is Sinhala (official); Sinhala and Tamil listed as national languages; Sinhala spoken by about 74% of population, Tamil spoken by about 18%; English commonly used in government and spoken by about 10% of the population. St Agnes St Agnes is a town in Cornwall, England. St Austell St Austell is a china clay mining town in Cornwall. St George's St George's is a port and the capital of Grenada. St Helena St Helena is an island in the south Atlantic. It has a total area of 410 km2. The climate is tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds. The terrain is rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains. Natural resources are fish. The religion is Anglican majority; also Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, and Roman Catholic. The language is English. St Ives St Ives is a seaport in Cornwall. During the 19th century it was one of Britain's busiest pilchard ports. St John's St John's is the capital of Newfoundland. St Lawrence The St Lawrence is a river in east north America. St Moritz St Moritz is a winter sports centre in south east Switzerland. St Pierre and Miquelon St Pierre and Miquelon are a territorial collectivity of France comprising eight small islands off the south coast of Newfoundland, Canada. St. Kitts and Nevis St. Kitts and Nevis is the larger of the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean. It has a total area of 360 km2. The climate is subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November). The terrain is volcanic with mountainous interiors. Natural resources are negligible. The religion is Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic. The language is English St. Lucia St. Lucia is one of the Windward Islands in the Caribbean. It has a total area of 620 km2. The climate is tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to April, rainy season from May to August. The terrain is volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleys. Natural resources are forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal potential. The religion is 90% Roman Catholic, 7% Protestant, 3% Anglican. The language is English (official), French patois. St. Pierre and Miquelon St. Pierre and Miquelon are 8 small islands south of Newfoundland. They have a total area of 242 km2. The climate is cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy. The terrain is mostly barren rock. Natural resources are fish, deepwater ports. The religion is 98% Roman Catholic. The language is French. Stade Stade is a town in Saxony, Germany. Staffordshire Staffordshire is a county in west central England. Stalingrad Stalingrad was the name of the city of Volgograd from 1925 until 1961. Stanley Stanley is the capital of the Falkland Islands. Steep Point Steep Point is the westernmost extremity of Australia. Stockholm Stockholm is the capital of Sweden. Stone Stone is a village near Dartford in Kent. Stonehenge Stonehenge is an ancient stone circle in Wiltshire. Stopham Stopham is a village in Sussex at the meeting of the River Rother and River Arun. Stour The Stour is the name of several rivers in England. Strait of Dover The Strait of Dover is a stretch of water separating England from France and linking the English Channel with the North Sea. Strait of Gibraltar The Strait of Gibraltar is the strait separating north Africa from Spain. Strait of Messina The Strait of Messina is a channel in the central Mediterranean separating Sicily from mainland Italy. Strasbourg Strasbourg is a city on the River Ill, in Bas-Rhin department, France. It is the capital of Alsace. Stratford upon Avon Stratford upon Avon is a market town on the River Avon in Warwickshire, England. It was the birth place of William Shakespeare. Strathclyde Strathclyde is a region of Scotland. Strood Strood is a town in Kent on the Medway opposite Rochester. Stuttgart Stuttgart is a city in Germany. It is the capital of Baden-Wurttenberg region. Styria Styria is a province in Austria. Styx The styx was a river in Greek mythology surrounding the underworld. Sudan Sudan is a country in north east Africa. It has a total area of 2,505,810 km2. The climate is tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April to October). The terrain is generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in east and west. Natural resources are modest reserves of crude oil, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, crude oil. The religion is 70% Sunni Muslim (in north), 20% indigenous beliefs, 5% Christian (mostly in south and Khartoum). The language is Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, and Sudanic languages, English; program of Arabization in process. Sudbury Sudbury is a city in Ontario, Canada. Suez Canal The Suez Canal links the Mediterranean and Red seas. Suffolk Suffolk is a county in east England. Sulawesi Sulawesi is one of the Sunda islands, in Indonesia. Sumatra Sumatra is the 2nd largest Indonesian island. Sumbawa Sumbawa is an Indonesian island between Flores and Lombok. It has a wet climate and sparse population. Sunday Island Sunday Island is the largest, and only inhabited of the Kermadec Islands of New Zealand. It is a meteorological and radio station. Sunderland Sunderland is a sea port in Tyne And Wear, England at the mouth of the River Wear. Sunderland is an industrial town. Surabaya Surabaya is a port on the Island of Java. Suriname Suriname is a country on the north coast of South America. It has a total area of 163,270 km2. The climate is tropical; moderated by trade winds. The terrain is mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swamps. Natural resources are timber, hydropower potential, fish, shrimp, bauxite, iron ore, and modest amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, gold. The religion is 27.4% Hindu, 19.6% Muslim, 22.8% Roman Catholic, 25.2% Protestant (predominantly Moravian), about 5% indigenous beliefs. The language is Dutch (official); English widely spoken; Sranan Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki) is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others; also Hindi Suriname Hindustani (a variant of Bhoqpuri), and Javanese. Surrey Surrey is a county in south England. Sussex Sussex is the collective term of East Sussex and West Sussex. Sutton Hoo Sutton Hoo is a village in Suffolk. In 1939 a a Saxon ship burial was discovered and excavated here. Svalbard Svalbard is an archipelago in the Arctic. It has a total area of 62,049 km2. The climate is arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year. The terrain is wild, rugged mountains; much of high land ice covered; west coast clear of ice about half the year; fjords along west and north coasts. Natural resources are coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc, wildlife, fish. The language is Russian, Norwegian. Swale The river Swale is a river in North Yorkshire. It joins with the river Ure to form the river Ouse. It is 96km long. Swanage Swanage is a seaside resort town in Dorset. Swaziland Swaziland is a country in south east Africa. It has a total area of 17,360 km2. The climate is varies from tropical to near temperate. The terrain is mostly mountains and hills; some moderately sloping plains. Natural resources are asbestos, coal, clay, tin, hydroelelectric power, forests, and small gold and diamond deposits The religion is 60% Christian, 40% indigenous beliefs. The language is English and siSwati (official); government business conducted in English. Sweden Sweden is a country in north Europe. It has a total area of 449,960 km2. The climate is temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north. The terrain is mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west. Natural resources are zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber, uranium, hydropower potential. The religion is 93.5% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.0% Roman Catholic, 5.5% other. The language is Swedish, small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities; immigrants speak native languages. Switzerland Switzerland is a country in west Europe. It has a total area of 41,290 km2. The climate is temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers. The terrain is mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a central plateau of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes. Natural resources are hydropower potential, timber, salt. The religion is 49% Roman Catholic, 48% Protestant, 0.3% Jewish. The language is distributed amongst the total population-65% German, 18% French, 12% Italian, 1% Romansch, 4% other; Swiss nationals-74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other. Sydney Sydney is the capital of new south Wales. Syria Syria is a country in west Asia. It has a total area of 185,180 km2. The climate is mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast. The terrain is primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; mountains in west. Natural resources are crude oil, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum. The religion is 74% Sunni Muslim; 16% Alawite, Druze, and other Muslim sects; 10% Christian (various sects); tiny Jewish communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and Aleppo. The language is Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian; French widely understood. Szczecin Szczecin is an industrial port on the River Oder, in north west Poland. Szechwan Szechwan is a province of China. Tadzhikistan Tadzhikistan is a country in south east Europe. Tahiti Tahiti is an island in Polynesia. Taipei Taipei is the capital of Taiwan. Taiwan Taiwan is a country in south east Asia. It has a total area of 35,980 km2. The climate is tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year. The terrain is eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains in west. Natural resources are small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos. The religion is 93% mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist; 4.5% Christian; 2.5% other. The language is Mandarin Chinese (official); Taiwanese and Hakka dialects also used. Taiyuan Taiyuan is the capital of Shanxi. Tallinn Tallinn is the capital of Estonia. Tamar The River Tamar rises in the Devonian Hills in Devon and flows 97 km to the English Channel at Plymouth. Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu is a state in south east India. Tampa Tampa is a port and resort in western Florida, USA. Tampere Tampere is a city in south west Finland. Tana Tana is a lake in Ethiopia and a source of the Blue Nile. Tanganyika Lake Tanganyika is the deapest lake in Africa. It is situated in the Great Rift Valley. Tanger Tanger (Tangier, Tangiers) is a port in northern Morocco. Tangier see "Tanger" Tangiers see "Tanger" Tannenberg Tannenberg is a village in Poland (formerly in Prussia). It was the scene of the rout of Teutonic Knights by the Poles and Lithuanians in 1410 and of a heavy defeat of the Russians by the Germans in 1914. Tanta Tanta is a town in Egypt 88km north of Cairo. Tanzania Tanzania is a country in east Africa. It has a total area of 945,090 km2. The climate is varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands. The terrain is plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south. Natural resources are hydropower potential, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel. The religion is mainland - 33% Christian, 33% Muslim, 33% indigenous beliefs; Zanzibar - almost all Muslim. The language is Swahili and English (official); English primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education; Swahili widely understood and generally used for communication between ethnic groups; first language of most people is one of the local languages; primary education is generally in Swahili. Taranto Taranto is a naval base and port in Apulia, south east Italy. Tartary Tartary was a former name for the wide band of country extending through central Asia from the seas of Japan to the Caspian Sea. Tashkent Tashkent is the capital city of Uzbek. Tasmania Tasmania is an island south of Australia. Tatra Mountains The Tatra Mountains are the highest group of the Carpathians. They are partly in Czechoslovakia, and partly in Poland. Taunton Taunton is the county capital of Somerset. Tauris Tauris was an ancient name for the Crimea. Tavistock Tavistock is an industrial town in Devon. It is the scene of the Goose Fair held every year in October. Tay The River Tay rises in the Grampian mountains and flows 188 km to the Firth of Tay. Tayside Tayside is a region in Scotland. Tees The River Tees rises in Cumberland and flows 113 km to the North Sea. Teeside Teeside is an industrial area at the mouth of the River Tees, Cleveland, England. Tegucigalpa Tegucigalpa is the capital of Honduras. Tehran Tehran is the capital of Iran. Teifi The Teifi is a river in south Wales. It rises in the Cambrian mountains and flows south west to Cardigan Bay. It is 150km long. Tel Aviv Tel Aviv is a city in Isreal on the Mediterranean coast. Telepylos In mythology, Telepylos was the capital city of the Laestrygones. Tenerife Tenerife is the largest island in the Canary Islands. Tennessee Tennessee is a state in east central USA. Tenterden Tenterden is a town in Kent. Teotihuacan Teotihuacan is an ancient in city in central Mexico. It was the capital and religious centre of the Toltec civilization. Tetuan Tetuan is a town in Morocco where cannabis produced in the Rif is distributed. Texas Texas is a state in south USA. Thailand Thailand is a country in south east Asia. Thames The River Thames rises in the Cotswolds near Cirencester and flows 336 km to the North Sea. Thatcham Thatcham is belived to be the oldest village in Berkshire with traces of a settlement as far back as 6000BC. The Gaboon The Gaboon is a former name for the territory which is now Gabon. Thebes Thebes was an ancient city in Egypt on the banks of the river Nile. Thessaloniki Thessaloniki (Salonica) is a port in Macedonia, north east Greece. Thessaly Thessaly is a region of east central Greece on the Aegean. Thika Thika is a satellite town of Nairobi in Kenya. It is one of the biggest Pineapple producing areas in Kenya (owned by Del Monte mainly). Thimbu Thimbu is the capital of Bhutan. Thohoyandou Thohoyandou is the capital of Venda. Thrace Thrace is the ancient name of an area of south east Europe. It is now part of Greece. Tian Shan Tian Shan is a mountain system on the China border. Tianjin Tianjin is a port and industrial city in Hubei province, China. Tibet Tibet is a country in south west China. Ticino Ticino is a canton in Switzerland on the south slopes of the Alps and bordering Italy. It contains a number of tourist resorts. Tien Shan Tien Shan is a mountain chain in central Asia along the Chinese border. Translated, Tien Shan means Celestial Mountains. Tientsin Tientsin is a province of China. Tierra del Fuego Tierra del Fuego is an island group off the coast of South America separated from the mainland by the Strait of Magellan and Cape Horn. Tigris The River Tigris flows 1600km through Turkey and Iraq to the Euphrates above Basra. Tijuana Tijuana is a city and resort in north west Mexico. Timbuktu Timbuktu is a town in Mali. Timor Timor is the largest and most easterly of the Sunda islands, part of Indonesia. The island is divided into West Timor and East Timor. Tintagel Tintagel is a village in Cornwall associated with the legends of King Arthur. Tipperary Tipperary is a county of Munster province, Republic of Ireland. Tirana Tirana is the capital of Albania. Tiryns Tiryns is an ancient Greek city in the Peloponnesus on the Plain of Argos. Titicaca Lake Titicaca is the largest lake in South America. It is located in the Andes between Bolivia and Peru. Titograd Titograd is the capital of Montenegro, Yugoslavia. Tobago Tobago is an island in the Caribbean. Tobruk Tobruk is a port in Libya. Togo Togo is a country in west Africa. It has a total area of 56,790 km2. The climate is tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north. The terrain is gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes. Natural resources are phosphates, limestone, marble. The religion is about 70% indigenous beliefs, 20% Christian, 10% Muslim. The language is French, both official and language of commerce; major African languages are Ewe and Mina in the south and Dagomba and Kabye in the north. Tokyo Tokyo is the capital of Japan. Toledo Toledo is a city on the River Tagus in central Spain. Tolpuddle Tolpuddle is a small village in Dorset. Tombstone Tombstone is a former silver-mining town in the desert of south east Arizona. Tonbridge Tonbridge is an ancient town in Kent on the River Medway. Tonga Tonga is a country in the south west Pacific. It has a total area of 748 km2. The climate is tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December). The terrain is most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base. Natural resources are fish, fertile soil. The religion is Christian; Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents. The language is Tongan, English. Torgau Torgau is a town in the Leipzig district of Germany. Toronto Toronto is the capital of Ontario. Torquay Torquay is a seaside resort town in Devon. Until 1790 it was a quiet fishing village, then during the Napoleonic wars it hosted the wives of Naval officers who were based on ships anchored at Torbay. From the middle of the 19th century it became a popular seaside resort. Toulon Toulon is a port and the capital of Var department, south east France. It stands on the Mediterranean coast 48km south east of Marseilles. Toulouse Toulouse is the capital of Haute-Garonne department, southern France. Towy The Towy River rises in the hills between Cardigan and Radnor in Wales and flows 106 km to Carmarthen Bay. Trabzon Trabzon is a sea port on the Black Sea in east Turkey. It boasts the best football team in Turkey. Transkei Transkei is the largest Bantu homeland in South Africa. Transvaal The Transvaal is a province in north east South Africa. Transylvania Transylvania is a mountainous area in north west and central Romania. Trent see "River_Trent" Trentino-Alto Adige Trentino-Alto Adige is an autonomous region of northern Italy. Trieste Trieste is a port on the Adriatic, opposite Venice, in Italy. Tring Tring is a market town in Hertfordshire, 14km north west of Hemel Hempstead. Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago is a country in the Caribbean. It has a total area of 5,130 km2. The climate is tropical; rainy season (June to December). The terrain is mostly plains with some hills and low mountains. Natural resources are crude oil, natural gas, asphalt. The religion is 36.2% Roman Catholic, 23.0% Hindu, 13.1% Protestant, 6.0% Muslim, 21.7% unknown. The language is English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish. Tripoli Tripoli is the capital of Libya. Tripura Tripura is a state in north east India. Tristan da Cunha Tristan da Cunha is a group of islands in the south Atlantic comprising part of the British dependancy of St Helena. Trowbridge Trowbridge is a town in Wiltshire. In the 16th century is had an extensive cloth industry. Today it is the administrative centre of Wiltshire. Troy Troy was a city in Asia minor that was the scene of the Trojan war. Troyes Troyes is the capital of Aube department in north east France. It stands on the River Seine. Trujillo Trujillo is a city in north west Peru. Truro Truro is a city in Cornwall on the Fal estuary. During the middle ages Truro was an important port for the transportation of mineral ores. Today it is primarily a market town. Tubarao Tubarao is a coal-mining town in south Brazil on the east coast. Tubuai Tubuai is an archipelago in French Polynesia, in the south Pacific Ocean. Tudela Tudela is a market town in northern Spain. Tula Tula is the capital of Tula oblast in Russia. Tulsa Tulsa is an important petroleum producing town in Oklahoma. It was founded in 1880. Tummel see "River_Tummel" Tunbridge Wells Tunbridge Wells is a royal town in Kent, England. Tundra A tundra is a region of high latitude almost devoid of trees resulting from the presence of permafrost. Tungurahua Tungurahua is a volcano in Ecuador. It is 5033 metres high. Tunis Tunis is the capital of Tunisia. Tunisia Tunisia is a country in north Africa. Tunja Tunja is the capital of Boyaca department, Colombia. Turin Turin is the capital of Piedmont in north west Italy. Turkana Lake Turkana is a lake in the Great Rift Valley, mainly in Kenya but the northern end is in Ethiopia. Turkey Turkey is a country partly in Europe and partly in Asia. It has a total area of 780,580 km2. The